Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1724 104002 54731 2026-06-19T12:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1016}} '''Libya''' (/ˈlɪbiə/ (listen); Arabic: ليبيا, <small>romanized:</small> ''Lībiyā'', <small>pronounced</small> [liː.bi.jæː]), officially de '''State of Libya''' (Arabic: دولة ليبيا, <small>romanized:</small> ''Dawlat Lībiyā''), be country for de Maghreb region wey dey North Africa. De Mediterranean Sea dey border am go de north, [[Egypt]] go de east, [[Sudan]] go de southeast, [[Chad]] go de south, [[Niger]] go de southwest, [[Algeria]] go de west, den [[Tunisia]] go de northwest. Libya get three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan, den Cyrenaica. Plus area of almost 1.8 million km² (700,000 sq mi), ebe de fourth-largest country for Africa den de Arab world insyd, den de 16th-largest for de world insyd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf "Demographic Yearbook (3) Pop., Rate of Pop. Increase, Surface Area & Density"] (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</ref> Libya dey claim 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of de Libyan town of Ghat.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ "Libya"]. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. 7 August 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya Archived] from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land "Libya-Algeria"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230928171603/https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land Archived] from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2024.</ref> De country ein official religion be [[Islam]], plus 96.6% of de Libyan population be Sunni Muslims.<ref name=":0" /> De official language for Libya be Arabic, plus vernacular Libyan Arabic be de one dem dey speak waa, wey de majority of Libya ein population be Arab.<ref>''[https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA144&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Britannica Student Encyclopaedia]''. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 1 May 2014. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-62513-172-0|978-1-62513-172-0]]</bdi>.</ref> De largest city den capital, Tripoli, dey locate for north-western Libya wey edey contain ova million of Libya ein seven million people.<ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html "Libya Demographics Profile 2014"]. ''Indexmundi.com''. 30 June 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084546/http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html Archived] from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref> Berbers inhabit Libya since de late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian den Capsian dema cultures.<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in ''General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> For classical antiquity insyd, de Phoenicians establish city-states den postd dem dey trade for western Libya insyd, while na dem establish chaw Greek cities for de East insyd. Carthaginians, Persians, den Greeks rule parts of Libya before de entire region cam turn part of de Roman Empire. Na Libya be early center of Christianity. After de fall of de Western Roman Empire, de Vandals mstly occupy de area of Libya til de 7th century wen invasions take Islam cam de region. From then dey go, centuries of Arab migration go de Maghreb shift de demographic scope of Libya wey favor de Arabs. For de 16th century insyd, de Spanish Empire den de Knights of St John occupy Tripoli til Ottoman rule begin for 1551 insyd. Na Libya be involve for de Barbary Wars of de 18th den 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continue til de Italo-Turkish War, wey result for de Italian occupation of Libya den de establishment of two colonies, Italian Tripolitania den Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934), later dem unify for de Italian Libya colony insyd from 1934 go 1943. During de Second World War, na Libya be area of warfare for de North African Campaign insyd. De Italian population then go into decline. Libya cam turn independent as kingdom for 1951 insyd. Bloodless military coup for 1969 insyd, coalition wey Colonel Muammar Gaddafi initiate, ovathrow King Idris I wey he create republic.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm "1969: Bloodless coup in Libya"]. 1 September 1969. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm Archived] from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</ref> Na critics often dey describe Gaddafi as dictator, wey na he be one of de world ein longest serving non-royal leaders, wey rule for 42 years.<ref>Kafala, Tarik (20 October 2011). [https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/libyan-dictator-moammar-gadhafi-is-killed "Gaddafi's quixotic and brutal rule"]. BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230424085047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 Archived] from the original on 24 April 2023.</ref> He rule til dem ovathrow den kill am during de 2011 Libyan Civil War, wey na ebe part of de wider Arab Spring, plus dem transfer authority give de National Transitional Council then give de General National Congress dem elect. By 2014 two rival authorities claim dem dey govern Libya,<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 "Rival second Libyan assembly chooses own PM as chaos spreads"]. Reuters. 25 August 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 Archived] from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</ref><ref>Chris Stephen. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry "Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry"]. ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry Archived] from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref><ref>"Peace talks between Libyan factions to take place in Geneva". ''Sun Herald''. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</ref> wey lead to second civil war, plus dem split parts of Libya between de Tobruk den Tripoli-based governments as well as various tribal den Islamist militias.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 "Libyan government offensive in Benghazi stalls as Islamists dig in"]. Reuters. 6 August 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150809065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/06/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 Archived] from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.</ref> De two main warring sides sign permanent ceasefire for 2020 insyd, wey a unity government take authority make e plan give democratic elections, though political rivalries dey continue dey delay dis.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 "Libyan Civil War: Two warring factions sign 'permanent' ceasefire"]. ''The Daily Star''. 24 October 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014337/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 Archived] from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</ref> Libya be developing country wey dey rank 92nd by HDI,<ref>[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf "Human Development Report 2023/24"] (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref> de highest score insyd mainland Africa, wey e get de 10th-largest proven oil reserves insyd de world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120711143657/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM "World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1980–2004"]. OPEC. Archived from [http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM the original] on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</ref> Libya be member of de United Nations, de Non-Aligned Movement, de [[African Union]], de Arab League, de Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) den Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). == Politics == === Administrative divisions === [[File:Libya, administrative divisions - Nmbrs - colored.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Districts of Libya since 2007]] Historically, na dem consider de area of Libya three provinces (anaa states), Tripolitania insyd de northwest, Barka (Cyrenaica) insyd de east, den Fezzan insyd de southwest. Na ebe de conquest by Italy insyd de Italo-Turkish War wey unite dem insyd a single political unit. Since 2007, dem divide Libya into 22 districts (Shabiyat): # Nuqat al Khams # Zawiya # Jafara # Tripoli # Murqub # Misrata # Sirte # Benghazi # Marj # Jabal al Akhdar # Derna # Tobruk # Nalut # Jabal al Gharbi # Wadi al Shatii # Jufra # Al Wahat # Ghat # Wadi al Hayaa # Sabha # Murzuq # Kufra Insyd 2022, na dem declare 18 provinces by de Libyan Government of National Unity ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220302150300/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-government-divides-country-18-provinces Libyan Observer]): de eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, den Murzuq Basin. == Demographics == === Largest cities === [edit | edit source] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="10" |Largest cities anaa towns insyd Libya [[https://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/11/18/1037689/-Syria-Understand-What-You-Are-Promoting-You-Callous-Ignorant-Jerks 1]][[http://www.mineaction.org/downloads/1/Libyan%20Arab%20Jamahiriya%20Sitrep%2053%20(11-08-2011).pdf 2]][[https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/F_R_186.pdf 3]] |- ! !Rank !Name !District !Pop. ! |- | rowspan="11" |Tripoli Benghazi |1 |Tripoli |Tripoli |1,250,000 | rowspan="11" |Misrata Beida |- |2 |Benghazi |Benghazi |700,000 |- |3 |Misrata |Misurata |350,000 |- |4 |Beida |Jebel el-Akhdar |250,000 |- |5 |Khoms |Murqub |201,000 |- |6 |Zawiya |Zawiya |200,000 |- |7 |Ajdabiya |Al Wahat |134,000 |- |8 |Sebha |Sebha |130,000 |- |9 |Sirte |Sirte |128,000 |- |10 |Tobruk |Butnan |120,000 |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q1016|c=Category:ليبيا|n=Category:Libya|b=Pinyin/Libya |v=no|voy=Libya|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LY Key Development Forecasts for Libya] from International Futures === Government === * [https://www.gia.gov.ly/en/gia-en/ Information Portal] – Official Libya Information Portal * [https://gnu.gov.ly/ Government] – official website of Government of National Unity of Libya * [https://bsc.ly/ Statistics and Census] – official website of Bureau of Statistics and Census === History === * Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, (1987), [https://web.archive.org/web/20230527112147/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%20ly0013%29 "Early History of Libya"] 22 September 2012 at archive.today, ''U.S. Library of Congress''. === Maps === * [[commons:Atlas_of_Libya|Wikimedia Atlas of Libya]] * Geographic data related to [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192758 Libya] at [[OpenStreetMap]] [[Category:Libya]] [[Category:North African countries]] [[Category:Maghrebi countries]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:Eastern Mediterranean]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer Arabic be official language]] [[Category:Member states of de African Union]] [[Category:Member states of de Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1951]] [[Category:1951 establishments insyd Libya]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:1951 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] aseb6r4k99lycbqtiqquqkzkj9pa1xf 0 1728 104003 79767 2026-06-19T12:39:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} During de colonial period for Ghana (at de time known as Gold Coast) dat be roughly 15th through 19th centuries, Dem build European-style coastal forts den castles, wey ebe mostly by de Portuguese, Dutch den British.<ref name=":0">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions"]. ''UNESCO World Heritage Convention''. Retrieved 9 Oct 2022.</ref> Dese forts link de trading routes wey dem establish by de Portuguese wey na edey serve as important market places for gold den slave trades.<ref name=":0" /> Secof dema testimony to precolonial den colonial Afro-European commerce (wey dey include Atlantic slave trade) den dema profound effect on de history of West Africa, dem designate dese fortifications den outposts chaw for World Heritage Site by UNESCO for 1979 insyd.<ref name=":0" /> Na sam Asante king originally build Kumasi Fort for de [[Ashanti Region]] insyd make he imitate dis colonial forts.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240525015404/https://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php Kumasi Fort and Military Museum] at www.ghanamuseums.org</ref> == Coastal regions == === World Heritage dem list forts === {| class="wikitable" |+Forts den Castles, [[Volta Region|Volta]], [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]], [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central]] den [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western]] Regions ! colspan="2" |UNESCO World Heritage Site |- | colspan="2" |[[Cape Coast Castle]] |- !Location |Ghana |- !Dey include | # Fort Good Hope (Fort Goedehoop) # Cape Coast Castle # Fort Patience (Fort Leysaemhyt) # Fort Amsterdam # Fort St. Jago (Fort Conraadsburg) # Fort Batenstein # Fort San Sebastian # Fort Metal Cross # English Fort (Fort Vredenburg) # Fort Saint Antony # Elmina Castle (St. George's Castle / Fort St. Jorge) |- !Criteria |Cultural: (vi) |- !Reference |34 |- !Inscription |1979 (3rd Session) |} '''Forts den Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central den Western Regions''' be de collective designation by UNESCO of European-style fortifications den outposts (mostly Portuguese, Dutch den British) along de Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) during de colonial period. De term specifically dey apply to number of such fortifications dem designate as World Heritage Site by UNESCO insyd 1979, dey include:<ref name=":0" /> Three castles: * Cape Coast for Cape Coast * [[Elmina Castle|St. George's d’Elmina]] at Elmina * [[Osu Castle|Christiansborg]] at Osu, Accra Fifteen forts: * Good Hope for Senya Beraku * Patience for Apam * Amsterdam for Abandze * St. Jago for [[Elmina]] * San Sebastian for Shama * Metal Cross for Dixcove * St. Anthony for Axim * Orange for Sekondi * Fort Groß Friedrichsburg [de] for Prince's Town * William (Lighthouse) for Cape Coast * William for Anomabu * Victoria for Cape Coast * Ussher for Usshertown, Accra * James for Jamestown, Accra * Apollonia for Beyin Four forts partially dey ruins insyd: * Amsterdam for Abandze (Note, UNESCO list dis fort as both ''fort'' den as ''fort partially in ruins'') * English Fort for British Komenda * Batenstein for Butre; * Prinzensten for Keta Ruins plus visible structures: * Nassau for Mouri * Fredensborg for Old Ningo * Vredenburg for Dutch Komenda * Vernon for Prampram * Dorothea for Akwidaa Two sites plus traces of former fortifications: * Frederiksborg for Amanful, [[Cape Coast]] * Fort Augustaborg for Teshie ====Gallery==== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Fort St. Sebastian (Shama, Ghana 2013).jpg|alt=|Fort São Sebastião de Xama. File:Fort Williams Ghana (9 of 9).jpg|alt=|Fort William (Ghana). File:Fort Amsterdam (Ghana) 2012-09-29 08-31-04.jpg|alt=|Fort Amsterdam (Ghana) File:Fort St Batenstein at Butre.jpg|alt=|Fort Batenstein File:Osu Castle 3.jpg|alt=|Fort Christiansborg File:Fort Victoria, Cape Coast B004.jpg|alt=|Fort Victoria, Cape Coast File:Fort Metal Cross.jpg|Fort Metal Cross </gallery> === Oda coastal forts === Oda coastal forts dem include for Ghana ein material cultural heritage list insyd for de Ghana Museums and Monuments Board:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230820232230/https://www.ghanamuseums.org/forts/forts-castles.php Forts and Castles at Ghana Museums and Monuments Board] website</ref> * Fort Fredericksburg for Amanful (dem distinguish am from Fort Frederiksborg/Fort Royal near Cape Coast Castle) * Fort McCarthy for Cape Coast * The Little Fort for Anomabu * Fort Tantumquery for Otuam Dem no list as heritage (mostly largely dem destroy anaa odawise dem lost): * Fort Winneba for [[Winneba]] * Fort Sekondi for Sekondi * Fort Kongenstein for Ada * Fort Elize Carthago near Axim * Fort Ruychaver for de banks of de Ankobra River * Fort Witsen near Sekondi By region (from East go West): * Volta Region: ** Fort Prinzenstein, Keta ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5_55_18_N_0_59_37_E_type:landmark 5°55′18″N 0°59′37″E]) * Greater Accra Region: ** Fort Fredensborg, Old Ningo ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.751_N_0.1835_E_type:landmark 5°45′04″N 0°11′01″E]) ** Fort Vernon, Prampram ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.7253_N_0.1168_E_type:landmark 5°43′31″N 0°07′00″E]) ** Fort Augustaborg, Teshie ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.583333_N_0.1_W_type:landmark 5°35′00″N 0°06′00″W]) ** Osu Castle (Christiansborg), Accra ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5_32_49_N_0_10_57_W_type:landmark 5°32′49″N 0°10′57″W]) ** Ussher Fort, Accra ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.5385_N_0.2082_W_type:landmark 5°32′19″N 0°12′30″W]) ** Fort James, Accra ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.5337_N_0.2111_W_type:landmark 5°32′01″N 0°12′40″W]) * Central Region: ** Fort Good Hope (Fort Goede Hoop), Senya Beraku ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.3874_N_0.4898_W_type:landmark 5°23′15″N 0°29′23″W]) ** Fort Lijdzaamheid ('Patience'), Apam ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.286_N_0.7281_W_type:landmark 5°17′10″N 0°43′41″W]) ** Fort Amsterdam, Abandze ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.192222_N_1.093056_W_type:landmark 5°11′32″N 1°05′35″W]) ** Fort William, Anomabu ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.17419_N_1.1189_W_type:landmark 5°10′27″N 1°07′08″W]) ** Fort Nassau, Moree ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.133333_N_1.2_W_type:landmark 5°08′00″N 1°12′00″W]) ** Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5_06_12_N_1_14_33_W_type:landmark 5°06′12″N 1°14′33″W]) ** Fort William (Lighthouse), Cape Coast ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.10797_N_1.24428_W_type:landmark 5°06′29″N 1°14′39″W]) ** Fort Victoria, Cape Coast ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.1068_N_1.2491_W_type:landmark 5°06′24″N 1°14′57″W]) ** Elmina Castle, Elmina ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.0826_N_1.3481_W_type:landmark 5°04′57″N 1°20′53″W]) ** Fort Coenraadsburg, Elmina ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.08444_N_1.35083_W_type:landmark 5°05′04″N 1°21′03″W]) ** Fort Vredenburgh, Komenda ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.051745_N_1.483541_W_type:landmark 5°03′06″N 1°29′01″W]) ** English Fort, Komenda ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.05_N_1.489444_W_type:landmark 5°03′00″N 1°29′22″W]) * Western Region: ** Fort San Sebastian, Shama ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=5.010825_N_1.629199_W_type:landmark 5°00′39″N 1°37′45″W]) ** Fort Orange, Sekondi ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=4.9357_N_1.7073_W_type:landmark 4°56′09″N 1°42′26″W]) ** Fort Batenstein, Butri ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=4.826944_N_1.921389_W_type:landmark 4°49′37″N 1°55′17″W]) ** Fort Metal Cross, Dixcove ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=4.79335_N_1.9451_W_type:landmark 4°47′36″N 1°56′42″W]) ** Fort Groß Friedrichsburg [de], Prince's Town ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=4.791083_N_2.133889_W_type:landmark 4°47′28″N 2°08′02″W]) ** Fort Santo Antonio, Axim ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=4.868_N_2.2444_W_type:landmark 4°52′05″N 2°14′40″W]) ** Fort Apollonia, Beyin ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_castles_in_Ghana&params=4.9874_N_2.5902_W_type:landmark 4°59′15″N 2°35′25″W]) == Oda regions == Kumasi Fort for de Ashanti Region insyd.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026230210/http://ghana-net.com/forts.aspx Ghana-Net: Forts and Castles of Ghana] (plus pictures) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111019063159/http://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/slideshow/forts Ghana Place Names: Forts & Castles] (meanings den origins of names) [[Category:Ghana history-related lists]] [[Category:Castles insyd Ghana]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Tourism for Ghana insyd]] [[Category:Lists of buildings den structures insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Lists of castles insyd Africa]] [[Category:Lists of tourist attractions insyd Ghana]] 4tfnht8xyaarpeitizq0qxbdqrkq3bt 0 1798 104058 57177 2026-06-19T20:32:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Namibia''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/nəˈmɪbiə/]] ^{[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/En-ca-Namibia.oga/En-ca-Namibia.oga.mp3 ⓘ]}, [[:en:Help:IPA/English|/næˈ-/]]),<ref>Wells, John C. (2008), ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'' (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1405881180</ref><ref>Roach, Peter (2011), ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary'' (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521152532</ref> officially de '''Republic of Namibia''', be a country insyd Southern Africa. Ein western border be de Atlantic Ocean. E dey share land borders plus [[Angola]] den [[Zambia]] to de north, [[Botswana]] to de east den [[South Africa]] to de east den south. Although e no dey border [[Zimbabwe]], less dan 200 metres (660 feet) of de Botswanan right bank of de Zambezi River dey separate de two countries. Ein capital den largest city be Windhoek. De driest country insyd sub-Saharan Africa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past|author=Peter Shadbolt|publisher=CNN|date=24 October 2012|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220120821/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dem inhabit Namibia since pre-historic times by de Khoi, San, Damara den Nama people. Around de 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrive as part of de Bantu expansion. From 1600 de Ovambo form kingdoms, such as Ondonga den Oukwanyama.<ref name="Frieda 1991">{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Frieda-Nela|url=https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf|title=Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920|publisher=National Archives of Namibia|year=1991|access-date=2024-03-07|archive-date=2024-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Namibia be a member state of de United Nations, de [[Southern African Development Community]], de [[African Union]] den de Commonwealth of Nations. ==Geography== [[File:Namib Desert Namibia(2).jpg|thumb|Sand dunes of de Namib desert]] [[File:SAC Namibia-cactus.jpg|thumb|Fish River Canyon]] At {{convert|825615|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order&nbsp;– Area|publisher=CIA World Fact Book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|access-date=12 April 2008|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Namibia be de world ein thirty-fourth largest country (after Venezuela). E dey lie mostly between latitudes 17° den 29°S (a small area be north of 17°), den longitudes 11° den 26°E. E dey situate between de Namib den de Kalahari deserts, Namibia get de least rainfall of any country insyd sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Land degradation causes poverty|last=Brandt|first=Edgar|newspaper=New Era|date=21 September 2012|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020104012/http://allafrica.com/stories/201209211357.html|url-status=live}}</ref> De Namibian landscape dey consist generally of five geographical areas, each plus characteristic abiotic conditions den vegetation, plus sam variation within wey dey overlap between dem: de Central Plateau, de Namib, de Great Escarpment, de Bushveld, den de Kalahari Desert. De Central Plateau dey run from north to south, border by de Skeleton Coast to de northwest, de Namib Desert den ein coastal plains to de southwest, de Orange River to de south, den de Kalahari Desert to de east. De Central Plateau be home to de highest point insyd Namibia for Königstein elevation {{convert|2606|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="elevation">{{cite web|url=http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/|title=Landsat.usgs.gov|publisher=Landsat.usgs.gov|access-date=26 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907062948/http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/|archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> ===Urban settlements=== Namibia ge 13 cities, govern by municipalities den 26 towns, govern by town councils.<ref name=EW15>{{Cite news|title=Know Your Local Authority|newspaper=Election Watch|publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research|year=2015|issue=3|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hartman|first=Adam|title=Town regrading a 'sad move'|newspaper=The Namibian|date=27 August 2010|page=1|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=69963&page=archive-read|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317023725/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2010/august/article/town-regrading-a-sad-move/|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> De capital Windhoek be by far de largest urban settlement insyd Namibia. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="8" |Largest cities anaa towns insyd Namibia According to de 2023 Census<ref>[http://citypopulation.de/Namibia.html "Namibia"]. ''citypopulation.de''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190619121656/http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Archived] from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</ref> |- !Rank !Name !Region !Pop. |- |1 |Windhoek |Khomas |486,169 |- |2 |Rundu |Kavango East |118,625 |- |3 |Walvis Bay |Erongo |102,704 |- |4 |Swakopmund |Erongo |75,921 |- |5 |Oshakati |Oshana |58,696 |- |6 |Otjiwarongo |Otjozondjupa |49,022 |- |7 |Katima Mulilo |Zambezi |46,401 |- |8 |Okahandja |Otjozondjupa |45,159 |- |9 |Rehoboth |Hardap |40,788 |- |10 |Tsumeb |Oshikoto |34,960 |} ===Wildlife=== Namibia get various species of wildlife wey dey include de wild dog, dik dik den critically endangered black rhino. Der be 200 terrestrial mammal species, 645 bird species den 115 fish species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Simmons|first1=R. E.|last2=Griffin|first2=M.|last3=Griffin|first3=R. E.|last4=Marais|first4=E.|last5=Kolberg|first5=H.|date=1 April 1998|title=Endemism in Namibia: patterns, processes and predictions|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008879712736|journal=Biodiversity & Conservation|volume=7|issue=4|pages=513–530|doi=10.1023/A:1008879712736|s2cid=22160591|issn=1572-9710|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174438/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008879712736|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curtis|first1=Barbara|last2=Roberts|first2=Kevin S.|last3=Griffin|first3=Michael|last4=Bethune|first4=Shirley|last5=Hay|first5=Clinton J.|last6=Kolberg|first6=Holger|date=1 April 1998|title=Species richness and conservationof Namibian freshwater macro-invertebrates,fish and amphibians|journal=Biodiversity & Conservation|volume=7|issue=4|pages=447–466|doi=10.1023/A:1008871410919|issn=1572-9710|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Government den politics == [[File:Tintenpalast-Windhoek.jpg|thumb|Tintenpalast, de centre of Namibia ein government]] ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:Namibia Population Density (2011).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Population density insyd Namibia by regions (census 2011)]]De table below dey show statistics from de 2023 Namibia Population den Housing Census: {| class="wikitable" |+ |'''Region''' |'''Population (2023)''' !People per km² !Average household size |- |Khomas |494,605 |13.4 |3.3 |- |Ohangwena |337,729 |31.5 |4.8 |- |Omusati |316,671 |11.9 |4.2 |- |Oshikoto |257,302 |6.7 |4.1 |- |Erongo |240,206 |3.8 |3.1 |- |Oshana |230,801 |26.7 |3.7 |- |Otjozondjupa |220,811 |2.1 |3.6 |- |Kavango East |218,421 |9.1 |5.3 |- |Zambezi |142,373 |9.7 |3.7 |- |Kavango West |123,266 |5.0 |5.5 |- |Kunene |120,762 |1.0 |3.8 |- |Hardap |106,680 |1.0 |3.6 |- |ǁKaras |109,893 |0.7 |3.1 |- |Omaheke |102,881 |1.2 |3.3 |} Dem dey elect regional councillors directly elected thru secret ballots (regional elections) by de inhabitants of dema constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namibia National Council|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2226.htm|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=14 July 2010|archive-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510002301/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2226.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Local authorities insyd Namibia fi be in de form of municipalities (either Part 1 anaa Part 2 municipalities), town councils anaa villages.<ref name=alan>{{cite web|title=Local Authorities|url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list|publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia|access-date=10 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist|archive-date=10 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Demographics == De 2011 Population den Housing Census count 2,113,077 inhabitants. Between 2001 den 2011 na de annual population growth be 1.4%, down from 2.6% insyd de previous ten-year period.<ref name="snapshot">{{cite news|last=Duddy|first=Jo Maré|date=28 March 2013|title=Census gives snapshot of Namibia's population|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201303280355.html?page=2|access-date=26 August 2017|newspaper=The Namibian|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225132/http://allafrica.com/stories/201303280355.html?page=2|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd 2023, de Namibia Statistics Agency conduct anoda census, wich count 3,022,401 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namibia Statistics Agency {{!}} Census Disemination|url=https://census.nsa.org.na/|access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== De Namibian population dey comprise Bantu den Khoisan peoples. De Bantu groups dey include de Herero, Kavango, Lozi, Ovambo, den Tswana peoples. De Khoisan groups encompass de Baster/Coloured, Damara, Nama, den San peoples. Der be a substantial Chinese minority insyd Namibia; e stand for 40,000 insyd 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=Malia Politzer|date=August 2008|title=China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690|access-date=10 September 2013|publisher=Migration Information Source|archive-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129114909/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Himba Woman and Family.JPG|thumb|Himba people insyd northern Namibia]] ===Education=== [[File:42817 06.JPG|thumb|Secondary school students]]Chaw schools insyd Namibia be state-run, buh der be sam private schools, wich sanso be part of de country ein education system. Der be four teacher training universities, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, den three universities: [[University of Namibia]] (UNAM), [[International University of Management]] (IUM) den [[Namibia University of Science and Technology]] (NUST). Na dem rank Namibia 102nd insyd de Global Innovation Index for 2024 insyd.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=World Intellectual Property Organization|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi=10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref> De 2018 Namibia Labour Force Survey dey indicate say 99,536 people within de working age population get tertiary education of any level (6.6% of de working age population), while 21,922 (1.5% of de working age population) of dese get postgraduate education. {| class="wikitable" ! Age group ! No education ! Primary ! Junior secondary ! Senior secondary ! Technical/vocational certificate anaa diploma ! Currently insyd year 1, 2 anaa 3 of tertiary education ! University certificate, diploma anaa degree ! Postgraduate certificate, diploma anaa degree |- |15–19 |10,695 |89,696 |112,104 |23,588 |508 |1,558 |299 |44 |- |20–24 |19,090 |37,177 |99,661 |58,909 |6,185 |9,498 |6,019 |212 |- |25–29 |13,757 |31,278 |81,909 |53,019 |7,263 |9,035 |16,294 |3,840 |- |30–34 |13,753 |25,656 |73,216 |39,969 |4,886 |3,161 |15,520 |2,764 |- |35–39 |13,030 |24,926 |55,816 |30,999 |3,497 |2,582 |10,831 |3,290 |- |40–44 |16,042 |24,602 |38,462 |26,786 |3,508 |1,605 |7,284 |2,603 |- |45–49 |12,509 |24,743 |27,780 |18,883 |1,180 |896 |6,752 |2,663 |- |50–54 |12,594 |22,360 |20,641 |10,810 |891 |582 |5,529 |2,522 |- |55–59 |12,754 |19,927 |13,654 |5,487 |825 |848 |4,064 |1,712 |- |60–64 |13,832 |14,578 |8,006 |2,764 |584 |459 |2,135 |1,570 |- |65+ |49,043 |31,213 |10,033 |3,415 |775 |389 |2,886 |702 |- |'''Total''' |'''187,100''' |'''346,157''' |'''541,281''' |'''274,628''' |'''30,101''' |'''30,612''' |'''77,615''' |'''21,922''' |} De table wey dey follow dey show de 2018 Namibia Labour Force Survey employment statistics by education. Employment rates insyd Namibia generally increase plus education status. A high school education typically dey ensure greater employment rates dan those plus no education anaa those plus primary anaa junior secondary education as dema highest achievement. Namibians plus a university certificate, diploma anaa degree get a significantly higher employment rate for 76.4%, while postgraduate education holders be most likely make dem employ dem plus an employment rate of 83.8% insyd 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cirrus Data|url=https://cirrus.com.na/dataportal/|access-date=9 November 2023|website=cirrus.com.na|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109150442/https://cirrus.com.na/dataportal/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | |No education |Primary |Junior secondary |Senior secondary |Technical/vocational certificate anaa diploma |Currently insyd year 1, 2 anaa 3 of tertiary education |University certificate, diploma anaa degree |Postgraduate certificate, diploma anaa degree |- |Total |187,100 |346,157 |541,281 |274,628 |30,101 |30,612 |77,615 |21,922 |- |Employed |85,352 |146,089 |229,259 |146,874 |16,292 |12,595 |59,328 |18,378 |- |'''% Employed''' |'''45.6%''' |'''42.2%''' |'''42.4%''' |'''53.5%''' |'''54.1%''' |'''41.1%''' |'''76.4%''' |'''83.8%''' |} == References == <references /> [[Category:Namibia]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Member states of de African Union]] [[Category:Countries den territories wer English be official language]] [[Category:Member states of de Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1990]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:Republics insyd de Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Former German colonies]] [[Category:1990 establishments insyd Africa]] [[Category:Countries for Africa insyd]] == Sources == * Vedder, Heinrich (1997). ''Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890'' [''The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890''] (in German) (7th ed.). Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-949995-33-9|978-0-949995-33-9]]</bdi>. * Olusoga, David; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). ''The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide''. London, England: Farber and Farber. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23142-3|978-0-571-23142-3]]</bdi>. * {{cite journal|last=Besenyo|first=Molnar|url=http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf|title=UN peacekeeping in Namibia|journal=Tradecraft Review|publisher=Military National Security Service|location=Budapest, Hungary|year=2013|issue=2013/1. Special Issue|pages=93–109|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217203716/http://knbsz.gov.hu/hu/letoltes/szsz/2013_1_spec.pdf|url-status=dead}} * Christy, S. A. (2007). ''Namibian Travel Photography''. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''Human rights and the rule of law in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * Horn, N/Bösl, A (eds.). ''The independence of the judiciary in Namibia'', Macmillan Namibia, 2008. * KAS Factbook Namibia, Facts and figures about the status and development of Namibia, Ed. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. * Fritz, Jean-Claude. ''La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée'', Paris: L'Harmattan, 1991. * ''World Almanac''. 2004. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. == External links == {{Sister project links|voy=Namibia|collapsible=collapsed}} * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ Namibia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia Archived] 10 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. ''The World Factbook''. Central Intelligence Agency. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 3 March 2016) * [[commons:Atlas_of_Namibia|Wikimedia Atlas of Namibia]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Key Development Forecasts for Namibia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011142941/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NA Archived] 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine from International Futures * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204101417/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal (archived 3 December 2012) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] (archived 10 December 2008) {{Authority control}} fxlra6bkzepx4ssvyqr6xbrqbuw113k 0 1968 104076 50223 2026-06-20T03:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sunday''' (Latin: ''dies solis'' wey dey mean "day of de sun") be de day of de week between [[Saturday]] den [[Monday]]. Sunday be a day of rest insyd chaw Western countries den a part of de weekend. Insyd sam Middle Eastern countries, Sunday be a weekday.<ref>{{Cite web|last=National|first=The|date=2021-12-07|title=Which countries have a Friday-Saturday weekend?|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2021/12/07/when-is-the-weekend-in-the-arab-world/|access-date=2023-11-26|website=The National|language=en}}</ref> For chaw Christians, dem dey observe Sunday as a day of worship den rest, dey hold am as de Lord's Day;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunday {{!}} Rest, Worship, Reflection {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunday-day-of-week|access-date=2024-12-06|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> insyd de [[United States]], [[Canada]], Japan, as well as insyd parts of South America, Sunday be de first day of de week.<ref name="Lyons2019">{{cite web|last1=Lyons|first1=Gabrielle|title=Sunday Vs Monday: Which day do you consider the start of the week?|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-18/which-day-do-you-consider-the-start-of-the-week/11346348|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=11 February 2021|language=English|date=17 August 2019}}</ref> According to de Islamic calendar, Hebrew calendar den traditional calendars (wey dey include Christian calendars) Sunday be de first day of de week; Quaker Christians dey bell Sunday de "first day" in accordance plus dema testimony of simplicity.<ref name="Lapsansky2003">{{cite book|last1=Lapsansky|first1=Emma Jones|title=Quaker Aesthetics: Reflections on a Quaker Ethic in American Design and Consumption, 1720-1920|date=26 January 2003|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3692-7|page=65|language=English}}</ref><ref>[https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#Chapter_28 "Bible (King James)/Matthew - Wikisource, the free online library"]. ''en.wikisource.org''. Retrieved 2025-02-12.</ref> De International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601, wich dey base insyd Switzerland, dey bell Sunday de seventh day of de week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISO 8601-1:2019(en) Date and time — Representations for information interchange — Part 1: Basic rules|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:8601:-1:ed-1:v1:en|access-date=2024-05-14|website=www.iso.org}}</ref><ref name="npl.co.uk">"Monday shall be identified as calendar day [1] of any calendar week, and subsequent calendar days of the same calendar week shall be numbered in ascending sequence to Sunday (calendar day [7])." Further discussion: UK National Physical Laboratory: "Which is the first day of the week? And which is week 1 of the year? (FAQ - Time)": |https://web.archive.org/web/20190208164501/http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/time-frequency/time/faqs/which-is-the-first-day-of-the-week-and-which-is-week-1-of-the-year-(faq-time)(Archive here: https://archive.today/20160716145156/</ref> == Astrology == Sunday be associated plus de Sun wey ebe symbolized by de symbol '''<big>☉</big>'''. == References == [[Category:Days for de week]] <references /> == Sources == * Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology''. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-270084-7}} == Read further == * Bacchiocchi, Samuele. ''From Sabbath to Sunday: a historical investigation of the rise of Sunday observance in early Christianity'' (Pontifical Gregorian University, 1977) * Cotton, John Paul. ''From Sabbath to Sunday: a study in early Christianity'' (1933) * Kraft, Robert A. "Some Notes on Sabbath Observance in Early Christianity." ''Andrews University Seminary Studies'' (1965) 3: 18–33. [http://www.andrews.edu/library/car/cardigital/Periodicals/AUSS/1965-1/1965-1-03.pdf online] * Land, Gary. ''Historical Dictionary of the Seventh-day Adventists'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) * González, Justo. "A Brief History of Sunday: From the New Testament to the New Creation" (Eerdmans, 2017) == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q132|c=Category:Sunday|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Christian Sunday observances]] [[Category:Helios]] pqlwzffoh4czns8br3u549ep7unm5o7 0 2019 104081 79811 2026-06-20T05:35:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q2303765}} '''University of Ghana''' be public university wey dey locate insyd [[Accra]],<ref>[https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-University_Of_Ghana_Legon-Accra-site_80212111-5501 "How to get to University Of Ghana - Legon in Accra by Bus?"]. ''moovitapp''. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</ref> Ghana. Ebe de oldest public university insyd Ghana. Na dem found de university insyd 1948<ref>Kwabena Dei Ofori-Attah. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004065312/http://www.cies.ws/newsletter/sept_06/Ghana.htm "Expansion of Higher Education in Ghana: Moving Beyond Tradition"]. ''Comparative & International Education Newsletter: Number 142''. CIES, Florida International University. Archived from [http://www.cies.ws/newsletter/sept_06/Ghana.htm the original] on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2007.</ref> as de '''University College of the Gold Coast'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240713221813/http://ug.edu.gh/about/overview "Overview | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2017/8/11/august-11-1948-the-university-college-of-the-gold-coast-is-established-by-ordinance "August 11, 1948: The University College of the Gold Coast is established by ordinance"]. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> insyd de [[Gold Coast (British colony)|British Colony of de Gold Coast]]. Na ebe originally an affiliate college of de University of London,<ref name=":0">[https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-ghana "University of Ghana"]. ''Top Universities''. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</ref> wich supervise ein academic programs wey dem dey award degrees.<ref>G. F. Daniel (17 April 1998). [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~univghana/ghanahed.htm "THE UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA"]. ''Development of University Education in Ghana''. University of Ghana. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070319140828/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~univghana/ghanahed.htm Archived] from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.</ref> After Ghana gain independence insyd 1957, na dem rename de college de '''University College of Ghana'''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192554/https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/establishment-university "Establishment of The University | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. Archived from [https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/establishment-university the original] on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</ref> E san change ein name to de '''University of Ghana''' insyd 1961, wen na e gain full university status.<ref>George, Betty Stein (1976). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3sp1pAOfXgIC&pg=PA166 Education in Ghana]''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 166.</ref> De University of Ghana dey situate for de west side of de Accra Legon Hills den northeast of de center of Accra. E get over 60,000 registered students.<ref name=":0" /> == Office of de Chancellor == [[File:Chancellors_office_new.png|thumb|Mrs. Mary Chinery-Hesse]] [[Mary Chinery-Hesse]] be de current Chancellor of de university.<ref>[https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/office-chancellor "Office of the Chancellor | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200404065114/http://www.ug.edu.gh/content/office-chancellor Archived] from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</ref> === Past Chancellors of de University === De following hold de position of Chancellor of e university: * [[Kwame Nkrumah]] (1961–1965)<ref name="Past Chancellors">[https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/office-chancellor/past-chancellors-university "Past Chancellors of the University | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200411005011/http://www.ug.edu.gh/content/office-chancellor/past-chancellors-university Archived] from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> * Joseph Arthur Ankrah (1966–1968)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Akwasi Afrifa (1969)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Edward Akufo-Addo (1970–1971)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1972–1978)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Fred Akuffo (1978–1979)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Hilla Limann (1979–1981)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * [[Jerry Rawlings]] (1982–1991)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Oyeeman Wereko Ampem II (1998–2005)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> * Kofi Annan (2008–2018)<ref name="Past Chancellors" /> == Office of de Vice-Chancellor == [[File:Prof_Nana_Aba_Appiah.png|thumb|Prof. Nana Aba Appiah Amfo - Current Vice-Chancellor]] [[Nana Aba Appiah Amfo]] be de current Vice-Chancellor of de University of Ghana.<ref>[https://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/home "Office of the Vice-Chancellor | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200404073133/http://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/home Archived] from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</ref> === Past vice-chancellors den principals === De following hold de position of vice-chancellors den principals of de university: '''University College of the Gold Coast''' * David Mowbray Balme (1948–1957), Principal<ref name="ReferenceB">[https://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/_office_history "History Of The Office | University of Ghana"]. ''University of Ghana''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191108115143/http://ug.edu.gh/vc/_office_history Archived] from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</ref> '''University College of Ghana''' * David Mowbray Balme (1957–1958), Principal<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Raymond Henry Stoughton (1958–1961), Principal '''University of Ghana''' * Conor Cruise O'Brien (1962–1965), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Alexander Kwapong (1966–1975), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Daniel Adzei Bekoe (1976–1983), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Akilagpa Sawyerr (1985–1992), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * George Benneh (1992–1996), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Ivan Addae-Mensah (1996–2002), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Kwadwo Asenso-Okyere (2002–2006), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Clifford Nii-Boi Tagoe (2006–2010), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Ernest Aryeetey (2010–2016), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * Ebenezer Oduro Owusu (2016–2021), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> * [[Nana Aba Appiah Amfo]] (2021-Date), Vice-Chancellor<ref name="ReferenceB" /> == Academics == ===De Balme Library=== [[File:Balme Library of University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.jpg|alt=The Balme Library, University of Ghana|thumb|Main entrance to de Balme Library]]Na dem establish de Balme Library insyd 1948 as de Achimota College Library.<ref>Alemna, Anaba. A (1997). "A review of library provision in Ghana". ''Library Review''. '''46''': 34–44. doi:[[doi:10.1108/00242539710160875|10.1108/00242539710160875]].</ref> Ebe de main library of de university ein library network.<ref name="Library">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230407143001/https://myhealthbasics.site/university-ghana-ug-balme-library/ "University of Ghana UG Balme library"]. ''2020/2021''. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</ref> De Balme library dey locate for de main campus of de university.<ref name="Library" /> ===College of Health Sciences=== Der be six Schools den one Research Institute under dis college.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061208134333/http://www.ug.edu.gh/chs/index.htm "Official Site of the College of Health Sciences"]. University of Ghana. Archived from [http://www.ug.edu.gh/chs/index.htm the original] on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/University-of-Ghana-begins-Bachelor-of-Education-programme-747289 "University of Ghana begins Bachelor of Education programme"]. ''Ghanaweb''. 18 May 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190629134228/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/University-of-Ghana-begins-Bachelor-of-Education-programme-747289 Archived] from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.</ref> Dem dey include: *School of Medicine and Dentistry *School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences *School of Nursing *School of Pharmacy *School of Public Health *School of Education and Leadership *Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research *Centre for Tropical, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics '''College of Basic and Applied Sciences''' Der be five Schools, six Centres (3 research based) den two Institutes under dis college. Dem dey include: * School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences * School of Biological Sciences * School of Agriculture * School of Engineering Sciences * School of Veterinary Medicine * Livestock and Poultry Research Centre (LIPREC) * Soil and Irrigation Research Centre (SIREC) * Forest and Horticultural Research Centre (FOHCREC) * Biotechnology Centre * West African Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI) * West African Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) * Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies * Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology ===Collegiate system=== From de 2014/2015 academic year, de University of Ghana adopt de collegiate system<ref>[http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/university-ghana-adopts-collegiate-system-20142015-academic-year "University Of Ghana Adopts Collegiate System From 2014/2015 Academic Year"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175638/http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/university-ghana-adopts-collegiate-system-20142015-academic-year Archived] 6 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, University of Ghana, 16 May 2014.</ref> den thus dem categorise all schools den departments under four colleges, wich be: *College of Basic and Applied Sciences *College of Humanities *College of Education *College of Health Sciences ===Oda faculties=== Der be five faculties outsyd de above Colleges wey dem dey include: *Faculty of Arts *Faculty of Social Studies *Faculty of Science *Faculty of Law: first dem establish as a department of de Faculty of Social Studies insyd de 1958/59 academic year, cam turn a full-fledged faculty insyd de 1960/61 academic year.<ref>[https://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/18-faculty-salary/report.pdf "Psychology Faculty Salaries for the 2017-2018 Academic Year"] (PDF). ''www.apa.org''. 2018. doi:[[doi:10.1037/e506852018-001|10.1037/e506852018-001]].</ref> *Faculty of Engineering Sciences === International Programmes Office === === University of Ghana Campuses === ==== Legon Campus ==== ==== Korle-Bu Campus ==== ==== Kumasi City Campus ==== ===Distance Education Campuses=== * Accra Workers' College, (now Accra City campus), [[Accra]] * Awudome Residential Workers' College, Tsito * Bolgatanga Workers' College, [[Bolgatanga]] * Cape Coast Workers' College, [[Cape Coast]] * Ho Workers' College, [[Ho, Ghana|Ho]] * Koforidua Workers' College, [[Koforidua]] * Kumasi Workers' College, [[Kumasi]] * Takoradi Workers' College, [[Sekondi-Takoradi]] * Tamale Workers' College, [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]] * Tema Workers' College, Tema * Sunyani Workers' College, [[Sunyani]] * Wa Workers' College, [[Wa, Ghana|Wa]] === Institutional Affiliations=== * Accra College of Medicine, [[Accra]] * African University College of Business & Technology, [[Accra]] * [[Catholic University College of Ghana|Catholic University College]], [[Sunyani]] * [[Christian Service University College]], [[Kumasi]] * Family Health Medical School, [[Accra]] * Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College, [[Accra]] * [[Ghana Institute of Languages]], [[Accra]] *Institute of Accountancy Training, [[Accra]] * [[Islamic University College, Ghana|Islamic University College]], [[Accra]] * Knustford University College, [[Accra]] * [[Methodist University College Ghana|Methodist University College]], [[Accra]] * Narh-Bita College, Tema * Nightingale School of Nursing, [[Accra]] * [[National Film and Television Institute|National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI)]], [[Accra]] * [[Presbyterian University College]], Mpraeso/Abetifi-Kwahu * [[Regional Maritime University]], [[Accra]] * St. Peter's Seminary, [[Cape Coast|Cape-Coast]] * St. Paul's Seminary, Sowutuom-Achimota * St. Victor's Seminary, [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]] * Western Hills School of Nursing, [[Accra]] * [[Wisconsin International University College]], [[Accra]] ===Rankings den reputation=== De ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'' of 2018 dey rank de University of Ghana at de 800-1000th place globally den 17th insyd [[Africa]] (rank dem share plus oda universities).<ref>King, Roger (2009). "Global Rankings and Regulating the World-class University". ''Governing Universities Globally''. doi:[[doi:10.4337/9781848449244.00013|10.4337/9781848449244.00013]]. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781848449244|9781848449244]]</bdi>.</ref> ==Facilities== ===Halls of residence=== *'''Commonwealth Hall''' *'''Legon Hall''' *'''Mensah Sarbah Hall''' *'''Volta Hall''' *'''Akuafo Hall''' *'''Jubilee Hall''' De university get eight new halls of residence dem create wey na dem commission am insyd 2011. Dem be: *'''Alexander Kwapong Hall''' *'''Jean Nelson Akah Hall''' *'''Hilla Limann Hall''' *'''Elizabeth Sey Hall''' *'''Africa Union Hall''' *'''James Topp Nelson Yankah Hall''' *'''Bani Hall''' *'''Evandy Hall''' [[File:Entrance to Mensah Sarbah Hall.jpg|thumb| * Entrance to Mensah Sarbah Hall, University of Ghana ]] ===Bank, postal den oda services=== Dese banks get branches for de Legon campus top: * Ghana Commercial Bank * Standard Chartered Bank * Barclays Bank * Cal Bank * HFC Bank * Access Bank * Stanbic Bank * Fidelity Bank * Ecobank Ghana * Prudential Bank Der be branch of de national postal service (Ghana Post) for campus top. Oda banks get ATMs for campus top. ==Notable alumni== * Barbara Frances Ackah-Yensu – active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2022–) * George Kingsley Acquah – Chief Justice of Ghana&nbsp;(2003–2007) * Hutton Ayikwei Addy – Professor of Public Health, first Dean of de [[University for Development Studies]] Medical School * Edward Doe Adjaho – Speaker of Parliament of Ghana (2013–2017) * [[Sophia Ophilia Adjeibea Adinyira]] – justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2006–2019) * Richard Adjei-Frimpong – active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2024–) * Peter Ala Adjetey – former speaker of de Parliament of Ghana (2001–05) * [[Kwadwo Afari-Gyan]] – Chairman of de [[Electoral Commission of Ghana]] (1992–15) * Francis Agbodeka – former professor of History * Kissi Agyebeng – Special Prosecutor (2021–) * Ama Ataa Aidoo – playwright * [[Vida Akoto-Bamfo]] – Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2009 &ndash; 2019) *Ebenezer Akuete – Former Ghanaian diplomat * [[Sophia Akuffo]], 13th Chief Justice of Ghana * [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]] – [[President of Ghana]] (2017–present) * Daniel Afedzi Akyeampong – mathematician * Akwasi Afrifa (Ghanaian MP) – former member of parliament * [[Mabel Agyemang]] ''née'' Banful (sanso be Yamoa) - Chief Justice of de Turks and Caicos Islands, superior court judge for de Commonwealth Secretariat, he serve insyd de judiciaries of de governments of Ghana, [[The Gambia]] den Swaziland * Nene Amegatcher – active Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2018–2023) * Paa Kwesi Amissah-Arthur – Vice Pee of de Republic of Ghana 2012–17 * Patrick Amoah-Ntim – Retired Ghanaian diplomat * K. Y. Amoako – former UN Under-Secretary-General den Executive Secretary of de Economic Commission for Africa *Harry Reginald Amonoo – Former Ghanaian diplomat *David Anaglate – Journalist, Director General of de Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (1992–1995) *Goodwin Tutum Anim – First Ghanaian Managing Director of de Ghana News Agency * Yaw Appau – active Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2015–) * Anas Aremeyaw Anas – investigative journalist plus ''Insight TWI: The World Investigates'', CEO of Tiger Eye Private Investigations, executive director of The Crusading Guide * Kwasi Anin-Yeboah – Chief Justice of Ghana (2019–2023) * Joyce Rosalind Aryee - Minister of Education (1985–1987), Member of de National Defence Council (1993–2001), he receive Second Highest State Award, de Companion of de Order of the Volta insyd 2006 * Benjamin Teiko Aryeetey – Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2009–2011) *Yaw Asare, dramatist and playwright *Yaw Darko Asare – active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2024–) * Samuel Kwame Adibu Asiedu – active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2022–) * [[Kofi Awoonor]] – Ghanaian poet den author * [[George Ayittey]] – economist, author, den presido of de Free Africa Foundation, professor at American University, associate scholar at de Foreign Policy Research Institute. * Elizabeth-Irene Baitie – award-winning writer of young adult fiction * Josiah Ofori Boateng, Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (1999–2001); [[Electoral Commission of Ghana|Electoral Commissioner of Ghana]] (1989–1992) * Kwesi Botchwey – former law lecturer den [[Rawlings government|finance minister]] of Ghana (1982–95). * Mohamed Ibn Chambas – Executive Secretary of de [[ECOWAS|Economic Community of West African States]]. * Phyllis Christian – lawyer, CEO of ShawbellConsulting *Alexander Adu Clerk – sleep medicine specialist den psychiatrist *George C. Clerk – pioneer botanist den plant pathologist *Nicholas T. Clerk – academic, public administrator den Presbyterian minister; former Rector, [[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration|GIMPA]] * Kwesi Dickson – former Presido of Methodist Church Ghana * Agnes Dordzie – Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2018–2022) * Jones Victor Mawulorm Dotse – active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2008–) den de Supreme Court of [[the Gambia]] (2008–2023) * Kwabena Dufuor –former [[List of Mills government ministers|Finance Minister]] den former Governor of de [[Bank of Ghana]]. * Komla Dumor – television news presenter for de BBC World * Nana Effah-Apenteng – de Permanent Representative of Ghana to de United Nations between May 2000 den 2007 * Ben Ephson - publisher den Managing Editor of de ''Daily Dispatch'' * Akin Euba - Nigerian composer, musicologist den pianist, Andrew Mellon Professor of Music at de University of Pittsburgh * [[Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng]] – cardiothoracic surgeon den former chief executive officer of de Korle Bu Teaching Hospital * Ernest Gaewu – active Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2023–) * Nasiru Sulemana Gbadegbe – Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2009–2020) * Patrick R. D. Hayford – diplomat, former Ghana Ambassador to [[South Africa]] (1997–1999), Director of African Affairs insyd de Executive Office of United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan(1999–2005) * Clemence Jackson Honyenuga – Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2020–2022) *Rosemary Hutton – geophysicist den pioneer of magnetotellurics (1954–1961) * Ken Kanda – diplomat, de Permanent Representative of Ghana to de United Nations * George Kingsley Koomson – active Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2023–) * Manuel Koranteng – journalist at de British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) * Nii Ashie Kotey – An academic den active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2018–2023) * [[Akua Kuenyehia]] – Vice-Pee, International Criminal Court (2003–Date) * Henry Anthony Kwofie – active justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2024–) * Cynthia Lamptey, Deputy Special Prosecutor (2018–) * [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] – [[Vice-President of Ghana]] (2009–12) den [[President of Ghana]] (2012–17) * Samuel Marful-Sau – active Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2018–2021) * Vicki Miles-LaGrange (born 1953) – Chief U.S. District Judge for de Western District of Oklahoma, first African-American woman to be [[United States|U.S.]] attorney for de Western District of Oklahoma, den de first African-American female dem elect to de Oklahoma Senate * [[John Atta Mills|John Evans Atta Mills]] – former Law professor den vice-pee of Ghana (1997–2001), [[President of Ghana]] (2009–12) * Tawiah Modibo Ocran – Judge of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2004–2008) * Isaac Odame – Physician, University of Toronto professor, den medical researcher insyd sickle cell disease, thalassemia den oda hematological disorders *George Tawia Odamtten – Mycologist * David Ofori-Adjei – dem elect am to de Council of de Division of Clinical Pharmacology of de International Union of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology insyd 2000 *Walter Samuel Nkanu Onnoghen - Chief Justice of Nigeria (2017–present) * Aaron Mike Oquaye – former Minister of Communication (2005–09) den Member of Parliament for [[Dome-Kwabenya]] (2005 to present), Speaker of Parliament (2017–present) * Faustina Oware-Gyekye – nursing leader den academic * Rose Constance Owusu – Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2008 &ndash; 2014) * Bill Puplampu - occupational psychologist den Vice Chancellor of [[Central University (Ghana)]] * Gabriel Pwamang – active Justice of de Supreme Court of Ghana (2015–) * Nana Akuoko Sarpong - Omanhene of Agogo * Ebenezer Sekyi-Hughes - Speaker of Parliament of Ghana (7 January 2005 – 6 January 2009) *Samuel Ernest Quarm – retired diplomat * Elizabeth Frances Sey (1927–1991) first female graduate of de University College of the Gold Coast den pioneering woman educator. Dem name a residence hall for de campus top insyd ein honour.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180505221126/https://www.modernghana.com/news/373443/legon-inaugurates-new-hall-of-residence.html "Legon Inaugurates New Hall of Residence"]. Accra, Ghana: Modern Ghana. 22 January 2012. Archived from [https://www.modernghana.com/news/373443/legon-inaugurates-new-hall-of-residence.html the original] on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</ref> * [[Gertrude Torkornoo]] – Chief Justice of Ghana (2023–) * Baldwyn Torto – Chemical ecologist * [[Tsatsu Tsikata]] – former Chief Executive of de Ghana National Petroleum Corporation den Law lecturer at de University of Ghana. *[[Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten]] – linguist, de author of de first doctoral dissertation insyd de Twi language *Kwasi Wiredu — philosopher * [[Georgina Theodora Wood]] – first female Chief Justice of Ghana&nbsp;(since 2007).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150122171023/http://alumni.ug.edu.gh/index.php/your-alumni/notable-alumni "Notable Alumni"]. University of Ghana Alumni Association. Archived from [http://alumni.ug.edu.gh/index.php/your-alumni/notable-alumni the original] on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</ref> * Kgosi Basadi Seipone III ==Notable faculty== * Nana Klutse, climate scientist<ref name="GO_Klutse">Donkor, Kwadwo Baffoe (26 July 2019). [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/nana-ama-browne-klutse-joins-ndc-abura-asebu-kwamankese-race.html "Dr Nana Ama Browne Klutse joins NDC Abura Asebu Kwamankese race"]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</ref> *Zonke Majodina, clinical psychologist den human rights worker.<ref name="aciawc">[https://africacenturyconference.co.za/zonke-majodine-short-biography/ "Zonke Majodine -SHORT BIOGRAPHY"]. ''Africa Century Conference''. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</ref> * Philomena Nyarko, statistician<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240625065506/https://ubids.edu.gh/about/university-council/dr-philomena-efua-nyarko "Dr. Philomena Efua Nyarko – Governing Council Member, President Nominee"]. SD Dombo University of Business and Integrated Development Studies. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</ref> * Alexander Oppenheim (1968–1973), mathematician * Faustina Oware-Gyekye,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220222005015/https://www.gcnm.edu.gh/governing_council/profile_gyekye.php "Ghana College of Nurses and Midwives | Mrs. Faustina Oware-Gyekye (WACN Representative)"]. ''Gcnm education''. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</ref> nurse-leader * [[Elsie Effah Kaufmann]], Biomedical Engineer den Quiz Mistress for de National Science and Maths Quiz == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:University_of_Ghana|University of Ghana]]'''''. * [https://www.ug.edu.gh/ Official website] [[Category:University of Ghana]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1948]] [[Category:1948 establishments insyd Gold Coast (British colony)]] [[Category:Universities insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1948]] cufn6lggxrhsizldckk0aapeuz6jyji 0 2054 104091 82905 2026-06-20T07:59:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaa Asantewaa''' '''I''' (dem born am 17 [[October]] 1840 – she die 17 [[October]] 1921). Na she be Queen Mother for Ejisu wey dey de Ashanti Empire – dat be part of de [[Ghana]] wey dey today. Ebe ein bro Nana Akwasi Afrane Opese (na he be de king of Edwesu), wey appoint am. Ebe ein wey she lead de Ashanti war wey dem dey call am War of de Golden Stool, alias '''Yaa Asantewaa''' War of Independence against de British Empire, for 1900 insyd.<ref>Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (eds), ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', 1999, p. 276.</ref> == Ein life matter == Dem born Yaa Asantewaa for 1840 insyd for Besease, na she be de daughter of Kwaku Ampoma den Ata Po. Ein bro, wey dem dey bell am Afrane Panin, cam turn chief for Edweso, sam community wey dey around. After ein kiddie tym wey na issue no dey, na she dey farm for sam land wey dey around Boankra. She marry sam man wey dey cam from Kumasi, wey he get chaw wives wey ein den am get kiddie(daughter).<ref name="dq">{{cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|title=Yaa Asantewaa|author=Korsah, Chantal|publisher=Dangerous Women|date=22 July 2016|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Na she dey exile wey she die for [[Seychelles]] insyd 1921. Na de farming job dey go on for am waa, wey she sanso be gud mother. Na she get head, she be politician, she dey fight give people dema rights, she be queen den leader for war. Na people know Yaa Asantewaa secof na she dey command de Ashanti kings wey dey fight against de British people wey wan colonize dem for de Golden Stool war insyd, so say, dem go fyt and protect de Golden Stool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nanayaaasantewaa.de/who-is-nana-yaa-asantewaa/|title=Nana Yaa Asantewaa|website=nanayaaasantewaa.de|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> == Tym before rebellion happen == During ein bro ein reign, Yaa Asantewaa see say de Ashanti Confederacy go thru series of events wey threaten ein future, wey dey include civil war from 1883 cam 1888.<ref>[https://www.thecable.ng/igboho-and-allegory-of-asantehene-golden-stool "Igboho and allegory of Asantehene golden stool"]. ''TheCable''. 24 July 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref> Insyd 1894 wen ein bro die, Yaa Asantewaa use ein right as Queen Mother take nominate ein grandson<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/|title=Yaa Asantewaa|date=2016-07-22|website=Dangerous Women Project|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> as Ejisuhene. De tym wey de British people sack am(ein grandson) from ein own country as punishment, plus de King of Asante Prempeh I den oda members wey dey de Asante government insyd, Yaa Asantewaa cam be de person wey take up authority for de [[Ejisu]]-Juaben area. After dem sack Prempeh I go Seychelles, de British general, Frederick Hodgson, wey be governor for de Gold Coast, say dem for bring de Golden Stool, wey be de symbol of de Asante people.<ref name="dq" /> De tin wey he biz, make de members of de Asante government wey lef, start dey talk about how dem go get demma King back. De rest of de members wey remain, no dey gree on de way, dem go try get dema King back; Yaa Asantewaa, wey dey de meeting insyd, tinop den talk to de members of de council say: <blockquote>How cam people wey be proud den get heart lyk de Asante, go tap den watch as de whitemen take demma kings den chiefs, sanso disgrace dem, dey demand for demma Golden Stool. De Golden Stool only be money give de whitemen; de whitemen search den dig everywer for am. Me ano go bia one ''predwan'' give de governor. If ebi you menners, de chiefs wey dey Asante, wey go behave like cowards, wey you no go fyt, you menners for give me your loincloths, wey ago exchange am, give you my underwear(''Montu mo danta mma me na monnye me tam'').<ref name=":1">Aidoo, Agnes Akosua (1977). "Asante Queen Mothers in Government and Politics in the Nineteenth Century". ''Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria''. '''9''' (1): 12. [[:en:JSTOR|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857049 41857049].</ref> </blockquote>To show say she mean de war, she take gun, shoot for de men demma front.<ref name=":1" /> De Asante kings select Yaa Asantewaa say, she be de war-leader for de Asante fighting force. Dis be de first den only example wey dem give woman dat role for de Asante people demma history insyd.<ref>Brempong, Arhin (2000). [http://people.ucalgary.ca/~taarn/LeGriot/article4.pdf "The role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance"] PDF. ''Le Griot''. '''VIII''' – via ucalgary.ca.</ref> De war wey dem dey bell am, The Ashanti-British War of the Golden Stool - wey dem sanso dey bell am, de “Yaa Asantewaa War”<ref>[[:en:Herb_Boyd|Boyd, Herb]] (5 April 2018). [https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2018/04/05/queen-mother-yaa-asantewaa-led-fight-against-briti/ "Queen-mother Yaa Asantewaa led the fight against British colonialism"] [[:en:New_York_Amsterdam_News|''New York Amsterdam News'']]</ref> - na ebi Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa wey dey front plus army of 5000.<ref>[http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2010/05/queen-mother-nana-yaa-asantewaa.html "Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa of West Africa's Ashanti Empire"]. ''blackhistoryheroes.com''. Retrieved 24 May 2018. </ref> == De tins wey happen afta de rebellion == Insyd March 1900, de rebellion make de British people surround de fort wey dey Kumasi. De fort still dey wey dem dey bell am de [[Kumasi]] Fort den Military Museum. As de months dey go, de governor for de Gold Coast send force of 1,400 people, say make dem go quench de rebellion. As de fyt dey go on, dem catch Queen Yaa Asantewaa den fifteen of ein close advisers, wey dem ban dem go Seychelles.<ref>Berry, L. V., ''Ghana: a Country Study''.</ref> De rebellion be de final war wey happen for de Anglo-Asante series of wars wey happen for de 19th century insyd. For 1 January 1902, de British take de Asante Empire demma territory, wey dem dey control for almost a century, take add demma own, wey de Asante come change to state wey be controlled den protected by de British crown.<ref>Boahen, A. Adu (2003). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=S4ALSvMlbzUC&redir_esc=y ''Queen Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante-British War of 1900-1''] James Currey Publishers. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-443-2|978-0-85255-443-2]] </ref> Insyd 17 [[October]] 1921, Nana Yaa Asantewaa die, de tym she dey exile for Seychelles. Three years after she die, for 17 [[December]] 1924 insyd, dem allow make King Prempeh I, den oda Asante members wey dey exile, return to Asante. Na King Prempeh I make sure say, de remains of Nana Asantewaa den de other Asante people wey dem sack den ban, go be returned, so say dem go do proper burial wey dem dey do give royals, give dem.<ref>Boahen, A. Adu (2003). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=NA5a78btyKMC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself and Other Writings''] . British Academy. pp. 25–. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726261-0|978-0-19-726261-0]]</ref> Queen Asantewaa’s ein dream be say, de Asante go be independent from de British demma colonial rule, cam to pass on 6 March 1957, dat be de tym wen de Asante territory wey de British people capture cam gain independence, cam join Ghana. Na Ghana be de first African nation for West Africa wey achieve dis.<ref>Bourret, F. M. (1960). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=EjisAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2&redir_esc=y ''Ghana, the Road to Independence, 1919-1957''] Stanford University Press. pp. 2–. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0400-7|978-0-8047-0400-7]] .</ref> == Roles wey Asante women dey play for society insyd == Na Nana Yaa Asantewaa dey bab de results of de British Colonial rule waa. Now nu, Ghana people dey see am as queen mother wey she use ein political den social fame help fyt give ein people. De role wey she play, take influence de Ashanti men, so say dem go battle de British check lyk, dat dat be ein function for de Ashanti people demma system, wey women dey hold roles.<ref>Karen, McGee (2015). [https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=listening_to_the_voices "The Impact of Matriarchal Traditions on the Advancement of Ashanti Women in Ghana"]</ref> Na Nana Yaa Asantewaa ein call to women wey dey insyd de Asante Empire be based on de political tins wey dem for do den demma roles for legislative den judicial processes. Na de women be companion for de men wey inherit de stool for de Akan people. Insyd de village, na dem dey select old people wey be leaders for demma mother side as ''ôdekuro.'' Na dem dey bell de women mpanyinfo, dem sanso dey bell dem aberewa or ''ôbaa panyin'', wey ebi dem wey dey handle women demma matter. Na every ''ôdekuro'' get ''ôbaa panyin'' wey dey handle de women matter for de village wey e sanso be member of de village council.<ref>Arhin, Kwame (2001). [https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=vV1yAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Transformations in Traditional Rule in Ghana: 1951-1996''] . Sedco. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources?isbn=978-9964-72-173-2 978-9964-72-173-2]</ref> Na de leader of a division, de ''ôhene'' den de leaders of de independent political community, de ''Amanhene'' , get demma women wey dem dey bell dem ''ôhemaa'': woman wey she dey rule den sit for demma council. De ''ôhemaa'' den ''ôhene'' dey share de same blood for demma mummie ein side. Na de person wey dey sit for de female stool top for Kumasi, den de ''Asantehemaa'',, den united Asante, be member of de Kôtôkô Council, de Executive Committee or Cabinet of de Asanteman ''Nhyiamu'' , General Assembly of Asante rulers secof na ein husby be former official give de Asantehene. Na women wey tap for de stool top be part of court processes, den making de unmaking of war, den de distribution of land.<ref>Arhin, Kwame, "The Political and Military Roles of Akan Women", in [[:en:Christine_Oppong|Christine Oppong]] (ed.), ''Female and Male in West Africa'', London: Allen and Unwin, 1983.</ref> == Place for history insyd den ein cultural legacy == Rydee, Yaa Asantewaa still be person wey menners dey love for de Asante demma history den de history for [[Ghana]] secof de role wey she play wen de British dey colonize [[Ghana]]. Dem make am immortal for dis song insyd:<blockquote> ''Koo koo hin koo'' ''Yaa Asantewaa ee!'' ''Obaa basia'' ''Ogyina apremo ano ee!'' ''Waye be egyae'' ''Na Wabo mmode'' ''("Yaa Asantewaa'' ''The woman who fights before cannons'' ''You have accomplished great things'' ''You have done well")''<ref>"[https://www.answers.com/redirectSearch?query=yaa-asantewaa&filter=all Yaa Asantewaa]", in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History'', 2008, quoting Arhin, p. 97.</ref></blockquote>So sey dem go highlight de importance for more leaders wey be women for de Ghanaian society insyd, de Ghana Education Trust send funds wey dem establish [[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa_Girls'_Senior_High_School|Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Secondary School]] for Kumasi in 1960 insyd.<ref>[[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa#cite_note-18|"Yaa Asantewaa Senior High School"]]. Eveyo. Retrieved 20 February 2017.</ref> For de year 2000 insyd, dem celebrate Yaa Asantewaa ein accomplishments for one week after 100 years since de tym she die. Dem dedicate museum give am for Kwaso wey dey de Ejisu-Juaben District on 3 August 2000. Unfortunately, for 23 July 2004 insyd; fire catch some of ein tins, plus ein sandals den dress wey she take go battle (dem dey call am batakarikese) wey be displayed for de picture wey dey de top der.<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=62490 "Fire guts Yaa Asantewaa Museum"], GhanaWeb, 25 July 2004.</ref> Now nu, de Queen-mother wey dey Ejisu be Yaa Asantewaa de second. Dem sanso organize de second Yaa Asantewaa festival in 1-5 August 2006 for Ejisu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160821/http://www.ghanaweb.com/public_agenda/article.php?ID=4731 Public Agenda] (16 January 2006).</ref> De Yaa Asantewaa center wey dey Maida Vale, west London, be African-Caribbean arts den community center.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230228124435/https://carnivalvillage.org.uk/ Carnival Village website.]</ref> E get ein name for 1986 insyd.<ref>Dixon, Carol, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140108205128/http://www.casbah.ac.uk/newsreport6.stm Spotlight: April - May 2002 Yaa Asantewaa Arts and Community Centre]" Archived 8 January 2014 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], Casbah Project.</ref> Ivor Agyeman-Duah do television documentary, wey dem bell am Yaa Asantewaa — ''The Exile of King Prempeh and the Heroism of An African Queen'', wey premier for Ghana insyd 2001.<ref>Dadson, Pajohn, "[https://allafrica.com/stories/200105180156.html Ghana: Yaa Asantewaa Has Landed]", AllAfrica, 18 May 2001.</ref> Margaret Busby wrep de stage show, wey dem dey call am, ''Yaa Asantewaa: Warrior Queen'', Geraldine Connor direct am, wey Margaret  feature master drummer Kofi Ghanaba<ref>[[:en:Val_Wilmer|Wilmer, Val]], [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/07/obituary-kofi-ghanaba "Kofi Ghanaba obituary"], ''The Guardian'', 7 February 2009.</ref><ref>Boateng, Osei, [https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Yaa+Asantewaa+on+stage%3A+The+Exploits+of+Yaa+Asantewaa,+the+Warrior...-a082064421 "Yaa Asantewaa on stage: The Exploits of Yaa Asantewaa, the Warrior Queen of the Asantes in Ghana..."], ''New African'', 1 April 2001. The Free Library.</ref> den cast wey be pan-African, wey dem tour UK den Ghana for 2001-2002 insyd.<ref>[[:en:Margaret_Busby|Busby, Margaret]], [https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/31/geraldine-connor "Obituary of Geraldine Connor"], ''The Guardian'', 31 October 2011.</ref><ref>[[:en:Cameron_Duodu|Duodu, Cameron]], [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=82064481 "Yaa Asantewaa—Warrior Queen"], ''New African'', 1 June 2001. The Free Library.</ref> De same author do radio drama wey dem do am into 5 episodes(13-17 October 2003), wey dem play am for BBC Radio Four's Woman's Hour, de cast plus Glenna Forster-Jones and Jack Klaff, wey Pam Fraser Solomon direct am, wey Nana Tsiboe, Kofi-Adu, Jojo Yates, Asebre Quaye and Atongo Zimba do de music.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230404003014/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/service_bbc_radio_fourfm/2003-10-13 "Black History Month: Yaa Asantewaa | BBC Radio 4".] ''Radio Times | Programme Index''. 11 October 2003.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230404003152/https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=caribbean-studies;555375a3.03 BBC Radio 4 Promotion Note], Title: YAA ASANTEWAA by Margaret Busby.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140610214837/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23551464.html "Briefing: Yaa Asantewaa"], ''The Herald'', 13 October 2003.</ref> De album wey British jazz troupe Sons of Kemet do, wey dem call am Your Queen is a Reptile, name de songs after black women wey be influential for history insyd. Dem use Asantewaa ein name for de seventh track, wey dem call am, “My Queen is Yaa Asantewaa”. == Festival == If you dey want more details, chek ''[[:en:Yaa_Asantewaa_Festival|Yaa Asantewaa Festival]]'' ==Bibliography== * Jefferson, A. W. (2016). Gold Coast Colony. In Facts on File (Ed.), World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set. Facts On File. Retrieved November 2, 2023, from [https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTc5ODU5?aid=129805].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold Coast Colony |url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NTc5ODU5?aid=129805. |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> * Boahen, A. A., & Boahen, A. (2004). Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance, 1875–1901. In K. Shillington (Ed.), Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. Retrieved November 2, 2023, from [https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTgxOTYwMw==?aid=129805].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana (Republic of): Colonization and Resistance |url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTgxOTYwMw==?aid=129805 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> * Harvey, Broxton, "Technological Resistance: West African Military Responses to European Imperialism, 1870–1914." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2020. {{doi|10.57709/18560950}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Broxton |title=Technological Resistance: West African Military Responses to European Imperialism, 1870–1914 |url=https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/127 |journal=Georgia State University | date=2020 |doi=10.57709/18560950 }}</ref> * Ewusi, P. (2018, October 21). ''The Golden Stool (17th c.–)''. BlackPast.org. [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/golden-stool-17th-c/]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewusi |first=Philip |date=2018-10-21 |title=The Golden Stool (17th c.–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/golden-stool-17th-c/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> * West, R. (2019, February 8). ''Yaa Asantewaa (mid-1800s–1921)''. BlackPast.org. [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/yaa-asantewaa-mid-1800s-1921/]<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Racquel |date=2019-02-08 |title=Yaa Asantewaa (mid-1800s–1921) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/yaa-asantewaa-mid-1800s-1921/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Asante". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 September 2023, [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asante]. Accessed 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asante {{!}} History, Culture & Language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asante |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> * Day, Lynda R. "What’s Tourism Got to Do with It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman." ''Africa Today'', vol. 51, no. 1, 2004, pp.&nbsp;99–113. ''JSTOR'', [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4187631]. Accessed 11 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Lynda Rose |date=2004 |title=What's Tourism Got to Do With It?: The Yaa Asantewa Legacy and Development in Asanteman |journal=Africa Today |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=99–113 |doi=10.1353/at.2004.0060 |issn=1527-1978}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Dead people]] [[Category:1840s births]] [[Category:1921 deaths]] [[Category:African women insyd war]] [[Category:Women rulers insyd Africa]] [[Category:Ghanaian royalty]] [[Category:African queen mothers]] [[Category:Women insyd war 1900–1945]] [[Category:Ashanti independence activists]] [[Category:20th-century women rulers]] [[Category:Deaths insyd Seychelles]] <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Ivor Agyeman-Duah, ''Yaa Asantewaa: The Heroism of an African Queen'', Accra, Ghana: Centre for Intellectual Renewal, 1999. * Nana Arhin Brempong ([[:en:Kwame_Arhin|Kwame Arhin]]), "The Role of Nana Yaa Asantewaa in the 1900 Asante War of Resistance", ''Ghana Studies'' 3, 2000, pp. 97–110. {{Authority control}} [[Category:People wey komot Ashanti Region]] [[Category:20th-century women monarchs]] slzjwge7b3bsvcw34pw0zz0u9u8ewbt 0 2490 104069 24237 2026-06-20T00:23:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104069 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox|item=Q177582}} Dis be de listing of de ministers wey serve insyd [[Jerry Rawlings]] ein [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] govanment during de Fourth Republic of [[Ghana]]. Dis start for January 7, 1993, after 11 years of military rule by Rawlings. He retire from de Ghana Armed Forces den serve further two democratically elect terms wey end for January 7, 2001. ''For Rawlings ein first military government, see: Armed Forces Revolutionary Council.'' ''For Rawlings ein second military government, see: Provisional National Defence Council.'' == List of ministers == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;" ! colspan="5" | === List of ministers of state (7 January 1993 - 6 January 1997) === |- ! width="250" |Portfolio ! width="200" |Minister ! width="120" |From ! width="120" |To ! width="200" |Notes |- |President |[[Jerry Rawlings]] |7 January 1993 |6 January 2001 | |- |Vice President |Kow Nkensen Arkaah |7 January 1993 |6 January 1997 | |- |Minister for Foreign Affairs |Obed Asamoah |1982 |1997 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for the Interior |Colonel Emmanuel Osei-Wusu |Aug 1992 |Oct 1996<ref>[http://rulers.org/1996-10.html "October 1996"]. B. Schemmel. Retrieved 2007-05-10.</ref> | |- |Mahama Iddrisu |Nov 1996 |Feb 1997<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150119204102/http://www.mint.gov.gh/ministers%20p2.htm "Past Ministers (2)"]. Ministry of Interior, Ghana. Archived from [http://www.mint.gov.gh/ministers%20p2.htm the original] on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Finance and Economic Planning |Kwesi Botchwey |1982 |Aug 1995<ref name=":2">[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=414 "Highlights of the news from Ghana"]. ''General News of Friday, 18 August 1995''. Ghana Home Page. Retrieved 2007-05-24.</ref> | |- |Richard Kwame Peprah |Aug 1995 |6 January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Defence |Mahama Iddrisu<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200319225009/http://mod.gov.gh/mod/index.php/minister-for-defence/ "MINISTER FOR DEFENCE"]. ''Minister Of Defence''. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</ref> |7 Jan 1993 |Feb 1999 | |- |Lt. Col. E. K. Donkoh<ref name=":3" /> |Feb 1999 |6 January 2001 | |- |Attorney General and Minister for Justice |Obed Asamoah |August 1994 |2001 | |- | rowspan="3" |Minister for Education<br /><br />''(later)''<br /><br />Minister for Education and Culture |Mary Grant |1992 |1993 | |- |Harry Sawyerr |1993 |1997 | |- |[[Esi Sutherland-Addy]] |1997 | ? | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Health |Commodore Stephen Obimpeh |August 1994 |1996 | |- |Eunice Brookman-Amissah |1996 |1999 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Local Government and Rural Development |Kwamena Ahwoi |August 1994 | ? | |- |Cecilia Johnson | ? | ? | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Food and Agriculture<ref name=":0">[http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?page_id=6713 "Former Heads of MoFA"]. Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</ref> |Ibrahim Issaka Adam |August 1992 |1996 | |- |Commodore Stephen Obimpeh |1996 |1997 | |- |Minister for Trade and Industry |Emma Mitchell | ? |Jan 1996<ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=469 "Trade Minister Resigns"]. ''General News of Saturday, 27 January 1996''. Ghana Home Page. Retrieved 2007-05-24.</ref> | |- |Minister for Information |Kofi Totobi Quakyi | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Employment and Social Welfare |David Sarpong Boateng | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Transport and Communications |Edward Salia | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Roads and Highways |Ato Quarshie | ? | ? | |- | rowspan="3" |Minister for Works and Housing |Clend Sowu | | | |- |David Amankwah | | | |- |Kobina Fosu | | | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Mines and Energy |Richard Kwame Peprah<ref name=":2" /> | ? |Aug 1995 | |- |Edward Salia |Aug 1995 | ? | |- |Minister for Environment, Science and Technology |Christine Amoako-Nuamah | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Lands and Forestry |Kwabena Adjei | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Youth and Sports |Enoch Teye Mensah |1993 |6 January 2001 | |- |Minister for Parliamentary Affairs |J. H. Owusu Acheampong |? | ? | |- ! colspan="4" |Regional Ministers |- |Ashanti Regional Minister |Daniel Ohene Agyekum |? | ? | |- |Brong Ahafo Region |I.K. Adjei-Mensah |? | ? | |- |Central Regional Minister |Ebenezer Kobina Fosu |? | ? | |- | rowspan="2" |Eastern Regional Minister |Emmanuel Tetteh |1996 |1997 | |- |Patience Addo | ? | ? | |- |Greater Accra Regional Minister |Mike Gizo | ? | ? | |- |Northern Regional Minister |Abdulai Ibrahim |? | ? | |- |Upper East Region |Sherif A. Guma |? | ? | |- |Upper West Region |Joseph Yieleh Chireh |1993 |1997 | |- |Volta Regional Minister |Modestus Ahiable |? | ? | |- |Western Region |John Frank Abu | ? | ? | |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;" ! colspan="5" | === List of ministers of state ( 7 January 1997 - 6 January 2001) === |- ! width="250" |Portfolio ! width="200" |Minister ! width="120" |From ! width="120" |To ! width="200" |Notes |- |President |[[Jerry Rawlings]] |7 January 1993 |6 January 2001 | |- |Vice President |[[John Atta Mills|John Atta-Mills]] |7 January 1997 |6 January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Foreign Affairs |Kwamena Ahwoi&nbsp;<small>(acting)</small> |1997 | ? | |- |James Victor Gbeho |1997 |6 January 2001 |- |Minister for the Interior |Nii Okaidja Adamafio<ref name=":1" /> |February 1997 |6 January 2001 | |- |Minister for Finance and Economic Planning |Richard Kwame Peprah |1995 |6 January 2001 | |- |Minister for Planning and Regional Economic Co-operation and Integration |Kwamena Ahwoi | ? |6 January 2001 | |- |Minister for Defence |Colonel Enoch K. T. Donkoh<ref name=":3" /> |February 1997 |6 January 2001 | |- |Minister for National Security |Kofi Totobi-Quakyi |1997 |6 January 2001 | |- |Attorney General and Minister for Justice |Obed Asamoah |August 1994 |6 January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Education |Christina Amoako-Nuamah | ? | ? | |- |Ekwow Spio-Garbrah | ? |6 January 2001 | |- | rowspan="3" |Minister for Health |Eunice Brookman-Amissah |1996 |1998 | |- |Samuel Nuamah-Donkor |1998 |February 2000 | |- |Kwaku Danso-Boafo |February 2000 |January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Local Government and Rural Development |Kwamena Ahwoi |1997 | ? | |- |Cecilia Johnson | ? |January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Food and Agriculture<ref name=":0" /> |Kwabena Agyei&nbsp;(MP) |1997 |1998 | |- |J. H. Owusu Acheampong&nbsp;(MP) |1998 |January 2001<ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=12971 "Parliament dissolves amidst emotions"]. ''GhanaWeb''. -001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00. Retrieved 2023-12-10.</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Trade and Industry |John Frank Abu | ? | ? | |- |Dan Abodakpi | ? |January 2001 | |- |Minister for Information |Kofi Totobi Quakyi | ? |January 2001 | |- |Minister for Employment and Social Welfare |Muhammad Mumuni | ? |January 2001 | |- |Minister for Roads and Transport |Edward Salia | ? |January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Communications |Ekwow Spio-Garbrah | ? |1998 | |- |[[John Mahama]] |1998 |6 January 2001 | |- |Minister for Works and Housing |Isaac K. Adjei-Mensah | ? | ? | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Mines and Energy |Fred Ohene-Kena |1999 | ? | |- |John Frank Abu | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Environment, Science and Technology |Cletus Avoka | ? |January 2001 | |- |Minister for Lands and Forestry |Christina Amoako-Nuama | ? |January 2001 | |- |Minister for Youth and Rural Development |E. K. Andah | ? | ? | |- |Minister for Youth and Sports |Enoch Teye Mensah |1998 |January 2001 | |- | rowspan="2" |Minister for Tourism |Vida Amaadi Yeboah | ? | ? | |- |Mike Gizo | ? |January 2001 | |- |Minister for Parliamentary Affairs |Kwabena Adjei |? |2001 | |- |Minister for Chieftaincy Affairs and State Protocol |Daniel Ohene Agyekum<ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/news/8252/rawlings-reshuffles-cabinet.html "Rawlings Reshuffles Cabinet"]. ''Modern Ghana''. 12 January 2000. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</ref> |January 2000 |January 2001 | |- ! colspan="4" |Regional Ministers |- | rowspan="2" |Ashanti Regional Minister |Kojo Yankah |? |1999<ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=8955 "Cabinet reshuffles, Kojo Yankah out of Ashanti"]. GhanaWeb. Retrieved 2009-10-31.</ref> | |- |Samuel Nuamah-Donkor |1999 | ? | |- |Brong Ahafo Region |David Osei-Wusu |? | ? | |- | rowspan="2" |Central Regional Minister |Kojo Yankah |1997 | ? | |- |Jacob Arthur | ? | ? | |- |Eastern Regional Minister |Patience Addo |? | ? | |- |Greater Accra Regional Minister |Joshua Alabi |? | ? | |- |Northern Regional Minister |Seidu Iddi |? | ? | |- |Upper East Region |Donald Adabre |? | ? | |- |Upper West Region |Amidu Sulemana |? | ? | |- |Volta Regional Minister |Lt. Col. Charles K. Agbenaza |? | ? | |- |Western Region |Esther Lily Nkansah | ? | ? | |} == San see == * [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]] == External links den sources == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170131112804/https://clinton2.nara.gov/Africa/country.html White House (Clinton era) on Ghana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080419034332/http://212.67.202.38/~gri/Govlist.html List of Ministers of State 1999] * [http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/ndc_ministers.php NDC Ministers Previous Governmentp] == References == [[Category:Governments of Ghana]] [[Category:Politics of Ghana]] [[Category:History of Ghana]] <references /> [[Category:2001 disestablishments insyd Ghana]] [[Category:1993 establishments insyd Ghana]] [[Category:2001 insyd Ghana]] d7yi6pzz6bc6ab31xiqlkaoqt47yssr 0 3108 104047 84474 2026-06-19T15:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q277633}} '''Millennials''', wey sam people dey call '''Generation Y''' (anaa '''Gen Y'''), be de people dem born wey dey follow Generation X buh dem dey before Generation Z. Researchers den popular media wey use de early 1980s as starting birth years wey dey cam de mid-1990s go early 2000s as ending birth years, wey dem define de generation as people wey dem born from 1981 cam 1996.<ref>Rauch, Jonathan (November 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190315052954/https://worldin2019.economist.com/millennialsvboomers "Generation next, Millennials will outnumber baby-boomers in 2019".] ''The Economist''. Archived from [https://worldin2019.economist.com/millennialsvboomers the original] on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</ref> Chaw millennials be de kiddies of baby boomers den older people wey dey Generation X.<ref>Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). ''Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation''. Cartoons by R.J. Matson. New York: Vintage Original. p.&nbsp;54. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780375707193|9780375707193]]</bdi>.</ref> Plenty millennials be de parents of Generation Alpha.<ref>Shaw Brown, Genevieve (17 February 2020). [https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Family/gen-meet-gen-alpha-generation-born-2010-today/story?id=68971965 "After Gen Z, meet Gen Alpha. What to know about the generation born 2010 to today"]. ABC News. Retrieved 17 February 2020.</ref> As de first generation wey grow up plus Internet, sam dey call Millennials as first global generation.<ref>David Pendleton, Peter Derbyshire, Chloe Hodgkinson (2021), Work-Life Matters: Crafting a New Balance at Work and at Home (p. 35), Springer Nature, ISBN 9783030777685</ref> Dis generation, plenty dey see dem as Internet, mobile devices, den social media children secof dem dey use am more.<ref>[https://www.bentley.edu/news/nowuknow-millennials-lead-way-digital-future "NowUKnow: Millennials Lead the Way in the Digital Future"]. ''www.bentley.edu''. 19 October 2018.</ref> De term "digital natives", wey dem take give sam generation before dem take give dis generation.<ref>Prensky, Marc. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240226050613/https://marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Natives%2C%20Digital%20Immigrants%20-%20Part1.pdf "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants"] (PDF). MCB University Press. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</ref> De Millennials, sam dey call dem de "Unluckiest Generation" say de average millennial experience slow economic growth since say dem enter de workforce dan any oda generation insyd U.S. history.<ref>Dam, Andrew Van (5 June 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/27/millennial-recession-covid/ "Analysis | The unluckiest generation in U.S. history"]. ''Washington Post''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0190-8286|0190-8286]]. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</ref> Student debt den child-care costs dey dis people top plenty.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/08/12/millennial-home-buyers/ "'Unluckiest generation' falters in boomer-dominated market for homes"]. ''Washington Post''. 12 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</ref> For de whole world, chaw young people postpone say dem for marry or say make dem live together as couple.<ref>Gan, Nectar (30 January 2021). [https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/29/china/china-millennials-marriage-intl-hnk/index.html "Chinese millennials aren't getting married, and the government is worried"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</ref> Dem born plenty millenials for tym say fertility rates around de world<ref name=":0">Kaufmann, Eric (2013). "Chapter 7: Sacralization by Stealth? The Religious Consequences of Low Fertility in Europe". In Kaufmann, Eric; Wilcox, W. Bradford (eds.). ''Whither the Child? Causes and Consequences of Low Fertility''. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Paradigm Publishers. pp.&nbsp;135–56. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-61205-093-5|978-1-61205-093-5]]</bdi>.</ref> dey down,wey some dey have fewer children dan de generations wey come before.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/06/22/the-un-revises-down-its-population-forecasts "The UN revises down its population forecasts"]. Demography. ''The Economist''. 22 June 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2020.</ref><ref>Sebastiaan van de Water (20 March 2020). [https://www.quest.nl/mens/lifestyle/a31780117/kinderwens-westerse-wereld-verdwenen/ "Zijn er nu meer mensen die geen kinderen willen dan vroeger?"]. ''Quest'' (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 May 2020.</ref><ref>Bodin, Maja; Plantin, Lars; Elmerstig, Eva (December 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6953767 "A wonderful experience or a frightening commitment? An exploration of men's reasons to (not) have children"]. ''Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online''. '''9''': 19–27. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.rbms.2019.11.002|10.1016/j.rbms.2019.11.002]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6953767 6953767]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31938736 31938736].</ref><ref>Zeihan, Peter (2016). ''The Absent Superpower: The Shale Revolution and a World without America''. Zeihan on Geopolitics. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780998505206|9780998505206]]</bdi>.</ref> Those wey dem dey developing countries still go make chaw for de world population.<ref>AFP (10 November 2018). [https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/developing-nations-rising-birth-rates-fuel-global-baby-boom "Developing nations' rising birth rates fuel global baby boom"]. ''The Straits Times''. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</ref> Insyd countries wey develop, young people of 2010s no dey feel say dem for have sexual intercourse lyk de generations wey come before as dem dey de same age.<ref>Julian, Kate (December 2018). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/12/the-sex-recession/573949/ "Why Are Young People Having So Little Sex?"]. Culture. ''The Atlantic''. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</ref> For de West insyd, ebe lykly say dem no be religious lyk dema predecessors, buh dem fit identify as spiritual.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Goldberg, Jeanne (January–February 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200719230623/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/01/european-experts-demand-consistent-proof-of-traditional-chinese-medicine/ "Millennials And Post-Millennials&nbsp;– Dawning Of A New Age?"]. ''Skeptical Inquirer''. Vol.&nbsp;44, no.&nbsp;1. Amherst, NY: Center for Inquiry. pp.&nbsp;42–46. Archived from [https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/01/millennials-and-post-millennials-dawning-of-a-new-age/ the original] on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</ref> Between de 1990s den 2010s, people wey komot developing world cam dey make well educated, de tin dat boost economic growth for these countries.<ref>Soloman, Paul (31 May 2018). [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-the-new-global-wealth-of-educated-women-spurs-backlash "Why the new global wealth of educated women spurs backlash"]. PBS Newshour. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</ref> Millennials for de world insyd suffer plenty economic wahala since say dem dey start dey work Chaw face high levels of youth unemployment at de early years as dem enter de job market as de Great Recession dey cam start, dem suffer anoda recession insyd 2020 sake of de COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>Kahn, Michael (9 July 2020). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-unemployment-youth-idUSKBN24A0LN "Coronavirus 'Class of 2020': Europe's lost generation?"]. World News. ''Reuters''. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</ref><ref>Kurtzleben, Danielle (8 June 2020). [https://www.npr.org/2020/06/08/871042916/d-j-vu-for-millennials-staring-at-the-2nd-recession-of-their-adult-lives "Here We Go Again: Millennials Are Staring At Yet Another Recession"]. ''NPR''. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</ref> == Terminology den etymology == Dem dey call members of this group millenials because de old people inside dey cam turn adults as de millennium.<ref>Paulin, Geoffrey D. (March 2018). [https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2018/article/fun-facts-about-millennials.htm "Fun facts about Millennials: compa Tring expenditure patterns from the latest through the Greatest generation : Monthly Labor Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"]. ''www.bls.gov''. Retrieved 29 November 2019. <q>According to the Pew Research Center, the first of the Millennials (so called because the oldest of them became adults around the turn of the millennium) were born in 1981</q></ref> Authors William Strauss den Neil Howe, wey dem create de Strauss–Howe generational theory, ebe dis people wey create de term millennials.<ref name=":2">Horovitz, Bruce (4 May 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200320040227/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/advertising/story/2012-05-03/naming-the-next-generation/54737518/1 "After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?"]. ''USA Today''. Archived from [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/advertising/story/2012-05-03/naming-the-next-generation/54737518/1 the original] on 20 March 2020.</ref> Dem create de term for 1987, dat be de tym wey kiddies dem born 1982 dey enter kindergarten wey de media dey look at dema prospect for de millenium as dem dey graduate high school for de year 2000 insyd.<ref name=":1">Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=To_Eu9HCNqIC Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation]''. Cartoons by R.J. Matson. New York: Vintage Original. p.&nbsp;370. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70719-3|978-0-375-70719-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref> Dem write about dis group for dema book ''Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069'' (1991)<ref>Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FTGY-uoCCCoC Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069]''. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-688-11912-6 p. 335</ref> den ''Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation'' (2000).<ref name=":1" /> For August 1993, an ''Advertising Age'' editorial wey coin de term ''Generation Y'' make dem take describe teenagers of de day, then aged 13–19 (born 1974–1980), as na dem be different from Generation X.<ref>"Generation Y" ''Ad Age'' 30 August 1993. p. 16.</ref> E cam do say, de 1974–1980 group chaw media people start dey see dem as de last wave of Generation X,<ref>Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=To_Eu9HCNqIC Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation]''. Cartoons by R.J. Matson. New York: Vintage Original. pp.&nbsp;42–43. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70719-3|978-0-375-70719-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</ref> buh for 2003 insyd ''Ad Age'' move dema Generation Y dey start year cam 1982.<ref>Francese, Peter (1 September 2003). [http://adage.com/article/american-demographics/trend-ticker-ahead-wave/44208/ "Trend Ticker: Ahead of the Next Wave".] ''Advertising Age''. Retrieved 31 March 2011. <q>Today's 21-year-olds, who were born in 1982 and are part of the leading edge of Generation Y, are among the most-studied group of young adults ever.</q></ref> According to journalist Bruce Horovitz, insyd 2012, ''Ad Age'' "t''hrew in the towel by conceding that millennials is a better name than Gen Y'',"<ref name=":2" /> den 2014, past director of data strategy for ''Ad Age'' claim to NPR say "''the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them.''"<ref>Samantha Raphelson (6 October 2014). [https://www.npr.org/2014/10/06/349316543/don-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them "From GIs To Gen Z (Or Is It iGen?): How Generations Get Nicknames"]. NPR. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:1980s neologisms]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Cultural generations]] ecokeela994tiop8qv09363st7018i8 0 3446 104043 24957 2026-06-19T14:08:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q537905}} [[File:Martenitsa.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martenitsa.jpg|thumb|'''Typical Martenitsa''']] '''Martenitsa''' (Bulgarian: мартеница, dem dey pronounce am [ˈmartɛnit͡sa]; Macedonian: мартинка, <small>romanized:</small> ''martinka''; Greek: μάρτης, <small>romanized:</small> ''mártis''; Romanian: ''mărțișor''; Albanian: ''verore'') be sam small piece of adornment, made of white den red yarn wey e usually dey form of two dolls, sam white male den sam red female. Dem dey wear Martenitsi from Baba Marta Day (March 1) till de wearer go first see sam stork, swallow, anaa blossoming tree (anaa till de end of March (April 1)). De name of de holiday dey mean "Grandma March" for Bulgarian den Macedonian insyd, de holiday den de wearing of Martenitsi be sam Bulgarian den Macedonian tradition wey dey relate plus sam dem go welcome de spring, wey according to Bulgarian den Macedonian, folklore dey start for March insyd.<ref>[http://www.burgasmuseums.bg/index.php?tab=ethno&lang=en&page=encyc&enc=rituals&pgno=3&eid=54 Grandmother March, 1st March, Martenitsa] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125125/http://www.burgasmuseums.bg/index.php?tab=ethno&lang=en&page=encyc&enc=rituals&pgno=3&eid=54 Archived] 2015-04-02 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] Bulgarian rituals and traditions Regional Museum Burgas</ref> Dem inscribe am for 2017 insyd for UNESCO Representative List of de Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-practices-associated-to-the-1st-of-march-01287 "Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO"]. Ich.unesco.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201210130147/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-practices-associated-to-the-1st-of-march-01287 Archived] from the original on 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2019-12-21.</ref><ref>Dubravka Ugresic (11 January 2011). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=29jYMmfryhgC&dq=baba+marta+macedonia&pg=PA244 Baba Yaga Laid an Egg]''. Grove Atlantic. p.&nbsp;244. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780802197634|9780802197634]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230418151939/https://books.google.com/books?id=29jYMmfryhgC&dq=baba+marta+macedonia&pg=PA244 Archived] from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LZcMAQAAMAAJ&q=baba+marta+macedonia Canadian Ethnic Studies]''. Research centre for Canadian Ethnic Studies at the University of Calgary for the Canadian Ethnic Studies Association. 1975. p.&nbsp;44. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230418151947/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZcMAQAAMAAJ&q=baba+marta+macedonia Archived] from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-03-19.</ref> == Ein Symbolism == Sam typical Martenitsa dey consist of two small wool dolls, '''Pizho den Penda''' (Bulgarian: Пижо и Пенда). Pizho, de male doll, usually be predominantly white; Penda, de female doll, be distinguished by ein skirt wey usually be predominantly red.<ref name=":0">"Reading Room: The martenitsa story". ''The Sofia Echo''. 2008-02-29. Archived from [http://sofiaecho.com/article/reading-room-the-martenitsa-story/id_27856/catid_29 the original] on 2009-03-04.</ref> == Ein Tradition == [[File:Martenitsa_Gustav_Flickr.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martenitsa_Gustav_Flickr.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Martenitsi wey dem tie for blossoming tree top, symbol of approaching spring]] Tradition dey dictate say dem always give Martenitsi as gifts, dem no dey buy give demma body. Dem dey take give demma loved ones, friends, den menners wey be close plus dem.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725021001/http://infobulgariaguide.com/bulgarian-martenitsa "Bulgarian Martenitsa"]. ''Bulgaria Travel Guide''. Archived from [http://infobulgariaguide.com/bulgarian-martenitsa the original] on 2007-07-18.</ref> [[File:Martenitsa-blossom.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martenitsa-blossom.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Anoda Martenitsa wey dem tie]] Beginning for de first of March top, dem dey wear den pin one anaa chaw for clothing ein body, anaa around de wrist anaa neck, till de wearer go see sam stork anaa swallow wey dey return from migration, anaa sam blossoming tree, den ego remove Martenitsa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wearing one anaa chaw Martenitsi be very popular Bulgarian den Macedonian tradition. For dat tym insyd, if dem wear am edey mean sam joyful holiday wey dey commemorate health den long life.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Modern Martenitsi dey rake wider variety of forms wey e often dey incorporate colored beads den oda elaboration.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ein Origin == [[File:Martenitsa_magnolia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martenitsa_magnolia.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Blossoming Magnolia wey be full of Martenitsi wey dem tie]] Dis tradition be sam important part of de Culture of Bulgaria wey similar tradition dey for North Macedonia, as well as for Greece insyd, Albania (wey esana be verorja), Romania den Moldova. De tradition dey relate plus de ancient pagan history of de Balkan Peninsula den all agricultural cults of nature. Sam specific features of de ritual, especially tying de twisted white den red woolen threads, be result of centuries-old tradition wey edey suggest Thracian (paleo-Balkan) anaa possibly Hellenic anaa Roman origins.<ref>[http://www.thracians.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=411&Itemid=106 "Център по тракология "Проф. Александър Фол"; Енциклопедия Древна Тракия и траките - Мартеницата, Ваня Лозанова"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200113000653/http://www.thracians.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=411&Itemid=106 Archived] from the original on 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2011-03-21.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fkyhxEIwZcC&q=%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B7&pg=PA180 "Phōtiou tou patriarchou Lexeōn synagōgE (Φωτίου του Πατριάρχου Λέξεων Συναγωγή), London, 1822, p. 180"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230418151947/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fkyhxEIwZcC&q=%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B7&pg=PA180 Archived] from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-03-29.</ref><ref>[http://ir.lib.uth.gr/bitstream/handle/11615/19432/article.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Koukoules Phaidon, "On the food and care of the children in Byzantium" (Περί των ανήβων τροφής και επιμελείας παρά Βυζαντινοίς), in ''Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινών Σπουδών'', vol. 14 (1938), pp 325, 326] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180629155030/http://ir.lib.uth.gr/bitstream/handle/11615/19432/article.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Archived]2018-06-29 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. The author refers to [[:en:John_Chrysostom|John Chrysostom]] (4th c AD), Patrologia Graeca, 49.196, and P.G. 61.106, to DuCagne Lexicon (word περιάμματα), W. Deonna, "Quelques croyances superstitieuses de la Grece ancienne" in ''Revue des etudes Grecques'' 42.169 (no date), and P.Wolters, "Faden und Knoten als Amulet", in ''Archiv f. Religionswiss''. 1905, pp 1-22 of the Annex.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bf06pNaqWy8C&q=%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B7&pg=PA105 "Patrologiae cursus completus ..., Migne, vol. 61, Chrysost. Epistle to Corinthians, columns 105 (down) and 106 in Greek and Latin"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230418151921/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf06pNaqWy8C&q=%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B7&pg=PA105 Archived] from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-03-29.</ref><ref>[http://www.focus-news.net/?id=f17209 "Етнологът Иглика Мишкова: Мартеницата никога не се изхвърля, за да не си изхвърли човек и късмета, 01 март 2011 г. Агенция "Фокус""]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119030045/http://www.focus-news.net/?id=f17209 Archived] from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2013-03-01.</ref><ref>В-к "Сега" Брой 4924 (49) 27 Февруари 2014, [http://www.segabg.com/article.php?id=687990 Мартеницата и сурвачката имат общ произход, ст.н.с. Иван Петрински]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309063933/http://www.segabg.com/article.php?id=687990 Archived] 2016-03-09 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> == Make you sana see == * [[:en:Baba_Marta|Baba Marta]] * [[:en:Mărțișor|Mărțișor]] == References == <references /> * [[Category:Spring traditions]] [[Category:Bulgarian traditions]] [[Category:Macedonian traditions]] [[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] [[Category:Culture of Bulgaria]] f5kn0t1odyexpcm2skl4bab6eyyymaf 0 3477 104078 81594 2026-06-20T05:10:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q543833}} De '''uilleann pipes''' (/ˈɪlən/ ^ⓘ ''IL-ən'' <small>or</small> /ˈɪljən/ ''IL-yən'', Irish: [ˈɪl̠ʲən̪ˠ]), dem samtyms dey bell am '''Irish Bagpipes''', be de characteristic national bagpipe of Ireland. Earlier known for English insyd as "union pipes", demma current name be sam partial translation of de Irish language terms ''píobaí uilleann'' (literally, "pipes of de elbow"), from demma method of inflation. No historical record of de name anaa use of de term ''uilleann pipes dey'' before de 20th century. Na ebe invention of Grattan Flood<ref>''A History of European Folk Music'', 1997, by Jan Ling, p. 146 University of Rochester Press (states the uilleann pipe name was invented by Flood)</ref> den de name stuck. People mistook de term 'union' dey refer plus de 1800 Act of Union; dis be incorrect as Breandán Breathnach dey point out say poem wey dem publish for 1796 insyd dey use de term 'union'.<ref>Breathnach, Breandán (1996). ''Folk Music and Dances of Ireland''. Ossian Publications. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1900428651|978-1900428651]]</bdi>.</ref> == Ein Etymology == ''Uilleann'' be sam genitive form of de Irish word for "elbow”, ''uillinn''. De Irish term for uilleann pipes be ''píb uilleann'' (alt. ''píob uilleann''), wey dey mean "pipes(s) of de elbow(s)”.<ref>[https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/uillinn "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): uillinn"]. ''www.teanglann.ie''. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</ref> == Notable players == * Willie Clancy (1918 – 1973) * Johnny Doran (<abbr>c.</abbr>1908 – 1950) * Séamus Ennis (1919 – 1982) * Finbar Furey (born 1946) * Paddy Keenan (born 1950) * Declan Masterson * Michael McGoldrick (born 1971) * Paddy Moloney (1938 – 2021) of The Chieftains.<ref>Sandomir, Richard (12 October 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716113827/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/12/arts/music/paddy-moloney-dead.html "Paddy Moloney, Irish Piper Who Led the Chieftains, Dies at 83"]. ''The New York Times''. from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.</ref> * Liam O'Flynn (1945 – 2018) of Planxty * Leo Rowsome (1903 – 1970) * Davy Spillane (born 1959) * Troy Donockley (born 1964) of Nightwish.<ref>[https://www.nightwish.com/band/troy "Troy Donockley - uilleann pipes, tin whistle, low whistle, guitars, bouzouki, bodhrán, vocals :&#x7C;&#x7C;: NIGHTWISH OFFICIAL WEBSITE"].</ref> == References == <references />'''Bibliography''' * Brian E. McCandless. "The Pastoral Bagpipe" ''Iris na bPiobairi'' (The pipers review); 17 (Spring 1998), 2: p.&nbsp;19–28. * ''O'Farrell's Treatise on the Irish Bagpipes'' (The Union Pipes) 1801 == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.pipers.ie/ The Irish piping organization Na Píobairí Uilleann ("the uilleann pipers")] * [http://www.taramusic.com/features/lofpipes.htm 'Tools of the Trade' – An interview with Liam O'Flynn] [[Category:Bagpipes]] [[Category:Irish folk music]] [[Category:Irish musical instruments]] [[Category:Irish words den phrases]] [[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] 653etiozukppim362pftdy9wyupq9ib 0 5845 104068 32816 2026-06-20T00:06:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Public Health Institute''' ('''PHI''') be training den research institute run by de Federal Ministry of Health of [[Sudan]]. Training programs be Master of Family Medicine, Master of Public Health In-service Program, Master in disaster management den Master of Public Health.<ref>[http://www.phi.edu.sd/?q=training "About Training"]. Public Health Institute. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> De institute get 25 full-time employees den over 50 part-time employees den associates. Ebe member of de International Association of National Public Health Institutes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326092535/http://www.ianphi.org/member-countries/country.cfm/count_id/5491A061-DF74-256D-31B6FBDF5AB2DDA6 "National Public Health Institute"]. International Association of National Public Health Institutes. Archived from [http://www.ianphi.org/member-countries/country.cfm/count_id/5491A061-DF74-256D-31B6FBDF5AB2DDA6 the original] on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> == References == [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2009]] [[Category:Public health research institutes]] [[Category:2009 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Education insyd Khartoum]] i3te4ree2reiihm63mwlhoqzjiyo9ee 0 5856 104074 32798 2026-06-20T02:44:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sinnar University''' dem establish am in Sinnar, [[Sudan]] insyd 1977.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812082230/http://africa.isp.msu.edu/AUP/instinfo.htm?id=1218 "Sinnar University"]. African Studies Center. Archived from [http://africa.isp.msu.edu/AUP/instinfo.htm?id=1218 the original] on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> Ebe member of de Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110930125830/http://www.fuiw.org/en/universites_membres.php "Member Universities"]. Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World. Archived from [http://www.fuiw.org/en/universites_membres.php the original] on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> As of September 2011, na de university be member for good standing of de [[Association of African Universities]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161217175011/http://www.aau.org/membership/ "Members on Good Standing"]. Association of African Universities. Archived from [http://www.aau.org/membership/ the original] on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> == References == [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1977]] [[Category:1977 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1977]] [[Category:Education insyd Sudan]] 7gv0j5pztuxl59bgof4ga2zziu99q9s 0 5857 104080 45065 2026-06-20T05:25:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''University of Bakhtalruda''' be university insyd de town of Ed Dueim insyd [[Sudan]], for de White Nile top, between Khartoum den Kosti. Na dem establish Bakhtalruda University under constitutional decree issue by de Presidency of de Republic of Sudan for 2 Shawal 1417AH, anaa 1 1997.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240622214231/https://www.uofb.edu.sd/ "On the University"]. University of Bakht. Retrieved 2011-09-16.</ref> Ebe public university.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161129234641/http://mohe.gov.sd/ "Sudanese higher education"]. Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research. Retrieved 2011-09-15.</ref> Bakhtalruda University be member of de Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110930125830/http://www.fuiw.org/en/universites_membres.php "Member Universities"]. Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World. Archived from [http://www.fuiw.org/en/universites_membres.php the original] on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> As of September 2011, na de university be member in good standing of de [[Association of African Universities]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161217175011/http://www.aau.org/membership/ "Members on Good Standing"]. Association of African Universities. Archived from [http://www.aau.org/membership/ the original] on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> == Faculties == Fe university get Five (5) faculties. Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Education Faculty of Science Faculty of Languages Faculty of Law == References == [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Khartoum]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1990]] [[Category:1990 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Education insyd Sudan]] qs8pd5vh6emrktn5z6171o6nx18sbf9 0 5916 104082 85238 2026-06-20T05:43:52Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''University of KwaZulu-Natal''' ('''UKZN''' Zulu: ''INyuvesi yakwaZulu-Natali'', Afrikaans: ''Universiteit van KwaZulu-Natal'') be university plus five campuses insyd de province of KwaZulu-Natal insyd [[South Africa]].<ref>[https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreitemdetails "CHE | Council on Higher Education | Regulatory body for Higher Education in South Africa | Education | Innovation | University | South Africa"]. ''che.ac.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200524181407/https://www.che.ac.za/#/moreitemdetails Archived] from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222050039/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/campusChoice.asp "Choice of campuses"]. University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived from [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/campusChoice.asp the original] on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2007.</ref> Na dem form am for 1 January 2004 after de merger between de [[University of Natal]] den de University of Durban-Westville.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110820070130/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx "History of the University of KwaZulu-Natal"]. University of KwaZulu-Natal. Archived from [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx the original] on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</ref> == History == Dem form de university by de merger of de University of Natal den de University of Durban-Westville, insyd 2004. De Council of de University of Natal vote for 31 May 2002 make e offer de post of Vice-Chancellor den University Principal to world-renowned medical scientist den former Medical Research Council Presido – Professor Malegapuru Makgoba, wey assume office for 1 September 2002. Na dem entrust am plus make he lead de University of Natal into de merger plus de University of Durban-Westville. In so doing, he cam turn de last Vice-Chancellor of de University of Natal. Professor Makgoba succeed Professor Brenda Gourley as Vice-Chancellor.<ref>[http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/professor-malegapuru-william-makgoba "Professor Malegapuru William Makgoba"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153032/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/professor-malegapuru-william-makgoba Archived] from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref> He serve brief stint as de interim Vice-Chancellor insyd 2004 na dem formally appoint am as de founding Vice-Chancellor of de newly merged University of KwaZulu-Natal. Na dem install am for ceremony for 30 September 2005. Professor Makgoba serve two five-year terms of office den retire insyd 2015. Ein tenure, however, na e plague plus controversies. Dem claim say Makgoba create "culture of hostility"<ref>Macfarlane, David (14 January 2011). [https://mg.co.za/article/2011-01-14-controversial-ukzn-audit-under-wraps/ "Controversial UKZN audit under wraps"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201008233604/https://mg.co.za/article/2011-01-14-controversial-ukzn-audit-under-wraps/ Archived] from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</ref> for de university wey result in exodus of world-class academics.<ref>Saunderson-Meyer, William (31 January 2020). [https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/malegapuru-makgoba-and-the-white-bonobos "Malegapuru Makgoba and the white bonobos"]. ''Politicsweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201011160554/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/malegapuru-makgoba-and-the-white-bonobos Archived] from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</ref> Dr Albert van Jaarsveld succeed am. === University of Natal === === University of Durban-Westville === [[File:UKZN.jpg|thumb|De Memorial Tower Building for de Howard College Campus insyd Durban, University of KwaZulu-Natal]] == Organization == Dem d govern de university for accordance plus de Higher Education Act of 1997,<ref>Parliament of South Africa (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725060025/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1997/a101-97.pdf "Higher Education Act"] (PDF). ''Government Gazette''. '''390''' (18515). Archived from [http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1997/a101-97.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 July 2008.</ref> den ein constitution dem specify insyd de Statute of de University of KwaZulu-Natal,<ref>Parliament of South Africa (2005). "Statute of the University of KwaZulu-Natal" (PDF). ''Government Gazette''. '''684''' (29032).</ref> as approve by de South African Minister of Education den de Parliament of South Africa. Insyd de statute, de university dey consist of: * de chancellor (de titular head). Na de first chancellor of de university dem merge be Dr Frene Ginwala. Ebe currently Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng. * de vice chancellor (de executive head) * two anaa more deputy vice chancellors (currently der be five full den one acting)<ref>University of KwaZulu-Natal. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104650/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/ukznexec.asp "Executive of the University of KwaZulu-Natal"]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218104650/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/ukznexec.asp the original] on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</ref> * de registrar (responsible make edey register students) * de council (responsible for governance of de institution as whole) * de senate (responsible for governance of academic activities) * de students representative council (responsible for students representation) * De institutional forum (responsible make edey advise de council for matters of human rights den equality top) * de colleges (currently der be four) * de academic den support staff * de students * de convocation (all de alumni den sam odas) == Academic structure == De university dey make up of four colleges, wich be in turn dey make up of several schools.<ref name="depts">UKZN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120125155749/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/schools.aspx "Schools"]. Archived from [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/schools.aspx the original] on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.</ref> For most cases insyd, dem dey spread subdivision across one anaa more of de university ein campuses. For example, de Chemistry dey for both de Pietermaritzburg den Westville campuses insyd.<ref name="chemdept">UKZN. [http://chemistry.ukzn.ac.za/Homepage.aspx "School of Chemistry"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008211550/http://chemistry.ukzn.ac.za/Homepage.aspx Archived] from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref> === College of Agriculture, Engineering den Science === * School of Engineering(all) * School of Agricultural, Earth den Environmental Sciences * School of Chemistry den Physics * School of Life Sciences * School Mathematics, Statistics den Computer Science === College of Health Sciences === * School of Clinical Medicine * School of Laboratory Medicine den Medical Sciences * School of Health Sciences * School of Nursing den Public Health === College of Humanities === * School of Religion, Philosophy den Classics * School of Arts * School of Social Sciences * School of Applied Human Sciences * School of Built Environment den Development Studies * School of Education === College of Law den Management Studies === * Graduate School of Business den Leadership (Business Management Association for cooperation plus Hampton College Durban) * School of Accounting, Economics den Finance * School of Law * School of Management, IT den Governance Institute dem build for cooperation plus de Howard Hughes Medical Institute be de fresh KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis den HIV, dem gbele am insyd 2012. Edey for de Nelson Mandela School of Medicine campus top. == Campuses == De geographically divide de university into five distinct campuses,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110817075029/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/ukzn_campuses.aspx "About UKZN"]. ''UKZN''. Archived from [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/ukzn_campuses.aspx the original] on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref> wich dey partially correspond to ein managerial den academic divisions. Two campuses (Edgewood den de Medical School) house specific academic divisions (education den medicine respectively), buh de remainder of de university ein academic divisions span Howard College, Pietermaritzburg den Westville. === Pietermaritzburg campus === === Howard College campus === === Westville campus === === Nelson Mandela medical school === === Edgewood campus === == Student profile == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Student Enrollment for de University of Kwa-Zulu Natal by Race !Ethnic Group !2016 Number !2016 Percentage !2018 Number !2018 Percentage |- |African |33,292 |71.56% |37,530 |77.83% |- |Indian |10,176 |21.87% |8,313 |17.24% |- |White |1,885 |4.05% |1,300 |2.70% |- |Coloured |968 |2.08% |877 |1.82% |- |Oda |199 |0.43% |200 |0.41% |- |Total |46,520 |100% |48,220 |100% |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Staff by Race (2016) !Race !Number !Percentage |- |African |2,289 |55% |- |Coloured |137 |3.32% |- |Indian |1,028 |21.71% |- |White |505 |12.13% |- |Total |4,161 |100% |} == Rankings den reputation == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |University rankings |- ! colspan="2" |Global – Overall |- !''ARWU'' World<ref>[http://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-kwazulu-natal "University of KwaZulu-Natal"]. Shanghai Ranking. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</ref> |501–600 (2023) |- !''QS'' World<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-kwazulu-natal "University of Kwazulu-Natal"]. ''Top Universities''. 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</ref> |621–630 (2024) |- !''THE'' World<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-kwazulu-natal "University of KwaZulu-Natal"]. ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings''. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</ref> |501–600 (2024) |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''UKZN Times Higher Education Ranking 2016 to 2024''' |- !Year !World Rank |- |2024 |501–600 |- |2023 |401–500 |- |2022 |351–400 |- |2021 |351–400 |- |2020 |401–500 |- |2019 |401–500 |- |2018 |401–500 |- |2017 |501-600 |- |2016 |401-500 |- | colspan="2" |<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2024 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2023 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2022/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2022 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2021 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2020 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2019/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2019 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2018 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2017 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2016 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2015/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2015 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2014/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2014 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2013/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2013 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2012/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2012 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2011/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/ZAF/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats "World University Rankings 2011 (South Africa)"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</ref> |} == Controversies == Na der be number of controversies for de University of KwaZulu-Natal since ein foundation. Firstly, na der be several staff strikes den student protests,<ref name="Dell">Dell, Sharon (14 November 2008). [http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=16128 "UKZN staff prepare for strike"]. ''The Witness''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111001170626/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=16128 Archived] from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref name="2010strikes">Mbonambi, Gugu (9 March 2010). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/march-disrupts-lectures-on-kzn-campus-1.475804 "March disrupts lectures on KZN campus"]. ''The Mercury''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110424221756/http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/march-disrupts-lectures-on-kzn-campus-1.475804 Archived] from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref>Subramoney, Thrishni (9 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323045850/http://www.ecr.co.za/kagiso/content/en/east-coast-radio/east-coast-radio-news?oid=895536&sn=Detail&pid=490476&UKZN-management-to-take-action-against-strike "UKZN management to take action against strike"]. ''East Coast Radio''. Archived from [http://www.ecr.co.za/kagiso/content/en/east-coast-radio/east-coast-radio-news?oid=895536&sn=Detail&pid=490476&UKZN-management-to-take-action-against-strike the original] on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref>Ndlovu, Sinegugu (31 March 2011). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/campus-turns-into-battlefield-1.1050125 "Campus turns into battlefield"]. ''The Mercury''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110824215502/http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/campus-turns-into-battlefield-1.1050125 Archived] from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/students-protest-at-ukzn-1.1049758 "Campus turns into battlefield"]. ''Sapa''. 30 March 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024022009/http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/students-protest-at-ukzn-1.1049758 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref> plus sam protests from 2009 dey go wey dey involve police intervention den de use of riot control measures, as well as violence for de part of sam strikers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106104416/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-196296674.html "UKZN Student Protest Turns Ugly"]. ''The Mercury''. 24 March 2009. Archived from [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-196296674.html the original] on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref>MAGWAZA, NOMPUMELEL (24 March 2009). [https://archive.today/20121121171554/http://lists.fahamu.org/pipermail/debate-list/2009-March/021267.html "Blind student hurt as protest turns ugly"]. ''The Mercury''. Archived from [http://lists.fahamu.org/pipermail/debate-list/2009-March/021267.html the original] on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref> Secondly, na der be series of legal den disciplinary actions senior university management take against academics for dey speak for public insyd about de university.<ref>McKune, Craig (20 January 2009). [http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100003&script=sci_arttext "Management shows contempt for academic freedom at UKZN"]. ''South African Journal of Science''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008195909/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100003&script=sci_arttext Archived] from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120316133527/http://ntesu.ukzn.ac.za/node/2 "FXI distressed by disciplinary action against two UKZN Professors]". ''NTSEU''. Archived from [http://ntesu.ukzn.ac.za/node/2 the original] on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref>Gower, PRIMARASHNI (15 March 2008). [http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-15-ukzn-academics-question-senate-probe "UKZN academics question senate probe"]. ''Mail and Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121013121903/http://mg.co.za/article/2008-04-15-ukzn-academics-question-senate-probe Archived] from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://sharondavis.co.za/content/view/92/35/ "Controversy and transformation at UKZN"]. ''Science and Development Network''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812014133/http://sharondavis.co.za/content/view/92/35/ Archived] from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref> Dese actions draw wide criticism from academics den from organisations such as Cosatu den UNESCO.<ref name="hlongwane2008">Hlongwane, Agiza (7 December 2008). [http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20081207082026114C840107 "Clean up your act, UKZN warned"]. ''Sunday Tribune''. p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</ref> Der sanso be de cause of 2008 staff strike.<ref name="Dell2">Dell, Sharon (14 November 2008). [http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=16128 "UKZN staff prepare for strike"]. ''The Witness''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111001170626/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=16128 Archived] from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.</ref> == Notable alumni == * John Smit, World Cup winning South African Rugby Union captain. * Imani Sanga, composer den ethnomusicologist * Lize Heerman, singer-songwriter den media personality * Gita Ramjee, scientist den researcher for HIV prevention insyd * Ncoza Dlova, first black dermatologist produce by de university den head of de School of Clinical Medicine * Salome Maswime, global health expert den activist * Mondo Mazwai, legal practitioner den chairmo for South Africa ein Competition Tribunal from 2019 * Mosa Moshabela, 11th Vice-Chancellor of de [[University of Cape Town]] * Promise Mthembu, HIV/AIDS activist * Nokwanda Makunga, biotechnologist == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:University_of_KwaZulu-Natal|University of KwaZulu-Natal]]'''''. * [http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ Official website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213153008/http://fazel.shackdwellers.org/ Fight for Fazel Khan – Union Leader Fired from UKZN in 2006] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240621034419/http://fxi.org/ Freedom of Expression Institute website] * [https://archive.today/20150430093614/http://www.twitter.com/msftswiz Official UKZN twitter] * [http://www.ukznpress.co.za/?about_us UKZN Press] website * [http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/ "Digital Innovation South Africa"]. University of KwaZulu-Natal. OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225596326 225596326]. "National collaborative...resource containing historical material of importance and interest to scholars and students" . Disa.ukzn.ac.za. Formerly known as "Digital Imaging South Africa" [[Category:University of KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Category:Universities insyd KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Category:Public universities insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2004]] [[Category:2004 establishments insyd South Africa]] [[Category:Education insyd KwaZulu-Natal]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2004]] kzc3akearcvknzp6v34hpz2l6v70ygh 0 5959 104059 33131 2026-06-19T21:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |National University - Sudan | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="nickname" lang="Arabic"><big>الجامعة الوطنية - السودان</big></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Former name</div> | class="infobox-data nickname" |National College for Medical and Technical Studies (2005-2014) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Type | class="infobox-data" |Private |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Establish | class="infobox-data" |2005 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Presido | class="infobox-data" |Qurashi M. Ali |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Location | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="locality" style="display:inline">Khartoum</div>, <div class="state" style="display:inline">Khartoum</div>, <div class="country-name" style="display:inline">[[Sudan]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.nu.edu.sd www.nu.edu.sd]</span> |} De '''National University - Sudan ''' be educational institution wey dey base insyd de city of Khartoum, [[Sudan]].<ref>[http://www.nu.edu.sd/index.php?linkid=1 "Main Page"]. National University - Sudan. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> As of September 2011, de university be member of de [[Association of African Universities]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161217175011/http://www.aau.org/membership/ "Members on Good Standing"]. Association of African Universities. Archived from [http://www.aau.org/membership/ the original] on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> Insyd 2005 NUSU start as college (National College for Medical and Technical Studies). De MHESR approve de start plus 4 bachelor programmes (medicine, pharmacy, physiotherapy den health informatics) den 3-year diploma of physiotherapy. Insyd 2006 de college add bachelor programmes of Dentistry den Radiography. Insyd 2008, de college add bachelor of nursing den midwifery, medical laboratory technology, den administrative studies (business administration, accounting, marketing den management information systems). Insyd 2009 de college cam turn de first den de ISO-9001-2008 certified higher education institution per insyd Sudan, for ein quality management of academic programmes. Insyd 2014 after graduation of 5 batches, den dey satisfy MHESR requirements, e apply for upgrade wey dem promote am to university, after 9 years per. Na dis be record insyd Sudan, secof chaw colleges dey take about 15-20 years. Insyd 2016, NUSU add de Faculty of International Relations den Diplomatic Studies, den de Faculty of Engineering (civil, architecture den electrical den electronic degrees). == Ownership == From 2005 to 2014, na ebe owned by private limited company, dem bia for wey dem support by number of academicians den physicians. Insyd 2014, ownership change to IPO, for more transparent managerial den financial control by de Sudan Stock Market, den dey allow de interested members of de public make dem invest den add dema vision. Insyd 2016 na dem accredit NUSU by de British Accreditation Council (BAC) for 3 years, as international centre, as de first den higher education institution per make e attempt international accreditation. == Membership == Insyd 2008, NUSU cam turn member of de Union of Arab Universities (Amman, Jordan). Insyd 2011, e cam turn member of de Association of African Universities ([[Accra]], [[Ghana]]). Insyd 2013, e cam turn member of de International Association of Universities (UNESCO, Paris, France). == Accreditation == Colleges insyd Sudan no fi intake students before dem be approve by de MHESR, so dem dey readily authenticate certificates dem dey recognize graduates nationally den mutually for all oda countries insyd, for work den graduate education. De paramedical graduates from de faculties of radiography, physiotherapy, nursing, medical laboratory technology be registrable insyd de National Council for Medical den Health Specialties for authentication den recognition. Graduates of dese programmes dey all over de world. == References == <references /> [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2005]] [[Category:2005 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Education insyd Khartoum]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2005]] ite3eey93d91siu3w4u3ht0xrt4viqh 0 6004 104061 33110 2026-06-19T22:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omdurman Ahlia University''' (OAU) be community non-profit university insyd Omdurman, [[Sudan]]. Na dem gbele am for 1 November 1986 as Omdurman Ahlia College, wey na dem upgrade am go University status for 7 May 1995.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402122729/http://www.oau.edu.sd/index.php/about-ahlia-university/general-information "General Information"]. Omdurman Ahlia University. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> As of September 2011, de university be member in good standing of de [[Association of African Universities]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161217175011/http://www.aau.org/membership/ "Members on Good Standing"]. Association of African Universities. Archived from [http://www.aau.org/membership/ the original] on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> == References == [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1986]] [[Category:1986 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1986]] [[Category:Education insyd Khartoum]] [[Category:Non-profit organisations base insyd Sudan]] 5rzc6fmae8fgvox0pqdocgqb8opoyzu 0 6008 104084 55446 2026-06-20T06:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''De University of Zalingei''' dey locate insyd Central Darfur State, wer de headquarters settle insyd Zalingei town. Na dem establish am insyd March 1994 as public university. Na dem fund am by de Ministry of Higher Education den Scientific Research.<ref>[http://zalingei.edu.sd/ "Home"]. University of Zalingei. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> As of September 2011, de university be member in good standing of de [[Association of African Universities]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161217175011/http://www.aau.org/membership/ "Members on Good Standing"]. Association of African Universities. Archived from [http://www.aau.org/membership/ the original] on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> For 31 August 2021, conflict arise between students of de university den government forces after students demand dat make dem gbele de gates of de former United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur headquarters give dem. For de subsequent clashes insyd, dem kill one student. De university subsequently close indefinitely.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230530174441/https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/report/2021-08-31-university-of-zalingei/ "2021-08-31 University of Zalingei"]. Scholars at Risk. Archived from [https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/report/2021-08-31-university-of-zalingei/ the original] on 30 May 2023.</ref> == Faculties, institutes den centers == === Faculty of Education === De faculty dey award de degree of bachelor of sciences (honors ) insyd Forestry, Range, den wildlife after successfully completion of prescribed curriculum within ten semesters. Crop Sciences, Agricultural Economics, Horticulture, Crop protection, Animal production Agricultural Engineering, Food Technology, Agric. Extension den Rural Development. === Faculty of Forestry Sciences === De faculty dey qualify for de degree of bachelor insyd Education den Science, Education den Arts after successfully completion of eight semesters === Faculty of Agriculture === De faculty dey award de degree bachelor of Education (honors) in Science den Mathematics den Education after successfully completion of prescribed curriculum within eight semesters Faculty Departments: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Geography, History, Arabic Language, English Language, Islamic Studies, den Psychology De faculty sanso dey award bachelor (honors) for different insyd above specializations go de distinguished after successfully completion of ten semesters. === Faculty of Education – basic Level === De faculty dey award de degree of bachelor of science (honors ) insyd agriculture after successfully completion of prescribed curriculum within ten semesters insyd de specializations wey dey follow:- De faculty dey include dese department: Education den Psychological Sciences den Mathematics, Social Sciences, Language den Islamic studies. === Faculty of Languages den Linguistic Sciences === De faculty dey qualify for de degree of bachelor insyd Arabic den English Languages after successfully completion of eight semesters. De faculty sanso dey award bachelor (honors) insyd Arabic den English Language to de distinguished students after successfully completion of ten semesters, de faculty dey include dese department : Arabic Language den English Language ==== Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences ==== De faculty qualify for de degree of bachelor in Economics, Accounting den Business Administration after successfully completion of eight semesters. De faculty sanso dey award bachelor (honors) in Economics, Accounting den Business Administration to de distinguished students after successfully completion of ten semesters. De faculty dey include de following department: Economics, Accounting den Business Administration === Faculty of Medicine === De faculty dey award de degree of bachelor in Medicine den surgery after successfully completion of curriculum dem prescribe within twelve semesters. === Faculty of Health Sciences === De faculty dey award de degree of bachelor in Public Health, den Sciences of Nursing after successfully completion of curriculum dem prescribe within Ten semesters. === Faculty of Technology Sciences === De faculty dey award de degree of Diploma in Accounting den Financial management, den Information Technology after successfully completion of curriculum dem prescribe within six semesters. === Faculty of community Development === De faculty dey qualify for different certificates after dem dey attend short training courses successfully insyd different field of community needs. === College of Graduate Studies den Scientific Research === De Faculty dey award higher degree (Diploma, Master, den Doctorate) insyd different field of science after successfully completion of curriculum dem prescribe. === Institute of peace Studies den Development === De institute dey concern plus peace studies, conflict resolution, gender issues, woman den Child Care, Human rights den social development. Institute sanso dey award higher degrees (Diploma, Master den Doctorate) for above fields of studies dem mention insyd. === Jebel Marra Institute for Research den African Studies === De institute dey concern plus researches insyd national traditions den heritage, folklore, norms, folkways den social African studies. Institute sanso dey award higher degree (Diploma, Master den Doctorate) for above fields of studies dem mention insyd. === Institute Of Holy Quran den de origination of Science === De institute dey concern plus researches insyd de Quran den sciences related, [[hadith]], fegh den origination of science . The Institute sanso dey award higher degrees (Diploma, Master den Doctorate) for above fields of studies dem mention insyd. === Centre for Environment den Technology Transfer === De centre dey deals plus research insyd de field of environment den environment conservation, drought problems, soil erosion, desertification den climate change. De centre sanso dey deal plus transfer of technology compatible plus environment den community needs. == Administrations den units == === Strategic Planning Unit === Na dem establish de unit insyd 2008, make e follow up de Strategic Plans of de university in cooperation plus de various university departments. === Center for Information den Statistics === Na dem establish de center insyd 2011 make e achieve de objectives wey dey follow: - Establish database for administrative units, Faculties, institutes, centers den computerizing students' academic activities. - Dey link de university to de virtual library network of Sudanese universities, international universities, interactive video conferences den live broadcast. === Administration of Public Relations den Information === Na dem establish de administration insyd 2015 make e achieve de objectives wey dey follow: - Achieve de general objectives of de university articulated insyd de act.   - Dey raise community awareness to de importance issues dem address by de university. - Dey raise community awareness for de University ein philosophy, mission den goals top. === Administration of Scientific Research === Na dem establish de administration insyd 2015 make e achieve de objectives wey dey follow: - Dey encourage scientific research for de university. - Create den disseminate appropriate environment for research. - Dey build research capacity for teaching staff den technicians for de university. - Publication of scientific journals insyd de university den help researchers for publication. === Administration of External Relations === Na dem establish de administration of External relations insyd 2015, make e implement de instructions of de Ministry of Higher Education den Scientific Research make e organize de activities of universities den ein foreign relations. De administration dey work make e introduce de university den building partnerships between de university den oda academic institutions, professional associations locally, regionally den internationally. === Administration of Services === Na dem establish de administration insyd 2016 make e achieve de objectives wey dey follow: - Provide general services for coordination plus de general administration of de university, wey dey include water, electricity den sanitation services insyd de various university compounds. == References == <references /> [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1994]] [[Category:1994 establishments insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Education insyd Sudan]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1994]] gweveawp9qn0qete3jfifsxiv1qgrcc 0 6212 104083 56609 2026-06-20T06:17:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou''' be university insyd Tizi Ouzou, [[Algeria]]. Dem name am as after Mouloud Mammeri. As of 2012 Naceur Eddine Haddachi be de rector of de university.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20151002204621/http://www.ummto.dz/spip.php?rubrique1 Bienvenue du Recteur]." () Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou. Retrieved on 23 September 2012.</ref> De university get eight faculties den twenty-five departments.<ref name="History">"[http://www.ummto.dz/spip.php?rubrique388 Historique]" ([https://archive.today/20131115081506/http://www.ummto.dz/spip.php?rubrique388 Archive]). Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou. Retrieved on 23 September 2012.</ref> == History == Insyd 1977 Presido of Algeria Houari Boumediene inaugurate de ''Centre Universitaire de Tizi-Ouzou'' (C.U.T.O.) as per de executive decree No. 17-77 of 20 June 1977.<ref name="History"/> De University Hospital employ Africa ein first woman neurosurgeon, Faiza Lalam, insyd 1982. == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:University_of_Tizi-Ouzou|University of Tizi-Ouzou]]'''''. * [http://www.ummto.dz/ Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi Ouzou] (insyd French) {{Authority control}} [[Category:1977 establishments insyd Algeria]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1977]] [[Category:Universities insyd Algeria]] [[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Tizi Ouzou Province]] [[Category:Education insyd Algeria]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1977]] 9nlwmv2hnjv60ymyyy6ue781qpviprd 0 6802 104042 61357 2026-06-19T14:07:57Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marta Makowska''' be Polish wheelchair fencer wey win multiple medals give ein country for de Paralympic Games, wey dey include four for de 2000 Games insyd Sydney, Australia. == Career == Dem born Marta Makowska (née Wyrzykowska) insyd Warsaw, Poland, for 13 July 1977.<ref name=":0">Górecki, Mateusz (28 August 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134320/https://ig24.pl/marta-makowska/ "Marta Makowska"] (insyd Polish). Igrzyska24. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref><ref>Lipinski, Adam. [http://www.niepelnosprawni.pl/ledge/x/203984;jsessionid=DBF51F2A2B1B060355238443DAA419F3?print_doc_id=333950 "Dyscypliny Rio 2016: szermierka na wózkach"] (insyd Polish). Niepelnosprawni. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> She attend Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw wer she study life science. Outside of wheelchair fencing, wich she take up as teenager, Makowska work be government employee for de District Family Assistance Centre insyd Wolomin.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201172632/https://www.paralympic.org/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=526&personid=1064964 "MAKOWSKA Marta"]. Paralympic.org. Archived from [https://www.paralympic.org/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=526&personid=1064964 the original] on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> For ein first Paralympic Games insyd 2000 for Sydney, Australia insyd, Makowska win four gold medals insyd de wheelchair fencing. Dis include 15–4 defeat of Hungary ein Judit Palfi insyd de Women's épée individual B, as well as de individual foil den both team events.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics2000/paralympics/986598.stm "More success for awesome Aussies"]. ''BBC News''. 23 October 2000. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> She win further two bronze medals for de 2004 Paralympic Games insyd Athens, Greece, den anoda bronze for de 2012 Games insyd London, England.<ref>[https://blogs.fco.gov.uk/robinbarnett/2012/11/19/tolerant-we-must-be/img_9041/ "Ambassador Robin Barnett with Marta Makowska (bronze medallist in fencing, London 2012 Paralympic Games)"]. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> Dem award Makowska de Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland insyd 2013 by Bronislaw Komorowski, Presido of Poland.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103217/http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/ordery-i-odznaczenia/art,1183,odznaczenia-za-zaslugi-dla-rozwoju-sportu-osob-niepelnosprawnych.html "Odznaczenia za zaslugi dla rozwoju sportu osób niepelnosprawnych"](insyd Polish). Prezydent.pl. 7 February 2013. Archived from [http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/ordery-i-odznaczenia/art,1183,odznaczenia-za-zaslugi-dla-rozwoju-sportu-osob-niepelnosprawnych.html the original] on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> == Ein life matter == Marta marry Adam Makowski.<ref name=":1" /> Shortly before she attend de 2008 Paralympic Games, Makowska discover say she be pregnant, later she give birth to girlie.<ref>[http://zielonedrzwi.tvn.pl/aktualnosci,910,n/marta-makowska-bohaterka-reportazu,47080.html "Marta Makowska – bohaterka reportazu"]. ''TVN'' (insyd Polish). 5 June 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Paralympic wheelchair fencers for Poland]] [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:Wheelchair fencers at de 2000 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Wheelchair fencers at de 2004 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Wheelchair fencers at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Wheelchair fencers at de 2008 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Poland]] [[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Poland]] [[Category:Fencers wey komot Warsaw]] [[Category:Polish female fencers]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2000 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2004 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd wheelchair fencing]] [[Category:20th-century Polish women]] [[Category:21st-century Polish women]] [[Category:20th-century Polish sportswomen]] d1u6jaeefy3lfkwa7ujwqtd2f7rcb4z 0 6860 104077 50247 2026-06-20T03:44:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Stevia Chaffee''' (born November 29, 1946) be former Olympic alpine ski racer den actress. Dey follow ein racing career, she model insyd New York plus Ford Models wey she then cam turn de pre-eminent freestyle ballet skier of de early 1970s. She be perhaps best known by de nickie "Suzy Chapstick", since de 1970s, wen na she be spokesperson give ChapStick lip balm. Chaffee ein mommie, wey teach am to ski for de age of 3, go been alternative give de US ski team for de 1940 Winter Olympics.<ref>Breslin, Catherine (December 17, 1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=teYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&dq=%22suzy+chaffee%22&lr=#PPA67,M1 "The female jocks go to Washington"], ''New York Magazine''</ref> For age 19, Chaffee try out for, den win spot on, de first US Ski Team while freshman for de University of Denver.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120719212823/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1076839/index.htm "Moving up in the downhill"]. ''Sports Illustrated'' (January 25, 1965)</ref> She fini fourth insyd de downhill for de 1966 World Championships. Despite season-ending crash insyd 1967 for Vail insyd de World Cup Series, she end de season as de 10th ranked insyd Women's downhill skier,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014154206/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpineskiing/cupstandings.html?suchen=true&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=1967&sector=AL&suchgender=L&suchcup=WC&suchnation=&discipline=DH&search=Search "FIS-Ski"]. ''FIS-SKI''.</ref> den de 16th ranked Women's All-Around skier.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526134457/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/disciplines/alpineskiing/cupstandings.html?suchen=true&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=1967&sector=AL&suchgender=L&suchcup=WC&suchnation=&discipline=ALL&search=Search "FIS-Ski"]. ''FIS-SKI''.</ref> Na dem name Chaffee capee of de US Women's team wey na she be one of de favorites insyd de downhill for de 1968 Winter Olympics insyd Grenoble, France. She fini 28th insyd de downhill, dey blame ein poor showing secof she use de wrong wax, buh she make global impression plus ein skin-tight silver racing suit. She retire from ski racing after de 1968 Olympics. Na she sanso be three-time world freestyle skiing champion (1971–73). Na dem induct am into de National Ski Hall of Fame insyd 1988.<ref>[http://www.skihall.com/HonoredMember.asp?MemberID=64 "National Ski Hall of Fame"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090425053021/http://www.skihall.com/HonoredMember.asp?MemberID=64 Archived] April 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine). skihall.com.</ref><ref>Writer, Tom Haley Staff (April 20, 2023). [https://www.rutlandherald.com/sports/chaffee-champion-of-causes-entering-hof/article_73fb0868-f5ce-507c-ba9a-103d3b8f3948.html "Chaffee: Champion of causes entering HOF"]. ''Rutland Herald''. Retrieved July 23, 2024.</ref> As social activist, Chaffee champion Title IX legislation (equal opportunity give women insyd school sports). Na she be de first woman make she serve for de board of de U.S. Olympic Committee, wey na she be member of de Presido ein Council on Physical Fitness under four U.S. presidos. Na she be co-founder insyd 1996 of de Native Voices Foundation, organization wey dey seek make e develop Olympians from among Native American tribes.<ref>[http://www.skinet.com/action/2009-01/suzy-chaffee-queen-1970s-ski-ballet "Where are they now?"] ''SKI'' p. 85 (January 2009)</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120717052840/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1022925/2/index.htm "Lost + Found"]. ''Sports Illustrated'' (July 2, 2001)</ref> Chaffee ein elder bro Rick Chaffee sanso be Olympic alpine skier.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064601/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/suzy-chaffee-1.html Suzy Chaffee]. sports-reference.com</ref> She credit rumors say she have affair plus Ted Kennedy as dey help passage of de Amateur Sports Act of 1978. "The gossip got the bill through," she tell ''Sports Illustrated''.<ref>Newman, Bruce (January 23, 1989) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090331022104/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1126490/5/index.htm "Hype"]. ''Sports Illustrated''.</ref> Insyd 1979, na dem produce den distribute de Supersisters trading card set; one of de cards feature Chaffee ein name den picture.<ref>Wulf, Steve (March 23, 2015). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/12535055/original-roster "Supersisters: Original Roster"]. Espn.go.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015.</ref> Besides ein long-running television ad campaign give ChapStick insyd de 1970s, she sanso endorse Revlon cosmetics, Dannon yogurt, den Seagram spirits. She appear insyd films such as ''Ski Lift to Death'' den ''Fire and Ice''.<ref>[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ski_lift_to_death_1978 "Ski Lift to Death (1978)"]. Rotten Tomatoes. March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2020.</ref> Insyd 2008, she run for seat for de Sedona, Arizona, City Council, buh she lost.<ref>Hardy, Cyndy (March 12, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518234357/https://sedona.biz/sedonacity9407.htm "2008 Sedona mayoral race goes into overtime"]. Sedona.biz. Archived from [http://www.sedona.biz/sedonacity9407.htm the original] on May 18, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2023.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=9539 Suzy Chaffee] at de International Ski and Snowboard Federation * [[imdbname:0149545|Suzy Chaffee]] at IMDb * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070550/http://www.nativevoices.org/suzy.html Native Voices.org] – Suzy Chaffee – biographical information [[Category:Human]] [[Category:American female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 1968 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic alpine skiers for de United States]] [[Category:American female freestyle skiers]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:People wey komot Rutland (city), Vermont]] [[Category:Skiers wey komot Vermont]] [[Category:Actresses wey komot Vermont]] [[Category:20th-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American women]] [[Category:20th-century American sportswomen]] f3t8mkei3n3okkwq1fpo29828yjp3z1 0 7303 104041 81567 2026-06-19T14:06:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marta Vieira da Silva''' (born 19 February 1986), dem know am as '''Marta''', be Brazilian professional footballer wey dey play as forward give de Orlando Pride insyd de National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) den de Brazil national team.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marta "Marta | Biography & Facts | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/meet-marta-the-record-breaking-brazilian-football-player/UAWxrX7MR4XIfg "Meet Marta: The Record-Breaking Brazilian Football Player"]. ''Google Arts & Culture''. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</ref> Dem widely dey regard Marta as one of de greatest female footballers of all time.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/aug/03/the-20-greatest-female-football-players-soccer "The 20 greatest female football players of all time"]. ''The Guardian''. 3 August 2016.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161013111955/http://www.sportsmuntra.com/10-best-female-footballers-time/ "10 Best Female Footballers of All Time"]. 27 October 2014.</ref><ref name=":2">[http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/womens-world-cup-2015-meet-marta-the-best-of-all-time-who-stands-in-the-way-of-australia/story-e6frf423-1227405275137 "Women's World Cup 2015: who is Marta, who is the greatest footballers of all time, Marta, Matildas - Fox Sports"]. ''www.foxsports.com.au''.</ref><ref name=":3">Panja, Tariq (8 June 2015). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-08/best-ever-female-player-marta-misses-out-on-soccer-s-millions "Best-Ever Female Player Marta Misses Soccer's Millions"]. ''Bloomberg''.</ref> Na dem name am FIFA World Player of de Year six times, five of them be consecutive (from 2006 thru 2010) den de latest award cam insyd 2018. Marta dey hold de record for Brazil ein top goalscorer plus 119 goals. Plus 17 goals, Marta sanso dey hold de record for most goals dem score insyd any World Cup, women’s anaa men's.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/18/football/marta-brazil-italy-australia-jamaica-womens-world-cup-spt-intl/index.html "Marta: Brazil great makes history with 17th World Cup goal"]. ''CNN''. 18 June 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20190618-marta-record-17-world-cup-goals-brazil-italy "Marta scores record 17th World Cup goal as Brazil advance to knockouts"]. ''France 24''. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</ref> Moreover, na she be de first footballer of any gender make she score for five different World Cups,<ref name=":0">[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48629040 "Women's World Cup: Marta has record to rival Brazil legends Ronaldo and Pele"]. ''BBC Sport''. 13 June 2019.</ref> feat match by Christine Sinclair insyd 2019 den Cristiano Ronaldo insyd 2022,<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49925779 "Christine Sinclair: Canada striker beats all-time record"]. ''BBC Sport''. 30 January 2020.</ref> den sanso be de first footballer, female anaa male, make she score for five consecutive Olympic Games.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-2020-fbl-marta-idUSKBN2ER0ZS "Olympics: Soccer - Brazil's Marta scores in fifth Games running, Britain beat Chile"]. ''Reuters''. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</ref> Na she be member of de Brazilian national teams wey win de silver medal for de 2004 den 2008 Summer Olympics. Na den sanso award am de Golden Ball (MVP) for de 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship wey she win both de Golden Ball award as de best player den de Golden Boot award as de top scorer insyd de 2007 Women's World Cup after she lead Brazil to de final of de tournament. For de club level, Marta win de UEFA Women's Cup for Swedish club Umeå IK insyd 2004 wey she win seven Swedish league championships during ein time dey play give various teams insyd de country. Insyd January 2013, na dem name am one of de six Ambassadors of de 2014 FIFA World Cup insyd Brazil, alongsyd Amarildo, Bebeto, Carlos Alberto Torres, Ronaldo den Mario Zagallo.<ref>FIFA.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213104/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/ambassador/overview.html "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia"]. ''www.fifa.com''. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/organisation/ambassador/overview.html the original] on 28 February 2009.</ref> She sanso appear insyd de Sveriges Television television documentary series ''The Other Sport'' from 2013. Insys August 2016, na Marta be one of de eight make dem carry de Olympic Flag insyd de Olympic Games for Rio de Janeiro insyd. Na dem appoint am by de Secretary-General of de United Nations as Sustainable Development Goals advocate. Insyd 2017, Marta receive Swedish citizenship wey now she get dual citizenship insyd both Brazil den Sweden.<ref>[https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2017-03-14/nu-ar-varldens-genom-tiderna-basta-fotbollsspelare-svensk-medborgare "Nu är världens genom tiderna bästa fotbollsspelare svensk medborgare"]. ''Sydsvenskan'' (insyd Swedish). 14 March 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</ref> == Club career == === Career start === Na Brazilian female coach Helena Pacheco discover Marta wen na she be 14 years old. After she play give de CSA youth team, Marta start ein professional career for Vasco da Gama insyd 2000. After two years, na dem transfer am to Santa Cruz, small club insyd de state of Minas Gerais,<ref>[https://www.hojeemdia.com.br/esportes/com-passagem-por-clube-de-belo-horizonte-marta-%C3%A9-esperan%C3%A7a-da-sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-feminina-1.402629/marta-na-%C3%A9poca-em-que-defendeu-o-santa-cruz-de-bh-1.402636 "Marta na época em que defendeu o Santa Cruz de BH"]. ''HOME''. 2 August 2016.</ref> wer na she go play for two more seasons, before she join Umeå IK of Sweden. === Umeå IK === Marta join Umeå IK before de 2004 season, during wich Umeå reach de final of de UEFA Women's Cup, wey win 8–0 for aggregate against Frankfurt, plus Marta score three goals over de two legs. Insyd de league, despite she amass total of 106 goals, wich na ebe 32 more dan de champions, Umeå fini second, Djurgården beat dem by single point. Marta score 22 league goals wey she get on de scoresheet top for de cup final against Djurgården, wey she score de goal per insyd 2–1 Umeå loss. Ein second season (2005) end plus Marta wey score 21 goals den Umeå win de league, wey go undefeated. Once again, na Djurgården beat Umeå insyd de cup, dem lose by score of 3–1 insyd de final, thus dem avenge 7–0 league defeat to Umeå sam three weeks earlier. Insyd 2006, Umeå san win de league widout losing, wey Marta, as insyd de previous year, na she be de league ein top scorer plus 21 goals. Umeå cruise to 11–1 aggregate win over Norwegian side Kolbotn FK insyd de UEFA Women's Cup, wey Marta score twice insyd both matches. For de third time for row, na she dey for de losing side top insyd de Swedish cup final wen na Linköpings FC defeat ein side 3–2. Na de 2007 season be relatively successful give Umeå, plus de club win both de league, for wich dem fini nine points ahead of Djurgården,<ref>[https://archive.today/20120912023220/http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t3damre.aspx?p=1408601&scr=table&ftid=643 "Tabell och resultat – Damallsvenskan"]. ''svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish). Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Archived from [http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t3damre.aspx?p=1408601&scr=table&ftid=643 the original] on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> den de Swedish Cup, wey dem beat AIK 4–3 for match insyd wich Marta score hat-trick, de last (winning) goal dey cam three minutes from time. Marta score 25 goals insyd de league, wey dem fini one goal behind de top scorer Lotta Schelin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225070600/http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2dam.aspx?p=287911 "Skytteliga 2007"]. ''svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish). Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Archived from [http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2dam.aspx?p=287911 the original] on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> Insyd de UEFA Women's Cup dem reach de final for de fourth time buh dem suffer disappointment, wey dem lose 1–0 on aggregate to Arsenal. De 2008 season see Umeå den Marta win anoda Swedish championship title. After de end of de season, speculation arise wey dey concern de future of Marta wey couple of months later, for de day of de FIFA World Player of the Year Awards insyd January 2009, Marta announce say she go play for de American side Los Angeles Sol for de next three years.<ref>Wåhlin, Johan (12 January 2009). [http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=647&a=873009 "Marta bäst i världen – flyttar till LA"]. ''dn.se'' (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> For de request of Marta, de Los Angeles side sanso purchase Johanna Frisk from Umeå IK,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081024002513/http://www.fotbollsexpressen.se/Internationell%2Bfotboll/1.1343544/martas-krav-till-usa-ta-med-frisk "Martas krav till USA: Ta med Frisk"] (insyd Swedish). Fotbollsexpressen.se. 23 October 2008. Archived from [http://www.fotbollsexpressen.se/Internationell%2Bfotboll/1.1343544/martas-krav-till-usa-ta-med-frisk the original] on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2009.</ref> wich lead to report by Swedish TV4 sports presenter Patrick Ekwall dat na Marta den Frisk be lesbian couple.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113022029/http://arbetaren.se/articles/kultur20090120-4 "Ekwalls rekord"] (insyd Swedish). Arbetaren.se. 2 January 2009. Archived from [http://www.arbetaren.se/articles/kultur20090120-4 the original] on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2009.</ref> Both players deny dis to be true.<ref>[https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/sverige/damallsvenskan/article4172741.ab "Frisk: Vi är inget par"] (insyd Swedish). Aftonbladet.se. 13 January 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.</ref> Na Marta ein life den football prowess be depicted insyd de 2005 Swedish television documentary "Marta – Pelés kusin" ("Marta – Pelé ein cousin"). === Los Angeles Sol === [[File:Marta_star.jpg|left|thumb|Marta insyd 2009 WPS All-Stars match against Umeå IK.]] For de day dem name am FIFA World Player of the Year insyd January 2009, Marta announce say she go join Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) team Los Angeles Sol give de league ein inaugural season for three-year contract.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2009/01/brazilian-stand.html "The Fabulous Forum"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. 12 January 2009.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090402071802/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=991996.html "Newly crowned Marta to join US league"]. FIFA. 12 January 2009. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=991996.html the original] on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</ref> Of ein signing, she say, "For me, the most important thing is to be in a place where the best players in the world are playing, and this is what they are trying to do here. The American League is being considered one of the best in the world, so I had to come now."<ref>[http://www.espnfc.com/news/story?id=625114&cc=5901 "Marta bringing star power to the L.A. Sol"]. ESPN. The Associated Press. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref> Na Marta be de league ein top scorer for de 2009 season plus ten goals den three assists.<ref>[http://bleacherreport.com/articles/312695-marta-marta-marta-sol-star-named-fifa-womens-player-of-the-year "Marta! Marta! Marta!: LA Sol Star Named FIFA Women's Player of the Year"]. Bleacher Report. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref> Na de Sol be regular season champions wey dem reach de WPS Championship Final, wer na e lost 1–0 to Sky Blue FC.<ref>Herbert, Steven (7 January 2010). [http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/sports/LA-Sol-Loses-1-0-in-Womens-Pro-Soccer-Championship-Game-54184762.html "NJ Sky Blue Eclipse LA Sol 1–0 in Championship"]. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref> === Santos === During de off-season plus Los Angeles Sol, she sign three-month loan contract plus Santos make dem play insyd de Copa Libertadores den insyd de Copa do Brasil,<ref>Adilson Barros (1 August 2009). [http://globoesporte.globo.com/Esportes/Noticias/Times/Santos/0,,MUL1251318-9874,00-PEIXE+ANUNCIA+MARTA+QUE+DEVERA+RECEBER+A+CAMISA+DAS+MAOS+DE+PELE.html "Peixe anuncia Marta, que deverá receber a camisa 10 das mãos de Pelé"] (insyd Portuguese). GloboEsporte.com. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/091009-off-season-loand.aspx womensprosoccer.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019031514/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/091009-off-season-loand.aspx Archived] 19 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine; International Report: WPS Stars Head Overseas in the Off-Season</ref> wey she help ein club win both competitions, wey she score goal insyd de Libertadores final den two insyd de Copa do Brasil final.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120227040321/http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2009/10/18/sereias+da+vila+dao+show+e+santos+e+campeao+da+libertadores+8865945.html "'Sereias da Vila' dão show e Santos é campeão da Libertadores"] (insyd Portuguese). iG. 18 October 2009. [http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2009/10/18/sereias+da+vila+dao+show+e+santos+e+campeao+da+libertadores+8865945.html Archived] from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,santos-bate-botucatu-e-fatura-a-copa-do-brasil-feminina,475189,0.htm "Santos bate Botucatu e conquista a Copa do Brasil feminina"] (insyd Portuguese). Estadão. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</ref> === FC Gold Pride === [[File:Marta_at_2010_WPS_Championship_5.JPG|right|thumb|Marta dey play give FC Gold Pride for de 2010 WPS Championship]] Insyd January 2010, de Sol cease operations<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/01/28/los-angeles-sol-wps-folds-season/ foxnews.com]; Los Angeles Sol of WPS folds after first season</ref> wey de rights to Marta, den ein teammates na dem make available insyd de 2010 WPS Dispersal Draft. Na de FC Gold Pride acquire de rights to Marta as dema first pick.<ref>"Four-Time FIFA World Player of the Year Marta to Join the Pride". ''FC Gold Pride''. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.</ref> She appear insyd all of de Pride ein 24 games wey she score 19 goals, wey earn am de WPS MVP den WPS Golden Boot for de second year for row. Marta sanso appear insyd de WPS All-Star 2010, wer na she captain one of de teams as de top international vote-getter. She lead de Gold Pride to de regular-season championship wey she get two assists den goal insyd de WPS Championship against de Philadelphia Independence, wey earn am MVP honors.<ref>"Marta named MVP of 2010 WPS Championship". 27 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.</ref> She cam turn free agent after de Gold Pride folded for 17 November 2010. === Return to Santos === For 16 December 2010, Santos san present Marta. Na ebe two-month contract wey fi cam turn link of year, buh e no do. De board of directors confirm e dey finalize negotiations give de club to dispute de women's football league insyd de United States insyd 2011. However, under de competition regulation, de club go get five Brazilian players per – Marta den four. === Western New York Flash === For 25 January 2011, Marta join ein third WPS team insyd three years, de expansion team Western New York Flash, wey take over de third year of ein contract plus de Gold Pride.<ref>[http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/110125-wny-marta.aspx womensprosoccer.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075536/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/Home/news/general/110125-wny-marta.aspx Archived] 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Western New York Flash acquire Marta; 25 January 2011.</ref> Na Marta ein two goals den four assists be key part of de 3–0–1 start give de team ein 2011 season. Western New York Flash forward Marta help ein team to de Regular Season Championship title, wey she score ein tenth goal of de season insyd 2–0 victory over de Atlanta Beat for Sunday, en route to make she earn ein third consecutive PUMA Golden Boot award. De Brazilian soccer star edge out fellow Flash forward Christine Sinclair insyd de tiebreaker, she have greater production rate base for goals per game average.<ref>"Flash Forward Marta Captures Third Consecutive PUMA Golden Boot Award". ''svenskfotboll.se''. womensprosoccer. Retrieved 13 January 2009.</ref> === Tyresö FF === [[File:Marta_Vieira_da_Silva_2013.jpg|left|thumb|Marta insyd 2013]] As WPS cancell de 2012 season, Marta decide make she return to Damallsvenskan insyd Sweden. For 22 February 2012 she sign two-year contract plus Tyresö FF.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/women/news/newsid=1757170.html "Marta returns to Sweden with Tyresö"]. UEFA. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref> Na ein extraordinary salary of about $400,000<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120427141751/http://bigapplesoccer.com/sections/wps2.php?article_id=29817 "Marta signs with Tyreso FF"]. bigapplesoccer.com. 22 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.bigapplesoccer.com/sections/wps2.php?article_id=29817 the original] on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221003075703/http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/profiles/blog/show?id=3074237%3ABlogPost%3A164624&commentId=3074237%3AComment%3A165526&xg_source=activity "Marta's agent in talks with four Swedish clubs Tyresö FF, Malmö, Linköping and Umeå"]. womenssoccerunited.com. 26 January 2012. Archived from [http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/profiles/blog/show?id=3074237%3ABlogPost%3A164624&commentId=3074237%3AComment%3A165526&xg_source=activity the original] on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref> per season dem pay by external sponsors wey e no be de club, ein owners state.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230855/https://www.womensoccer.de/2012/02/22/marta-wechselt-zu-tyreso-ff/ "Marta transfers to Tyresö FF"] (insyd German). womensoccer.de. 22 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.womensoccer.de/2012/02/22/marta-wechselt-zu-tyreso-ff/ the original] on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</ref> Tyresö win de Damallsvenskan title for de first time insyd de 2012 season den Marta collect ein fifth league winner's medal.<ref>Cleris, Johannes (3 November 2012). [http://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/tyreso-vann-sm-guld-efter-dramatik/ "Tyresö vann SM-guld efter dramatik"]. ''Dagens Nyheter'' (insyd Swedish). Retrieved 27 June 2013.</ref> Marta score twice insyd Tyresö ein 4–3 defeat by Wolfsburg insyd de 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final.<ref>Saffer, Paul (22 May 2014). [http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2014/matches/round=2000498/match=2014107/postmatch/report/ "Müller the hero again as Wolfsburg win classic final"]. UEFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> Na Tyresö suffer financial implosion insyd 2014 wey dem withdraw from de 2014 Damallsvenskan season, dey erase all dema results den dey make all dema players free agents. De Stockholm County Administrative Board publish de players dema salaries, wey dey show Marta be de highest earner for SEK 168 000 per month.<ref>Jönsson, Fredrik; Nordmark, Kajsa (5 June 2014). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19010400.ab "Tyresö lämnar damallsvenskan"] (insyd Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> As news of Tyresö ein financial difficulties spread, Marta link plus transfer to Avaldsnes IL. Buh de Norwegian Toppserien club ein chairmo warn say she go for take substantial pay cut.<ref>Bråstedt, Mats (8 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203229/http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2014/04/norsk-klubb-vill-ha-marta "Norsk klubb vill ha Marta"] (insyd Swedish). Damfotboll.com. Archived from [http://www.damfotboll.com/nyheter/2014/04/norsk-klubb-vill-ha-marta the original] on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> Na dem sanso report Paris Saint-Germain Féminines approach Marta den Tyresö teammate Caroline Seger.<ref>Bråstedt, Mats (9 April 2014). [http://www.expressen.se/sport/fotboll/damallsvenskan/seger-och-marta-nara-en-flytt-till-paris-sg/ "Seger och Marta nära en flytt till Paris SG"] (insyd Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 22 June 2014.</ref> === Rosengård === Insyd July 2014, she sign six-month contract plus defending champion FC Rosengård insyd Sweden.<ref>Kassouf, Jeff (21 July 2014). [https://equalizersoccer.com/2014/07/21/marta-signs-fc-rosengard-contract/ "Marta stays in Sweden, signs with FC Rosengård – Equalizer Soccer"].</ref> While plus de Swedish club, Marta win de Damallsvenskan league title insyd 2014 den 2015, de Svenska Cupen insyd 2016, den de Svenska Supercupen insyd 2015 den 2016. === Orlando Pride === After Rosengård lost to Barcelona insyd de quarterfinals of de UEFA Women's Champions League, Marta join Orlando Pride for free transfer from Rosengård, wich dem agree make dem terminate ein contract. Na ein fresh contract plus Orlando be for two years, plus de option for third.<ref>Wahl, Grant. [https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2017/04/07/marta-orlando-pride-nwsl-brazil "Brazil star Marta signs with NWSL's Orlando Pride"]. ''SI.com''. Retrieved 20 May 2017.</ref> For ein first season for Orlando, she fini second insyd de league for both goals den assists wey na dem vote am MVP by ein teammates.<ref>[https://www.themaneland.com/2017/12/4/16731392/2017-orlando-pride-season-in-review-marta "2017 Orlando Pride Season in Review: Marta"]. ''The Mane Land''. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</ref> De Pride end de season insys third place wey earn dem dema first-ever playoff appearance wer na dem lost insyd de semi-finals to de Portland Thorns. Ahead of de 2022 season, na dem name Marta captain wey dey follow de offseason departure of Ashlyn Harris. She suffer ACL tear for ein left knee insyd for March 26 during de second game of de 2022 NWSL Challenge Cup wey na dem place am for de club ein season-ending injury list after surgery.<ref>[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-pride-forward-marta-placed-on-season-ending-injury-list "Orlando Pride forward Marta placed on Season Ending Injury list"]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.</ref> For 2 October 2023, Marta cam turn de first player make she reach 100 appearances for de Pride insyd 1–0 win over Angel City FC.<ref>[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/pride/news/martas-moments-a-look-at-the-orlando-pride-captain-s-top-moments-in-her-100-app "Marta's moments: A look at the Orlando Pride captain's top moments in her 100 appearances"]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.</ref> Insyd de first home game of de 2024 season, Marta score de equalizer insyd de 88th minute of de 1–1 draw plus Angel City.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240323084428/https://digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=441788c0-8e17-4662-8dcb-d9ca6ba72ecf "Marta delivers late goal on free kick to help Pride come away with draw - Orlando Sentinel"]. ''digitaledition.orlandosentinel.com''. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</ref> Insyd de away game against Utah Royals, she score insyd de 68th minute of de 1–0 victory wey she claim Orlando Pride ein 200th goal.<ref>[https://kslsports.com/514974/utah-royals-orlando-pride-match-recap-april-2024/#:~:text=In%20the%2068th%20minute%2C%20Marta,midway%20through%20the%20second%20half.&text=Like%20the%20first%20half%2C%20both,45%20minutes%20of%20game%20time. "Utah Royals Shutout, Downed By Marta, Orlando Pride"]. 12 April 2024.</ref> == International career == For 26 July 2007, Marta den de Brazilian women's team beat de US U-20 national team make dem win de Pan American Games for de Estádio do Maracanã in front of crowd of 68,000. Na dem compare am, by de Brazilian fans, plus Brazilian great Pelé, dem dey bell am "Pelé with skirts." Pelé ein self agree plus de comparison. Marta say he bell am make he congratulate am for de win den dat na she be extremely happy make she hear dat one of de greatest players ever follow ein team's games.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322070347/http://pan2007.globo.com/PAN/Noticias/0,,MUL78950-3873,00.html "GloboEsporte.com > Pan2007 > Futebol Pan2007 - NOTÍCIAS - Pelé diz que Marta é Pelé de saias"]. ''pan2007.globo.com''.</ref> Afterward, na dem record de imprint of her feet insyd cement for de stadium, wey make am de first woman make dem honor am. Marta participate insyd de 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup plus Brazil, wey stroll thru de group stage, wey dem win all three games plus Marta score four goals. Insyd de quarter-final, Brazil win 3–2 against Australia, plus Marta net from de penalty spot. Insyd de semi-final, Marta score twice Brazil win 4–0 against de United States— na de second goal she score spectacularly. Insyd de final, Brazil lost 2–0 to Germany. Marta get penalty kick dem save midway thru de second half, wich na e go tie de match. She fini de 2007 Women's World Cup as de winner of both de Golden Ball as de top individual player den de 'Golden Boot' as de competition ein top scorer plus seven goals. [[File:Marta2.png|right|thumb|Marta wear de Brazil number 10 during match insyd de 2007 Pan American Games]] Marta sanso play insyd de 2008 Summer Olympics, wey earn am silver medal. After ein personal duel insyd de final plus United States goalkeeper Hope Solo, 1–0 defeat consign Marta to ein third consecutive runners–up medal insyd major international tournaments.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110901015009/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/10/156992.html "US women hope Solo keeps Brazil's Marta from finding the net"]. Al Arabiya. 10 July 2011. Archived from [http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/07/10/156992.html the original] on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</ref> Na Marta be part of de Brazil team for de 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, wer de United States eliminate Brazil insyd de quarter-finals. She record four goals den two assists insyd de tournament make she move joint top of de all-time women's World Cup goalscorer list alongsyd Birgit Prinz for 14.<ref>[http://www.kansascity.com/2011/07/10/3005451/recap-brazil-vs-united-states.html "Recap: Brazil vs. United States"]. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref> E sanso earn am de Silver Boot as de tournament ein second-leading goal scorer. From ein first touch insyd de tournament against Australia, na Marta be heavily jeered by local den opposing fans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060259/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzpgy1H_NC_-LjrNHgwJakEJanaA?docId=CNG.011479171ac142806e7888ecf0eeb397.151 "Boos for Marta bemuse Brazil coach Lima"]. AFP. 10 July 2011. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gzpgy1H_NC_-LjrNHgwJakEJanaA?docId=CNG.011479171ac142806e7888ecf0eeb397.151 the original] on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010005315/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/solo-soars-as-marta-is-jeered/1179856 "Solo soars as Marta is jeered"]. ''St Petersburg Times''. 10 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.tampabay.com/sports/solo-soars-as-marta-is-jeered/1179856 the original] on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.</ref> During ein fourth World Cup insyd 2015, Marta cam turn de all-time top scorer of de women's tournament plus 15 goals once she score de second goal insyd Brazil ein debut against South Korea.<ref>[http://esporte.uol.com.br/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2015/06/09/marta-faz-de-penalti-e-se-torna-a-maior-goleadora-da-historia-das-copas.htm Marta faz de pênalti e se torna a maior goleadora da história das Copas, Universo Online] (insyd Portuguese)</ref> Brazil lost to Australia insyd de round-of-16. During de 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, she cam turn de first player, male anaa female, make she score for five FIFA World Cup tournaments wen she score penalty against Australia insyd Brazil ein second group game. Insyd de next match, she score anoda penalty, dis time against Italy, make she cam turn de outright goalscorer wey dey lead, male anaa female, for de World Cup plus 17 goals for total.<ref name=":0" /> After na dem knock Brazil out by hosts France insyd de Round of 16,<ref>Fisher, Bethany (2 August 2023). [https://herfootballhub.com/jamaica-south-africa-world-cup-brazil-marta-farewell/ "Jamaica and South Africa make World Cup history, Marta bids an emotional farewell"]. ''Her Football Hub''. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</ref> Marta give emotional interview to television cameras wer na she plead plus Brazilian girlies make dem continue de legacy of ageing legends such as ein self, Formiga, den Cristiane. She implore dem make dem "value [women's football] more" den make dem "cry at the beginning so you can smile at the end." Na de interview go viral during de tournament, plus videos get tens of thousands of retweets for Twitter top.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48739925 "Brazil's Marta gives emotional speech to next generation"]. ''BBC Sport''. BBC. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</ref> For dat period of time, Marta enter top 10 de most popular footballer insyd de global ranking of de Wikipedia. For 21 July 2021, she score twice insyd 5–0 win against China make she cam turn de first player make she score for five straight Olympics insyd.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/21/sport/marta-formiga-brazil-2020-tokyo-olympics-china-spt-intl/index.html "Brazil football legends Marta and Formiga create Olympic history"]. ''CNN''. 21 July 2021.</ref> For 26 April 2024, Marta announce ein retirement from international football dey follow de [[Football at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/brazil-great-marta-retire-international-football-end-year-2024-04-26/ "Brazil great Marta to retire from international football at end of year"]. ''Reuters''. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</ref><ref>Fisher, Bethany (2 August 2023). [https://herfootballhub.com/jamaica-south-africa-world-cup-brazil-marta-farewell/ "Jamaica and South Africa make World Cup history, Marta bids an emotional farewell"]. ''Her Football Hub''. Retrieved 6 August 2024.</ref> Na dem send am off insyd de first half stoppage time of Brazil ein final group play match against Spain, wey lef am ineligible give dema quarter-final match against France. == Style of play == [[File:Football_against_poverty_2014_-_Marta.jpg|right|thumb|Marta dey play insyd de Match Against Poverty insyd March 2014]] Small, quick, yet sturdy den tenacious player,<ref>Stephanie Nolen (14 June 2015). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/soccer/a-vicious-circle-plagues-the-world-of-womens-soccer-in-brazil/article24954058/ "A 'vicious circle' plaguing the world of women's soccer in Brazil"]. ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> wey dem dey regard am by chaw people insyd de sport as de greatest female footballer of all time, Marta be renowned for ein flair, quick feet, den exceptional skill for de ball top, wich earn am comparisons plus Ronaldinho,<ref>[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2006-12/21/content_764247.htm "Marta inspired by Ronaldinho"]. ''www.chinadaily.com.cn''.</ref> Romário,<ref name=":4">Alex Bellos (3 June 2007). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/jun/03/womensfootball.football "Chilled to perfection"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> den sanso [[Pelé]], wey ein self dubb am as ''Pelé with skirts''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326144433/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/international-athletes/9427375/Marta-Vieira-da-Silva-Marta.html "Marta Vieira da Silva (Marta)"]. ''The Telegraph''. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/international-athletes/9427375/Marta-Vieira-da-Silva-Marta.html the original] on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> For addition to ein vision den technical skills,<ref name=":4" /> dem sanso know Marta for ein pace wen she dey dribble at speed.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Bonnie D. Ford (10 June 2015). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/2015worldcup/story/_/id/13041656/women-world-cup-marta-quest-soccer-glory "Marta's quest for soccer glory"]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref name=":6">Joanne C. Gerstner (24 June 2011). [https://www.espn.com/espnw/news/story/_/id/6696649/ten-watch-2011-women-world-cup "Ten to watch in Women's World Cup"]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> Marta be capable make she play insyd chaw offensive positions: she begin ein career insyd offensive midfield role as classic number 10,<ref name=":5">Michael T. Shepard (25 September 2003). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2003/09/25/brazils-marta-is-a-10/7b15ba31-ab88-494a-952d-a92239e33e2a/ "Brazil's Marta Is a 10"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>Paul Saffer (22 April 2007). [http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=530128.html "Marta ready to work for Umeå"]. UEFA.com. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> although na dem later deploy am insyd more advanced role,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061248/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2014/m=7/news=marta-makes-latest-swedish-move-2407799.html "Marta makes latest Swedish move"]. FIFA.com. 24 July 2014. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2014/m=7/news=marta-makes-latest-swedish-move-2407799.html the original] on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> both as supporting forward<ref>Wade, Stephen (27 September 2007). [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/usa-0-brazil-4-martas-masterclass-humbles-us-403718.html "USA 0 Brazil 4: Marta's masterclass humbles US"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> den as main striker,<ref>Reem Abulleil (21 May 2015). [https://news.yahoo.com/interview-marta-aiming-end-her-010200417.html "INTERVIEW: Brazil striker Marta aiming to end her long wait for World Cup glory"]. Yahoo.com. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> anaa even for de wing top, position wich dey allow am make she cut into de middle den shoot for goal plus ein stronger left foot.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/sep/27/newsstory.sport "US women crash out of World Cup 4–0 to Brazil"]. ''The Guardian''. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804012854/http://www.ottawasun.com/2011/07/03/marta-leads-brazil-into-quarters "Marta leads Brazil into quarters"]. The Ottawa Sun. 3 July 2011. Archived from [http://www.ottawasun.com/2011/07/03/marta-leads-brazil-into-quarters the original] on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> Although dem primarily know am for ein creativity, chance creation, den ability make she play off of ein teammates as advanced playmaker,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061248/http://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2004/m=10/news=2003-magical-marta-ups-the-tempo-the-states-94471.html "2003: Magical Marta ups the tempo in the States"]. FIFA.com. 15 October 2004. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2004/m=10/news=2003-magical-marta-ups-the-tempo-the-states-94471.html the original] on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref><ref>Jeff Carlisle (9 July 2011). [https://www.espn.com/sports/soccer/news/_/columnist/carlisle_jeff/id/6745985/us-defeat-marta-co "Will the U.S. defeat Marta & Co.?"]. ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> Marta be prolific goalscorer, wey be renowned for ein striking ability;<ref>Hughes, Rob (11 January 2011). [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/sports/soccer/12iht-SOCCER12.html?_r=0 "The Best Player on Earth Is Looking for a Job"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> she sanso be accurate from penalties den set-pieces.<ref>Paolo Bandini (10 July 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/jul/10/brazil-usa-live-womens-world-cup "Brazil v USA – as it happened]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> For addition to ein footballing abilities, Marta sanso stand out give ein leadership.<ref>Bobby Ilich (6 December 2015). [http://www.ibtimes.com/womens-world-cup-2015-one-foreign-soccer-player-stands-out-above-rest-get-know-1965166 "Women's World Cup 2015: One Foreign Soccer Player Stands Out Above The Rest – Get To Know Brazil's Marta"]. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</ref> == Ein life matter == Marta get three siblings, José, Valdir, den Angela. Ein parents be Aldário den Tereza. Ein poppie lef de family while na Marta be baby.<ref>[https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/marta-brazil-letter-to-my-younger-self "Letter to My Younger Self - By Marta"]. ''The Players' Tribune''. 24 August 2017.</ref> Insyd 2010, na dem name Marta United Nations Development Programme goodwill ambassador<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104124454/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/10/11/marta.un.ap/index.html "Brazilian star Marta to be UN goodwill ambassador"]. SI.com. 11 October 2010. Archived from [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/10/11/marta.un.ap/index.html the original] on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2010.</ref> den insyd 2018 UN Women goodwill ambassador.<ref>[https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/goodwill-ambassadors/marta-vieira-da-silva "Marta Vieira da Silva"]. ''UN Women''. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</ref> Marta be fluent insyd Portuguese, Swedish den English.<ref>L. Jones, Grahame (25 February 2009). [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/25/sports/sp-marta25 "Marta has come a long way, takes on new challenge in U.S."] ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved 21 September 2018.</ref> She be Catholic wey dey state say God be very important to am, although she no dey go church often.<ref>[http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/abbey-road-sunday-guest-marta-vieira-da-silva-english-translation/ "Abbey Road – Sunday Guest Marta Vieira Da Silva (English Translation)"]. Women's Soccer United. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</ref> Insyd 2016, na dem list am as one of BBC ein 100 Women.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 "BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?"]. ''BBC News''. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref> Insyd March 2017, Marta receive Swedish citizenship. She retain ein Brazilian citizenship den, she already cap by Brazil; e no make am eligible make she represent Sweden.<ref>Svensson, Elin Öhlund (14 March 2017). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/9aM7p "Rosengårds Marta Da Silva svensk medborgare"] [Rosengård's Marta Da Silva Swedish citizen]. ''Aftonbladet'' (insyd Swedish). Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref> She gain U.S. green card insyd February 2021, wey dey give am permanent residency status wey sanso dey qualify am as domestic player give NWSL roster purposes.<ref>[https://www.orlandocitysc.com/post/2021/02/17/brazilian-legend-marta-orlando-pride-agree-new-contract "Brazilian Legend Marta, Orlando Pride Agree to New Contract"]. ''www.orlandocitysc.com''.</ref> == Career statistics == === Club === : ''As of 14 April 2024'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances den goals by club, season den competition ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Club ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Season ! colspan="3" scope="col" |League ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Cup ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Continental ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Total |- ! scope="col" |Division ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals ! scope="col" |Apps ! scope="col" |Goals |- |Los Angeles Sol |2009 |WPS |20 |10 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |20 |10 |- |Santos |2009 |Série A | colspan="2" |– |7 |18 |6 |7 |13 |25 |- |Gold Pride |2010 |WPS |25 |20 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |25 |20 |- |Santos |2011 |Série A | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4 |2 |4 |2 |- |Western New York Flash |2011 |WPS |15 |10 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |15 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Tyresö |2012 | rowspan="6" |Damallsvenskan |21 |12 |4 |4 | colspan="2" |– |25 |16 |- |2013 |15 |12 |1 |1 |8 |7 |24 |20 |- |2014 |2 |3 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |– |3 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Rosengård |2014 |9 |5 |5 |2 |6 |4 |20 |11 |- |2015 |21 |8 |5 |5 |6 |5 |32 |18 |- |2016 |19 |13 |4 |0 |6 |0 |29 |13 |- | rowspan="8" |Orlando Pride |2017 | rowspan="8" |NWSL |24 |13 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |13 |- |2018 |17 |4 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |17 |4 |- |2019 |14 |6 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |14 |6 |- |2020 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4 |0 |- |2021 |19 |4 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |– |23 |4 |- |2022 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– |2 |0 |- |2023 |18 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |18 |4 |- |2024 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |4 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !247 !126 !33 !31 !36 !25 !316 !182 |} # '''^''' NWSL Fall Series == Honours == [[File:Football_against_poverty_2014_-_Marta_(2).jpg|right|thumb|Marta during de 2014 Match Against Poverty insyd Bern, Switzerland]] '''Umeå IK''' * Damallsvenskan: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008<ref name=":7">[https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/0238-0e167cb9c836-242258439f23-1000--how-brilliant-is-marta/ "How brilliant is Marta?"]. ''UEFA.com''. 7 April 2017.</ref> * Svenska Cupen: 2007<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231022075523/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/aik-umea-ik-svenska-cupen-damer/719751/ "AIK - Umeå IK - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll"]. ''www.svenskfotboll.se'' (insyd Swedish).</ref> * UEFA Women's Cup: 2003–04;<ref name=":7" /> runner-up: 2006–07, 2007–08<ref name=":7" /> '''Santos''' * Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino: 2009<ref name=":7" /> * Copa do Brasil de Futebol Feminino: 2009<ref name=":7" /> '''FC Gold Pride''' * WPS Championship: 2010<ref name=":7" /> '''Western New York Flash''' * WPS Championship: 2011<ref name=":7" /> '''Tyresö FF''' * Damallsvenskan: 2012<ref name=":7" /> * UEFA Women's Champions League runner-up: 2013–14<ref name=":7" /> '''FC Rosengård''' * Damallsvenskan: 2014, 2015<ref name=":7" /> '''Brazil''' * Pan American Games: 2003, 2007<ref name=":7" /> * Sudamericano Femenino: 2003, 2010, 2018<ref name=":7" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210807202325/http://www.cafemchile2018.cl/noticia/96/brasil-se-corono-campeon-invicto-de-la-copa-america-femenina-2018 "Brasil se coronó campeón invicto de la Copa América Femenina 2018"]. ''cafemchile2018.cl''. 19 December 2023.</ref> * FIFA Women's World Cup runner-up: 2007<ref name=":7" /> * Summer Olympics runner-up: 2004, 2008<ref name=":7" /> '''Individual''' * FIFA World Player of de Year/The Best FIFA Women's Player<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45631205 "Luka Modric named best male player and Marta best female player at Fifa awards"]. ''BBC News/Sport/Football''. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</ref> – Winner (6): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2018 * The Best FIFA Women's Player – runner-up: 2016<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110091615/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ballon-dor/general/02/86/27/26/thebest_rankingpresslist2016_neutral.pdf "The Best FIFA Football Awards - Results"] (PDF). ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 9 January 2017. Archived from [http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/ballon-dor/general/02/86/27/26/thebest_rankingpresslist2016_neutral.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.</ref> * FIFPro World XI: 2016, 2017, 2019,<ref>Beaard, Raymond. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203723/https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/ "Las mejores futbolistas: el Once Mundial - FIFPro World Players' Union"]. Archived from [https://www.fifpro.org/noticias/las-mejores-futbolistas-del-mundo-el-once-mundial/es/ the original] on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</ref> 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220118145524/https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-women-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed "The FIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11 Of 2021 - FIFPRO World Players' Union"]. ''FIFPRO''.</ref> * Damallsvenskan Top Scorer: 2004, 2005, 2008<ref>[https://svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/historik/skyttedrottningar-1982-/ "Allsvenska skyttedrottningar 1982–."] Svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 28 March 2012. (insyd Swedish)</ref> * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2004<ref name=":7" /> * FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2007<ref name=":8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190608151628/https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/marta-sweeps-the-board-609039 "FIFA Women's World Cup 2007™ - News - Marta sweeps the board"]. ''www.fifa.com''. Archived from [https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/marta-sweeps-the-board-609039 the original] on 8 June 2019.</ref> * FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2007<ref name=":8" /> * FIFA Best Special Award: 2023<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/articles/incredible-marta-honoured-with-special-award "Incredible Marta honoured with FIFA Special Award"]. ''FIFA.com''. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</ref> * WPS Golden Boot: 2009,<ref name=":7" /> 2010,<ref name=":7" /> 2011<ref name=":7" /> * Michelle Akers Player of the Year Award: 2009,<ref>[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/312695-marta-marta-marta-sol-star-named-fifa-womens-player-of-the-year "Marta! Marta! Marta!: LA Sol Star Named FIFA Women's Player of the Year"]. ''Bleacher Report''. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.</ref> 2010<ref>[https://www.mercurynews.com/2010/09/16/fc-gold-prides-marta-is-wps-most-valuable-player/ "FC Gold Pride's Marta is WPS most valuable player"]. ''The Mercury News''. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</ref> * Sudamericano Femenino Golden Boot: 2010<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/news/brazil-reign-again-colombia-make-history-1339135 "Brazil reign again, Colombia make history"]. ''www.fifa.com''.</ref> * ''Sports Illustrated'' Top 20 Female Athletes of de Decade (2000–2009) (#7)<ref>Lawrence, Andrew (22 December 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103091018/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/magazine/specials/2000s/12/19/top.female.athletes/index.html "2000s: Top 20 Female Athletes"]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Retrieved 29 December 2009.</ref> * IFFHS World's Best Woman Playmaker: 2012<ref>[http://iffhs.de/former-results/ "Former Results"]. IFFHS. Retrieved 13 January 2016.</ref> * IFFHS Women's World Team: 2018<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515040509/https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-women-world-team-2018/ "IFFHS AWARDS – THE WOMEN WORLD TEAM 2018"]. IFFHS.de. 1 December 2018. Archived from [https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-2018-the-women-world-team-2018/ the original] on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</ref> * IFFHS World's Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/953 "IFFHS WORLD'S BEST WOMAN PLAYER OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 7 February 2021.</ref> * IFFHS CONMEBOL Best Woman Player of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/939 "IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 2 February 2021.</ref> * IFFHS World's Woman Team of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/918 "IFFHS WORLD'S WOMAN TEAM OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 25 January 2021.</ref> * IFFHS CONMEBOL Woman Team of de Decade 2011–2020<ref>[https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/920 "IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CONMEBOL - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020"]. ''IFFHS''. 26 January 2021.</ref> '''Records''' * FIFA Women's World Cup all-time record goalscorer (17)<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48685664 "Women's World Cup: Brazil forward Marta breaks men's and women's tournament goal record"]. ''BBC Sport''. 19 June 2019.</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * Friedman, Ian C. (2007), ''Latino Athletes'', Infobase Publishing, ISBN 1438107846 * Grainey, Timothy (2012), ''Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer'', University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0803240368 * Kassouf, Jeff (2011), ''Girls Play to Win Soccer'', Norwood House Press, ISBN 1599534649 * McDougall, Chrös (2012), ''Soccer'', ABDO,ISBN 1614785554 * Richards, Ted (2013), ''Soccer and Philosophy: Beautiful Thoughts on the Beautiful Game'', Open Court, ISBN 0812696824 * Stevens, Dakota (2011), ''A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More'', BiblioBazaar, ISBN 1241047464 * Velázquez de León, Mauricio (2010), ''20 Soccer Superstars'', The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 1615329471 == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Marta_Vieira_da_Silva|Marta Vieira da Silva]]'''''. * [http://www.marta10.com/ Official website] * [https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/6006/ Marta] at Soccerway.com * [https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marta/ Marta] at WorldFootball.net * [https://www.kicker.de/marta/spieler Marta] at kicker (insyd German) * [https://fbref.com/en/players/3857e361/ Marta] at FBref.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230407082211/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/0edd6716-d09c-4d9d-9cc1-7e3f0fac277f/ Marta] at de Swedish Football Association (insyd Swedish) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=190358/index.html Marta] – FIFA competition record (archived) * [https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/93137/ Marta] – UEFA competition record (archive) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061008/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/players/marta-vieira-da-silva-veiga Marta] at de National Women's Soccer League * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110630071623/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/wny/players/bios/marta "WPS profile"]. Archived from [http://www.womensprosoccer.com/wny/players/bios/marta the original] on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011. [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Footballers]] [[Category:Brazilian women's footballers]] [[Category:Women's association football forwards]] [[Category:Olympic footballers for Brazil]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Brazil]] [[Category:Umeå IK players]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Footballers wey komot Alagoas]] [[Category:Brazilian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:FIFA World Player of de Year winners]] [[Category:Los Angeles Sol players]] [[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players insyd de United States]] [[Category:Santos FC (women) players]] [[Category:FC Gold Pride players]] [[Category:Western New York Flash players]] [[Category:Expatriate women's footballers insyd Sweden]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2007 Pan American Games]] [[Category:2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:Olympic medalists insyd football]] [[Category:Tyresö FF players]] [[Category:Damallsvenskan players]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Brazil women's international footballers]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate women's footballers]] [[Category:FC Rosengård players]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople insyd Sweden]] [[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople insyd de United States]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:FIFA Women's Century Club]] [[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Brazil]] [[Category:Pan American Games medalists insyd football]] [[Category:Orlando Pride players]] [[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]] [[Category:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:Swedish women's footballers]] [[Category:Swedish Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2007 Pan American Games]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Women's Professional Soccer players]] [[Category:CR Vasco da Gama (women) players]] [[Category:2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players]] [[Category:UN Women Goodwill Ambassadors]] [[Category:Footballers at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] fmtzetvtogrzkynqy2xbmps4g7ccz98 0 7388 104045 85596 2026-06-19T14:43:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Melissa Perrine''' (born 21 February 1988) be B2 classified visually impaired para-alpine skier wey komot Australia. She compete for de four Winter Paralympics from 2010 to 2022. For de 2015 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, she win three gold, one silver den one bronze medals. == Personal == Na dem born Melissa Perrine insyd Nowra, New South Wales, for 21 February 1988.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140319230234/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-melissa-perrine "Melissa Perrine"]. Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. Archived from [http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-melissa-perrine the original] on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.</ref> Insyd 2007, de Wingecarribee Council area name am dema Young Australian of de Year.<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120815032955/http://vancouver2010.paralympic.org.au/team/melissa-perrine "Melissa Perrine | Vancouver 2010"]. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2010. Archived from [http://vancouver2010.paralympic.org.au/team/melissa-perrine the original] on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> Na dem feature for de Australian Broadcasting Corporation ein ''X Paralympic Games'' insyd March 2010.<ref name=":1">Walters, Conrad (18 March 2010). [http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ASAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12E83CA4D9D812D8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9 "Critic's view Saturday, March 20"]. ''The Age''. Melbourne, Australia. p. 32. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</ref> Na dem born am plus four separate eye conditions, wey dey include cataracts, nystagmus, micropthalmia den glaucoma. Na ein eyesight slowly dey deteriorate since na she dey very young.<ref name=":3">[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/melissa-perrine-undeterred-by-fractured-build-up-to-vancouver-games/story-e6frg7mf-1225839769573 "Melissa Perrine undeterred by fractured build up to Vancouver Games"]. Australia: The Australian. 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> Ein vision be limited to blurry shapes den colours.<ref name=":4">[http://www.odt.co.nz/sport/skiing/175033/skiing-extreme-success-hall "Skiing: Extreme success for Hall"]. Dunedin: Otago Daily Times. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> As of 2014, she dey live insyd Welby, New South Wales,<ref name=":1" /><ref>Ellis, Kate (11 March 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229155208/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/6B9704860CA28FAACA2576E3001850C2/$File/ke014.pdf "Winter Paralympians to inspire a nation"] (PDF). Australia. p. 3. Archived from [http://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/6B9704860CA28FAACA2576E3001850C2/$File/ke014.pdf the original] (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> wey dey study Exercise Science for de Australian Catholic University insyd Sydney.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd 2011, she plete Bachelor of Exercise Science follow by Master of Exercise Science insyd 2012 for de Australian Catholic University. She plete Master of Physiotherapy for Western Sydney University.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/athlete/melissa-perrine/ "Mellisa Perrine"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee''. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> == Skiing == [[File:Melissa_Perrine_interview.ogg|right|thumb|Melissa Perrine interview dem conduct give Wikinews]] Perrine be B2 classified visually impaired skier.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:WAAP&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12E96A02D8DFE798&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9 "AAP News: PARA: Rahles-Rahbula claims "miracle" second bronze"]. Australia. AAP News. 21 March 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</ref> She dey get direction for de course from guide wey dey use microphone den speakers to communicate plus am for de course top.<ref name=":3" /> She first ski plus ein sighted guide Andy Bor for 2009 insyd competition for de IPC North America Cup insyd Colorado, wer na she fini second insyd de super-G.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120103235443/http://www.abc.net.au/paralympics/2010/profiles/perrine.htm "2010 Vancouver Paralympics Games – Melissa Perrine"]. Australia: ABC. 2010. Archived from [http://www.abc.net.au/paralympics/2010/profiles/perrine.htm the original] on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> Na dem officially name am for de Australian 2010 Winter Paralympics team insyd November 2009.<ref name=":5">[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/paralympic-team-for-vancover-sprinkled-with-experience/story-e6frg7mf-1225803724024 "Paralympic Team for Vancouver sprinkled with experience"]. Australia: The Australian. 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> Alongsyd [[Jessica Gallagher]], na she be one of two women dem name to de team. Na ebe de second time per Australia send women go de Winter Paralympics.<ref name=":5" /> Na dem hold ceremony insyd Canberra plus Australian Paralympic Committee presido Greg Hartung den Minister for Sport Kate Ellis make de announcement.<ref>Browning, Jennifer (25 November 2009). [http://www.abc.net.au/sport/stories/2009/11/25/2753734.htm "Winter Paralympics team biggest yet"]. Australia: ABC Grandstand Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> For 2010 World Cup event insyd Italy ahead of de Paralympics, Perrine fracture de ischium bone insyd ein hip as result of fall. She return go Australia. Na she be back for de slopes top by de end of de 2009/2010 skiing season, wey she compete insyd de 2010 World Cup insyd Aspen, Colorado. She earn silver medal den pair of bronze medals for de event.<ref name=":3" /> Perrine den de rest of Australia ein Para-alpine team arrive insyd de Paralympic village for 9 March 2010 for de 2010 Winter Paralympics.<ref>McDonald, Margie (8 March 2010). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-assault-on-paralympics-takes-shape-in-vancouver/story-fn4vwn8v-1225838309977 "Australian assault on Paralympics takes shape in Vancouver"]. ''The Australian''. Australia. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> While for de Games, she compete insyd de Downhill, super-G, super combined den giant slalom events.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Lulham, Amanda (18 March 2010). [http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:ACMB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12E833A566DCB330&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9 "A battle against bugs and breaks"]. ''The Courier Mail''. Brisbane, Australia. p. 79. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</ref> She fini seventh insyd de visually impaired super-G,<ref name=":6">[http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:AUSB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12E98D5A34AEDCB8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9 "Weekend Scoreboard"]. ''The Australian''. Australia. 22 March 2010. p. 40. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</ref> approximately 12.54 seconds behind gold medal-winning Slovak skier [[Henrieta Farkašová|Henrieta Farkasova]]. She no fini insyd de super combined event.<ref name=":6" /> Dey follow ein first run insyd de Super G, na she dey insyd sixth place, buh she no fini ein second run wey she no place.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140322044953/http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1028229 "Aussies struggle in fog at Creekside"]. Australia: Nine MSN. 2010. Archived from [http://wwos.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=1028229 the original] on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2012.</ref> She den Bor fini fifth insyd de 2,139 metres (7,018 ft) downhill.<ref>McDonald, Margie (20 March 2012). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/twist-of-fake-legs-brings-silver/story-e6frg7mf-1225843021276 "Twist of fake legs brings silver"]. Australia: The Australian. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> For de 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, plus Bor as ein guide, Perrine win silver medal insyd de vision-impaired downhill event, de first one ever earn by Australian woman for de event.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154118/http://www.insidethegames.biz/insideparasport/109132-fearless-perrine-creates-skiing-history-for-australia "Fearless Perrine creates skiing history for Australia"]. insidethegames.biz. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/melissa-perrine-breaks-through-in-world-alpine-championships/story-e6frg7mf-1225989576826 "Melissa Perrine breaks through in World Alpine Championships"]. Australia: The Australian. January 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref><ref name=":7">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181003081558/https://www.disabledwintersport.com.au/userfiles/files/2009_10_DWA_Annual_Report(1).pdf "Disabled Wintersport Australia 2010 Annual Report"] (PDF). Australia: Disabled Wintersport Australia. 2010. p. 8. Archived from [http://www.disabledwintersport.com.au/userfiles/files/2009_10_DWA_Annual_Report%281%29.pdf the original] (PDF) on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> She sanso earn bronze medals insyd de women's vision impaired Super Combined den super-G events.<ref name=":7" /> For August 2011 competition insyd Mt Hutt, New Zealand, she fini first insyd de women's super G visually impaired event.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181003081609/http://www.voxy.co.nz/sport/super-g-adaptive-race-thrills-spectators/5/99629 "Super G adaptive race thrills spectators"]. Voxy.co.nz. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> For de Winter Games IPC event for Coronet Peak dat same month, she den Bor fini first insyd de women's slalom visually impaired event.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/sport/5510114/Kiwi-Adam-Hall-races-to-gold-medal-glory "Kiwi Adam Hall races to gold medal glory"]. New Zealand: Stuff.co.nz. August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SP1108/S00046/adam-hall-wins-slalom-gold-for-new-zealand.htm "Adam Hall Wins Slalom Gold for New Zealand"]. New Zealand: Scoop News. 25 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> For de 2012 World Cup event insyd Italy, Perrine fini third insyd de slalom while she dey ski plus Bor.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817034435/https://www.paralympic.org.au/news/podium-kane-spain "Podium for Kane in Spain"]. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from [http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/podium-kane-spain the original] on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> She win silver medal insyd de giant slalom.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817035024/https://www.paralympic.org.au/news/gourley-wins-first-gold-slopes "Gourley wins first gold on the slopes"]. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 3 February 2012. Archived from [http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/gourley-wins-first-gold-slopes the original] on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> [[File:Sochi2014_D1_DH_M_Perrine_01.JPG|left|thumb|400x400px|Melissa Perrine den ein guide Andy Bor insyd de Women's Downhill for de 2014 Winter Paralympics]] For de 2014 Winter Paralympics insyd Sochi, Perrine compete insyd five events. She fini fourth insyd de women's downhill visually impaired buh she no fini insyd three events.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140316222545/http://www.paralympic.org.au/sochi-2014/latest-results/latest-results "Sochi 2014 Latest Results"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee''. Archived from [http://www.paralympic.org.au/sochi-2014/latest-results/latest-results the original] on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.</ref><ref>McDonald, Margie (4 February 2014). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/sochi-winter-games/paralympians-put-energy-into-alpine-skiing-for-sochi/story-fnl6xsc2-1226817674695 "Paralympians put energy into alpine skiing for Sochi"]. ''The Australian''. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</ref> Na dem disqualify am after de slalom leg of de Women's Super Combined secof she dey wear visor wich na dem tape to ein helmet so say e go keep rain from ein goggles. Na dis be breach of de IPC Alpine Skiing rules. Jason Hellwig, CEO of de Australian Paralympic Committee describe am as "mindnumbingly-dumb mistake" as dem no pick am up by relevant team officials. Na he indicate am honest mistake wey na no intention dey make dem cheat.<ref>Paxinos, Stathi (12 March 2014). [http://www.theage.com.au/sport/winter-olympics/sochi-winter-paralympics-australian-team-owns-up-to-dumb-mistake-20140312-hvhmi.html?skin=text-only "Sochi Winter Paralympics: Australian team owns up to 'dumb' mistake"]. ''The Age''. Retrieved 12 March 2014.</ref> Perrine plus ein guide Andy Bor win five medals – three gold, one silver den one bronze insyd Women's Visually Impaired events for de 2015 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships insyd Panorama, [[Canada]].<ref name=":8">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150328100110/http://paralympic.org.au/news/perrine-dominates-worlds-all-five-podium-finishes "Perrine dominates Worlds with podium finishes in all five events"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee News, 11 March 2015''. Archived from [http://www.paralympic.org.au/news/perrine-dominates-worlds-all-five-podium-finishes the original] on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</ref> Na dem win gold medals insyd de Downhill, Super-G, Super Combined, silver medal insyd Slalom den bronze medal insyd de Giant Slalom. Perrine cam turn de Australian female per insyd alpine skiing make she fini for de podium top insyd all five events for IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships.<ref name=":8" /> For de 2017 IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup Finals insyd PyeongChang, Perrine den ein guide Bor win two bronze medals – downhill den giant slalom. Perrine get limited 2016/17 season secof ein university commitments.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/australias-medal-haul-continues-in-pyeongchang/ "Australia's medal haul continues in PyeongChang"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee website''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> [[File:PC18_D9_closing_106_edit.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Perrine den guide Christian Geiger carry de Australian flag insyd de PyeongChang 2018 closing ceremony]] Na dem select am make she compete for de 2018 Winter Paralympics, ein third Games.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/australian-paralympic-winter-team-for-pyeongchang-2018-announced/ "Australian Paralympic Winter Team for PyeongChang 2018 announced"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee website''. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</ref> For de Games, she win ein first Paralympic medal by winning de bronze medal insyd de Women's Combined Visually Impaired plus ein guide Christian Geiger, wey sanso be ein coach. De day wey dey follow she win de bronze medal insyd de Women's Giant Slalom visually Impaired. She get three oda top five finishes - fourth insyd de Women's Slalom Visually Impaired den fifth insyd both de Women's Downhill Visually Impaired den Women's Super-G Visually Impaired.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180310080044/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/athlete-profile-n3091753-melissa-perrine.htm "Melissa Perrine"]. ''2018 Winter Paralympics Official site''. Archived from [https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/athlete-profile-n3091753-melissa-perrine.htm the original] on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.</ref> Na dem give Perrine de honour of de Closing Ceremony flag bearer secof she compete for three Winter Games wey she win two bronze medals insyd PyeongChang.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org.au/dual-paralympic-bronze-medallist-perrine-named-as-closing-ceremony-flag-bearer/ "Dual Paralympic bronze medallist Perrine named as Closing Ceremony flag bearer"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee''. Retrieved 18 March 2018.</ref> Plus ein fresh guide Bobbi Kelly, Perrine win de gold medal insyd de Women's Super Combined Visually Impaired, silver medals insyd de Women's Giant Slalom den Women's Super G Visually Impaired den de bronze medal insyd de Women's Slalom Visually Impaired for 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships insyd Kranjska Gora, Slovenia.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/news/alpine-worlds-2019-momoka-muraoka-ends-europe-run "Alpine Worlds 2019: Momoka Muraoka ends Europe run"]. ''International Paralympic Committee website''. Retrieved 24 January 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/perrine-crowned-world-champion/ "Perrine crowned world champion"]. ''Australian Paralympic Committee website''. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</ref> For de 2022 Winter Paralympics plus ein guide Kelly, she fini sixth insyd de Women's Giant Slalom Visually Impaired wey she fail make she fini de second run insyd de Women's Slalom Visually Impaired. Perrine announce ein Winter Paralympics Games retirement.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/2022/03/gratitude-pride-and-a-few-tears-as-perrines-career-ends/ "Gratitude, Pride And A Few Tears As Perrine's Career Ends"]. ''Paralympics Australia''. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</ref> == Recognition == * 2018 - New South Wales Institute of Sport Clubs NSW Personal Excellence Award secof she couple ein PyeongChang success plus de completion of Masters of Physiotherapy.<ref>[https://www.nswis.com.au/nswis-news/nswis-awards-celebrate-the-best-of-2018/ "NSW Institute of Sport (NSWIS) Awards celebrate the best of 2018"]. ''New South Wales Institute of Sport website''. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</ref> * 2019 - Ski den Snowboard Australia - Athlete of de Year (Paralympic disciplines)<ref>"Australian snowsport stars shine at 2019 Australian Ski and Snowboard Awards". ''Ski and Snowboard Australia website''. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</ref> * 2019 - Australian Institute of Sport Awards - Female Para-athlete of de Year<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213902/https://www.sportaus.gov.au/media-centre/news/barty-party-continues-at-the-ais-awards "Barty Party continues at the AIS Awards"]. ''Sport Australia''. 10 December 2019. Archived from [https://www.sportaus.gov.au/media-centre/news/barty-party-continues-at-the-ais-awards the original] on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref> * 2022 - Paralympics Australia Female Athlete of de Year<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/2022/06/de-rozario-and-tudhope-earn-top-honours-at-paralympics-australia-awards/ "De Rozario And Tudhope Earn Top Honours at Paralympics Australia Awards"]. ''Paralympics Australia''. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</ref> * 2022 - Joint Team Captain plus Ben Tudhope of Australian Team for 2022 Winter Paralympics wey she carry de flag for de Opening Ceremony plus Mitchell Gourley<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org.au/2022/03/full-circle-for-australias-beijing-2022-flagbearers/ "Full Circle For Australia's Beijing 2022 Flagbearers"]. ''Paralympics Australia''. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</ref><ref>Sygall, David (18 February 2022). [https://www.paralympic.org.au/2022/02/australian-paralympic-winter-team-captains-appointed-via-surprise-call/ "Australian Paralympic Winter Team Captains Appointed Via Surprise Call"]. ''Paralympics Australia''. Retrieved 18 February 2022.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[wikinews:Wikinews_interviews_Australian_blind_Paralympic_skier_Melissa_Perrine|Wikinews interviews Australian blind Paralympic skier Melissa Perrine]] at Wikinews * [https://www.paralympic.org.au/athlete/melissa-perrine Melissa Perrine] at Paralympics Australia * [https://www.paralympic.org/melissa-perrine Melissa Perrine] at de International Paralympic Committee * [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=910569 Melissa Perrine] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2014 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2018 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Alpine skiers at de 2022 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Australian female alpine skiers]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2018 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Paralympic alpine skiers for Australia]] [[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Sportswomen wey komot New South Wales]] [[Category:Visually impaired category Paralympic competitors]] [[Category:Australian blind people]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd alpine skiing]] 4pv7nes9e93itlfhewlyr7agjswe0v1 0 7730 104040 38040 2026-06-19T14:02:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marlou van Rhijn''' (Dutch pronunciation: [[:en:Help:IPA/Dutch|[mɑrˈlu vɑn rɛin]]]; born 22 October 1991) be retired professional Dutch former professional sprint runner.<ref>[http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=513&personid=689685 "van Rhijn, Marlou"]. ipc.infostradasports.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415083549/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=513&personid=689685 Archived] from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</ref> Van Rhijn, wey na dem born am widout lower legs,<ref name=":0">Eva Rooijers. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221003083642/http://www.cruyffinstitute.nl/Marlou-van-Rhijn-Ik-houd-heel-erg-van-winnen "Marlou van Rhijn: 'Ik houd heel erg van winnen'"]. ''Folia'' (insyd Dutch). Cruyff Institute. Archived from [http://www.cruyffinstitute.nl/Marlou-van-Rhijn-Ik-houd-heel-erg-van-winnen the original] on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.</ref> be de world record holder for T43 insyd de 100 den 200 metres events wey she run plus de aid of carbon fibre transtibial artificial limbs. She compete insyd T44 (single below knee incapacity) events though na dem classify am insyd T43 (double below knee). She announce ein retirement insyd June 2021.<ref>[https://nos.nl/collectie/13872/artikel/2384605-paralympisch-kampioene-van-rhijn-stopt-met-atletiek-het-hoeft-niet-meer "Paralympisch kampioene van Rhijn stopt met atletiek: 'Het hoeft niet meer'"].</ref> == Personal == Na dem born Marlou van Rhijn for 22 October 1991 insyd Monnickendam insyd de Netherlands. She study commercial economics for de Johan Cruyff Institute insyd Amsterdam.<ref name=":0" /> == Swimming == Til 2009, na Van Rhijn be member of de national team for swimmers plus disability. Amongst odas, na she dey swim for World den European championship. She swim chaw Dutch national records. She compete insyd de S9 class wey she focus for de 50 den 100 meter freestyle top.<ref>[http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=513&personid=689685 "Van Rhijn, Marlou"]. ''IPC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160701133703/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=513&personid=689685 Archived] from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</ref> She stop dey swim competitively insyd 2010 secof lack of motivation.<ref name=":0" /> == Athletics == Van Rhijn switch sports insyd 2010, after she be approached by Guido Bonsen, coach of de Dutch Parathletics Team. She do trial, wey dem hook am.<ref name=":0" /> Van Rhijn cam turn member of de ''Dutch Parathletics Team'' of de Koninklijke Nederlandse Atletiek Unie.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120920033540/http://atletiekunie.nl/index.php?page=2 "atletiekunie.nl"] (insyd Dutch). Archived from [http://www.atletiekunie.nl/index.php?page=2 the original] on 20 September 2012.</ref> Despite she qualify as T43, she dey compete insyd de class T44 for de 100 den 200 meters. She qualify for de 2012 Summer Paralympics insyd May 2012, while she dey compete for de Stadio Olimpico.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025919/http://www.sportlive.it/altri-sport/marlou-van-rhijn-record-mondiale-100m-golden-gala-roma-2012.html "Golden Gala 2012: Marlou Van Rhijn record mondiale paralimpico 100m"] (insyd Italian). SportLive. Archived from [http://www.sportlive.it/altri-sport/marlou-van-rhijn-record-mondiale-100m-golden-gala-roma-2012.html the original] on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2012.</ref> Na dem invest am as Knight of de Order of Orange-Nassau after she win ein Paralympic medals.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180917202037/https://www.atletiek.nl/nieuws/marlou-van-rhijn-geridderd "Marlou van Rhijn geridderd"]. ''Atletiek.nl''. 18 September 2014. Archived from [https://www.atletiek.nl/nieuws/marlou-van-rhijn-geridderd the original] on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</ref> She lef de national paralympic team. She start dey train after de Paralympic Games insyd Ookmeer, Amsterdam plus ein fresh coach Parcy Marte, wey sanso dey train non-paralympic people. Insyd de build up to de 2016 Summer Paralympics na she be supportive of Shardea Arias de la Cruz wen she decide make she create Paralympic committee den team give de small island nation of Aruba.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-57837062 "Tokyo 2020: The Paralympic dream that started at the supermarket"]. BBC News. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</ref> ==Achievements== <!-- Please arrange in ascending order of times (i.e., fastest times first). --> ===Athletics=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- valign=top !width=20%|Time (s) !width=10%|Results !width=15%|Date !width=25%|Event !width=35%|Location |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''100&nbsp;m (sport class T44)''' |- valign=top |align=center|13.02<br />(Paralympic Record) |style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Gold |align=center|17 September 2016 |2016 Summer Paralympics |Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |- valign=top |align=center|13.22<br />(world record; personal best) |style="text-align:center; "|heats |align=center|1 September 2012 |2012 Summer Paralympics |London, United Kingdom |- valign=top |align=center|13.27<ref>[http://www.nusport.nl/paralympics/2899126/wereldrecord-van-rhijn.html "Wereldrecord voor Van Rhijn"]. ''nu.nl'' (insyd Dutch). 2 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120904234439/http://www.nusport.nl/paralympics/2899126/wereldrecord-van-rhijn.html Archived] from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref><br /> |style="text-align:center; background: Silver;"|Silver |align=center|2 September 2012 |2012 Summer Paralympics |London, United Kingdom |- valign=top |align=center|13.62<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/video/marlou-van-rhijn-aka-blade-babe-wins-gold-100m-t44-and-teammates-take-silver-and-bronze "Marlou van Rhijn aka Blade Babe wins gold in 100m T44 and teammates take silver and bronze"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120904234439/http://www.nusport.nl/paralympics/2899126/wereldrecord-van-rhijn.html Archived] from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref> |style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Gold |align=center|27 June 2012 |IPC Athletics European Championships |Stadskanaal, Netherlands |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''200&nbsp;m (sport class T44)''' |- valign=top |align=center|26.17<br />(Paralympic Record) |style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Gold |align=center|15 September 2016 |2016 Summer Paralympics |Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |- valign=top |align=center|26.18<ref>[http://www.nu.nl/sport/2903330/van-rhijn-pakt-paralympisch-goud-in-wereldrecord.html "Van Rhijn pakt paralympisch goud in wereldrecord"]. ''nl.nl'' (insyd Dutch). 6 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907150059/http://www.nu.nl/sport/2903330/van-rhijn-pakt-paralympisch-goud-in-wereldrecord.html Archived] from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref><br />(world record; personal best) |style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|Gold |align=center|2 September 2012 |2012 Summer Paralympics |London, United Kingdom |- valign=top |align=center|26.97<ref>[http://www.nusport.nl/paralympics/2901804/van-rhijn-noteert-wereldrecord.html "Van Rhijn noteert wereldrecord"]. ''nu.nl'' (insyd Dutch). 5 September 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906051718/http://www.nusport.nl/paralympics/2901804/van-rhijn-noteert-wereldrecord.html Archived] from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</ref> |style="text-align:center; "|series |align=center|5 September 2012 |2012 Summer Paralympics |London, United Kingdom |- |} ===Swimming=== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- valign=top !width=20%|Time (s) !width=10%|Results !width=15%|Date !width=25%|Event !width=35%|Location |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''50&nbsp;m Breaststroke (sport class SB8)''' |- valign=top |align=center|51.80<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120928013042/http://www.xzweml.nl/IPCswimming/index.php?id=90&l=199190008 "Marlou van Rhijn – Personal records"] (insyd Dutch). Xzweml.nl. Archived from [http://www.xzweml.nl/IPCswimming/index.php?id=90&l=199190008 the original] on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.</ref><br />(personal best) |style="text-align:center;"|n/a |align=center|8 March 2009 |n/a |Esbjerg, Denmark |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''50&nbsp;m Freestyle (sport class S9)''' |- valign=top |align=center|34.34<ref name=":1" /><br />(personal best) |align=center|n/a |align=center|10 May 2009 |n/a |Antwerp, Belgium |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''100&nbsp;m Freestyle (sport class S9)''' |- valign=top |align=center|1:13.02<ref name=":1" /><br />(personal best) |align=center|n/a |align=center|24 October 2009 |n/a |Reykjavík, Iceland |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''200&nbsp;m Freestyle (sport class S9)''' |- valign=top |align=center| 2:42.44<ref name=":1" /><br />(personal best) |align=center|n/a |align=center|29 May 2009 |n/a |Berlin, Germany |- | colspan="5" style="background:silver;"|'''400&nbsp;m Freestyle (sport class S9)''' |- valign=top |align=center|5:32.36<ref name=":1" /><br />(personal best) |align=center|n/a |align=center|21 October 2009 |n/a |Reykjavík, Iceland |- |} == References == <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Marlou_van_Rhijn|Marlou van Rhijn]]'''''. * [http://www.marlouvanrhijn.nl/ Official website] * [https://www.paralympic.org/marlou-van-rhijn Marlou van Rhijn] at de International Paralympic Committee * [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=689685&WinterGames=-1 Marlou van Rhijn] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054037/http://www.london2012.com/paralympics/athlete/van-rhijn-marlou-5513567/ Marlou van Rhijn at London 2012] at de Wayback Machine (archived 27 May 2013) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180917202029/https://www.atletiek.nl/atleet/marlou-van-rhijn Marlou van Rhijn] at de ''Koninklijke Nederlandse Atletiek Unie'' (insyd Dutch) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120928013042/http://www.xzweml.nl/IPCswimming/index.php?id=90&l=199190008 Personal swimming records of Marlou van Rhijn] at de Wayback Machine (archived 28 September 2012) (in Dutch) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Sprinters plus limb difference]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Dutch female sprinters]] [[Category:Knights of de Order of Orange-Nassau]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Paralympics]] [[Category:Paralympic athletes for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for de Netherlands]] [[Category:People wey komot Monnickendam]] [[Category:World record holders insyd para-athletics]] [[Category:World Para Athletics Championships winners]] [[Category:Medalists at de World Para Athletics European Championships]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Athletes wey komot North Holland]] [[Category:Paralympic sprinters]] [[Category:21st-century Dutch women]] [[Category:21st-century Dutch people]] 51g7vnc7bnhkynucu08044lk9er4gzi 0 7825 104087 100110 2026-06-20T06:41:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Verena Bentele''' (born 28 February 1982, insyd Lindau) be blind German Paralympic biathlete den cross-country skier. She study for de Carl-Strehl Schule, special school give de blind den partially sighted insyd Marburg, Germany. She win ein first Paralympic medals (one gold, two silver, one bronze) for de 1998 Winter Paralympics, follow by four gold medals for de 2002 Winter Paralympics, as well as two gold den one bronze medal for de 2006 Winter Paralympics.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/verena-bentele "Verena Bentele"]. ''Paralympic.org''. International Paralympic Committee.</ref> Na she sanso be winner of de Combined World Cup insyd Biathlon und Cross-Country insyd 2006. == Career == During de 2009 German blind cross country championship, Bentele get serious accident. Ein sighted guide fail make she give am proper directions, so she fall down slope insyd dry river bed. She tear cruciate ligament insyd ein knee, wey she suffer finger den liver injuries, wey she damage one kidney so badly dat it had to na dem for komot am. Despite dis, year later per, Bentele get ein best Olympic result, wey she win five gold medals insyd de 2010 Winter Paralympics insyd Vancouver. As result of ein performance for de Games, na dem name Bentele Best Female for de Paralympic Sport Awards.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/press-release/verena-bentele-named-best-female-athlete-ipc "Verena Bentele Named Best Female Athlete by IPC"]. ''International Paralympic Committee''. 12 December 2012.</ref> Bentele win de "Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability" award for de year 2011. Late insyd 2011, she announce ein retirement for de age of 29.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/news/germany-s-top-winter-athlete-bentele-announces-retirement "Germany's Top Winter Athlete Bentele Announces Retirement"].</ref> Insyd 2014 na dem induct Bentele into de Paralympic Hall of Fame.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-reveals-three-paralympic-hall-fame-inductees "IPC reveals three Paralympic Hall of Fame inductees"]. ''paralympic.org''. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</ref> Na dem nominate Bentele by de Social Democratic Party make she be delegate to de Federal Convention give de purpose of make dem elect de Presido of Germany insyd 2010, 2012 den 2017.<ref>[https://www.bayern.landtag.de/fileadmin/Internet_Dokumente/Sonstiges_P/20161122_Mitglieder_Bundesversammlung.pdf Mitglieder bzw. Ersatzmitglieder der 16. Bundesversammlung] Landtag of Bavaria, press release of 22 November 2016.</ref> She join de party insyd 2012. == Federal Government Commissioner for Matters wey dey relate to Disabled Persons, 2014–2018 == Insyd January 2014, na dem appoint Bentele Federal Government Commissioner for Matters wey dey relate to Disabled Persons insyd de government of Chancellor Angela Merkel.<ref>[https://corporate.dw.com/en/verena-bentele-the-federal-government-commissioner-for-matters-relating-to-disabled-persons/a-18386953 "Verena Bentele, The Federal Government Commissioner for Matters relating to Disabled Persons"]. ''DW''. Retrieved 18 December 2022.</ref> For dis capacity insyd, na she dey part of de Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs under de leadership of minister Andrea Nahles wey she dey head de government ein focal point wey dey in charge of monitoring de implementation of de Convention on de Rights of Persons plus Disabilities. She serve insyd dat position til 2018. == Sozialverband VdK Deutschland e.V., from 2018 == Insyd May 2018, na dem elect Bentele presido of de non-profit organisation Sozialverband VdK Deutschland e.V.,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230430151238/https://www.vdk.de/deutschland/pages/presse/pressemitteilung/74973/verena_bentele_ist_die_neue_vdk-praesidentin?dscc=ok "Verena Bentele ist die neue Präsidentin des Sozialverbands VdK Deutschland"] (insyd German). Retrieved 30 April 2023.</ref> de largest social association insyd Germany. == Oda activities == * German Sport University Cologne (DSHS), Member of de University Council<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240415033131/https://www.dshs-koeln.de/english/university-facilities/university-management/university-council/ "University Council"]. ''German Sport University Cologne''. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</ref> * German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080159/https://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/en/about-us/structure/board-of-trustees/ Board of Trustees] German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR).</ref> * National Paralympic Committee Germany (DBS), Member of de Board of Trustees (since 2012) == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Verena_Bentele|Verena Bentele]]'''''. * [https://www.paralympic.org/verena-bentele Verena Bentele] at de International Paralympic Committee * [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=917577 Verena Bentele] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120104000430/https://www.laureus.com/awards/2011/winners 2011 Laureus World Sports Awards Winners] at de Wayback Machine (archived 4 January 2012) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032214/http://mediaserver.planet-schule.de/data/richmedia/filme_multimedial/swr_tastsinn/ Total phänomenal: Tastsinn, 15 minute documentary clip on Verena, de sense of touch, and how she uses it to live as a blind person] at archive.today (archived 11 February 2013) (insyd German) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209170532/http://www.biathlon-bentele.de/ Official website] at de Wayback Machine (archived 9 February 2011) (insyd German) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:German female biathletes]] [[Category:German female cross-country skiers]] [[Category:Paralympic biathletes for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic cross-country skiers for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd biathlon]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd cross-country skiing]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Germany]] [[Category:Visually impaired category Paralympic competitors]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 1998 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 2002 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 2006 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 1998 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 2002 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 2006 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 1998 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2002 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2006 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Laureus World Sports Awards winners]] [[Category:Paralympic Sport Awards — Best Female winners]] [[Category:Recipients of de Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Recipients of de Silver Laurel Leaf]] [[Category:People wey komot Lindau]] [[Category:German blind people]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Swabia (Bavaria)]] [[Category:German women insyd politics]] [[Category:Blind politicians]] kmh0duq5qkgoeododxyjk1q699xby4p 0 7870 104073 37451 2026-06-20T02:39:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sifan Hassan''' (Oromo: ''Siifan Hassan''; born January 1993<ref name=":1">[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/sifan-hassan-14489606 "Sifan HASSAN – Athlete Profile"]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052948/https://worldathletics.org/athletes/netherlands/sifan-hassan-14489606 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-sifan-hassan-1723447924-1 "Who is Sifan Hassan? Completes Historic Olympic Performance with Marathon Gold, Sets New Record"]. ''Jagranjosh.com''. 12 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref>) be Ethiopian-born Dutch middle- den long-distance runner.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2024/8/11/sifan-hassan-puts-on-a-fight-to-win-marathon-gold-at-paris-olympics-2024 "Sifan Hassan caps incredible journey with Olympic record marathon gold"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/dutch-distance-runner-sifan-hassan-about-blow-our-minds "Dutch distance runner Sifan Hassan is about to blow our minds | NBC Olympics"]. ''www.nbcolympics.com''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> She be most recognized for ein versatility for running championship insyd den world leading performances for widely disparate distances insyd. She plete unprecedented triple for de 2020 Tokyo Olympics, wey she win gold medals insyd both de 5,000 metres den 10,000 metres den bronze medal give de 1,500 metres. Hassan be de athlete per insyd Olympic history make she win medals across middle-distance event den both long-distance races insyd single Games. She be de second of three women per make dem plete Olympic distance double.<ref>Whittington, Jess (7 August 2021). [https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/news/tokyo-olympic-games-women-10000m-report "History-maker Hassan completes medal treble in Tokyo"]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052935/https://worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/news/tokyo-olympic-games-women-10000m-report Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref><ref>Henson, Mike (4 January 2022). [https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/59848002 "'I was just so happy to survive' – Hassan reflects on epic Olympic treble bid"]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128052941/https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/59848002 Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref> For de [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024 Olympics]], Hassan secure bronze medal insyd both de women's 5,000 m<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/sifan-hassan-beatrice-chebet-2024-olympics-f8e7414c2d7678b3566ddaf74fe6d4f7 "Hassan takes bronze in the 5,000, the first of her three Olympic distance races. Chebet wins gold"]. 5 August 2024.</ref> den 10,000 m events den gold insyd de women's marathon, wey she cam turn de woman per make she win de Olympic gold medal insyd 5000 metres, 10,000 metres den Marathon race.<ref name=":2">Carayol, Tumaini (11 August 2024). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/aug/11/sifan-hassan-caps-remarkable-olympics-with-gold-in-womens-marathon "Sifan Hassan caps remarkable Olympics with women's marathon gold by 3 sec"]. ''theGuardian.com''. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</ref> For de World Athletics Championships, Hassan take 1,500 m den 10,000 m titles insyd 2019, wey she cam turn de athlete per (male anaa female) insyd history make she win both events for single World Championships anaa Olympic Games.<ref>Dutch, Taylor (5 October 2019). [https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a29375367/sifan-hassan-world-championship-double/ "Sifan Hassan Wins Unprecedented World Championship Double; Houlihan Sets American Record"]. ''Runner's World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191007165656/https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a29375367/sifan-hassan-world-championship-double/ Archived] from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> She win bronze for de 1500 m insyd 2015, den for de 5000 m insyd 2017, wen na she sanso fini fifth insyd de 1,500 m. Hassan be three-time World Indoor Championships medallist, wey she win gold for 1500 m insyd 2016 as well as silver for 3000 m den bronze for 1500 m insyd 2018. She earn six European medals (wey dey include two cross country titles), den one European indoor medal. She sanso be three-time Diamond League winner, she secure de 1500 m/5000 m double insyd 2019. For ein debut over de classic 26.2-mile distance, she win de 2023 London Marathon. Na Hassan be de world record holder for de one hour run since 2020.<ref>[https://monaco.diamondleague.com/en/programme-resultats-monaco-en/#baseFrame "Program 2019 – Diamond League – Monaco"]. ''monaco.diamondleague.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713111844/https://monaco.diamondleague.com/en/programme-resultats-monaco-en/#baseFrame Archived] from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.</ref> She hold de world record for de one mile for de track from July 2019 to July 2023, wen Faith Kipyegon overtake am.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/hassan-breaks-mile-world-record-in-monaco "Hassan breaks world mile record in Monaco with 4:12.33 - IAAF Diamond League"]. ''World Athletics''. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref><ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/monaco-herculis-2023-kipyegon-world-record-mile "FLASH: Kipyegon obliterates world mile record with 4:07.64 in Monaco"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 21 July 2023.</ref> She hold world record for 10,000 m for two days insyd June 2021.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/57377392 "Sifan Hassan: Dutch athlete breaks 10,000m world record by more than 10 seconds"]. ''BBC Sport''. 6 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210606153728/https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/57377392 Archived] from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ "Letesenbet Gidey breaks 2-day-old world record in 10,000m"]. ''OlympicTalk''. NBC Sports. 8 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128044207/https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</ref> She dey zuk six European records (1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m, half marathon, marathon) den three oda Dutch records. == Early life == Na dem born Sifan Hassan insyd Adama, Oromia, Ethiopia wey dem raise am insyd de countryside of Kersa insyd de Munesa district of de Arsi Zone of Oromia. Na she be recreational runner der. She lef ein home country as refugee wey she arrive insyd de Netherlands insyd 2008 for age 15.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/91c39995-7e4c-4d01-a248-e55e764153b5 "Sifan Hassan chases athletics history with Tokyo Olympics treble attempt"]. ''www.ft.com''. 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210806163903/https://www.ft.com/content/91c39995-7e4c-4d01-a248-e55e764153b5 Archived] from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref><ref>Tokyo, Ian O'Riordan In. [https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/sifan-hassan-on-course-for-unprecedented-treble-after-5-000m-win-1.4637172 "Sifan Hassan on course for unprecedented treble after 5,000m win"]. ''The Irish Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210803200626/https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/sifan-hassan-on-course-for-unprecedented-treble-after-5-000m-win-1.4637172 Archived] from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref> She begin dey boot while she dey undertake studies make she cam turn nurse.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301183445/http://www.globalsportscommunication.nl/athletes/our-new-talents/EN11074-Sifan-Hassan.aspx "Sifan Hassan"]. ''Global Sports Communication''. 22 February 2014. Archived from [http://www.globalsportscommunication.nl/athletes/our-new-talents/EN11074-Sifan-Hassan.aspx the original] on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> She be Arsi Oromo.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/afaanoromoo/oduu-50669408 "Atileetiksii: Atileet Siifan Hasan eenyu, akkamiin as geesse?"]. BBC Oromo.</ref> Hassan cam turn Dutch citizen insyd 2013.<ref>Barnes, Dan (2 August 2021). [https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/why-sifan-hassan-is-one-to-watch-dutch-runner-puts-the-olympics-1500-metre-field-on-blast "Why Sifan Hassan is one to watch at Olympics: Dutch star puts 1,500m on blast, claims 5,000m gold 12 hours later"]. ''National Post''. Retrieved 8 February 2022.</ref> == Career == === 2011–2012 === [[File:Sifan_Hassan_-_120609-011.jpg|alt=Three women running at a marathon, one in front of the other, Hassan in front.|left|thumb|Hassan (right) for de 2012 Gouden Spike meeting dem hold insyd Leiden, Netherlands.]] She affiliate plus Eindhoven Atletiek,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140307020601/http://www.european-athletics.org/athletes/group=h/athlete=94442-hassan-sifan/index.html "Sifan Hassan"]. ''European Athletics''. 22 February 2014. Archived from [http://www.european-athletics.org/athletes/group%3Dh/athlete%3D94442-hassan-sifan/index.html the original] on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> Hassan enter de Eindhoven half marathon insyd 2011 wey she win de race plus time of 77:10 minutes. Na she sanso be runner-up for two cross country races (Sylvestercross den Mol Lotto Cross Cup). She win those races insyd 2012, as well as de 3000 m for de Leiden Gouden Spike meet.<ref name=":0">[https://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atw.php?ID=78956&Season=2011&Odd=0 "Sifan Hassan"]. ''Tilastopaja''. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> === 2013–2014 === [[File:Podium_5000m_women_Zurich_2014.jpg|alt=Three women are standing in the podium embrancing each other in victory. Hassan in the left with a silver medal.|left|thumb|Hassan (left) plus ein silver medal for de 5,000 metres for de 2014 European Athletics Championships dem hold insyd Zürich. She win ein first European senior title for de event plus 1500 m victory.]] Hassan make ein breakthru insyd de 2013 season. She run 800 metres best of 2:00.86 minutes make she win for de KBC Night of Athletics wey she take wins insyd de 1500 m for de Nijmegen Global Athletics den Golden Spike Ostrava meets. For de 2013 IAAF Diamond League circuit na she be runner-up insyd de 1500 m for Athletissima plus personal best of 4:03.73 minutes wey na she be third for de DN Galan 3000 m plus best of 8:32.53 minutes—dis time dem rank am de fourth-fastest runner insyd de world dat year.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Rorick, Jim (22 October 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140213053127/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn-lists?list_id=4&sex_id=W&yyear=2013 "2013 World Comprehensive List – Women"]. ''Track and Field News''. Archived from [http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/index.php/tafn-lists?list_id=4&sex_id=W&yyear=2013 the original] on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</ref> Hassan cam turm Dutch citizen insyd November 2013, too late make she compete for de 2013 World Championships, den de month wey dey follow she make ein first appearance give de Netherlands. For de 2013 European Cross Country Championships she win de gold medal insyd de under-23 category wey she help de Dutch team to third insyd de rankings.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/european-cross-country-championships-duarte-b "Third time lucky for Duarte at European Cross as Bezabeh regains title | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> She sanso win de Warandeloop den Lotto Cross Cup Brussels races dat winter.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/sifan-hassan-alex-kibet-brussels-iaaf-cross-c "Hassan and Kibet take the honours in Brussels | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> For de beginning of 2014 she run world-leading time of 8:45.32 minutes for de 3000 m for de Weltklasse in Karlsruhe,<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/genzebe-dibaba-world-indoor-1500m-world-recor "Genzebe Dibaba smashes world indoor 1500m record with 3:55.17 in Karlsruhe | REPORT | World Athletics"]. ''worldathletics.org''. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> then she break de Dutch indoor record insyd de 1500 m plus time of 4:05.34 minutes for de Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025432/http://losseveter.nl/2014/02/15/birmingham-sifan-hassan-verbetert-nedersrecord-1500m-40534/ "Birmingham: Sifan Hassan verbetert NR 1500m: 4'05″34"]. ''Losse Veter''. 22 February 2014. Archived from [http://losseveter.nl/2014/02/15/birmingham-sifan-hassan-verbetert-nedersrecord-1500m-40534/ the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</ref> === 2015 === [[File:Women's_1500_m_podium_Beijing_2015.jpg|alt=Three women are standing at the podium of the 2015 World Championship. Hassan is on the right with a bronze medal.|left|thumb|Women's 1,500 metres podium for de 2015 World Championships insyd Beijing. From left to right: Faith Kipyegon, Genzebe Dibaba den Sifan Hassan.]] For de 2015 World Championships insyd Beijing, Hassan win de bronze medal insyd de 1500 metres. She cam turn de second female Dutch athlete ever make she win medal for de World Championships, after Dafne Schippers. Na she be de third female Dutch winner for de 2015 European Cross Country Championships, dey follow insyd de footsteps of fellow African migrants Hilda Kibet den Lornah Kiplagat.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/european-cross-country-2015-hassan-kaya Hassan and Kaya victorious at European Cross Country Championships] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151216072145/http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/european-cross-country-2015-hassan-kaya Archived] 16 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. IAAF (13 December 2015). Retrieved on 13 December 2015.</ref> === 2016–2017 === [[File:Sifan_Hassan_at_Portland_2016a.jpg|alt=Hassan celebrates and holds a Dutch flag behind her.|left|thumb|Hassan dey celebrate ein 1,500 metres win den de first world title for de 2016 World Indoor Championships insyd Portland.]] Hassan win ein heat insyd de 1500 m insyd de 2016 Rio Olympics insyd 4:06.64 before Faith Kipyegon. Insyd de semifinals she place second insyd 4:03.62 after Genzebe Dibaba wey win insyd 4:03.06. Insyd de final Kipyegon take de Olympic gold medal plus 4:08.92, na Dibaba be de runner up plus 4:10.27 den Jennifer Simpson take de bronze medal insyd 4:10.53. Hassan place fifth insyd time of 4:11.23.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/rio-2016/results/sports/athletics/womens-1500m "Results – Womens 1500m – Athletics – Rio 2016 – Olympics"]. ''BBC Sport''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060209/http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/rio-2016/results/sports/athletics/womens-1500m Archived] from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</ref> She fini fifth insyd de 1500 m for de 2017 World Athletics Championships wey she win de bronze medal insyd de 5000 metres event.<ref name=":1" /> === 2018 === For 13 July, she break de European record for 5000 metres by she fini second for de Rabat Diamond League insyd 14:22.34.<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2018/Rabat/Results.pdf IAAF Diamond League 2018 Rabat results] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714081111/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2018/Rabat/Results.pdf Archived] 14 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 13 July 2018.</ref> Few days later, Hassan win de first Millicent Fawcett Mile for de 2018 London Anniversary Games insyd time of 4:14.71, de fourth-fastest result for de time.<ref>[https://london.diamondleague.com/lists-results-london/ "Programme 2018 and results"]. ''Muller Anniversary Games''. Diamond League. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220521164651/https://london.diamondleague.com/lists-results-london/ Archived] from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</ref> For de 2018 European Championships, she win gold medal insyd de 5000 m plus de time 14:46:12, wey she set fresh championships record. For 16 September, she break de European record for de half marathon plus time of 65:15, wey she win de Copenhagen Half Marathon.<ref>[http://www.european-athletics.org/athletics-community/runners/news/article=hassan-shatters-european-half-marathon-record-with-copenhagen.html European Athletics website] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209152510/http://www.european-athletics.org/athletics-community/runners/news/article=hassan-shatters-european-half-marathon-record-with-copenhagen.html Archived] 9 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 October 2018.</ref> === 2019 === For 17 February, Hassan set de world record for 5 km road race wey she stop de clock for 14:44 insyd Monaco. Dem since break am, first by Beatrice Chepkoech, then by Ejgayehu Taye.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240926230600/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/chepkoech-breaks-world-5km-record-in-monaco "14:43! Chepkoech breaks world 5km record in Monaco"]. ''www.worldathletics.org''. from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241204091424/https://worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/ratified-world-5km-records-taye-aregawi "Ratified: world 5km records for Taye and Aregawi"]. ''www.worldathletics.org''. from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</ref> De 5 km road race na ebe world record event since 1 November 2017.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/wanders-hassan-world-record-5km-monaco "Wanders and Hassan set world 5km records in Monaco"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190217125302/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/wanders-hassan-world-record-5km-monaco Archived] from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> For de Prefontaine Classic insyd June, she break de European 3000 m record plus time of 8:18.49.<ref>[https://www.athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/european-3000m-record-for-sifan-hassan-at-pre-classic-1039923386/ "European 3000m record for Sifan Hassan at Pre Classic"]. ''AW''. 30 June 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083310/https://www.athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/european-3000m-record-for-sifan-hassan-at-pre-classic-1039923386/ Archived] from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</ref> ==== Mile world record ==== [[File:2019_Payton_Jordan_Invitational_(46848948765).jpg|alt=Hassan races in front of another woman in a track.|left|thumb|Hassan dey race 10,000 m for de Payton Jordan Invitational insyd Palo Alto, California, insyd 2019.]] For 12 July, Hassan enter de mile run for de Herculis meet insyd Fontvieille, Monaco. Na Olha Lyakhova be de pace setter, she take de field thru de first two laps (dem measure for de start line, no be de quarter-mile splits) insyd 64.26 den 63.94 (2:08.20). As ebe typical for Hassan, na she be last off de start line, buh over de next 150 metres, slowly she ease einself around de field for de outside into de marking position behind Lyakhova. Gabriela DeBues-Stafford soon move thru de field insyd between Hassan den Lyakhova for de next lap before Hassan den Gudaf Tsegay separate from de field as de chasers per. Between 800 den 1000 metres, Lyakhova strain make she keep on pace, buh na Hassan den Tsegay dey move forward. After Lyakhova step out, de two found dema selves 15 metres ahead of de pack. For 1200 metres, na Hassan dey spy back for ein close chaser Tsegay insyd 3:10.13 (a 61.93 lap). Hassan accelerate, dey open 5-metre gap over de next 100 metres. Dey continue for dis pace, she pass 1500 metres insyd about 3:55. Hassan cover de last 409.344 metres insyd 62.20, ein final time of 4:12:33 dey break Svetlana Masterkova ein almost 23-year-old world record.<ref>Mike Rowbottom (12 July 2019). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-breaks-mile-world-record-in-monaco "Hassan breaks world mile record in Monaco with 4:12.33 – IAAF Diamond League"]. IAAF. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190712211549/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-breaks-mile-world-record-in-monaco Archived] from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</ref> De athletes wey dey trail Hassan rewrite de all-time top 25 list, plus Laura Weightman wey dey move into position #15, DeBues-Stafford into #17, den after #5 all-time Tsegay fade into de pack na Rababe Arafi, Axumawit Embaye, Winnie Nanyondo den Ciara Mageean dey follow am dey move into positions #20–23. Na she be de double 2019 Diamond League champion, wey she win both de 1500 den 5000 metres Trophies.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-diamond-distance-double-brussels "Hassan completes Diamond distance double in Brussels – IAAF Diamond League"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190907072026/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/hassan-diamond-distance-double-brussels Archived] from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> [[File:Women's_1500m_final_at_2019_World_Athletics_Championships_2.jpg|alt=Hassan celebrates crossing the finish line, holding her arms up in front of three other women reaching her.|thumb|Insyd de 1,500 m final of de 2019 Doha World Championships, Hassan defeat Faith Kipyegon.]] [[File:Women's_1500m_podium_at_Doha_2019.jpg|alt=Three woman are on the podium holding their medals. Hassan is in the middle holding a gold medal.|thumb|De fastest women insyd de world over de 1500 m for de 2019 World Athletics Championships. From left to right: Kipyegon, Hassan den Gudaf Tsegay.]] [[File:Sifan_Hassan_with_two_gold_medals_at_2019_World_Athletics_Championships.jpg|alt=Hassan holds up her two gold medals.|thumb|For de 2019 World Championships, Sifan Hassan plete de 1,500 m/10,000 m golden double, de first such insyd history of global championships.]] For 28 September, she cam turn de 2019 World Champion insyd de 10,000 metres insyd ein second race for dat distance. Na ein first race for de event be insyd Stanford insyd time of 31:18.12, just fast enough make she achieve de qualifying standard give de World Championships. Na de winning time of 30:17.62 be de best time of de year for de track top. Alina Reh (Germany) lead de field after 3000 m insyd 9:29.69. De front runner reach de halfway point insyd 15:32.70. Letesenbet Gidey fini insyd 30:21.23, plus Agnes Tirop (Kenya) cam insyd third place insyd 30:25.50. Na de second half of de run dem cover insyd 14:45.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/womens-10000m-iaaf-world-athletics-championsh "Report: women's 10,000m – IAAF World Athletics Championships Doha 2019"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190928211402/https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/womens-10000m-iaaf-world-athletics-championsh Archived] from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</ref> Hassan sanso win de 1500 metres race plus time of 3:51.95 (sixth place for de 1500 m all-time list top), dey set fresh championships den European records. Na de second-placed finisher be Faith Kipyegon insyd 3:54.22, fresh Kenyan national record, den de third place go to Gudaf Tsegay plus 3:54.38.<ref>NDR. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210830211950/https://lawm.sportschau.de/doha2019/nachrichten/Leichtathletik-WM-Doha-2019-Hassan,lawmdoha1694.html "Zweite Goldmedaille – Historischer Erfolg für Hassan"]. ''lawm.sportschau.de'' (insyd German). Archived from [https://lawm.sportschau.de/doha2019/nachrichten/Leichtathletik-WM-Doha-2019-Hassan,lawmdoha1694.html the original] on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</ref> === 2020–2021 === For 10 October, Hassan set European record for de women's 10,000 metres insyd time of 29:36.67, wey she break de best set by Great Britain ein Paula Radcliffe insyd 2002 by more dan 24 seconds.<ref>McGuire, Jane (12 October 2020). [https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/news/a34343122/sifan-hassan-european-womens-10000m-record/ "Sifan Hassan sets new European women's 10,000m record, breaking Paula Radcliffe's record"]. ''Runner's World''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220209190045/https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/news/a34343122/sifan-hassan-european-womens-10000m-record/ Archived] from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> For 6 June 2021, she better ein performance for de event make she set world record of 29:06.82 insyd Hengelo, wey she beat 2016 record of Ethiopian Almaz Ayana by more dan 10 seconds. Hassan loose de record two days later, however, wen Ethiopia ein Letesenbet Gidey achieve time of 29:01.03 for de same stadium.<ref>Ingle, Sean (6 June 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/06/netherlands-sifan-hassan-smashes-womens-10000m-record-by-10-seconds "Sifan Hassan smashes women's 10,000m record by 10 seconds in super spikes"]. ''The Guardian''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210606180149/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/06/netherlands-sifan-hassan-smashes-womens-10000m-record-by-10-seconds Archived] from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</ref><ref>[https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ "Letesenbet Gidey breaks 2-day-old world record in 10,000m"]. ''OlympicTalk''. NBC Sports. 8 June 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128044207/https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/06/08/letesenbet-gidey-world-record-10000-meters/ Archived] from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</ref> Hassan win gold insyd de 5000 metres den 10,000 metres for de delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. She sanso win bronze insyd de 1500 metres. She cam turn de athlete per make she ever medal insyd de 1500, 5000, den 10,000 metres events for de same Olympics. Na ein 5000 m winning time be 14:36.79, ahead of Hellen Obiri wey komot Kenya plus 14:38.36, while Gudaf Tsegay win bronze medal plus time of 14:38.87. Ein gold medal win make am de first Dutch woman plus Olympic athletics medal insyd long-distance event. Na she be de first non-Kenyan anaa Ethiopian athlete make she win de event since Gabriela Szabo win insyd de 2000 Sydney Olympics.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172342/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/sifan-hassan-netherlands-wins-womens-5-000m "Sifan Hassan of the Netherlands wins women's 5,000m"]. ''Tokyo 2020''. Archived from [https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/news/sifan-hassan-netherlands-wins-womens-5-000m the original] on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</ref> === 2022 === Na dis season she consider am resting year give Hassan as she end break from training 5 weeks before she compete for de World Championships insyd Eugene, Oregon wer na she fini sixth insyd de 5000 metres den fourth insyd de 10,000 metres.<ref name=":1" /> === 2023 === For 23 April, for ein debut over de classic marathon distance, de 30-year-old win de London Marathon plus time of 2:18:33. She lost contact plus de leaders after she stop make she stretch ein leg twice about 19 km into de race, wey na ebe 28 seconds behind for de 25 km mark. Despite dis, Hassan catch up plus de slowing lead quartet plus four kilometres to go wey she prevail insyd sprint finish for de final straight, four seconds ahead of Alemu Megertu. "It was really amazing. I never thought I would finish a marathon", Hassan say.<ref>Whittington, Jess (23 April 2023). [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kelvin-kiptum-sifan-hassan-london-marathon "Kiptum charges to 2:01:25 triumph, Hassan stuns on marathon debut in London"]. ''World Athletics''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230423170609/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kelvin-kiptum-sifan-hassan-london-marathon Archived] from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</ref><ref>Ingle, Sean (23 April 2023). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/apr/23/london-marathon-sifan-hassan-kelvin-kiptum-race-report-athletics "London Marathon: Sifan Hassan stops twice and dodges bike in dramatic win"]. ''The Guardian''. ISSN 0261-3077. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230423113122/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/apr/23/london-marathon-sifan-hassan-kelvin-kiptum-race-report-athletics Archived] from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.</ref> For 3 June, just 41 days after ein marathon debut, Hassan make ein return to outdoor track insyd Hengelo, Netherlands. She compete insyd de 10,000 metres den de 1500 metres, wey she win both events; de 10,000 metres plus time of 29:37.80, den de 1500 metres insyd 3:58.12. For 8 October, Sifan Hassan win de Chicago Marathon plus time of 2:13:44.<ref>[https://marathonhandbook.com/sifan-hassan-shows-her-versatility-at-chicago-marathon-by-running-a-new-course-record-and-the-second-fastest-marathon-ever/ "Sifan Hassan Shows Her Versatility At Chicago Marathon By Running A New Course Record And The Second Fastest Marathon Ever"]. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</ref> Dis be fresh course record give de Chicago Marathon as well as de second-fastest women's marathon of all time.<ref>[https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/sports/chicago-marathon/sifan-hassan-crosses-2023-chicago-marathon-finish-line-with-unofficial-course-record/3245400/ "Sifan Hassan crosses 2023 Chicago Marathon finish line with unofficial course record"]. ''NBC Chicago''. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> === 2024 - Olympic 5000m bronze === For de [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024 Olympics]], Hassan secure de bronze medal insyd de women's 5,000 metres. Initially dem upgrade to silver dey follow Faith Kipyegon ein disqualification for obstruction, na dem later return Hassan to bronze after na dem reinstate Kipyegon dey follow Kenya ein successful appeal.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/c99001egm4jo "Kenya's Chebet wins 5,000m gold as Kipyegon gets silver"]. BBC. 5 August 2024.</ref> Hassan sanso win bronze insyd de 10,000 metres then, for de final day, she win gold insyd de women's marathon after she sprint de final 200 metres make she beat Ethiopian Tigst Assefa by 3 seconds.<ref name=":2" /> Plus dis gold medal she cam turn de first woman make she win Olympic gold insyd de marathon, 5,000 metres den 10,000 metres. She sanso cam turn de first Olympic athlete male anaa female make she win medals insyd dese three events for de same Games since 1952.<ref name=":2" /> === Coach === Sifan Hassan achieve ein first career breakthrus while under de direction of Dutch national coach Honore Hoedt. Hassan decide ,ake she search for oda coaching options for de end of 2016 after injuries hamper ein buildup to de Rio Olympics. Dey begin insyd 2017, Hassan move go de United States make she be coached by Alberto Salazar for de Nike Oregon Project.<ref>Dennehy, Cathal (2 October 2019). [https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/coach-alberto-salazar-wont-be-missed-954343.html "Coach Alberto Salazar won't be missed"]. ''Irish Examiner''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191002171212/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/coach-alberto-salazar-wont-be-missed-954343.html Archived] from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</ref><ref>Homewood, Brian (1 October 2019). [https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-athletics-doping-hassan/hassan-says-career-thrown-into-uncertainty-by-salazar-ban-idUKKBN1WG4J3 "Hassan says career thrown into uncertainty by Salazar ban"]. ''Reuters''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232937/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-athletics-doping-hassan/hassan-says-career-thrown-into-uncertainty-by-salazar-ban-idUKKBN1WG4J3 Archived] from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</ref> Insyd July 2018, de Nike Oregon Project hire Tim Rowberry as coach—primarily make he oversee de training of Sifan Hassan den ein fellow team member Yomif Kejelcha—while Salazar remain de head coach over all athletes insyd de Nike Oregon Project. Insyd October 2019 Salazar begin dey serve four-year ban from athletics for doping violations wey dey date from before he start dey coach Hassan. According to court rulings wich na dem uphold Salazar ein ban, na der be “no evidence put before the CAS as to any effect on athletes competing at the elite level within the Nike Oregon Project.”<ref>[https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/32216748/report-track-coach-alberto-salazar-4-year-doping-ban-upheld-court-arbitration-sport "Track coach Alberto Salazar's 4-year doping ban upheld by Court of Arbitration for Sport"]. Associated Press. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</ref> De aftermath of Salazar ein ban cause de Nike Oregon Project make e dissolve dey lead Hassan den Kejelcha make dem form fresh training group under coach Tim Rowberry. Hassan ein current coach be Tim Rowberry. After ein partnership plus Rowberry begin insyd 2018, she set fresh personal best times insyd de 1500m, 3k, 5k, 10k, half marathon, den marathon. Hassan ein training partner Yomif Kejelcha remain insyd de group til ein departure to Adidas insyd 2021.<ref>[https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/08/02/sifan-hassan-wins-womens-5000-meters-gold-results-tokyo-track-and-field "Sifan Hassan Wins 5,000 Meter Gold, Eyes More With Historic Triple Attempt"]. ''Sport's Illustrated''. 2 August 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163216/https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/08/02/sifan-hassan-wins-womens-5000-meters-gold-results-tokyo-track-and-field Archived] from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31960301/olympics-2021-dutch-track-star-sifan-hassan-quest-improbable-treble-olympic-history "Olympics 2021: Dutch track star Sifan Hassan's quest for an improbable treble"]. ''ESPN''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805164852/https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/31960301/olympics-2021-dutch-track-star-sifan-hassan-quest-improbable-treble-olympic-history Archived] from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/feature/sifan-hassan-yomif-kejelcha "Hassan and Kejelcha: training partners and mile world record holders"]. ''www.iaaf.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190806135630/https://www.iaaf.org/news/feature/sifan-hassan-yomif-kejelcha Archived] from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.</ref> == Personal bests == Information wey komot World Athletics profile unless otherwise noted.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" !Type !Event !Time (h:m:s) !Place !Date !Record !Notes |- | rowspan="8" |Outdoor |800 metres |1:56.81 |Monaco, Monaco |21 July 2017 | | |- |1000 metres |2:34.68 |Hengelo, Netherlands |24 May 2015 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- |1500 metres |3:51.95 |Doha, Qatar |5 October 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |One mile |4:12.33 |Monaco, Monaco |12 July 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Sanso be world record til na Faith Kipyegon break dat record for 21 July 2023.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/monaco-herculis-2023-kipyegon-world-record-mile "Kipyegon obliterates world mile record with 4:07.64 in Monaco"], ''World Athletics'', 21 July 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</ref> Second-fastest woman of all time.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/middle-long/one-mile/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2023-10-09 "Senior Outdoor One Mile Women"], ''World Athletics''. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |- |3000 metres |8:18.49 |Stanford, CA, United States |30 June 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |5000 metres |14:22.12 |London, United Kingdom |21 July 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |10,000 metres |29:06.82 |Hengelo, Netherlands |6 June 2021 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Sanso be world record til na Letesenbet Gidey break dat record for 8 June 2021.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/letesenbet-gidey-world-10000m-record-hengelo "Gidey breaks 10,000m world record in Hengelo"], ''World Athletics'', 8 June 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |- |One hour |18,930 m |Brussels, Belgium |4 September 2020 |<abbr>WR</abbr> | |- | rowspan="4" |Indoor |800 metres |2:02.62 <abbr>i</abbr> |Apeldoorn, Netherlands |28 February 2016 | | |- |1500 metres |4:00.46 <abbr>i</abbr> |Stockholm, Sweden |19 February 2015 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- |One mile |4:19.89 <abbr>i</abbr> |New York, NY, United States |11 February 2017 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- |3000 metres |8:30.76 <abbr>i</abbr> |Birmingham, United Kingdom |18 February 2017 |<abbr>NR</abbr> | |- | rowspan="5" |Road |5 km |14:44 <abbr>Wo</abbr> |Monaco, Monaco |17 February 2019 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Sanso be world record<ref>Nicole Jeffery, [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/wanders-hassan-world-record-5km-monaco "Wanders and Hassan set world 5km records in Monaco"], ''World Athletics'', 17 February 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> til na Beatrice Chepkoech break de overall record for 14 February 2021<ref>Bob Ramsak, [https://worldathletics.org/news/report/chepkoech-breaks-world-5km-record-in-monaco "14:43! Chepkoech breaks world 5km record in Monaco"], ''World Athletics'', 14 February 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> den Senbere Teferi break de women's-only-race record for 12 September 2021.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/agnes-tirop-world-10km-record-herzogenaurach "Tirop and Teferi smash world records in Herzogenaurach"], ''World Athletics'', 12 September 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |- |10 km |34:28 |Brunssum, Netherlands |1 April 2012 | | |- |15 km |53:57 |'s-Heerenberg, Netherlands |4 December 2011 | | |- |Half marathon |65:15 |Copenhagen, Denmark |16 September 2018 |<abbr>AR</abbr> | |- |Marathon |2:13:44 |Chicago, United States |8 October 2023 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |Second-fastest woman of all time<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/road-running/marathon/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&drop=all&fiftyPercentRule=all&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2023-10-08 "Senior Outdoor Marathon Women"], ''World Athletics'', 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</ref> |} == Competition results == Information wey komot World Athletics profile unless otherwise noted.<ref name=":1" /> === International competitions === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Competition !Venue !Position !Event !Result !Notes |- ! colspan="7" |Dey represent Netherlands |- | rowspan="2" |2013 | rowspan="2" |European Cross Country Championships | rowspan="2" |Belgrade, Serbia |1st |U23 race |19:40 | |- |3rd |U23 team |70 pts | |- | rowspan="5" |2014 |World Indoor Championships |Sopot, Poland |5th |3000 m <abbr>i</abbr> |9:03.22 | |- |European Team Championships, Super League |Braunschweig, Germany |1st |3000 m |8:45.24 |<abbr>CR</abbr> |- | rowspan="2" |European Championships | rowspan="2" |Zürich, Switzerland |1st |1500 m |4:04.18 | |- |2nd |5000 m |15:31.79 | |- |Continental Cup |Marrakesh, Morocco |1st |1500 m |4:05.99 | |- | rowspan="4" |2015 |European Indoor Championships |Prague, Czech Republic |1st |1500 m i |4:09.04 | |- | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Beijing, China |sf (5th) |800 m |1:58.50 |<abbr>PB</abbr> |- |3rd |1500 m |4:09.34 | |- |European Cross Country Championships |Hyères, France |1st |Senior race |25:47 | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |World Indoor Championships |Portland, OR, United States |1st |1500 m i |4:04.96 | |- |European Championships |Amsterdam, Netherlands |2nd |1500 m |4:33.76 | |- | rowspan="2" |Olympic Games | rowspan="2" |Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |h (21st) |800 m |2:00.27 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |5th |1500 m |4:11.23 | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |London, United Kingdom |5th |1500 m |4:03.34 | |- |3rd |5000 m |14:42.73 | |- | rowspan="4" |2018 | rowspan="2" |World Indoor Championships | rowspan="2" |Birmingham, United Kingdom |3rd |1500 m i |4:07.26 | |- |2nd |3000 m i |8:45.68 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |European Championships |Berlin, Germany |1st |5000 m |14:46.12 |<abbr>CR</abbr> |- |Continental Cup |Ostrava, Czech Republic |1st |3000 m |8:27.50 |<abbr>CR</abbr> <abbr>NR</abbr> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Doha, Qatar |1st |1500 m |3:51.95 |<abbr>CR</abbr> <abbr>AR</abbr> |- |1st |10,000 m |30:17.62 |<abbr>WL</abbr> <abbr>PB</abbr> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="3" |Olympic Games | rowspan="3" |Tokyo, Japan |3rd |1500 m |3:55.86 | |- |1st |5000 m |14:36.79 | |- |1st |10,000 m |29:55.32 | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |World Championships | rowspan="2" |Eugene, OR, United States |6th |5000 m |14:48.12 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |4th |10,000 m |30:10.56 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="3" |World Championships | rowspan="3" |Budapest, Hungary |3rd |1500 m |3:56.00 | |- |2nd |5000 m |14:54.11 | |- |11th |10,000 m |31:53.35 | |- | rowspan="3" |2024 | rowspan="3" |Olympic Games | rowspan="3" |Paris, France |3rd |5000 m |14:30.61 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |3rd |10,000 m |30:44.12 |<abbr>SB</abbr> |- |1st |Marathon |2:22:55 |<abbr>OR</abbr> |- ! colspan="7" |World Marathon Majors |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |London Marathon |London, United Kingdom |1st |Marathon |2:18:33 |<abbr>NR</abbr> |- |Chicago Marathon |Chicago, United States |1st |Marathon |2:13:44 |<abbr>AR</abbr> |- | rowspan="1" |2024 |Tokyo Marathon |Tokyo, Japan |4th |Marathon |2:18:05 |} === Circuit wins den titles === * Diamond League Overall 1500 m winner: 2015<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2015/Brussels/IAAFDiamondRanklist.pdf "IAAF Diamond League | Brussels (BEL) | 11 September 2015 | Diamond Race Standings"] (PDF). ''Diamond League''. 11 September 2015. p. 7. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514010413/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2015/Brussels/IAAFDiamondRanklist.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> * Diamond League 1500 m champion: 2019<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Zurich/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf "IAAF Diamond League Final | Zürich (SUI) | 28th – 29 August 2019"] (PDF). ''Diamond League''. 29 August 2019. p. 2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220128013344/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Zurich/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> * Diamond League 5000 m champion: 2019<ref>[https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Brussels/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf "IAAF Diamond League Final | Brussels (BEL) | 5th – 6 September 2019"] (PDF). ''Diamond League''. 6 September 2019. p. 4. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160621/https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Default/files/documents/2019/Brussels/DiamondRaceWinners.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.</ref> ** 2014 (2): Paris Meeting Areva (1500 m), Glasgow Grand Prix (1500 m) ** 2015 (2): Birmingham British Grand Prix (1500 m), Lausanne Athletissima (1500 m) ** 2017 (3): Rome Golden Gala (1500 m), Paris (1500 m), Birmingham (3000 m) ** 2018 (2): London Anniversary Games (One mile), Birmingham (1500 m) ** 2019 (4): Palo Alto Prefontaine Classic (3000 m), Monaco Herculis (One mile, <abbr>MR</abbr> '''<abbr>DLR</abbr>''' '''<abbr>WR</abbr>'''), Zürich Weltklasse (1500 m), Brussels Memorial Van Damme (5000 m) ** 2020 (1): Brussels (One hour) ** 2021 (3): Rome Golden Gala in Florence (1500 m), Eugene Prefontaine Classic (5000 m), Brussels (One mile) ** 2022 (1): Chorzów Kamila Skolimowska Memorial (3000 m) === National titles === * Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships ** 800 metres: 2016 ** 1500 metres: 2015 == Awards den honours == * Dutch Athlete of de Year: 2018, 2019, 2021 * Dutch Sportswoman of de Year: 2019, 2021 * Knight of de Order of Orange-Nassau: 2021 * European Athlete of de Year: 2021 == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == '''Sifan Hassan''' for Wikipedia ein sisto projects * [[commons:Category:Sifan_Hassan|Media]] from Commons * [[wikiquote:Sifan_Hassan|Quotations]] from Wikiquote * [[wikidata:Q14855644|Data]] from Wikidata * [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14489606 Sifan Hassan] at World Athletics * [https://www.european-athletics.com/historical-data/athletes/-/14489606 Sifan Hassan] at European Athletics * [https://www.diamondleague.com/athletes/14489606.html Sifan Hassan] at Diamond League * [https://www.atletiek.nl/atleet/sifan-hassan Sifan Hassan] at de Royal Dutch Athletics Federation (insyd Dutch) * [https://more.arrs.run/runner/21629 Sifan Hassan] at ARRS * [https://www.teamnl.org/sporters/sifan-hassan Sifan Hassan] at TeamNL ([https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://teamnl.org/sporters/5321-sifan-hassan archive]) (insyd Dutch) {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" |Records |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Tatyana Kazankina | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 1,500m European record holder''' 5 October 2019 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Svetlana Masterkova | rowspan="1" |'''Women's Mile World record holder''' 12 July 2019 – 21 July 2023 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Faith Kipyegon |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Gabriela Szabo | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 3,000m European record holder''' 30 June 2019 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Liliya Shobukhova | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 5,000m European record holder''' 13 July 2018 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Almaz Ayana | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 10,000 m World record holder''' 6 June 2021 – 8 June 2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Letesenbet Gidey |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Paula Radcliffe | rowspan="1" |'''Women's 10,000m European record holder''' 10 October 2020 – present | rowspan="1" |Succeed by ''Incumbent'' |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Paula Radcliffe | rowspan="1" |'''Women's marathon European record holder''' 8 October 2023 – present | rowspan="1" |'''Incumbent''' |- ! colspan="3" |Awards |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Mariya Lasitskene | rowspan="1" |'''Women's European Athlete of de Year''' 2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Femke Bol |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Suzanne Schulting | rowspan="1" |'''Dutch Sportswoman of de Year''' 2019, 2020/2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Irene Schouten |- | rowspan="1" |Precede by Dafne Schippers Menno Vloon | rowspan="1" |'''Dutch Athlete of de Year''' 2018, 2019, 2021 | rowspan="1" |Succeed by Femke Bol |} [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Oromia]] [[Category:Dutch female cross country runners]] [[Category:Dutch female long-distance runners]] [[Category:Dutch female middle-distance runners]] [[Category:Dutch people of Ethiopian descent]] [[Category:Ethiopian emigrants to de Netherlands]] [[Category:Ethiopian female cross country runners]] [[Category:Ethiopian female long-distance runners]] [[Category:Ethiopian female middle-distance runners]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Athletes (track den field) at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Diamond League winners]] [[Category:European Athletics Championships medalists]] [[Category:European Cross Country Championships winners]] [[Category:IAAF Continental Cup winners]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Naturalised citizens of de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic athletes for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for de Netherlands]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists insyd athletics (track den field)]] [[Category:Oromo people]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for de Netherlands]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships medalists]] [[Category:World Athletics Championships winners]] [[Category:World Athletics Indoor Championships winners]] [[Category:World Athletics record holders]] [[Category:World record setters insyd athletics (track den field)]] njnuyb7pyrp2tg57m1n5cjgxfs00h7s 0 8832 104079 87506 2026-06-20T05:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''United States of America''' ('''USA'''), commonly dem know as de '''United States''' ('''U.S.''') anaa '''America''', be country primarily wey dey locate insyd [[North America]]. Ebe federal union of 50 states, de federal capital district of Washington, D.C., den 326 Indian reservations.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/attorney-general-june-1-1995-memorandum-indian-sovereignty "Attorney General June 1, 1995 Memorandum on Indian Sovereignty"]. ''www.justice.gov''. March 8, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2024.</ref> De 48 contiguous states dey border [[Canada]] to de north den [[Mexico]] to de south. De State of Alaska dey lie to de northwest, while de State of Hawaii be archipelago insyd de [[Pacific Ocean]]. De United States sanso dey assert sovereignty over five major island territories den various uninhabited islands.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm "Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights"]. U.S. State Department. December 30, 2011. Item 22, 27, 80. Retrieved April 6, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf "U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution"] (PDF). U.S. General Accounting Office Report. November 1997. pp. 1, 6, 39n. Archived from [https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf the original] (PDF) on November 3, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2016.</ref> De country get de world ein third-largest land area,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211220073104/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ "China"]. ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved June 10, 2016.</ref> second-largest exclusive economic zone, den third-largest population, wey dey exceed 334 million.<ref>The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: [https://www.census.gov/popclock/ www.census.gov/popclock]</ref> De U.S. national government be presidential constitutional federal republic den liberal democracy plus three separate branches: legislative, executive, den judicial. E get bicameral national legislature compose of de House of Representatives, lower house base for population top; den de Senate, upper house base for equal representation top for each state. Dem dey provide substantial autonomy by federalism, plus political culture wey dey promote liberty, equality, individualism, personal autonomy, den limited government. One of de world ein most developed countries, na de United States get de largest nominal GDP since about 1890 wey dey account for 15% of de global economy insyd 2023.<ref>Based on [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|purchasing power]]</ref> E dey possess by far de largest amount of wealth of any country wey e get de highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. De U.S. dey rank among de world ein highest insyd economic competitiveness, productivity, innovation, human rights, den higher education. Ein hard power den cultural influence get global reach. De U.S. be founding member of de World Bank, Organization of American States, NATO, den United Nations,<ref>Including agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Health Organization</ref> as well as permanent member of de UN Security Council. == Etymology== == History == === Indigenous peoples === [[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, settlement of ancestors of de Native American Pueblo peoples insyd present-day Montezuma County, Colorado, dem build between <abbr>c.</abbr> 1200 den 1275<ref>[https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace "Cliff Palace"] at Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 31, 2024</ref>]] === European settlement den conflict (1607&ndash;1765) === [[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|De 1750 colonial possessions of Britain (insyd pink den purple), France (insyd blue), den Spain (insyd orange) for present-day [[Canada]] den de United States insyd]] ===American Revolution den de early republic (1765&ndash;1800)=== [[File:Declaration independence.jpg|alt=See caption|thumb|''Declaration of Independence'', portrait by John Trumbull wey dey depict de Committee of Five dey present de draft of de Declaration to de Continental Congress for June 28, 1776, insyd Philadelphia]] ===Westward expansion den Civil War (1800&ndash;1865)=== [[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Historical territorial expansion of de United States]] [[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|thumb|Plus over 50,000 casualties dem estimate, na de three-day Battle of Gettysburg be de bloodiest single battle of de Civil War.]] === Post&ndash;Civil War era (1865&ndash;1917) === [[File:Emigrants (i.e. immigrants) landing at Ellis Island -.webm|thumb|Edison Studios film wey dey show immigrants dey arrive at Ellis Island insyd New York Harbor, a major point of entry for European immigrants insyd de late 19th den early 20th centuries<ref name="PriceBenton-Short2008">Price, Marie; Benton-Short, Lisa (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&pg=PA51 Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities]''. Syracuse University Press. p. 51. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3186-6|978-0-8156-3186-6]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>[https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ "Overview + History | Ellis Island"]. ''Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island''. March 4, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2021.</ref>]] === Rise as a superpower (1917&ndash;1945) === === Cold War (1945&ndash;1991) === [[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Mikhail Gorbachev den Ronald Reagan sign de Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at de White House insyd 1987.]] === Contemporary (1991&ndash;present) === == Geography == [[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Topographic map of de United States]] [[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|De Grand Canyon insyd Arizona]] === Climate === === Biodiversity den conservation === [[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|alt=A bald eagle|thumb|De bald eagle, de national bird of de United States since 1782<ref name="McDougall2004">McDougall, Len (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&pg=PA325 The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada]''. Lyons Press. p. 325. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-070-4|978-1-59228-070-4]]</bdi>.</ref>]] De U.S. be one of 17 megadiverse countries wey dey contain large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants dey occur insyd de contiguous United States den Alaska, wey dem dey find over 1,800 species of flowering plants insyd Hawaii, few of wich occur for de mainland top.<ref>Morin, Nancy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf "Vascular Plants of the United States"] (PDF). ''Plants''. National Biological Service. Archived from [https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf the original] (PDF) on July 24, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2008.</ref> De United States be home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">Osborn, Liz. [https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php "Number of Native Species in United States"]. Current Results Nexus. Retrieved January 15, 2015.</ref> den around 91,000 insect species.<ref>[https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm "Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)"]. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 20, 2009.</ref> Der be 63 national parks, den hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, den wilderness areas, manage by de National Park Service den oda agencies.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/ "National Park FAQ"]. ''nps''. National Park Service. Retrieved May 8, 2015.</ref> About 28% of de country ein land be publicly owned den federally managed,<ref name="NYTimes Federal Land">Lipton, Eric; Krauss, Clifford (August 23, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0 "Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved January 18, 2015.</ref> primarily insyd de Western States.<ref name="AKLeg CRS Federal Land">Vincent, Carol H.; Hanson, Laura A.; Argueta, Carla N. (March 3, 2017). [https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224 Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data] (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</ref> Dem dey protect chaw of dis land, though dem lease sam for commercial use, wey less dem dey use less dan one percent for military purposes.<ref name="Federal Land Ownership">Gorte, Ross W.; Vincent, Carol Hardy.; Hanson, Laura A.; Marc R., Rosenblum. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"] (PDF). ''fas.org''. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 18, 2015.</ref><ref name="Fed Land Uses">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm "Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development"]. ''doi.gov''. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from [https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm the original] on March 18, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.</ref> == Government den politics == === National government === === Political parties === === Subdivisions === === Foreign relations === [[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Na de United Nations headquarters dey situate along de East River insyd Midtown Manhattan since 1952; insyd 1945, na de United States be founding member of de UN.|alt=see caption]] === Military === === Law enforcement den criminal justice === == Economy == [[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|De U.S. dollar, de most-used currency insyd international transactions den de world ein foremost reserve currency<ref name="federalreserve.gov">[https://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf "The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere"] (PDF). Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref>]] === Science, technology, spaceflight den energy === === Transportation === == Demographics == === Population === === Language === [[File:Languages cp-02.svg|thumb|Most spoken languages insyd de U.S.]] While dem dey speak chaw languages insyd de United States, English be by far de most commonly spoken den written.<ref>Kaur, Harmeet (May 20, 2018). [https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html "FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States"]. CNN. Retrieved May 11, 2023.</ref> Although der be no official language at de federal level, sam laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, dey standardize English, wey chaw states declare am de official language.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/ "States Where English Is the Official Language"]. ''The Washington Post''. August 12, 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2020.</ref> Three states den four U.S. territories recognize local anaa indigenous languages in addition to English, wey dey include Hawaii (Hawaiian),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4"]. Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7, 1978. Archived from [https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html the original] on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</ref> Alaska (twenty Native languages),<ref>Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, den Tsimshian</ref><ref>Chapel, Bill (April 21, 2014). [https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official"]. NPR.</ref> South Dakota (Sioux),<ref name="LakotaCommon">[https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/ "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language"]. Argus Leader. Retrieved March 26, 2019.</ref> American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), den de Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian den Chamorro). In total, dem dey speak 169 Native American languages insyd de United States.<ref>Siebens, Julie; Julian, Tiffany (December 2011). [https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf "Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010"] (PDF). ''United States Census Bureau''. Retrieved April 5, 2024.</ref> Insyd Puerto Rico, dem dey speak Spanish more widely dan English.<ref name="PuertoRicoTranslation">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/ "Translation in Puerto Rico"]. ''Puerto Rico Channel''. Archived from [https://www.puertorico.com/translation/ the original] on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.</ref> According to de American Community Survey insyd 2010, sam 229 million people out of de total U.S. population of 308 million speak English per for home. About 37 million speak Spanish at home, wey dey make am de second most commonly used language. Oda languages dem dey speak at home by one million people anaa more dey include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), den German (1 million).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170525123950/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table "American FactFinder—Results"]. Archived from [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table the original] on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2017.</ref> === Immigration === [[File:Border USA Mexico.jpg|thumb|De Mexico–United States border wall between San Diego (left) den Tijuana (right)]] === Religion === === Urbanization === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="10" |Largest metropolitan areas insyd de United States 2023 MSA population dey estimate from de U.S. Census Bureau |- ! !Rank !Name !Region !Pop. !Rank !Name !Region !Pop. ! |- | rowspan="11" |New York Los Angeles |1 |New York |Northeast |19,498,249 |11 |Boston |Northeast |4,919,179 | rowspan="11" |Chicago Dallas–Fort Worth |- |2 |Los Angeles |West |12,799,100 |12 |Riverside–San Bernardino |West |4,688,053 |- |3 |Chicago |Midwest |9,262,825 |13 |San Francisco |West |4,566,961 |- |4 |Dallas–Fort Worth |South |8,100,037 |14 |Detroit |Midwest |4,342,304 |- |5 |Houston |South |7,510,253 |15 |Seattle |West |4,044,837 |- |6 |Atlanta |South |6,307,261 |16 |Minneapolis–Saint Paul |Midwest |3,712,020 |- |7 |Washington, D.C. |South |6,304,975 |17 |Tampa–St. Petersburg |South |3,342,963 |- |8 |Philadelphia |Northeast |6,246,160 |18 |San Diego |West |3,269,973 |- |9 |Miami |South |6,183,199 |19 |Denver |West |3,005,131 |- |10 |Phoenix |West |5,070,110 |20 |Baltimore |South |2,834,316 |} === Health === [[File:Texas medical center.jpg|thumb|Texas Medical Center insyd Houston be de largest medical complex insyd de world.<ref>[https://www.tmc.edu/about-tmc/ "About Us"].</ref><ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180 "Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity"]. ''Newsweek''. August 19, 2020.</ref> As of 2018, e employ 120,000 people wey e treat 10 million patients annually.<ref>[https://www.tmc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/TMC_FactsFiguresOnePager_07052018-1.pdf "TMC Facts & Figures"] (PDF).</ref> |alt=The Texas Medical Center, a cluster of contemporary skyscrapers, at night]] === Education === [[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|77% of American college students attend public institutions<ref>National Center for Education Statistics. "[https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cha U.S. Undergraduate Enrollment]". Accessed July 29, 2024.</ref> such as de University of Virginia, found by Thomas Jefferson insyd 1819.|alt=Photograph of the University of Virginia]] == Culture den society == [[File:Liberty02.jpg|thumb|upright|De Statue of Liberty (''Liberty Enlightening the World'') for Liberty Island insyd New York Harbor na ebe 1866 gift from France wey cam turn iconic symbol of de American Dream.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307 "Statue of Liberty"]. ''World Heritage''. UNESCO. Retrieved January 4, 2022.</ref>|alt=The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal]] === Literature === [[File:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|thumb|upright|Mark Twain, wey William Faulkner bell "the father of American literature"<ref name="faulkner">Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). ''Faulkner at Nagano''. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.</ref>|alt=Photograph of Mark Twain]] === Mass media === [[File:Comcastcenter vertical.jpg|upright|thumb|Comcast Center insyd Philadelphia, headquarters of Comcast, one of de world ein largest telecommunications companies den media conglomerates]] === Theater === [[File:Broadway Theaters 45th Street Night.jpg|thumb|upright|Broadway theaters insyd Theater District, Manhattan]] === Visual arts === [[File:Grant Wood - American Gothic - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|''American Gothic'' (1930) by Grant Wood be one of de most famous American paintings wey ebe widely parodied.<ref name="BBC">Güner, Fisun (February 8, 2017). [https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170208-how-american-gothic-became-an-icon "How American Gothic became an icon"]. BBC. Retrieved March 2, 2017.</ref>]] === Music === [[File:Country music hall of fame2.jpg|thumb|De Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum insyd Nashville, Tennessee]] === Fashion === [[File:Carolina Herrera AW14 12.jpg|thumb|Haute couture fashion models for de catwalk top during New York Fashion Week]] === Cinema === [[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|De iconic Hollywood Sign, insyd de Hollywood Hills, dem often regard am as de symbol of de American film industry]] === Cuisine === [[File:2019-11-28 14 46 15 A single serving of Thanksgiving Dinner in the Parkway Village section of Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey.jpg|thumb|Thanksgiving dinner plus roast turkey, mashed potatoes, pickles, corn, candied yams, cranberry jelly, shrimps, stuffing, green peas, deviled eggs, green salad, den apple sauce]] === Sports === [[File:Commanders vs. Jaguars (52379056543).jpg|thumb|American football be de most popular sport insyd de United States; insyd dis September 2022 National Football League game, de Jacksonville Jaguars play de Washington Commanders at FedExField.]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from International Futures === Government === * [https://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government web portal] – gateway to government sites * [https://www.house.gov/ House] – official website of de United States House of Representatives * [https://www.senate.gov/ Senate] – official website of de United States Senate * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] – official website of de presido of de United States * [https://www.supremecourt.gov/ Supreme Court] – official website of de Supreme Court of de United States === History === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html "Historical Documents"] – website from de National Center for Public Policy Research * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221119213422/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm "U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality"]. Religious Tolerance. Analysis by de Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. * [https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html "Historical Statistics"] – links to U.S. historical data === Maps === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/ "National Atlas of the United States"] – official maps from de U.S. Department of de Interior * [[commons:Atlas_of_the_United_States|Wikimedia Atlas of the United States]] * Geographic data related to [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/148838 United States] at OpenStreetMap * [https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ "Measure of America"] – a variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, safety and demographics in the United States [[Category:United States]] [[Category:Countries for North America insyd]] [[Category:English-speaking countries den territories]] [[Category:Federal constitutional republics]] [[Category:Former British colonies den protectorates insyd de Americas]] [[Category:Former confederations]] [[Category:G20 members]] [[Category:Member states of NATO]] [[Category:Member states of de United Nations]] [[Category:States den territories dem establish insyd 1776]] al3c11le1m2sq4ojrx34mzyzritwiyf 0 13809 104072 78593 2026-06-20T02:26:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A '''shade tree''' be a large tree wey ein primary role make e provide shade insyd de surrounding environment secof ein spreading canopy den crown, wer e fi give shelter from sunlight insyd de heat of de summer for people wey dey seek recreational needs insyd urban parks den house yards, den thus, sanso dey protect dem from de sun ein harmful UV rays. [[File:Ahorn_bluehend2.JPG|right|thumb|Native across Europe den into Western Asia, de Norway maple shade tree, wer e since cam turn naturalised.]] Sam of de most popular shade trees insyd temperate countries be oaks, plane trees, willows, birches, beeches, maples, ashes, lindens, den elms. Insyd subtropical countries like [[Australia]] den India, figs be popular choices as shade trees.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200306215032/https://www.specialitytrees.com.au/trees/categories/shade-tree-a5tx6 Shade Tree]</ref> Insyd tropical countries, trees such as some ''Erythrina'' den African tulip tree species be often planted as shade trees.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081752/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1756 AgroForestryTree Database - Species information] 2013-01-13 at archive.today</ref> ==Specialitys== Dese trees be commonly grown, den/anaa used, as shade trees secof dema protuberant size:<ref>[https://www.winterhill.com.au/trees/shadetree/ Winterhill Tree Farm - Shade Trees]</ref><ref name="ABC">[http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/shade-trees/9429346 ABC - Gardening Australia - Shade Trees]</ref><ref>[http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/content/dam/pubs_ext_vt_edu/426/426-610/426-610_pdf.pdf Selecting Landscape Plants: Shade Trees] by Diane Relf, Extension Specialist, Horticulture, Bonnie Appleton, Extension Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech </ref> [[File:Keeler_Oak_Tree_-_distance_photo,_May_2013.jpg|thumb|220px|Oaks be popular shade trees.]] [[File:American Elm in New England photographed in June 2012.jpg|thumb|220px|A shade-providing elm tree]] [[File:Angophora_costata_-_spreading_crown_habit.jpg|220px|thumb|De twisting habit of angophoras dey provide good shade.]] * American elm * American sycamore * Austrian oak * Brush box * Banyan tree * Black walnut * Blue Jacaranda * Camphor laurel * Cape Chestnut * Carob tree * Chinese elm * Coastal Coral Tree * European beech * Honey locust * Golden Ash * Golden rain tree * Holm oak * Hopea odorata * Hill's weeping fig * Indian horse-chestnut * Japanese elm * London plane * Moreton bay fig * Norway maple * Oriental plane * Palestine oak * Pepper tree * Port Jackson Fig * Red maple * Royal poinciana * Rough-barked apple * Scarlet oak * Scholar tree * Silver linden * Shumard oak * Small-leaved fig * Southern live oak * Swamp Spanish oak * Sweet gum * Sycamore fig * Sycamore maple * Sydney red gum * Tulipwood * White feather honeymyrtle * Yellow box == References == <references /> {{Authority control}} [[Category:Trees]] [[Category:Ornamental trees]] [[Category:Landscape]] [[Category:Landscape ecology]] [[Category:Community ecology]] [[Category:Plant ecology]] [[Category:Habitat]] 2pn8tjpoxz8g9tw54mggm6adn4qml7h 0 15803 104075 96203 2026-06-20T02:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p.12, February 1859, XVI) - Copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Burning of a village in Africa den capture of ein inhabitants (February 1859)<ref name=Offering1859>{{cite journal|title=Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=February 1859|volume=XVI|page=12|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>]] Na Slavery historically be widespread insyd [[Africa]]. Na systems of servitude den slavery once be commonplace insyd parts of Africa, as na dem be in much of de rest of de ancient den medieval world.<ref>Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", ''Slavery and Slaving in African History'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.&nbsp;38, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003|10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003]], [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-139-03499-9|978-1-139-03499-9]]</bdi>, <q>For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.</q></ref> Wen de trans-Saharan slave trade, Red Sea slave trade, Indian Ocean slave trade, den [[Atlantic slave trade]] (wich na dem start insyd de 16th century) begin, na chaw of de pre-existing local African slave systems begin dey supply captives for slave markets outsyd Africa.<ref name="Lovejoy-20122">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Sparks process">{{cite book|last1=Sparks|first1=Randy J.|title=Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674724877|pages=122–161|chapter=4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe}}</ref> Slavery insyd contemporary Africa still dey exist insyd sam regions despite e be illegal. Insyd de relevant literature African slavery be categorized into indigenous slavery den export slavery, wey dey depend on whether anaa na dem no trade slaves beyond de continent.<ref>[https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/AEHN-WP-6.pdf Dirk Bezemer, Jutta Bolt, Robert Lensink, "Slavery, Statehood and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPER SERIES, No. 6/2012, p. 6]</ref> Na dem practise slavery insyd historical Africa insyd chaw different forms: na dem dey practise all debt slavery, enslavement of war captives, military slavery, slavery for prostitution, den enslavement of criminals insyd various parts of Africa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Give Me Liberty: An American History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2012|location=New York|page=18}}</ref> Na slavery for domestic den court purposes be widespread thru out Africa. Plantation slavery sanso occur, primarily on de eastern coast of Africa den insyd parts of West Africa. Na de importance of domestic plantation slavery increase during de 19th century, secof de abolition of de Atlantic slave trade. Na chawAfrican states dependent on de international slave trade reorient dema economies towards legitimate commerce worked by slave labour.<ref name="Austin">{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-world-history-of-slavery/DDBD4D7ECCB2B8A2C5D97E3609511366|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781139046176|editor1=David Eltis|volume=4|location=New York|chapter=Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936|doi=10.1017/9781139046176|editor2=Stanley L. Engerman|editor3=Seymour Drescher|editor4=David Richardson}}</ref> == Forms == Plenty kind slavery and servitude don dey exist for African history, dem shape am with wetin our people dey do before plus Roman slavery wahala (and how Christian people later take see am), Islamic slavery way come from Muslim slave trade, plus e finally join Atlantic slave trade matter.<ref name="Lovejoy-2012">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Slavery be one kind matter wey dey run for Africa society for long time, but how e be fit change.<ref name="Lovejoy-20123">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Ibn Battuta, wey visit Mali kingdom for 14th century, talk say people for there dey compete who go get plenty slaves and servants, and dem even give am one slave pikin as 'hospitality gift'.<ref>Noel King (ed.), ''Ibn Battuta in Black Africa'', Princeton 2005, p. 54.</ref> For sub-Saharan Africa, di slave relations dem dey very complex, with some rights and freedoms wey dem dey give to people wey dem hold for slavery, plus some wahala wey dey restrict sale and how dem go treat dem by dem masters.<ref name="Fage">{{cite journal |last=Fage |first=J.D. |year=1969 |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700036343 |s2cid=162902339}}</ref> Some communities get levels for di different kind of slaves: like, dem dey distinguish between those wey don born enter slavery and those wey dem catch through war.<ref name="Rodney">{{cite journal |last=Rodney |first=Walter |year=1966 |title=African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700006514 |jstor=180112 |s2cid=162649628}}</ref> Slavery for Africa no be joke, e dey connect with how pipo sabi each other. For many African towns, where land no dey belong to anybody, if person wan climb status, dem go fit enslave am to boost im influence and link up with more pipo.<ref name="Snell">{{cite book|last=Snell|first=Daniel C.|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|editor=Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge|location=New York|pages=4–21|chapter=Slavery in the Ancient Near East}}</ref> Dis one make slaves dey permanent for the master family, and even the pikin wey dem born from slaves fit join the big family ties well well.<ref name="Lovejoy-20124">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Pikin wey dey born for slave family fit join the master family group, e fit even become big person for society, sometimes e fit reach chief level too.<ref name="Rodney2">{{cite journal |last=Rodney |first=Walter |year=1966 |title=African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700006514 |jstor=180112 |s2cid=162649628}}</ref> But yawa still dey, e go still get bad name and proper line between the slave pipo wey dey the family and the master side.<ref name="Snell2">{{cite book|last=Snell|first=Daniel C.|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|editor=Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge|location=New York|pages=4–21|chapter=Slavery in the Ancient Near East}}</ref> ===== Chattel slavery ===== Chattel slavery be like when dem fit treat slave as if dem be dey own property. So, di owner fit sell, trade, or treat di slave like any other thing wey e get for him possession, and di pikin wey come from di slave too dey belong to di master.<ref name="Alexander">{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=J. |year=2001 |title=Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=44–60 |doi=10.1080/00438240126645 |jstor=827888}}</ref> Plenty proof dey show say chattel slavery don dey happen for Nile River valley, for Sahel and North Africa too. But e no clear how far chattel slavery dey go for di rest of di continent before dem write am down for Arab or European traders.<ref name="Alexander2">{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=J. |year=2001 |title=Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=44–60 |doi=10.1080/00438240126645 |jstor=827888}}</ref><ref name="Gaspar">{{cite book|last=Gaspar|first=D. B.|title=More than chattel: black women and slavery in the Americas|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1998|location=Bloomington}}</ref> ===== Domestic service ===== Plenty slave relationship for Africa dey center around domestic slavery, wey slaves go dey work for their master house, but dem go still get small freedoms. Dem domestic slaves fit be like part of the master family, and dem no go fit sell dem go another person unless wahala plenty. Dem slaves fit chop the money wey dem make from their work (whether land or products), and some fit marry and pass the land give their pikin for plenty cases.<ref name="Rodney3">{{cite journal |last=Rodney |first=Walter |year=1966 |title=African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700006514 |jstor=180112 |s2cid=162649628}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Domestic Slavery: What Is It?|url=https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/domestic-work-and-slavery/|publisher=Anti-Slavery International}}</ref> ===== Pawnship ===== Pawnship, or debt bondage slavery, dey use people as collateral make dem fit pay back debt. Di debtor or im paddy (normally pikin) go do di work. For West Africa, pawnship na normal way to secure loan. E mean say person or im family member go serve other person wey dey give credit. Pawnship dey different from slavery for some ways, like dem get specific work wey person go do, plus di family go fit protect dem from being sold into slavery. Before European waka come, pawnship dey happen plenty for West Africa among Akan people, Ewe, Ga, Yoruba, and Edo people. E still dey happen small-small among Efik, Igbo, Ijaw, and Fon people too.<ref name="Lovejoy and Richardson">{{cite journal |last1=Lovejoy |first1=Paul E. |last2=Richardson |first2=David |year=2001 |title=The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600–1810 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007787 |s2cid=145386643}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pawnship, Slavery, and Colonialism in Africa|publisher=Africa World Press|year=2003|editor1=Paul E. Lovejoy|location=Trenton, NJ|editor2=Toyin Falola}}</ref> ===== Military slavery ===== [[File:Victims_for_sacrifice-1793.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victims_for_sacrifice-1793.jpg|thumb|Slaves for sacrifice at the [[:en:Annual_Customs_of_Dahomey|Annual Customs of Dahomey]] – from ''[[:en:Archibald_Dalzel|The history of Dahomy, an inland Kingdom of Africa]]'', 1793]] Military slavery be when dem go collect and train soldiers wey dem force join, and e go still be military slaves even after dem finish work.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Douglas H. |year=1989 |title=The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=72–88 |doi=10.2307/482742 |jstor=482742}}</ref> Dem slave soldier groups go dey under one Patron, fit be government head or independent warlord wey go send him boys go fight for money and to chase him own political gains.<ref name="Johnson2">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Douglas H. |year=1989 |title=The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=72–88 |doi=10.2307/482742 |jstor=482742}}</ref> Dis one dey very important for Nile valley (mostly for Sudan and Uganda), wey slave soldiers dey organize by different Islamic leaders,<ref name="Johnson3">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Douglas H. |year=1989 |title=The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=72–88 |doi=10.2307/482742 |jstor=482742}}</ref> plus di war chiefs wey dey West Africa.<ref name="Wylie">{{cite journal |last=Wylie |first=Kenneth C. |year=1969 |title=Innovation and Change in Mende Chieftaincy 1880–1896 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=295–308 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700009531 |jstor=179516}}</ref> Di military units for Sudan start for 1800s as dem dey carry out big-time military raiding for di area wey we call Sudan and South Sudan now.<ref name="Johnson4">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Douglas H. |year=1989 |title=The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=72–88 |doi=10.2307/482742 |jstor=482742}}</ref> ===== Slaves for sacrifice ===== Human sacrifice dey happen for West Africa grind till 19th century. E no clear for ground before white man land, but for dem societies wey dey do am, na slaves be the main victims.<ref name="Lovejoy-20125">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> The Annual Customs of Dahomey na one bad case wey plenty slaves go dey sacrificed, sometimes 500 prisoners go follow am. Sacrifices dey happen all long West Africa coast and even inside. Dem dey do sacrifices for Benin Empire, wey dey current southern Nigeria, and for some small independent states for that side too. For Ashanti Region, human sacrifice dey mix with death penalty sometimes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Clifford. |date=1988 |title=Asante: Human Sacrifice or Capital Punishment? An Assessment of the Period 1807-1874 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/219449 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=433–441 |doi=10.2307/219449 |jstor=219449 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>R. Rummel (1997)"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N1j1QdPMockC Death by government]''". Transaction Publishers. p.63. {{ISBN|1-56000-927-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Human Sacrifice|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-sacrifice|date=26 August 2019}}</ref> ===== Local slave trade ===== [[File:Young_slave_women_in_Luanda.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_slave_women_in_Luanda.jpg|thumb|Young slave women in [[:en:Luanda|Luanda]], {{circa|1897}}]] Plenty nations like Bono State, Ashanti wey dey Ghana now and Yoruba wey dey Nigeria now dey do slave-trading.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=Derek R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Om12BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|title=The Politics of Heritage in Africa|last2=Gavua|first2=Kodzo|last3=Rassool|first3=Ciraj|date=2 March 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09485-7}}</ref> Groups like Imbangala for Angola and Nyamwezi for Tanzania dey act as middlemen or roaming gangs, dey fight African states to catch people for export as slaves. Historians like John Thornton and Linda Heywood from Boston University don estimate say, out of di Africans wey dem capture and sell as slaves go New World for Atlantic slave trade, about 90% na fellow Africans wey sell dem to European traders.<ref name="Ending the Slavery Blame-Game">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html|first=Henry Louis|last=Gates Jr.|title=Ending the Slavery Blame-Game|work=The New York Times|date=23 April 2010|access-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162439/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Henry Louis Gates, di Harvard Chair of African and African American Studies talk say, 'if no be for complex business partnerships between African elites and European traders, di slave trade to di New World no go fit happen, at least no go be dis scale wey e happen.'<ref name="Ending the Slavery Blame-Game2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html|first=Henry Louis|last=Gates Jr.|title=Ending the Slavery Blame-Game|work=The New York Times|date=23 April 2010|access-date=26 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162439/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/opinion/23gates.html|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Bubi people dey come from slaves wey run away from different tribes wey plenty ancient West-central African groups get. == Practices by region == [[File:Queen_Ranavalona_I_of_Madagascar_engraving.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Ranavalona_I_of_Madagascar_engraving.jpg|thumb|Malagasy slaves ([[:en:Andevo|Andevo]]) carrying Queen [[:en:Ranavalona_I|Ranavalona I]] of Madagascar]] Like plenty other places for di world, slavery and forced work dey happen inside plenty kingdoms and societies for Africa for plenty years.<ref name="Manning-1983">{{cite journal |last=Manning |first=Patrick |year=1983 |title=Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa |journal=American Historical Review |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=835–857 |doi=10.2307/1874022 |jstor=1874022 |s2cid=155847068}}</ref><ref name="Fage2">{{cite journal |last=Fage |first=J.D. |year=1969 |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700036343 |s2cid=162902339}}</ref> Ugo Kwokeji talk say di early European reports on slavery for Africa wey happen for di 1600s no dey reliable, because dem mix plenty kinds of servitude with chattel slavery.<ref name="Nwokeji">{{cite book|last=Kwokeji|first=G. Ugo|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Volume II|year=2011|editor=David Eltis and Stanley Engerman|pages=81–110|chapter=Slavery in Non-Islamic West Africa, 1420–1820}}</ref> Di best proof of slave waka for Africa dey come from di big kingdoms, especially for di coast, and e get small proof say widespread slavery dey for stateless societies.<ref name="Lovejoy-20126">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Fage3">{{cite journal |last=Fage |first=J.D. |year=1969 |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700036343 |s2cid=162902339}}</ref><ref name="Rodney4">{{cite journal |last=Rodney |first=Walter |year=1966 |title=African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700006514 |jstor=180112 |s2cid=162649628}}</ref> Slave trade no be di main thing, e dey follow other trade matter; but e get proof say dem dey use one trans-Saharan slave route since Roman time wey still dey persist after Roman Empire fall.<ref name="Rodney5">{{cite journal |last=Rodney |first=Walter |year=1966 |title=African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=431–443 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700006514 |jstor=180112 |s2cid=162649628}}</ref> But di way family connection and rights wey dem dey give slaves (except dem wey dem carry come from war) fit limit di level of slave trade before trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, and Atlantic slave trade start.<ref name="Fage4">{{cite journal |last=Fage |first=J.D. |year=1969 |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=393–404 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700036343 |s2cid=162902339}}</ref> ===== North Africa ===== [[File:Slave_Market,_Mono_version.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slave_Market,_Mono_version.jpg|thumb|Kushite prisoners of war watched over by Egyptians, waiting to be deported into Egypt. Relief from de [[:en:Tomb_of_Horemheb_in_Saqqara|tomb of Horemheb in Saqqara]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Gordan-Rastelli|first=Lucy|date=2007|title=The Egyptian Collection of Bologna, Italy|pages=50-64|magazine=[[Kmt (magazine)|Kmt]]|volume=18|issue=4|location=Weaverville, North Carolina|publisher=KMT Communications|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Geoffrey T.|url=|title=The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, volume 1|date=1989|publisher=[[Egypt Exploration Society]]|isbn=|location=London|pp=79-82|author-link=Geoffrey Thorndike Martin}}</ref>]] [[File:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg|thumb|Release of de Christian slaves by payment of ransom by Catholic monks for [[:en:Algiers|Algiers]] in 1661]] Slavery for northern Africa dey go back to ancient Egypt long time. Di New Kingdom (1558–1080 BC) carry plenty slaves as prisoners of war come up di Nile valley and use dem for work inside house and supervised jobs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Daniel C.|last=Snell|entry=Slavery in the ancient Near East|editor=K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|volume=1|pages=16–17|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2011}}</ref> Ptolemaic Egypt (305 BC–30 BC) dey use land and water routes to bring slaves come.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Dorothy J.|last=Thompson|entry=Slavery in the Hellenistic world|editor=K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|volume=1|page=207|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2011|quote=For the slave-owners of Ptolemaic Egypt, Africa was an obvious source of slaves, and both land and sea routes from the south were well used}}</ref> Chattel slavery dey happen plenty for North Africa, whether na under Ancient Carthage (around 814 BC – 146 BC)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=David M.|title=Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.{{nbsp}}800-146 BC|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=13. Punic Carthage|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0014|chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/25688/chapter/193166994}}</ref> or later when Roman Empire dey control am (145 BC – around 430 AD) and Eastern Romans (533 to 695 AD). Dem get slave trade wey dey carry Saharans go North Africa through desert, wey dey happen during Roman time, as dem still fit show am with documents for Nile Valley say dem dey regulate am with treaty.<ref name="Alexander3">{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=J. |year=2001 |title=Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=44–60 |doi=10.1080/00438240126645 |jstor=827888}}</ref> As Roman republic dey expand, dem dey make defeated enemies slaves, and di conquests for Africa no be exception. For example, Orosius talk say Rome carry 27,000 people from North Africa make dem slaves for 256 BC.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Keith|last=Bradley|entry=Slavery in the Roman Republic|editor=K. Bradley, and P. Cartledge|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|volume=1|page=246|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2011}}</ref> Piracy become big source of slaves for Roman Empire, and for 5th century AD, pirates dey raid coastal North African villages, carry people wey dem catch go enslave.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Walter|last=Scheidel|entry=The Roman slave supply|editor1-first=K.|editor1-last=Bradley|editor2-first=P.|editor2-last=Cartledge|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|volume=1|pages=297–8|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2011|quote=While large-scale piracy undoubtedly contributed to the Roman slave supply, it is hard to assess the relative significance of this source. Later episodes of piracy show no clear connection with the slave trade, at least not until maritime raiders were said to carry off the inhabitants of coastal villages in Illyria and North Africa in the fifth century AD}}</ref> Chattel slavery still dey happen after Roman Empire fall for di Christian areas wey dey there.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Alan |date=1980 |title=Chattel Slavery in the Ottoman Empire |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–45 |doi=10.1080/01440398008574806 |issn=0144-039X}}</ref> After dem Islamic trade start for Sahara,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aden|first1=John Akare|title=Legacies of the Past|last2=Hanson|first2=John H.|chapter=Legacies of the Past Themes in African History}}</ref> di practice continue, and na im make di slave matter spread go major places like Mali, Songhai, and Ghana.<ref name="Lovejoy-20127">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Di medieval slave trade for Europe na mainly for East and South: Christian Byzantine Empire and di Muslim World na di places dem dey send slaves go, while Central and Eastern Europe dey supply plenty slaves.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24159|title=Historical survey > The international slave trade|encyclopedia=Britannica.com}}</ref> Di slave trade for medieval Europe na Christians and Jews dey run am together. Early early for di medieval time, Jews get almost all di trade control between Islamic and Christian countries, but as we reach di thirteenth century, dat one no dey apply for di slave trade again.<ref>{{cite web|title=Routes of the Jewish Merchants Called Radanites|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4570-commerce#anchor7|accessdate=18 July 2023|publisher=Jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> [[File:Christian_slavery_in_Barbary_(1859).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_slavery_in_Barbary_(1859).jpg|thumb|[[:en:Christians|Christian]] slavery in [[:en:Barbary_Coast|Barbary]]]] Di Mamluks na slave soldiers wey convert to Islam and serve di Muslim caliphs and di Ayyubid Sultans for di Middle Ages. Di first Mamluks serve di Abbasid caliphs for 9th century Baghdad. As time go, dem become powerful military group, and plenty times dem take power wey be dem own, like when dem dey rule Egypt from 1250 to 1517. From 1250, Egypt na di Bahri dynasty of Kipchak Turk people wey dey rule am. White people wey be slaves from Caucasus join di army dey form elite troops, later revolting for Egypt create di Burgi dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (Timeline)|url=http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0075_popup11.htm|publisher=Sunnahonline.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|completely unfamiliar with this source|date=March 2023}} According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by [[:en:Barbary_pirates|Barbary pirates]] and sold as slaves to [[:en:North_Africa|North Africa]] and the [[:en:Ottoman_Empire|Ottoman Empire]] between the 16th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Robert C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800|date=December 2003|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0333719664|location=[[London]]|page=45|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Grabmeier">{{cite web|last=Grabmeier|first=Jeff|date=8 March 2004|title=When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggest White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|archive-date=25 July 2011|access-date=15 May 2015|website=researchnews.osu.edu|publisher=OSU News Research Archive|location=[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], Ohio}}</ref> However, to extrapolate his numbers, Davis assumes the number of European slaves captured by Barbary pirates were constant for a 250-year period, stating:{{blockquote|"There are no records of how many men, women and children were enslaved, but it is possible to calculate roughly the number of fresh captives that would have been needed to keep populations steady and replace those slaves who died, escaped, were ransomed, or converted to Islam. On this basis, it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers – about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000."<ref name=Earle>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books|title=New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe|last1=Carroll|first1=Rory|date=2004-03-11|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-11|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>}}Davis' figures dey cause quarrela for history class, like David Earle talk. E warn say true gist of European slaves dey confuse because dem corsairs dey carry non-Christian whites from east Europe plus black people from West Africa too. Plus, the number of slaves wey dem dey trade mad, dem go just dey guesstimate plenty, dey use big years take calculate for whole centuries or even thousands of years. So, year-to-year e dey scatter well well, especially for 18th and 19th centuries, as slaves wey dem dey import no dey consistent. Before 1840s, records no dey tight at all.{{citation needed span|text=Hence, there were wide fluctuations year-to-year, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, given slave imports, and also given the fact that, prior to the 1840s, there are no consistent records.|date=February 2023}} Middle East guy wey sabi, John Wright, dey warn say the figures wey dem dey use now mostly dey based on wetin people fit observe from back.<ref name="Wright">{{Cite news|title=Trans-Saharan Slave Trade|last=Wright|first=John|publisher=Routledge|year=2007}}</ref> [[File:Christelijke_gevangenen_worden_op_een_plein_te_Algiers_als_slaaf_verkocht,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christelijke_gevangenen_worden_op_een_plein_te_Algiers_als_slaaf_verkocht,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|thumb|Christian prisoners are sold as slaves in a square in Algiers, [[:en:Ottoman_Algeria|Ottoman Algeria]], 1684]] Dis observation wey dem do for late 1500s and early 1600s show say around 35,000 European Christian slaves dey for Barbary Coast, wey include Tripoli, Tunis, but e plenty for Algiers. Most of dem na sailors wey dem take with their ships, but some be fishermen and coastal people. Overall, most of di captives come from places wey dey near Africa, especially Spain and Italy.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml|title=British Slaves on the Barbary Coast|last=Davis|first=Robert|date=17 February 2011|publisher=BBC}}</ref> De coastal villages and towns for Italy, Portugal, Spain, plus dem Mediterranean islands dey fall victim to pirates plenty times, an long area for Italian and Spanish coasts don almost empty because people don vex waka go. After 1600, di Barbary pirates go fit carry dem waka enter Atlantic, even reach Iceland. Di most famous corsairs na Ottoman Barbarossa (wey dem dey call Redbeard), plus im elder brother Oruç, Turgut Reis (dem dey call am Dragut for di West), Kurtoğlu (wey dem dey call Curtogoli for di West), Kemal Reis, Salih Reis, and Koca Murat Reis.<ref name="Grabmeier2">{{cite web|last=Grabmeier|first=Jeff|date=8 March 2004|title=When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggest White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed|url=http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm|archive-date=25 July 2011|access-date=15 May 2015|website=researchnews.osu.edu|publisher=OSU News Research Archive|location=[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], Ohio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BBC – History – British Slaves on the Barbary Coast|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml|publisher=BBC}}</ref> For 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa carry Ischia, take 4,000 people prisoner, and send about 9,000 Lipari guys go slavery, almost everybody dey there.<ref>{{cite news|last=Richtel|first=Matt|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/09/26/trsic_ed3_.php|title=The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands|newspaper=International Herald Tribune}}</ref> For 1551, Dragut enslave all the people for Maltese island Gozo, like 5,000 to 6,000, send dem go Libya. When pirates attack Vieste for southern Italy for 1554, dem carry 7,000 slaves. For 1555, Turgut Reis waka go Corsica, scatter Bastia, take 6,000 prisoners. For 1558, Barbary corsairs capture town Ciutadella, destroy am, kill people wey dey there, and carry 3,000 survivors go Istanbul as slaves. For 1563, Turgut Reis land for Granada province, Spain, and capture coastal settlements like Almuñécar, plus 4,000 prisoners. Barbary pirates dey attack Balearic islands plenty, make dem build coastal watchtowers and strong churches. The wahala hard so much wey Formentera no get people again.<ref>Davis, Robert, ''Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800''. {{ISBN|978-1403945518}}</ref> [[File:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|left|thumb|Black [[:en:Zanj|Zanjs]] captured in a [[:en:Slave_raid|slave raid]] being marched to a slave market in the Arab world]] Early modern sources dey plenty with stories of the wahala wey Christian galley slaves of the Barbary corsairs dey face:{{blockquote|Those who have not seen a galley at sea, especially in chasing or being chased, cannot well conceive the shock such a spectacle must give to a heart capable of the least tincture of commiseration. To behold ranks and files of half-naked, half-starved, half-tanned meagre wretches, chained to a plank, from whence they remove not for months together (commonly half a year), urged on, even beyond human strength, with cruel and repeated blows on their bare flesh....<ref>Morgan, J. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208022614/http://snowy.arsc.alaska.edu/gutenberg/2/2/1/6/22169/22169-h/22169-h.htm#Page_214 ''A complete History of Algiers''], 1731, p. 517. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208022614/http://snowy.arsc.alaska.edu/gutenberg/2/2/1/6/22169/22169-h/22169-h.htm#Page_214 |date=8 December 2013 }}.</ref>}}For 1798, dem Tunisians come attack di islet wey dey near Sardinia, and dem carry over 900 people go as slaves. Sahrawi-Moorish people for Northwest Africa dey live like say dem get plenty tribal groups wey fit no mix. Di Hassane warrior tribe dem dey rule and collect tribute wey dem call horma from di lower Berber people wey be znaga. Under dem, you go see di Haratin people, wey be black population wey dem dey treat as servants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html|work=CNN|title=Slavery's last stand}}</ref> Dem wey be enslave for Sub-Saharan Africa, dem dey carry dem go cross North Africa enter Arabia make dem do farm work, because dem fit survive malaria wey plenty for Arabia and North Africa when dem dey start the slavery. Sub-Saharan Africans sabi endure di malaria-infested area wey dem go, dat be why North Africans no dey carry dem go, even though dem dey close to Arabia and di places wey dey around am.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toldedano |first1=Ehud |date=1 January 2018 |title=Expectations and Realities in the Study of Enslavement in Muslim-Majority Societies |journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=3}}</ref> ===== Horn of Africa ===== [[File:Servant_or_slave_woman_in_Mogadishu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Servant_or_slave_woman_in_Mogadishu.jpg|left|thumb|A "servant-slave" woman in [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]] (1882–1883)]] [[File:Slaves_in_Ethiopia_-_19th_century.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slaves_in_Ethiopia_-_19th_century.jpg|left|thumb|Slaves in [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], 19th century]] For Horn of Africa, di Christian kings for Ethiopian Empire dey catch slaves mostly from di pagan Nilotic Shanqella and Oromo people wey dey for dia west border, or from new land dem don take back or colonize.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keller|first=Edmond J|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036800537|title=Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people's republic|date=1991|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=|location=Bloomington|page=160|oclc=1036800537|author-link=}}</ref><ref name="Pkhst">Pankhurst. ''Ethiopian Borderlands'', p. 432.</ref> Di Somali and Afar Muslim sultanates, like di Adal Sultanate wey be for di medieval time, dey use dia ports to trade Zanj (Bantu) slaves wey dem catch from di bush.<ref name="Eoahac">{{cite book|last=Page|first=Willie F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK1aAAAAYAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2|publisher=Facts on File|year=2001|isbn=978-0816044726|page=239}}</ref> Slavery wey dem dey do for Ethiopia na mostly for house, and e be women wey dem dey carry go far pass men; dis one self dey happen for plenty parts of Africa. Women dey go across Sahara, Middle East, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean pass men.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book|last1=Robertson|first1=Claire|title=Women and Slavery|date=2019}}</ref> Dem wey dem enslave dey serve for their master or mistress house, but them no dey do much productive work. Dem dey regard the enslaved as second-class family members for their owners side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethiopia – The Interregnum|url=http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/16.htm|publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> The first time wey dem try stop slavery for Ethiopia na Emperor Tewodros II (1855–68),<ref>{{cite web|title=Tewodros II|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0848307.html|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2023}} but e no be until 1923 wey dem officially stop di slave trade when Ethiopia join League of Nations.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080811042105/http://www.kituochakatiba.co.ug/selassie.htm Kituo cha katiba >> Haile Selassie Profile]</ref> Anti-Slavery Society talk say over 2 million slaves dey for di early 1930s, from population wey fit be between 8 and 16 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery|url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> Slavery dey happen for Ethiopia till Italian people come invade for October 1935, when dem waka come remove am by order of dem soldiers wey occupy the place.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Abdussamad H. |year=1999 |title=Trading in Slaves in Bela-Shangul and Gumuz, Ethiopia: Border Enclaves in History, 1897-1938 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=433–446 |doi=10.1017/S0021853799007458 |jstor=183622 |s2cid=161799739}}</ref> After World War II, as Western Allies pressure dem, Ethiopia officially say no to slavery and anybody wey no fit work free after dem take back their independence for 1942.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721201821/http://www.africultures.com/anglais/Edito%20anglais/Edito6.htm The slave trade: myths and preconceptions]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120521002539/http://www.globalmarch.org/resourcecentre/world/ethiopia.pdf Ethiopia]</ref> For 26 August 1942, Haile Selassie come make one announcement wey ban slavery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology of slavery|url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2691/COS2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023053133/http://geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2691/COS2.html|archive-date=23 October 2009}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|geocities needs a serious look|date=March 2023}} For Somali area, dem dey buy slaves for slave market just to work for plantation.<ref name="USRCLS">Catherine Lowe Besteman, ''Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery'' (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1999), pp. 83–84.</ref> About law matter, na Sultans and local big men dey set how dem go treat Bantu slaves. Sometimes, dis plantation slaves go fit chop freedom through escape, emancipation, or dem fit pay ransom.<ref name="USRCLS2">Catherine Lowe Besteman, ''Unraveling Somalia: Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery'' (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1999), pp. 83–84.</ref> ===== Central Africa ===== {{See also|Atrocities in the Congo Free State|Cannibalism in Africa#Congo Basin}} [[File:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png|thumb|A slave market insyde [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], {{circa|1876}}]] [[File:Old_slave,_in_Cameroon_(IMP-DEFAP_CMCFGB-CP010_2).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_slave,_in_Cameroon_(IMP-DEFAP_CMCFGB-CP010_2).jpg|thumb|Elderly female slave, c.{{nbsp}}1911/1915, owned by Njapundunke, mother of the [[:en:Kingdom_of_Bamum|Bamum]] king [[:en:Ibrahim_Njoya|Ibrahim Njoya]]]] Slaves don dey move since olden days along trade ways wey cross Sahara.<ref>[http://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0001 "History & Memory : The Making of an Atlantic World : Pre-colonial Africa", The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, USA, 2021.]</ref> Oral stories talk say slavery dey for Kingdom of Kongo since e start, as Lukeni lua Nimi dey enslave Mwene Kabunga wey e conquer to set up di kingdom.<ref name="Heywood">{{cite journal |last=Heywood |first=Linda M. |year=2009 |title=Slavery and its transformations in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491–1800 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=50 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0021853709004228 |s2cid=154942266}}</ref> Early Portuguese write-ups show say di Kingdom get slavery before dem meet, but na mostly war captives from Ndongo Kingdom.<ref name="Heywood2">{{cite journal |last=Heywood |first=Linda M. |year=2009 |title=Slavery and its transformations in the Kingdom of Kongo: 1491–1800 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=50 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0021853709004228 |s2cid=154942266}}</ref><ref name="Birmingham">{{cite encyclopedia|date=25 January 2010|last=Birmingham|first=David|title=Central Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/central-Africa.|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Slavery dey happen plenty for Upper Congo River, and for di second half of 18th century, dis place change to major source of slaves for di Atlantic slave trade, as di price for slaves for coast high make long-distance trade sweet. When di Atlantic trade finish, di price of slaves drop sharp-sharp, and local trade increase, with Bobangi traders controlling am. Di Bobangi self dey buy plenty slaves with di money wey dem make from selling ivory, and dem use dem to fill dem villages. Slaves wey dem sell from dem family, usually because of bad behavior like adultery, no go try run away. E still dey common to sell pikin during famine. But captured slaves fit try escape, so dem dey carry dem move hundreds of kilometres far from dem homes to make sure say dem no fit run.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harms|first=Robert W.|title=River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0300026160|location=New Haven|pages=28–39}}</ref> De slave trade really jam dis area for Central Africa, e change all di things wey dey happen for society. E make traders fit create strong network wey dey carry food and handmade goods from small producers wey dey near di river. E be like sey just small slaves wey fit sit for canoe go cover di trip cost plus make profit, so traders go use di space wey no dey use for di canoe carry other goods come go far without adding plenty money. Even though di big money wey Mekong River slave trade dey bring go only reach small traders, dis side of di trade still help local producers and customers small.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harms|title=River of Wealth, River of Sorrow|pages=48–51}}</ref> For some areas inside Congo Basin, e no dey rare for dem to kill slave and chop am, especially during celebration times.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edgerton|first1=Robert B.|title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo|date=2002|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|pages=86–88, 108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ekholm Friedman|first1=Kajsa|title=Catastrophe and Creation: The Transformation of an African Culture|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=London|pages=228–232, 245}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hogg|first1=Garry|title=Cannibalism and Human Sacrifice|date=1958|publisher=Robert Hale|location=London|pages=103–105, 108|author-link1=Garry Hogg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jewsiewicki|first1=Bogumil|title=The Ideology of Slavery in Africa|last2=Mumbanza mwa Bawele|date=1981|publisher=Sage|editor1-last=Lovejoy|editor1-first=Paul|location=Beverly Hills|pages=75, 80–82|chapter=The Social Context of Slavery in Equatorial Africa during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rubinstein|first=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA18|title=Genocide: A History|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-0-582-50601-5|location=New York|pages=18–20|author-link1=William Rubinstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Siefkes|first1=Christian|url=https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/SiefkesEdible|title=Edible People: The Historical Consumption of Slaves and Foreigners and the Cannibalistic Trade in Human Flesh|date=2022|publisher=Berghahn|isbn=978-1-80073-613-9|location=New York|at=chs. 4–10}}</ref> People wey see am, dem talk say dem dey buy, butcher, and chop slave like say na normal daily hustle, no wahala, e no get strong emotions. Dem wey dey do am see am like e no different from how dem dey chop goat and other animals.{{sfn|Ekholm Friedman|2013|p=230}}{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|pp=91, 96–97}} ===== West Africa ===== [[File:1743_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_West_Africa_(_Slave_Trade_references_)_"Guinea"_-_Geographicus_-_Aethiopia-hmhr-1743.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1743_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_West_Africa_(_Slave_Trade_references_)_%22Guinea%22_-_Geographicus_-_Aethiopia-hmhr-1743.jpg|left|thumb|Homann Heirs map of de slave trade in West Africa, from Senegal and [[:en:Ras_Nouadhibou|Cape Blanc]] to Guinea, de [[:en:Chiloango_River|Cacongo]] and Barbela rivers, and Ghana Lake on de Niger River as far as Regio Auri (1743)]] Different kinds of slavery dey happen for different places for West Africa before Europe come trade.<ref name="Manning-19832">{{cite journal |last=Manning |first=Patrick |year=1983 |title=Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa |journal=American Historical Review |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=835–857 |doi=10.2307/1874022 |jstor=1874022 |s2cid=155847068}}</ref> Ghanaian historian Akosua Perbi talk say, for places like Ghana, dem don already get indigenous slavery by 1st century AD, e start from long ago.<ref name="Perbi Ghana">{{cite book|last1=Perbi|first1=Akosua Adoma|title=A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century|date=2004|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=9789988550325|location=Legon, Accra, Ghana|pages=26–30}}</ref> Even though slavery dey exist, e no too common for plenty West African societies wey no be Islamic before Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Nwokeji|first=U. G.|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery Volume 3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|pages=86, 88}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Stillwell|first=Sean|title=Slavery and Slaving in African History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|pages=47, 179, 192, 211}}</ref> Before dem bring slave trade for Atlantic, West Africa no get wetin go fit make slave society work well, like small market size and no proper job division.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=Nwokeji|first=U. G.|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery Volume 3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|pages=86, 88}}</ref> Most West African societies dey run as family units, so slavery no dey too main for how dem dey produce things.<ref name="Lovejoy-20128">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> For dem kinship societies, slaves go fit do almost the same work wey free people dey do.<ref name="Lovejoy-20129">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> But e be true wetin Nigerian historian Professor Philip Igbafe talk say, until late 19th Century, slavery for Kingdom of Benin, and other West African kingdoms, get hin own place for the state structure, e come from the 'economic, military, social and political needs of the Benin kingdom'. Oba (king) and normal citizens dey own slaves. For pre-colonial Benin, dem dey get slaves in plenty ways: through wars wey dem dey use take expand, gifts wey dem dey give Oba, wey sef dey inherit slaves from pipo wey no fit write will and also tribute wey dey come from dependent areas to Oba and big chiefs. Lastly, hardened criminals or those wey dey do serious crime fit either face execution or dem go sell dem into slavery. If person get plenty slaves, e be sign of hin status. Slaves dey work for militia and dey be main labour force for chiefs, plus dem dey meet local needs for human sacrifices. When dem finally ban slavery, e bring plenty wahala wey get economic, political and social consequences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Igbafe |first=Philip A. |date=1975 |title=Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180474 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=409–429 |doi=10.1017/S002185370001433X |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=180474 |s2cid=161431780 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:Boukary_Koutou's_Mossi_cavalry_returning_with_captives_from_a_raid,_Ouagadougou.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boukary_Koutou's_Mossi_cavalry_returning_with_captives_from_a_raid,_Ouagadougou.jpg|left|thumb|[[:en:Wobgho|Boukary Koutou]]'s [[:en:Mossi_people|Mossi]] cavalry returning with captives from a raid]] Martin Klein talk say before Atlantic trade, slaves for Western Sudan be just small part of di population, dem dey inside di house, dey work with free people for di house, plus dey join network wey be face-to-face link.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book|last=Nwokeji|first=U. G.|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery Volume 3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|pages=86, 88}}</ref> As trans-Saharan slave trade and gold money begin grow for western Sahel, plenty major states begin structure around di slave trade, like Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, Bono State and Songhai Empire.<ref name="Meillassoux">{{cite book|last=Meillassoux|first=Claude|title=The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1991|location=Chicago}}</ref> But some communities for West Africa no gree accept slave trade. The Jola dem no wan join the slave matter till seventeenth century come finish, and dem no use slave work for their side until the nineteenth century. The Kru and Baga too fight against the slave trade, you know.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hillbom|first=Ellen|title=An Economic History of Development in sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Palgrave|page=70}}</ref> Di Mossi Kingdoms dey try grab important places for di trans-Saharan trade, but when dem no fit, dem come turn defenders against slave raiding wey powerful states from di western Sahel dey run. Later on, di Mossi join for di slave trade inside di 1800s, mostly for di Atlantic slave trade.<ref name="Meillassoux2">{{cite book|last=Meillassoux|first=Claude|title=The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1991|location=Chicago}}</ref> [[File:Le_Tour_du_monde-07-p101.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Tour_du_monde-07-p101.jpg|thumb|Human sacrifice of slaves in the kingdom of [[:en:Dahomey|Dahomey]]]] Senegal be di starting point for slave trade, and di Homann Heirs map show where dem dey move people and trade well.{{clarify|date=March 2023}} Di culture for Gold Coast no dey based on land wey family sabi grow, but on power wey person hold. For Western Africa, dem develop slavery as dem sabi wetin go fit help di aristocracy and wetin go fit suit di area. Dis kind governance use di 'political tool' to check different work and di way dem dey take blend slavery. Domestic and farm work dey show say e be main thing for Western Africa, because dem dey see slaves like 'political tools' wey fit give you access and status. Slaves dey marry plenty wives pass their owners, and e dey boost owners' status too. No be all slaves dey do the same work. European colonizers join the trade to fit their country's pocket. Dem Moorish traders for desert and Portuguese traders wey no too strong show say different ways wey dem dey use slaves so far, and where dem dey go for the trade. Historian Walter Rodney talk say no slavery or big domestic work for early European stories wey talk about Upper Guinea region. I. A. Akinjogbin self dey argue say European accounts show say slave trade no be big thing for coastline wey Yoruba and Aja people dey control before Europeans come land.<ref name="Akinjogbin">{{cite book|last=Akinjogbin|first=I. A.|title=Dahomey and Its Neighbors: 1708–1818|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1967|oclc=469476592}}</ref> For one paper wey dem read for Ethnological Society of London for 1866, the viceroy of Lokoja, Mr. T. Valentine Robins, wey go on journey up River Niger with HMS Investigator for 1864, come describe slavery for that area: {{blockquote|Upon slavery Mr Robins remarked that it was not what people in England thought it to be. It means, as continually found in this part of Africa, belonging to a family group-there is no compulsory labour, the owner and the slave work together, eat like food, wear like clothing and sleep in the same huts. Some slaves have more wives than their masters. It gives protection to the slaves and everything necessary for their subsistence – food and clothing. A free man is worse off than a slave; he cannot claim his food from anyone.<ref name="Paisley Herald-1866">{{cite news|title=Among the savages|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000464/18660310/049/0006| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription |access-date=19 November 2014|publisher=Paisley Herald and Renfrewshire Advertiser|date=10 March 1866|page=6}}</ref>}}When Atlantic slave trade start, e make people dey rush for slaves for West Africa and plenty states turn plenty for slave trade, domestic slavery too start dey rise well well.<ref name="Manning-1990">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> Hugh Clapperton for 1824 talk say half of Kano people be slaves. For Gold Coast area, plenty of dem wey dem capture be from far inside the land, dem be defeated people from plenty wars wey dem dey sell as part of wetin dem dey call "eating de country" wey dey try scatter fallen enemies make dem no fit regroup again.<ref name="Sparks process2">{{cite book|last1=Sparks|first1=Randy J.|title=Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674724877|pages=122–161|chapter=4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe}}</ref> Ghana historian Akosua Perbi talk say from 15th to 19th century for Ghana, di main way dem dey get slaves na through war, slave market, pawning, raid, kidnapping and tribute, while di small-small ways na from gifts, convictions, community or private deals.<ref name="Perbi Ghana2">{{cite book|last1=Perbi|first1=Akosua Adoma|title=A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century|date=2004|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=9789988550325|location=Legon, Accra, Ghana|pages=26–30}}</ref> [[File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_'Marchand_d'Esclaves_de_Goree'_LACMA_M.83.190.334.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_'Marchand_d'Esclaves_de_Goree'_LACMA_M.83.190.334.jpg|thumb|A slave trader of [[:en:Gorée|Gorée]], {{circa|1797}}]] For Senegambia area between 1300 and 1900, e be like one-third of di people na slaves. For early Islamic states of di western Sahel like Ghana (750–1076), Mali (1235–1645), Segou (1712–1861), and Songhai (1275–1591), around one third of di population na slaves. For Sierra Leone in di 19th century, about half of di people na slaves. Among di Vai people for di 19th century, three quarters of dem be slaves. For di 19th century, at least half di people wey dey among di Duala of Cameroon and other folk around lower Niger, di Kongo, and di Kasanje kingdom plus Chokwe of Angola, na slaves. For Ashanti and Yoruba, one third of di people shawa na slaves. Di population of Kanem (1600–1800) get about one-third as slaves. E fit be like 40% for Bornu (1580–1890). Between 1750 and 1900, from one to two-thirds of di whole people for di Fulani jihad states na slaves. Di population of di largest Fulani state, di Sokoto Caliphate, at least half na slaves for di 19th century. Among di Adrar, 15 percent na slaves, and 75 percent of di Gurma na slaves.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|title=Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|archive-date=30 December 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Slavery dey very common among di Tuareg people and plenty of dem still dey hold slaves today.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Ines Kohl|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/711000207|title=Tuareg society within a globalized world : Saharan life in transition|author2=Anja Fischer|date=2010|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies/I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-924-9|location=London|oclc=711000207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Klein|first=Martin A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37300720|title=Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-59324-7|location=Cambridge|oclc=37300720}}</ref> When British dem come control Sokoto Caliphate and di areas for northern Nigeria for di 20th century waka, around 2 million to 2.5 million people dey suffer as slaves.<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v007/7.1blue02.html "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)"], Project MUSE – ''Journal of World History''.</ref> Di slavery matter for northern Nigeria finish around 1936 be di end.<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v007/7.1blue02.html "Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)"], Project MUSE – ''Journal of World History''.</ref> ===== African Great Lakes ===== [[File:TipputipPortrait.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TipputipPortrait.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibari]] slave trader [[:en:Tippu_Tip|Tippu Tip]] owned 10,000 slaves]] Sea trade dey happen from eastern Africa Great Lakes to Persia, China, and India for di first millennium AD, and dem talk say slaves be small matter compare to gold and ivory. When dem mention am, di slave trade no be big, e dey mostly happen when dem dey carry women and children from Kilwa Kisiwani, Madagascar, and Pemba islands. For places like Uganda, di experience for women wey dey in slavery no be like di normal slavery wey dey happen then. Di roles wey people dey take depend on gender and di position for di society. First, we gatz sabi sey Uganda get different types of slavery, wey get peasants and den slaves. Researchers Shane Doyle and Henri Médard talk say dem get clear difference with dis: If dem peasant show bravery for battle, dem go fit get slaves from di lord or chief wey dem fight for. E be possible say dem fit collect slaves from relatives wey don become chiefs, or dem fit inherit slaves from dem papa. Dem get two types: abanyage (dem wey war carry come) and abagule (dem wey dem buy). All dis na under abenvumu or true slaves, meaning dem no free at all. Higher level be di young Ganda wey dem maternal uncles go put for slavery (or pawn), normally to repay debt... On top dat, both chiefs and king dey use sons of rich men wey wan show dem respect to win favor for demself or dem pikin. Dem na abasige and dem dey increase noble family plenty... All dis different categories of people wey dey house be classed as Medard & Doyle abaddu (male servants) or abazana (female servants), whether dem be slave or free-born.(175) For di Great Lakes area for Africa (like wey dem dey call Uganda now), dem don get signs wey show say slavery dey through war capture, trade, en pawning since long time; but e be like dis pawning don increase plenty for 18th en 19th centuries, no be small.<ref name="Schoenbrun">{{cite book|last=Schoenbrun|first=David|title=Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa|publisher=James Currey Ltd.|year=2007|location=Oxford, England|pages=38–74|chapter=Violence, Marginality, Scorn & Honor: Language Evidence of Slavery in the Eighteenth Century}}</ref> Dis slaves wey dem consider dem pass di ones from Gold Coast. Dem dey look dem with more respect because of di training wey dem sabi. Di language wey slaves dey use for Great Lakes area no be di same. Dis water area dey make am easy for dem to catch slaves and carry dem go. Dem dey call dem captive, refugee, slave, peasant en plenty names so to describe dem wey dey for di trade. Di difference na wetin dem go use dem for and where dem catch dem. Methods like pillage, plunder, en capture na di words wey dey common for dis region to show wetin be di trade. [[File:Gang of Captives at Mbame’s.jpg|thumb|Slave traders plus de pipo dem capture, dem chain dem en put 'taming sticks' for deir neck. dis one de come from Livingstone's story]] Historians Campbell and Alpers talk say for Southeast Africa, dem get plenty kinds of work wey dey happen. Dem also reason say de difference between slave en free people no really matter for most communities.<ref name="Campbell & Alpers">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Gwyn |last2=Alpers |first2=Edward A. |year=2004 |title=Introduction: Slavery, forced labour and resistance in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=ix–xxvii |doi=10.1080/0144039042000292992 |s2cid=144847867}}</ref> But as international trade dey grow for 18th and 19th century, Southeast Africa begin to join de Atlantic slave trade big time; like wen king of Kilwa island sign contract with French merchant for 1776 to deliver 1,000 slaves every year.<ref name="Kusimba">{{cite journal |last=Kusimba |first=Chapurukha M. |year=2004 |title=The African Archaeological Review |journal=Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=59–88 |doi=10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a |jstor=25130793 |s2cid=161103875}}</ref> Around that time, traders from Oman, India, en Southeast Africa dey start set up plantations for di coast and di islands.<ref>{{cite news|title=Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8167390.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=25 July 2009}}</ref> To fit workers for dem plantations, dem dey raid slaves en hold dem like say na normal tin for di region, en slave traders like Tippu Tip dey come up for di political scene well well.<ref name="Kusimba2">{{cite journal |last=Kusimba |first=Chapurukha M. |year=2004 |title=The African Archaeological Review |journal=Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=59–88 |doi=10.1023/b:aarr.0000030785.72144.4a |jstor=25130793 |s2cid=161103875}}</ref> Southeast African trade dey shine for early 1800s, wey dem dey sell like 30,000 slaves every year. But e no really fit become strong matter for local economies, except for Zanzibar wey dem get plantations en agricultural slavery wey dem still dey maintain.<ref name="Manning-19902">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> Author en historian Timothy Insoll talk say: "Dem record say 718,000 slaves dey waka come out from Swahili coast for 19th century, and dem still get 769,000 wey still dey for coast."<ref>Timothy Insoll, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PA8 "Swahili"], in Junius P. Rodriguez (1997), ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'', ABC-CLIO, p. 623. {{ISBN|0-87436-885-5}}.</ref> For different times, like 65 to 90 percent of Zanzibar dey be slaves. For Kenya side, 90 percent of people be slaves, wey half of Madagascar people dey also be slaves.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|title=Historical survey, Slave societies|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> ===== South Africa ===== {{further|Slavery in South Africa}}Some African leaders, especially from Zulu and other Nguni dem, dey join slave trade by catching people from enemy groups when fight dey happen. Dem go sell those people into slavery.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 January 2025|title=South Africa – Delagoa Bay, Slave Trade|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/The-Delagoa-Bay-slave-trade|access-date=16 January 2025|website=Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Changes wey happen == {{main article|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Atlantic slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}}De way wey slave relationships for Africa don change na through four big processes: de trans-Saharan slave trade, de Indian Ocean slave trade, de Atlantic slave trade, plus de policies wey free slaves for 19th plus 20th centuries. All dis processes really change de way slavery be, de level, plus de money wey dey involve for Africa.<ref name="Lovejoy-201210">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> De slave wahala for Africa, e dey show different times wey European dem go fit use am to link with Africa people. For 18th century, some writers for Europe talk say slavery for Africa dey too harsh, na to fit justify de Atlantic slave trade. Later writers come dey use de same gist to justify how European powers go fit intervene den colonize to stop slavery for Africa.<ref name="Klein-1978">{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=Martin A. |year=1978 |title=The Study of Slavery in Africa |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=599–609 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700016509}}</ref> Africans sabi wetin dey happen to slaves insyde de New World. Plenty big men for Africa dey waka go Europe on slave ships wey follow de wind go New World. Example be dis: Antonio Manuel, wey be Kongo ambassador to Vatican, go Europe for 1604, e stop for Bahia, Brazil, wey e arrange make dem free one of him paddy wey dem wrongly put for slavery. African kings too dey send their pikin dem follow this slave route to school for Europe, and plenty former slaves come later return build Liberia and Sierra Leone. ===== Trans-Saharan, Red Sea plus Indian Ocean slave trade ===== {{main article|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Red Sea slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} ===== De beginning times ===== Beginning records of de trans-Saharan slave trade dey come from ancient Greek historian Herodotus for 5th century BC.<ref name="apuleius2">{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Keith R.|title=Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays|page=177|chapter=Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade}}</ref><ref name="exports22">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Andrew|title=Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=192–193|chapter=Saharan Exports to the Roman World}}</ref> Di Garamentes wey Herodotus talk about dem, dey be people wey dey do trans-Saharan slave trade and dey carry cave dweller 'Ethiopians' (Ethiopian be Greek name for Black, no be people wey come from Ethiopia), or Troglodytae. Di Berber Garamentes dey depend plenty on di work of slaves from sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2011|title=Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/05/gaddafi-sahara-lost-civilisation-garamantes|access-date=9 December 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> dem dey use slaves for dia own communities to build and manage underground water system wey Berbers sabi as foggara.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mattingly|first=David|title=Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=27–28|chapter=The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade}}</ref> For early Roman Empire time, Lepcis city sabi set up slave market wey dey buy en sell slaves from Africa inside.<ref name="apuleius22">{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Keith R.|title=Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays|page=177|chapter=Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade}}</ref> Di empire put customs tax for slave trade matter.<ref name="apuleius23">{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Keith R.|title=Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays|page=177|chapter=Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade}}</ref> For 5th century AD, Roman Carthage dey trade black slaves wey dem carry come from Sahara.<ref name="exports222">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Andrew|title=Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=192–193|chapter=Saharan Exports to the Roman World}}</ref> Black slaves dey special for Mediterranean as house slaves because dem get fine look. Some historians talk say slave trade for dis time fit dey more than medieval times because Roman Empire dey need plenty slaves.<ref name="exports223">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Andrew|title=Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=192–193|chapter=Saharan Exports to the Roman World}}</ref> Slave trade for Indian Ocean start since 2500 BC.<ref name="indianocean">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|page=78|quote=The "globalized" Indian Ocean trade in fact has substantially earlier, even pre-Islamic, global roots. These roots extend back to at least 2500 BC, suggesting that the so-called "globalization" of the Indian Ocean trading phenomena, including slave trading, was in reality a development that was built upon the activities of pre-Islamic Middle Eastern empires, which activities were in turn inherited, appropriated, and improved upon by the Muslim empires that followed them, and then, after that, they were again appropriated, exploited, and improved upon by Western European interveners.}}</ref> Old Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Indians and Persians dey trade slaves small-small across Indian Ocean (and sometimes Red Sea).<ref name="indianocean2">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Around de time of Alexander de Great, Agatharchides talk say dem dey trade slaves for Red Sea.<ref name="indianocean22">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Strabo's Geographica (finish after 23 AD) talk say Greeks from Egypt dey trade slaves for port of Adulis and other ports for Somali coast.<ref name="indianocean23">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Pliny de Elder's Natural History (publish for 77 AD) also describe Indian Ocean slave trade.<ref name="indianocean24">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> For 1st century AD, Periplus of Erythraean Sea dey talk say e get plenty chance for slave trade for de area, especially de trading of 'fine girls for side chick work'.<ref name="indianocean25">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Dis manual talk say, dem dey carry slaves come out from Omana (wey fit dey around wey Oman dey now) and Kanê go west coast of India.<ref name="indianocean26">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> De old Indian Ocean slave trade dey come from de way dem build boat wey fit carry plenty pipo cross di Persian Gulf, using wood wey dem bring from India. Dis shipbuilding don dey happen since Assyrian, Babylonian and Achaemenid times times oo.<ref name="indianocean3">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=81–82}}</ref> After Byzantine Empire and Sassanian Empire join for slave business for 1st century, e turn big deal o.<ref name="indianocean27">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> Cosmas Indicopleustes talk for him Christian Topography (550 AD) sey dem go take slaves wey dem catch for Ethiopia put am for Byzantine Egypt through Red Sea.<ref name="indianocean4">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=82–83}}</ref> E too talk say dem fit bring non-Africa eunuchs from Byzantines wey dey Mesopotamia en India.<ref name="indianocean42">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=82–83}}</ref> After 1st century, black Africans wey dem dey ship go everywhere don turn 'constant factor'.<ref name="indianocean32">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=81–82}}</ref> under de Sassanian,de Indian Ocean trade no be only slaves dem carry, e be scholars plus merchants too wey dem dey move.<ref name="indianocean28">{{cite book|last=Freamon|first=Bernard K.|title=Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=79–80}}</ref> ===== Arab slave traders en markets ===== [[File:089 Le marché aux esclaves à Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|De slave market insyde Zanzibar, {{circa|1860}}]] De enslavement of Africans for eastern markets don start before 7th century but e no too dey high till 1750.<ref name="Oriental12">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=12}}</ref> De trade dey burst around 1850 but e fit don finish by 1900.<ref name="Oriental122">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=12}}</ref> Muslim wey dey join slave trade start for de eighth en ninth century AD, e start with small-small movement of people, plenty from de eastern Great Lakes area and de Sahel. Islamic law gree for slavery, but e no gree make dem take other Muslims wey don dey exist before; so, de main people wey dem dey target to enslave na de ones wey dey live for de border areas of Islam for Africa.<ref name="Alexander4">{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=J. |year=2001 |title=Islam, Archaeology and Slavery in Africa |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=44–60 |doi=10.1080/00438240126645 |jstor=827888}}</ref> De slave trade wey dey cross Sahara and Indian Ocean get long story, e start when Arab traders begin control sea routes for ninth century. Dem talk say at dat time, small small thousands of people wey no free dey carry go every year from Red Sea and Indian Ocean shore. Dem dey sell dem for Middle East. Dis trade dey hot as better ships come make trade dey plenty en dem dey need more hands for plantation. As time go, tens of thousands dey carry go every year.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Donnelly Fage|first1=John|title=A History of Africa|last2=Tordoff|first2=William|date=December 2001|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415252485|edition=4|location=Budapest|page=258|author1-link=John Donnelly Fage}}</ref> For Swahili Coast, Afro-Arab slavers dey trap Bantu people from insyde come bring dem to di shore.<ref name="Lodhi">{{cite book|last=Lodhi|first=Abdulaziz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcLAQAAMAAJ|title=Oriental Influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts|publisher=Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis|year=2000|isbn=978-9173463775|page=17}}</ref><ref name="Tannenbaum">{{cite book|last=Edward R. Tannenbaum|first=Guilford Dudley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxpmAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of World Civilizations|publisher=Wiley|year=1973|isbn=978-0471844808|page=615}}</ref> der, de slaves slowly fit in dem rural areas, especially for de Unguja en Pemba islands.<ref name="Lodhi" /> Dis one change di slave matter, as e make new jobs for slaves (like eunuchs wey dey guard harems, and for military). E also create chance for freedom (like conversion—though e go only free di children of di slave).<ref name="Lovejoy-201211">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Johnson5">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Douglas H. |year=1989 |title=The Structure of a Legacy: Military Slavery in Northeast Africa |journal=Ethnohistory |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=72–88 |doi=10.2307/482742 |jstor=482742}}</ref> Even though trade no too big, di total number of slaves wey don pass through di trade plenty for many years.<ref name="Lovejoy-201212">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Because e small and dey happen slowly, de way e take affect slavery for people wey no convert to Islam no too plenty.<ref name="Lovejoy-201212" /> But for 1800s, de slave trade wey dey go Africa to de Islamic countries really catch fire. Wen de European slave trade stop around 1850s, di trade go east start to shine again before e finish wen di Europeans come colonize Africa around 1900.<ref name="Manning-19903">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> From 1500 to 1900, about 17 million African slaves waka go reach Indian Ocean shore, Middle East, plus North Africa, thanks to Muslim traders.<ref name="bbcFocus">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Focus on the slave trade|date=3 September 2001}}</ref> For 1814, Swiss guy wey dem call Johann Burckhardt talk about him waka for Egypt and Nubia, where he see dem dey trade slaves: "E plenty times, I don watch two scenes wey dey very shameful, plus na only de traders wey dey act am dey laugh. I fit talk say, very few female slaves wey don pass ten years fit reach Egypt or Arabia as virgin."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080809060546/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/burckhardt/john_lewis/nubia/chapter2.html Travels in Nubia, by John Lewis Burckhardt] (ebook).</ref> [[File:Slaves ruvuma.jpg|thumb|Swahili-Arab slave traders plus de people wey dem catch for Ruvuma River for Mozambique, 19th century]] David Livingstone dey talk about de slave trade for East Africa for him journals: {{Blockquote|text=  To sabi all di bad matter no fit happen, e dey impossible.[112]: 442 }} Livingstone talk say one group of slaves dey waka wey Arab slave traders force dem for African Great Lakes area when e dey travel there for 1866: {{Blockquote|content=  19th June 1866 – We pass one woman wey dem tie her neck to tree, she don die. de people for di place talk say she no fit follow di other slaves wey dey work, ein master don decide say she no go belong to anybody if she recover.[112]: 56  26th June 1866 – ... We see one slave woman wey dem don shoot or stab, she dey lie for ground: group of men dey around hundred yards far from one side, plus some women dey another side dey watch; dem talk say one Arab wey pass early morning do am vex because he don lose de money wey ein pay for her, cause she no fit waka again. 27th June 1866 – Today, we come see one man wey don die from hunger, ein dey too thin. One of our guys waka come find plenty slaves wey dem don leave for side, dem get slave-sticks on, dem masters don abandon dem because no food; dem too weak to even talk or say where dem come from; some of dem be small pikin.[112]: 62 }}De way wey people dey die for trans-Saharan routes dey match how e be for trans-Atlantic. E no easy for slaves wey dey travel go Egypt, plus North Africa, e be high die rate, even if dem dey feed dem well plus treat dem fine. Old books wey slaves buyers dey use – wey dem write for Arabic, Persian plus Turkish – talk say Africans wey come from Sudanic en Ethiopian area dey sick en fit die when dem reach new place.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241130163455/https://issuu.com/orbisvita/docs/madeline_c._zifli__women_and_slaver Madeline c. Zifli, Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge U.P., 2010, pp 118, 119]</ref> Zanzibar be di main slave port for East Africa before, en during di 19th century, Omani Arabs dey control am, plenty slaves, like 50,000, dey pass through di city every year through di Zanzibar slave trade.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 October 2002|title=Swahili Coast|url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html|archive-date=1 October 2005|publisher=.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> ===== European pipo wey de do trade plus colonial markets ===== European slave trade for Indian Ocean start when Portugal set up Estado da Índia for early 16th century. Till around 1830s, roughly 200 slaves dey comot from Mozambique every year, and dem same number dey estimated for slaves wey dem carry from Asia go Philippines during Iberian Union (1580-1640).<ref name="Allen-2017-overview2">{{Harvnb|Allen|2017|loc=Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean: An Overview, pp. 295–299}}</ref> De Dutch East India Company start for early 17th century make slavery hustle boom big-time for the area; dem fit get like 500,000 slaves for different Dutch colonies for 17th den 18th centuries for Indian Ocean. For example, about 4000 African slaves dey used build Colombo fortress for Dutch Ceylon. Bali plus dem neighboring islands dey supply local network with around 100,000-150,000 slaves from 1620-1830. Indian plus Chinese slave traders dey bring like 250,000 slaves come Dutch Indonesia during 17th den 18th centuries.<ref name="Allen-2017-overview2" /> De East India Company (EIC) start during dat time, plus for 1622, one of dem ship carry slaves from Coromandel Coast go Dutch East Indies. EIC dey trade mostly for African slaves but dem dey chop some Asian slaves wey dem buy from Indian, Indonesian and Chinese slave traders. De French come establish colonies for Réunion den Mauritius for 1721; by 1735, about 7,200 slaves dey live for di Mascarene Islands, plus dis number reach 133,000 by 1807. De British come take di islands for 1810, but since dem don ban slave trade for 1807, dem start secret small-small slave trade to carry slaves go French farm owners for de islands; for all, 336,000–388,000 slaves don dey export go Mascarane Islands from 1670 to 1848.<ref name="Allen-2017-overview2" /> For all, European traders carry 567,900–733,200 slaves from Indian Ocean between 1500 den 1850, plus dem carry almost same number from Indian Ocean to Americas during dis time. But make I tell you, slave trade for Indian Ocean no plenty like de {{circa|{{formatnum:12000000}}}} slaves wey dem carry cross di Atlantic.<ref name="Allen-2017-overview2" /> ===== Atlantic slave trade ===== {{main article|Atlantic slave trade}} [[File:Tobacco cultivation (Virginia, ca. 1670).jpg|thumb|African slaves wey de work for Virginia for 17th century, by artist wey nobody sabi, 1670]] De Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade dey go on for di Atlantic Ocean from 15th to 19th century. Patrick Manning talk say dis trade really change how Africans dey, dem move from small minority wey dey be slaves for de world for 1600 to plenty wey take over by 1800. By 1850, de number of African slaves for Africa don pass de ones for de Americas.<ref name="Manning">{{cite journal |last=Manning |first=Patrick |year=1990 |title=The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System |journal=Social Science History |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=255–279 |doi=10.2307/1171441 |jstor=1171441}}</ref> De slave trade change from small part to de economy to the biggest business na just small time. Plus, agriculture farms grow plenty en dem turn key part for plenty societies.<ref name="Lovejoy-201214">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> De big cities wey use to be de root of de main trade road don move go West coast.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dantzig |first=Albert |date=1975 |title=Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Some West African Societies |journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire |volume=62 |issue=226 |pages=252–269 |doi=10.3406/outre.1975.1831}}</ref> At de same time, plenty African communities move go far from de slave trade roads, dem dey try protect demself from Atlantic slave trade but e dey block dem from making economic den tech development too.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f8303451031574653583290?migration=1&bhcp=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306165031/http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f8303451031574653583290?migration=1&bhcp=1|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=24 November 2019|website=AAME}}</ref> [[File:Esclavatge - Comèrci mondiau sègle XVIII.png|thumb|European colonial empires, African kingdoms plus dem trade roads for 18th century]] For plenty African communities, traditional lineage slavery don turn more like chattel slavery because work demand don increase.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last1=Robertson|first1=Claire|title=Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective|last2=Achebe|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0299321109|pages=191–204}}</ref> This one make life dey bad for many people, wetin dem dey work and status of slaves for West Africa no too dey fine. Assimilative slavery dey fade away, come replace am with chattel slavery. For Africa, assimilative slavery go still let some slaves fit chop freedom, plus dem fit influence culture, social matter, and money too. Slaves dey often see as family members, no be just somebody property.<ref name=":22" /> Di way dem dey share sex for di enslaved people under traditional lineage slavery show say women be more desirable slaves. Dem need dem for house work and to born pikin too.<ref name=":22" /> Boys wey dey work as slaves na dem dey do plenty heavy farm work,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Kirsten E. |date=29 July 2010 |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Mark M |editor2-last=Paquette |editor2-first=Robert L |title=Gender and Slavery |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199227990-e-24 |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0024 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> but as more men dem carry come West Coast and cross Atlantic go New World, dem dey use more girls too for farm work and dem dey collect plenty wives. Chattel slavery for America dey rough because plantation work hard and na dis place be the main spot wey boys slaves dey land for New World.<ref name=":22" /> [[File:A Brazilian family in Rio de Janeiro by Jean-Baptiste Debret 1839.jpg|thumb|Jean-Baptiste Debret mindset wen ein hear of pipo wey be slaves for Brazil (1839)]] Dem talk say when plenty able people waka go during the Atlantic slave trade, e fit make many societies no fit cultivate land well den grow. Many smart people dey argue say de slave trade wey cross Atlantic leave Africa underdeveloped, plenty people no balance for dem population, plus make dem dey weak for future colonization from Europe.<ref name=":1" /> De first white people wey land for Guinea coast na de Portuguese; de first white man wey actually buy enslaved Africans for di area na Antão Gonçalves, wey be Portuguese explorer for 1441 AD. Dem come mainly to trade for gold en spice, come set colony for de empty islands of São Tomé. For de 16th century, de Portuguese wey settle find say de volcanic islands dey good for sugar farming. Sugar farming no be small wahala plus de Portuguese settlers no easy to bring because of de heat, no better road, plus de hard life. So, to grow di sugar, dem start rely on plenty enslaved Africans. Elmina Castle for de Gold Coast, wey de African workers build for de Portuguese for 1482 to fit control de gold trade, come turn important place for slaves wey dem go carry go New World.<ref>John Henrik Clarke. ''Critical Lessons in Slavery & the Slavetrade''. A & B Book Pub.</ref> [[File:VillageCayor-1821.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VillageCayor-1821.jpg|left|thumb|Slave trade along the [[:en:Senegal_River|Senegal River]], kingdom of [[:en:Cayor|Cayor]]]] De Spanish na de first white people wey use enslave Africans for islands wey dey America like Cuba and Hispaniola.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIA Factbook: Haiti|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2028.html?countryName=Haiti&countryCode=ha&regionCode=ca&#ha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612230135/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2028.html?countryName=Haiti&countryCode=HA&regionCode=ca&#ha|archive-date=12 June 2009|publisher=Cia.gov}}</ref> where de wahala for death wey dey happen for local population make dem bring de first royal law to protect dem (Laws of Burgos, 1512–13). De first enslaved Africans land for Hispaniola for 1501 after de Papal Bull of 1493 give almost all de New World to Spain.<ref>{{cite web|year=1989|title=Health in Slavery|url=http://www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk/webbook-chap1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150332/http://www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk/webbook-chap1.html|archive-date=17 June 2008|access-date=13 January 2010|work=Of Germs, Genes, and Genocide: Slavery, Capitalism, Imperialism, Health and Medicine|publisher=United Kingdom Council for Human Rights}}</ref> For Igboland, dem Aro oracle (dem Igbo religion people) dey start punish plenty people wey small matter fit no even fit carry dem go slavery before, so e make more guys dey available for slavery wey people fit buy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Robertson|first1=Claire|title=Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective|last2=Achebe|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0299321109|pages=191–204}}</ref> [[File:Africa de l'Oèst (fin sègle XVIII).png|thumb|[[:en:Asante_Empire|Asante]] plus other West African kingdoms, 18th century]] De Atlantic slave trade burst well for late 18th century, when plenty people from West Africa dey buy or capture go America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transatlantic slave trade|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/transatlantic-slave-trade|access-date=28 May 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> De wahala wey come from European colonial powers expansion for de New World make de slave trade sweet pass, so de West African powers dey chop beta money from am. E bring plenty empires wey dey thrive on de slave trade, like Bono State, Oyo empire (Yoruba), Kong Empire, Imamate of Futa Jallon, Futa Toro, Kingdom of Koya, Khasso, Kaabu, Fante Confederacy, Ashanti Confederacy, plus Dahomey kingdom. [[File:Slave factories, or compounds, maintained by traders from four European nations on the Gulf of Guinea in what is now Nigeria) - N. Parr, sculp LCCN92520148.jpg|thumb|Slave factories wey traders from four European countries maintain for Gulf of Guinea for wetin dem dey call Nigeria now, 1746]] Dose kingdoms dey use soldier lifestyle wey plenty war dey happen, so dem fit gather plenty humans wey dem go fit sell to de Europeans.<ref name="Lovejoy-201213">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bortolot|first=Alexander Ives|date=October 2003|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|access-date=13 January 2010|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> E dey show for de Slave Trade Debates wey happen for England for de early 19th century: 'All de old writers no dey agree say wars no be just for making slaves, but dem also dey say Europeans dey start am for dat reason.'<ref>''Slave Trade Debates 1806'', Colonial History Series, Dawsons of Pall Mall, London 1968, pp. 203–204.</ref> As dem dey gradually stop slavery for European colonia empires during de19th century, e make de African empires slow down den finally collapse. When European countries start to halt de Atlantic slave trade, e make dem big men wey get slaves for Africa begin use dem for plantation plus other farm products.<ref name="Gueye">{{cite book|last=Gueye|first=Mbaye|title=The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century|publisher=UNESCO|year=1979|location=Paris|pages=150–163|chapter=The slave trade within the African continent}}</ref> ===== Abolition ===== {{main article|Abolitionism|Blockade of Africa}} ===== 18th en 19th centuries ===== Last big change wey happen for slave matter na when dem start to free slave small-small for mid-19th century. As European people dey take over plenty land for inland Africa wey don start for de 1870s, de colonial policies no clear at all. E be like say, even wen dem talk say slavery no legal again, de colonial authorities go still carry back people wey don run away go give dem master.<ref name="Lovejoy-201215">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> Slavery still dey continue for some countries for de colonial rule time, plus for some times, e no be until dem get independence say dem start to dey change how slavery dey go.<ref name="Hahonou">{{cite journal |last1=Hahonou |first1=Eric |last2=Pelckmans |first2=Lotte |year=2011 |title=West African Antislavery Movements: Citizenship Struggles and the Legacies of Slavery |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/20_Pelckmans_Hahonou.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für Kritische Afrikastudien |issue=20 |pages=141–162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512042058/http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/20_Pelckmans_Hahonou.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> fight against colonial wahala for Africa dey bring slaves plus dem former masters to gather fight for independence; but e no last long, after independence, political parties dey form based on slaves and masters levels.<ref name="Manning-19904">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> For some places for Africa, dem still dey do slavery plus slavery-like wahala, especially de illegal movement of women en pikin for bad things.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Richard L.|title=Trafficking in Slavery's Wake : Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa|last2=Lawrance|first2=Benjamin N.|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780821420027}}</ref> De wahala don show sey e dey hard for government plus people wey dey fight for rights to fit remove am.<ref name="Dottridge">{{cite journal |last=Dottridge |first=Mike |year=2005 |title=Types of Forced Labour and Slavery-like Abuse Occurring in Africa Today: A Preliminary Classification |url=http://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/14968 |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=45 |issue=179/180 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.5619 |doi-broken-date=28 November 2024 |s2cid=144102510}}</ref> European guys start dey fight against slavery and slave trade for late 18th century, e really change tings for African slavery matter. Portugal be di first country for di continent wey cancel slavery for em mainland plus Portuguese India with law wey dem pass on 12 February 1761, but e no change wetin dey happen for demma colonies for Brazil and Africa. France don cancel slavery for 1794. But Napoleon bring am back for 1802, en e no finish till 1848. Denmark-Norway be de first European country wey really stop de slave trade for 1803. Slavery itself no really stop till 1848.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{cite book|last=Rodriguez|first=Junius P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PA8|title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1997|isbn=978-0-87436-885-7|volume=1. A – K|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> Britain be next in line wey drop am for 1807 wen dem pass Abolition of de Slave Trade Act for Parliament. dis law fit chop serious fines, e dey increase as the number of slaves wey dem carry be plenty, for slave ship captains. After dat, dem bring the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 wey free all slaves for de British Empire. Dem British people dey pressure other countries wey make dem gree say dem go stop slave trade from Africa. Like say , de 1820 U.S. Law on Slave Trade wey turn slave trading to piracy, if dem catch you, na death be de punishment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carrell|first=Toni L|title=The U.S. Navy and the Anti-Piracy Patrol in the Caribbean|url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/08trouvadore/background/piracy/piracy.html|access-date=11 January 2010|publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> plus, de [[:en:Ottoman_Empire|Ottoman Empire]] don cancel slave trade from Africa for 1847 sekof British pressure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tôledānô|first=Ehûd R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7p_S58y2BUC&pg=PA11|title=Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East|publisher=U. of Washington Press|year=1998|isbn=9780295802428|page=11}}</ref> By 1850, na de year wey dem last big player for Atlantic slave trade (Brazil) pass de Eusébio de Queirós Law wey ban de slave trade,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus|title=A Concise History of Brazil|date=28 April 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521565264|page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus/page/110 110]|access-date=4 June 2011|url-access=registration}}</ref> de slave trades don slow down well well, plus e be only illegal trade wey dey happen. Brazil still dey carry on plus slavery matter , plus na dem be de major source for illegal trade till around 1870 en De end of slavery come tun forever, e go dey always for 1888 wen Princess Isabel of Brazil plus Minister Rodrigo Silva (wey be Eusebio de Queiroz paddy) ban de matter.<ref name="Manning-19905">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> De British dey try hard to stop de illegal Atlantic slave trade for dis time. De West Africa Squadron don catch 1,600 slave ships from 1808 to 1860, wey dem don free 150,000 Africans wey dey inside di ships.<ref>{{cite web|last=Loosemore|first=Jo|date=8 July 2008|title=Sailing Against Slavery|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml|access-date=12 January 2010|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Dem take action against African leaders wey no gree sign British treaties wey go stop de trade, like say, de 'usurping King of Lagos' wey dem remove for 1851. Dem sign anti-slavery treaties with over 50 African rulers.<ref>{{Citation|last=Heafner|first=Christopher A.|title=Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society|date=6 April 2006|work=African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.44880|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1}}</ref> [[File:HMS_Brisk_and_Emanuela.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Brisk_and_Emanuela.jpg|left|thumb|Capture of de slave ship ''[[:en:Sunny_South_(clipper)|Emanuela]]'' ]]As Patrick Manning talk am, internal slavery na big matter for Africa during second half of de 19th century. E say, "if na any time we fit talk say African societies dey organize around slave production, na from 1850–1900 e be." Wen dem cancel de Atlantic slave trade, e make African states wey depend on de trade, change dem economy to focus on local plantation slavery plus proper business wey slave labour dey work. Before dis time, slavery na mostly for home matter. <ref name="Manning-19906">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Austin2">{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-world-history-of-slavery/DDBD4D7ECCB2B8A2C5D97E3609511366|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781139046176|editor1=David Eltis|volume=4|location=New York|chapter=Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936|doi=10.1017/9781139046176|editor2=Stanley L. Engerman|editor3=Seymour Drescher|editor4=David Richardson}}</ref> De anti-slavery movement wey dey happen for Europe don turn excuse plus reason for dem to conquer den colonize plenty parts of Africa.<ref name="Klein-19782">{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=Martin A. |year=1978 |title=The Study of Slavery in Africa |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=599–609 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700016509}}</ref> E be de main gist for Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference wey happen for 1889-90. For de late 19th century, de Scramble for Africa make dem quickly divide de continent between European powers wey wan control am, en one early but small focus for all de colonial masters na to suppress slavery plus de slave trade. Seymour Drescher dey talk say European people wey wan end slavery, na mainly because of dem money plus imperial aim.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Drescher|first=Seymour|title=Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780521841023}}</ref> Even though dem dey use slavery as excuse for conquest, colonial masters no dey really care about am, or dem go just allow slavery make e continue. Dis be secof colonial people need local leaders plus deir money matter, wey plenty dey involved for slavery. So, at first, early colonial policies go de try stop slave trade, but dem go still manage de slavery wey dey happen den try weaken de power of de slave masters.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book|last=Stillwell|first=Sean|title=Slavery and Slaving in African History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|pages=47, 179, 192, 211}}</ref> Plus, de early colonial states no get strong control over dem area, so dem no fit cancel tings widely. Dem try make abolition happen more strongly later for de colonial time.<ref name=":52" /> ===== 20th century till World War II ===== Plenty tings be de reason slavery slow down den finally dem cancel am for Africa during de colonial time, some of saa reasons be say na dem get colonial policies wey dey talk of cancelling am, economic changes too no be small, plus slaves sef dey resist. During colonial time, de way work change wey wage labour plus cash crops rise, e make slavery dey slowdown fast secof e give slaves new chances . Dem stop slave raiding en wars between African states plus dat one wey make plenty slaves reduce. Slaves go use early colonial laws wey sey dem don stop slavery, dem go waka comot from dem masters but dose laws dey more for control than to really stop am. Dis waka bring more serious efforts to stop slavery from colonial government.<ref name=":52" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Sandra E. |date=2 October 2015 |title=Minority Voices: Abolitionism in West Africa |journal=Slavery & Abolition |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=642–661 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2015.1008213 |issn=0144-039X |s2cid=144012357}}</ref><ref name="Lovejoy-201216">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref> After French people don conquer den cancel slave matter, over one million slaves for French West Africa jammed their leg run from dem masters go back home between 1906 den 1911.<ref>Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.</ref> For [[:en:Madagascar|Madagascar]] dem don release over 500,000 slaves after French cancel am for 1896<ref>Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878</ref> Sekof dis pressure, Ethiopia don officially cancel slavery for 1932, de Sokoto Caliphate don also cancel am for 1900, plus de rest of Sahel follow do am for 1911. After Trans-Atlantic slave trade don end, other roads wey de carry enslave people from Africa don continue till e enter de 20th century. Indian Ocean slave trade, plus Zanzibar slave trade, British don fight dem with plenty anti-slavery agreements wey dem push on Zanzibar Sultan between 1822 and 1909, each one dey limit slave trade wey dey happen between Swahili coast of East Africa plus Arabian Peninsula. For 1867 agreement, dem pressure Zanzibar make dem stop to export slaves go Arabia, plus make dem contain slave trade insyde Sultanate borders, na only between Latitude 9 degrees South of Kilwa plus Latitude 4 degrees South of Lamu.<ref>Mbogoni, L. E. Y. (2013). Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota. p. 172</ref> After 1867, British dem go dey fight slave trade for Indian Ocean but Omani slave dhows wey dey use French colours dey carry slaves go Arabia plus Persian Gulf from East Africa, even reach Mozambique. French people no fit talk anything till 1905, wen Hague International Tribunal tell dem make dem stop French flags for Omani dhows; but small small smuggling of slaves from East Africa go Arabia still dey happen till 1960s.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 25</ref> For 20th century, na de League of Nations don take slavery matter serious, dem set up committees wey go investigate den cancel slavery plus slave trade for de whole world. De Temporary Slavery Commission (TSC) run em global investigation from 1924–1926, dem file report, plus dem create de 1926 Slavery Convention wey go make sure say dem fit cancel slavery plus slave trade fast fast.<ref>Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press, pp. 100–121</ref> For 1932, de League create Committee of Experts wey go look insyde de result plus how dem fit enforce de 1926 Slavery Convention. Dis one bring new international investigation under de first permanent slavery committee, de Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery (ACE).<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216</ref> Dis two investigations talk say, African slaves dey move from Africa go Muslim Arab world, where dem still dey accept chattel slavery. De Trans-Saharan slave trade dem try fight am, but de colonial masters wey dey control de Sahara region since late 19th century no really get power for de place like dat. De French, Spanish, Italian British dem dey yan say dem dey fight de old slave trade wey dey carry Africans go Arab North Africa plus Middle East. But truth be say, de colonial masters from de West no fit control de Sahara area well well, so dem no really stop de slave trade, but e dey small small reduce am. De colonial people talk say di slave trade dey still happen for 1930s, even though dem dey fight am well. De Italians come report to de Advisory Committee wey sabi about slavery say de Trans-Saharan slave trade don clear as Italian dem dey conquer, wey dem free 900 slaves for Kufra market.<ref name="ReferenceB">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 226</ref> plus For de 1936 report to de Advisory Committee of pipo wey sabi slavery, de French, British plus Italian people talk say dem check de water sources wey dey along de caravan routes for Sahara to fight de Trans-Saharan slave trade from Nigeria go North Africa.<ref name="sm">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 279</ref> For 1937, report wey go meet de Advisory Committee of Experts for slavery, both France den Spain dey talk sey dem dey fight de slave raiders from trans-Saharan. den for 1938, French people don talk sey dem don secure border area wey dey near Morocco den Algeria, plus dem really stop de trans-Saharan slave trade for dat side.<ref name="sm" /> ===== After World War II ===== De old Red Sea slave trade wey dey carry enslaved Africans go Arabia across de Red Sea, no stop till 1960s. De yearly waka to Mecca, de Hajj, na e be big way dem dey enslave pipo. Muslim Africans wey dey go Hajj across Sahara, dem dey trick or give dem small money for travel by tribal leaders; as dem land for East Coast, dem dey carry dem cross de Red Sea for de dhows of de slave trade or small planes, only to find out say dem go sell dem for slave market instead of make dem do Hajj.<ref>Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 1-3</ref> De English guy Charles M. Doughty wey waka go Central Arabia for 1880s, talk say African slaves dey come Arabia every year for hajj, plus say 'e get bondmen den bondwomen plus free negro families for every tribe and town.'<ref>Zdanowski J. Slavery in the Gulf in the First Half of the 20th Century : A Study Based on Records from the British Archives. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Askon; 2008</ref> Dem dey talk say slavery for Islamic societies be kind of good thing, and King Abd al Aziz Ibn Saud tell British man Munshi Ihsanullah say West Africans<ref>Emancipating "The Unfortunates": The Anti-slavery Society, the United States, the United Nations, and the Decades-Long Fight to Abolish the Saudi Arabian Slave Trade. DeAntonis, Nicholas J. Fordham University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2021. 28499257. p. 10</ref> dem dey live like animals, and na beta dem go dey as slaves. If e get in way, e go take all West African pilgrims make dem slaves, change dem from their bad condition plus turn dem into happy, rich den civilized people. De Red Sea slave trade wey de British tackle wey try control de pilgrims wey dey waka through Africa. Dem dey patrol de Red Sea den dey check de traffic, but de controls no dey work well, as de slave traders go tell de European Colonial bosses say de slaves be dem wives, pikin, servants or fellow Hajj pilgrims. De victims sef dey believe dat one, no sabi say dem dey ship dem as slaves.<ref>Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Rowman Altamira. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7591-0340-5</nowiki>. p. 88-90</ref> Article 4 wey Universal Declaration of Human Rights talk say no slavery go dey, dem accept am for 1948 by UN General Assembly. After World War II, dem fit ban chattel slavery for most places, only Arabia en some parts of Africa still dey carry am. For Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Trucial States plus Oman, chattel slavery still dey legal, plus dem dey use Red Sea slave trade supply slaves go Arabia. Wen League of Nations finish, UN come take over after World War II, Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge wey dey work for Anti-Slavery International, join UN make dem continue work wey ACE of the League start. For February 1950, dem start de Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery for de United Nations,<ref>Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press, pp. 323-324</ref> plus na so dem fit bring de Supplementary Convention on de Abolition of Slavery .<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326</ref> Slavery for Saudi Arabia, Yemen, en UAE no end till 1960s den 1970s. For 21st century, activists dey talk say many immigrants wey dey go those countries to work dey suffer under dem kafala system like dem still be slaves. Colonial countries fit achieve wetin dem wan do for slavery matter, but slavery still dey happen for Africa, even as e dey change small small to wage work. Countries wey don get independence wey dey try to fit westernize or make Europe gree sometimes dey show say dem dey fight slavery, but for places like Egypt, dem dey employ European soldiers like Samuel White Baker wey dey waka up de Nile. Slavery never really disappear for Africa, e still dey happen for countries like Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, plus Sudan, especially for where law den order don scatter.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 2002|title=Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan|url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/sudanupdate.htm|access-date=12 January 2010|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Although dem don ban am everywhere, dem still dey do slavery small-small for some places wey neva show face.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm|title=Millions 'forced into slavery'|date=27 May 2002|work=BBC News|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> Dem dey estimate say 30 million people be victims of slavery for de whole world.<ref>"[https://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/global-slavery-index/ India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria on slavery's list of shame, says report]". [[CNN]]. 18 October 2013.</ref> For Mauritania alone, e dey around 600,000 men, women plus pickin wey dem dey slave, dat be 20% of de population, plenty of dem dey do bond work.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml|title=Modern slavery|publisher=[[BBC World Service]]|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L01877550.htm|title=Poverty, tradition shackle Mauritania's slaves|last=Flynn|first=Daniel|date=1 December 2006|agency=Reuters|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> Dem finally ban slavery for Mauritania for August 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law|date=9 August 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=12 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106014658/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|archive-date=6 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> For de Second Sudanese Civil War, dem carry plenty people go slavery; dem talk sey abduction fit range from 14,000 reach 200,000.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2002|title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm|access-date=20 March 2014|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> For Niger, wey dem ban slavery for 2003, one research show say almost 8% of di people still dey be slaves.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm|title=Born to Be a Slave in Niger|last=Andersson|first=Hilary|date=11 February 2005|work=BBC News|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1|title=The Shackles of Slavery in Niger|last=Steeds|first=Oliver|date=3 June 2005|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> == Effects == ===== Demographics ===== [[File:Zanzslgwch.jpg|thumb|A [[:en:Zanj|Zanj]] slave gang for Zanzibar (1889)]] Slavery plus de slave trade really chop big for de population size plus wetin dey happen with men den women for plenty parts of Africa. How dis demographic change take affect na wetin plenty people dey argue about.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first=Claire|title=Holding It Together:African Women in Changing Perspectives|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-299-32110-9|location=Wisconsin|pages=191–192}}</ref> Atlantic slave trade dey carry 70,000 people every year, mostly from west coast of Africa, wen e dey hot around mid-1700s.<ref name="Manning-19906" /> De trans-Saharan slave trade na wen dem dey catch people from insyde de continent, den dem go ship dem go overseas through ports for Red Sea den other places. E reach peak of 10,000 people wey dem dey trade per year for de 1600s.<ref name="Manning-19906" /> As Patrick Manning talk am, population dey drop for plenty areas for Sub-Saharan Africa sekof dis slave trades wey happen. Dis population wey decline for West Africa from 1650 to 1850 dey worse wahala sekof slave traders like male slaves pass. Dis kind preference no dey for other slave trade. More female slaves dey travel pass male for Africa side.<ref>Robertson, Claire (2019). Women and Slavery.</ref><ref name="Manning-19907">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|publisher=Cambridge|year=1990|location=London}}</ref> For east Africa, di slave trade dey go different directions den e change over time. As pipo dey need plenty hand for work, Zanj slaves wey dem catch from de south, dem dey sell am through ports wey dey for de north coast in plenty numbers for many years to customers for Nile Valley, Horn of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf, India, Far East plus de Indian Ocean islands.<ref>Gwyn Campbell, ''The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia'', 1 edition, (Routledge: 2003), p.ix</ref> ===== Extent ===== [[File:African Slave Trade.png|thumb|Big routes wey dem dey use carry slaves commot Africa, by de number of slaves wey dem move, from 1500 go 1900.]] How far slavery dey happen for Africa plus how dem dey carry people go other places no be exact. Even though dem study Atlantic slave trade well well, dem estimates dey from 8 million pipo go reach 20 million.<ref>Curtin, Philip D. (1972). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4uEWu0GwwhkC&pg=PR5 The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census.] University of Wisconsin Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-299-05403-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2013.</ref> Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database dey talk say, na around 12.8 million people waka go Atlantic from 1450 come 1900.<ref name="Lovejoy-201217">{{cite book|last=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|location=London}}</ref><ref name="TAST Database">{{cite web|title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade|url=http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325095837/http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces|archive-date=25 March 2013|access-date=29 March 2013|publisher=Emory University}}</ref> Dem dey take slaves from Sahara go Red Sea, from Sahara, Horn of Africa, plus East Africa, e be around 6.2 million people wey dem carry between 600 den 1600.<ref name="Lovejoy-201217" /> E be true say de rate go down for East Africa for de 1700s, but e rise again for de 1800s plus dem talk say e go reach 1.65 million for dat century.<ref name="Lovejoy-201217" /> Patrick Manning talk say around 12 million slaves enter Atlantic trade from 16th to 19th century, but about 1.5 million die for ship.<ref name=":0">Patrick Manning, "The Slave Trade: The Formal Dermographics of a Global System" in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman (eds), The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe (Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 117-144, [https://books.google.com/books?id=abvkqNGSTZ0C&pg=PA119 online at pp. 119-120.]</ref> About 10.5 million slaves land for America.<ref name=":0" /> Apart from de slaves wey die for de Middle Passage, plenty Africans fit don die for war plus slave raids for Africa, plus dem wey dey move go ports. Manning talk say 4 million don die insyde Africa after dem capture, plus plenty don die young sef.<ref name=":0" /> Manning talk say e dey count 12 million wey suppose land for Atlantic, plus 6 million wey wan go Asian slave markets plus 8 million wey go African markets.<ref name=":0" /> David Stannard talk say, 50% of people wey die for Africa na sekof of war wey dey happen between native kingdoms, plus na dem dey produce most of de slaves.<ref>Stannard, David. ''American Holocaust''. Oxford University Press, 1993.</ref> Dis be for de people wey die for battle d ones wey die sekof dem force dem waka go slave ports for de coast.<ref name="Gomez">Gomez, Michael A. ''Exchanging Our Country Marks''. Chapel Hill, 1998</ref> de act Dem dey use capture enemy soldiers plus dema villages dey plenty for Western den West Central Africa, Even though dem no dey start war just to catch slaves. Na slave trade be wetin dey come from tribal plus state war, as dem dey fit use am clear wahala plus get cash for future battles.<ref>Thornton, John. ''Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800'', Cambridge University Press, 1998.</ref> ===== Debate about demographic effect ===== [[File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|thumb|Photograph of a slave boy for [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]: "An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence" ({{circa|1890}})]] Dem demographic wahala wey slave trade cause dey hot people body well well. Walter Rodney talk say all de pipo wey dem carry come out na big disaster for Africa, e don put Africa for wahala compared to other places for de world, plus na dis one fit explain why Africa dey suffer poverty till today.<ref>Rodney, Walter, ''How Europe Underdeveloped Africa'', London: [[Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications]], 1972.</ref> E dey show numbers wey talk say Africa population no dey grow for dis time, but Europe plus Asia dey blow up like balloon. Rodney talk say everywhere for economy dey shake sekof slave trade, as big-time merchants leave wetin dem sabi do come chase slaving, plus lower people dem too dey suffer from de slaving matter. Some people don talk say no be so e be. J. D. Fage check de number wahala for de whole continent. David Eltis don match de numbers with how many people waka com Europe during dat time. For 19th century alone, over 50 million people don jom com Europe go America, far more than de pipo wey ever waka from Africa.<ref>David Eltis, ''Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade'', Oxford University Press, 1987.</ref> Some people come challenge dat talk. Joseph E. Inikori dey argue say history for dat region show say de wahala still plenty bad. Him talk say de African economy for that time be far different from de European one, plus e no fit handle that kind population loss. Dem reduce population for some areas, den e bring plenty issues. Inikori still talk say after dem suppress de slave trade, Africa population start to grow fast, even before modern medicine land.<ref>Joseph E. Inikori, "Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm: Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies", ''African Economic History'', 1994.</ref> ===== How e affect Africa ein economy ===== [[File:Different_cowries.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Different_cowries.jpg|left|thumb|[[:en:Cowrie|Cowrie]] shells were used as money in the slave trade.]] [[File:ManillaOkhapos.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ManillaOkhapos.JPG|left|thumb|Two slightly differing Okpoho [[:en:Manillas|Manillas]] as used to purchase slaves for approximately 8–50 manilla per slave<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manilla or penannular bracelet currency|url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/objectbiographies/78-manilla.html|access-date=1 June 2023|website=web.prm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>]] Plenty analysts plus scholars still dey argue say slave trade spoil tings well-well.<ref name="Manning-19833">{{cite journal |last=Manning |first=Patrick |year=1983 |title=Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa |journal=American Historical Review |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=835–857 |doi=10.2307/1874022 |jstor=1874022 |s2cid=155847068}}</ref> Dem dey talk say slave trade dey scatter local economy den make village no fit stable as dem dey carry important workers go abroad. As slave raids plus war dey happen everywhere, de big slave trade wey Europe dey push make people start dey enslave demma enemies no be just about war anymore, e don turn reason to waka go fight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|title=The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440-1870|date=12 November 2015|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-4746-0336-2|oclc=935680918}}</ref> Dem talk say slave trade make am hard for bigger ethnic groups to form, e cause wahala wey dey split people plus make political system weak for plenty places. E still dey affect mental health plus social growth of African people too.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nunn |first=Nathan |year=2008 |title=The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/the_long_term_effects.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=139–1745 |doi=10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139 |s2cid=324199 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501095918/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/the_long_term_effects.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> But for wetin dem talk, J. D. Fage dey reason say slavery no really spoil African society finish.<ref>Fage, J. D. ''A History of Africa''. Routledge, 4th edition, 2001, p. 261.</ref> Slaves dem dey cost plenty, plus traders dey chop big money for each person wen dem carry come. Wen de slave trade high, plenty hundreds of thousands of muskets, big bags of cloth, gunpowder, plus metals dey enter Guinea. Most of de money dey go buy European guns (wey no even strong) plus plenty alcohol wey no good. De African trade wey dey happen with Europe for de peak of de Atlantic slave trade, wey carry better gold plus ivory too, na about 3.5 million pounds Sterling every year. Meanwhile, de whole trade for Great Britain, wey be big economic power for dat time, dey around 14 million pounds every year for dat late 18th century. As Patrick Manning talk am, most of de tings wey dem trade for slaves na just common goods, no fancy tins. Textiles, iron ore, money, plus salt na some of de important tings wey dem bring insyde sekof of de slave trade, plus dem spread de goods for society, make life better small for everybody.<ref name="Manning-19833" /> E dey argue say Atlantic slave trade really spoil African economy well well. For 19th century Yoruba Land, dem talk say business no dey happen like before as dem dey carry people and property every day, and normal life dey under wahala because everybody fear say dem go kidnap dem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Onwumah |first1=Anthony C. |last2=Imhonopi |first2=David O. |last3=Adetunde |first3=Christiana O. |title=A Sociological Review of the Effects of Slavery on Yoruba Nation |journal=IFE PsychologIA |volume=27 |number=2}}</ref> Onwumah, Imhonopi, Adetunde, 2019) Slave trade for Africa really scatter our political setup. If we wan talk about how slavery take spoil our systems, de way dem capture den sell plenty Africans for America plus other places make we lose plenty people wey get skills plus talent wey dey play important roles for our communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovejoy |first=Paul E |date=1989 |title=The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature |journal=The Journal of African History |publisher=Cambridge.org |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=365–394 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700024439}}</ref> If no be dis people, Na African societies dey shake, plus demma political systems don weak join. E lead to wahala plus civil fights, some societies even crash finish. Plus, de slave trade dey make war den raiding dey happen, as people dey capture plus sell by rival ethnic groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curtin |first=Philip D. |date=1972 |title=The Atlantic slave trade: a census. |journal=University of Wisconsin Press}}</ref> De slave trade really scatter African politics no be small at all. Now, plenty African countries still dey struggle with political wahala plus weak governance, plus some people dey talk say de effect of slavery fit be one of de reasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WOOD SWEET |first=JOHN |year=2009 |title=The Subject of the Slave Trade: Recent Currents in the Histories of the Atlantic, Great Britain, and Western Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546554 |journal=Early American Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–45 |doi=10.1353/eam.0.0011 |jstor=23546554 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> One study show say, de relationship wey dey between de number of slaves wey dem export plus current wealth, e show say de areas wey plenty slave trade happen be de poorest today. Dis one dey show say de slave trade get long-lasting bad effects wey really affect de regions wey dem do am.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2017|title=Understanding the long-run effects of Africa's slave trades|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/understanding-long-run-effects-africas-slave-trades|access-date=6 February 2024|website=CEPR|language=en}}</ref> ===== How e take affect Europe ein economy ===== Karl Marx for him book wey dem talk of economic historyof capitalism, Das Kapital, talk say "dem turn Africa to like bush wey dem dey hunt black people [meaning slave trade], na im signal say we dey see new day for capitalist work." E argue say slave trade be part of wetin dem de call "primitive accumulation" of European money, na dat wahala wey no be capitalist wey come before plus set stage for Western Europe to start industry plus capitalist work.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=K.|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm|title=Das Kapital|year=1867|volume=1|chapter=Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist|via=Marxists Internet Archive}}</ref> Eric Williams don write plenty about how Africans matter wen it come to profits wey dem make from slave trade plus slavery. Him talk say dem profits help finance Britain to industrialize. ein argue say to enslave Africans na key part of de Industrial Revolution, plus de money wey Europe get, small part na sekof of slavery. But by de time dem ban am, e no dey profitable again, plus e go make sense for some European governments to stop am.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marx|first=K.|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch31.htm|title=Das Kapital|year=1867|volume=1|chapter=Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist|via=Marxists Internet Archive}}</ref> Joseph Inikori don talk say slavery for British West Indies dey make profitable pass wetin Williams critics dey feel. Oda researchers plus historians dey serious contest dat tin wey dem call "Williams thesis" for school matter: David Richardson don talk say, de money wey dem make from British slave trade plus slavery no reach 1% of de money wey people dey use for investment inside Britain,<ref>{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=David|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire|year=1998|editor-last=Marshall|editor-first=P. J.|volume=II: The Eighteenth Century|pages=440–464|chapter=The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807}}</ref> plus economic historian Stanley Engerman talk say, even if dem no remove de costs wey de come with slave trade (like shipping costs, slave wey die, di Europeans wey die for Africa, defence costs) or money wey dem dey saa put back into de slave trade, de total profits from de slave trade plus West Indian plantations no pass 5% of de British economy for any year during de Industrial Revolution.<ref name="The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century">{{Cite journal |last=Engerman |first=Stanley L. |year=2012 |title=The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century |journal=Business History Review |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=430–443 |doi=10.2307/3113341 |jstor=3113341 |s2cid=154620412}}</ref> Historian Richard Pares, for one article wey e write before Williams' book, talk say de money wey come from West Indian plantations no really help de Industrial Revolution. E claim say any serious money wey flow from West Indian profits go industry happen after emancipation, no be before.<ref name="The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire">{{Cite journal |last=Pares |first=Richard |year=1937 |title=The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=119–144 |doi=10.2307/2590147 |jstor=2590147}}</ref> Findlay plus O'Rourke observe say de figures wey O'Brien drop for 1982 to support him talk say "de periphery dey peripheral" actually show say na de opposite be true. De profits wey come from de periphery from 1784–1786 be £5.66 million while total gross investment for British economy be £10.30 million, plus e dey follow same pattern for 1824–1826. Dem talk say if you go remove de profits wey come from enslavement of people just because e be "small share of national income", e fit mean say no be industrial revolution we get, since modern industry dey provide only small share of national income, plus e be wrong to think say small size mean small importance. Findlay plus O'Rourke again talk say de share of American export commodities wey enslaved people produce rise from 54% between 1501 den 1550 to 82.5% between 1761 plus 1780.<ref name="Findlay&O'Rourke">{{cite book|last1=Findlay|first1=Ronald|title=Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium|last2=O'Rourke|first2=Kevin H.|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691143279|location=Princeton, New Jersey|pages=334–343}}</ref> Seymour Drescher plus Robert Anstey dey talk say slave trade still dey make money till dem stop am, sekof of new ways for farming. Dem say na moral change, no be money matter, wey make dem fit cancel am.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=J. R.|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire|year=1998|editor-last=Marshall|editor-first=P. J.|volume=II: The Eighteenth Century|pages=415–439|chapter=The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition}}</ref> Dem dey talk same way for oda European countries too. Dem dey reason say de French slave trade make more money pass other local investments, plus e fit even help dem gather capital before Industrial Revolution plus Napoleonic Wars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Daudin |first=Guillaume |year=2004 |title=Profitability of slave and long distance trading in context: the case of eighteenth century France |url=https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03587748/file/cfi-art-gd-jeh2004draft.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=144–171 |doi=10.1017/S0022050704002633}}</ref> ===== Legacy of racism ===== Maulana Karenga dey talk about wetin Atlantic slave trade do to African captives: "Dem really spoil human nature, change how dem see African people for outside, dey carry poison enter our past, now plus future wen dem fit only relate to us through dis bad stereotype, so e dey spoil wetin fit be true human connection for today." E talk say e don destroy culture, language, religion plus wetin people fit achieve.<ref name="Ethics on Reparations">{{cite web|title=Engaging the Holocaust of Enslavement|url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/ethics%20of%20the%20holocaust.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116024437/http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/ethics%20of%20the%20holocaust.html|archive-date=16 January 2013|access-date=8 March 2013|publisher=[[Ron Karenga]]}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Bibliography == * {{Cite journal | last = Allen | first = R. B. | title = Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean | year = 2017 | journal = Tempo | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 294–313 | url = http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tem/v23n2/1980-542X-tem-23-02-00294.pdf | access-date = 30 June 2019 | doi = 10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206 | doi-access = free }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Allen|2017}} --> ==Read further== *{{cite book|last1=Faragher|first1=John Mack|last2=Buhle|first2=Mari Jo|last3=Czitrom|first3=Daniel|last4=Armitage|first4=Susan|title=Out of Many|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2004|isbn=978-0-13-182431-7|url=https://archive.org/details/outofmanybriefvo00john/page/54}} *Hurston, Zora Neale (1927). ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73715 Cudjo's Own Story of the Last African Slaver]''. Eastford, CT: Martino Fine Books. *Klein, Martin A. (2009). The Study of Slavery in Africa, ''Journal of African History''. Vol. 19. No. 4. Cambridge University Press. *Lecocq, Bas, and Eric Komlavi Hahonou (2015). Exploring Post-Slavery in Contemporary Africa, ''The International Journal of African History Studies''. Vol 48. No. 2. Boston University African Study Center. *{{cite book| last=Newton |first=John |year=1788 |title=Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade |publisher=J. Buckland and J. Johnson |location=London|title-link=:s:Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade }} *{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Edward|title=Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade|year=1985|publisher=Allison and Busby|location=London}} * {{cite book|title=The Human Commodity: Perspectives on the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade|publisher=F. Cass|year=1992|editor=Savage, Elizabeth|location=London}} * {{cite book|title=The Slave Trade of East Africa|title-link=s:The Slave Trade of East Africa|publisher=Church Missionary Society|year=1869|location=London}} * {{cite book|last1=Sparks|first1=Randy J.|title=Where the Negroes are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72487-7}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wright|first=Donald R.|title=History of Slavery and Africa|url=http://autocww.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/SlaveryInAfrica.html|encyclopedia=Online Encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402042111/http://autocww.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/SlaveryInAfrica.html|archive-date=2 April 2007}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q3057915|c=Category:Slavery in Africa|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} <!-- {{No more links}} Please be cautious adding more external links. 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If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}. --> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section9.shtml The story of Africa: Slavery] * [http://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa "The impact of the slave trade on Africa," Le Monde diplomatique] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200923113733/http://digilander.libero.it/wrnzla/SlaveryEthiopia.pdf "Ethiopia, Slavery and the League of Nations" Abyssinia/Ethiopia slavery and slaves trade] {{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery in Africa}} [[Category:Slavery insyd Africa| ]] [[Category:African slave trade| ]] [[Category:History of Africa]] [[Category:History of Central Africa]] [[Category:History of West Africa]] 3x5m78xsm1mqm999d93eo8gg0rikchc 0 20434 104086 76423 2026-06-20T06:39:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Venus Ebony Starr Williams'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Family Tree Legends|url=http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=venus&last=williams&spelling=Exact&4_year=1980&4_month=0&4_day=0&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=0&SubmitSearch.y=0&SubmitSearch=Submit|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830143055/http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/calbirths?c=search&first=venus&last=williams&spelling=Exact&4_year=1980&4_month=0&4_day=0&5=&7=&SubmitSearch.x=0&SubmitSearch.y=0&SubmitSearch=Submit|archive-date=August 30, 2012|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Family Tree Legends}}</ref> (born June 17, 1980)<ref name="wtaprofile">{{cite web|title=Venus Williams Career Statistics|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/9027/title/venus-williams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925074946/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/|archive-date=September 25, 2020|access-date=September 4, 2016|work=WTA Tennis|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> be an American professional tennis player. Na dem rank am as de world No. 1 insyd women's singles by de WTA for 11 weeks, den as de world No. 1 insyd women's doubles for eight weeks. Na Williams win 49 WTA Tour–level singles titles, wey dey include seven majors (five at Wimbledon den two at de US Open), as well as a gold medal at de 2000 Sydney Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tennis records|url=http://www.tennis-x.com/stats/tennisrecords.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907105302/http://www.tennis-x.com/stats/tennisrecords.php|archive-date=September 7, 2015|access-date=September 12, 2015|publisher=Tennis X}}</ref> She sanso win 22 doubles titles, wey dey include 14 majors den three Olympic gold medals. Along plus ein younger sisto, [[Serena Williams|Serena]], na Venus Williams be coached by ein parents Oracene Price den Richard Williams. She turn professional insyd 1994, she reach ein first major final as a 17-year-old at de 1997 US Open. Insyd 2000 den 2001, Williams claim de Wimbledon den US Open titles, as well as Olympic singles gold at de Sydney Olympics. She first reach de singles world No. 1 ranking on 25 February 2002, wey she cam be de first African American woman make she do so insyd de Open era, den de second of all time after Althea Gibson.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Center|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/press-center|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802182915/https://www.wtatennis.com/press-center|archive-date=August 2, 2023|access-date=June 20, 2021|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She reach four consecutive major finals between 2002 den 2003, buh she loose each time to Serena. Na she then suffer from injuries, wey she win just one major title between 2003 den 2006. Williams return to form starting insyd 2007, wen na she win Wimbledon (a feat she repeat de year wey dey follow). Insyd 2010, she return to de world No. 2 position insyd singles, buh she san suffer from injuries. Dey start insyd 2014, she gradually return to form, wey she culminate insyd two major final appearances insyd 2017 at de Australian Open den Wimbledon Championships. Along plus ein seven singles major titles, na Williams win 14 women's doubles major titles, all na she partner Serena; na de pair be unbeaten insyd major doubles finals.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 July 2016|title=Williams sisters capture 14th Grand Slam doubles championship|url=https://fox11online.com/sports/tennis/williams-sister-capture-14th-grand-slam-doubles-championship|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827095105/https://fox11online.com/sports/tennis/williams-sister-capture-14th-grand-slam-doubles-championship|archive-date=August 27, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2022|website=Fox 11 News}}</ref> She cam be de world No. 1 insyd doubles for de first time on June 7, 2010, alongside Serena, after na de pair plete a non-calendar-year Grand Slam at de French Open. De pair sanso win three Olympic gold medals insyd women's doubles, insyd 2000, 2008, den 2012, wey add to Venus ein singles gold insyd 2000 den ein mixed doubles silver insyd 2016.<ref>{{cite web|author=Peggy Shinn|date=28 September 2020|title=THE WILLIAMS SISTERS OLYMPIC DOUBLES DOMINATION BEGAN 20 YEARS AGO AT THE 2000 SYDNEY GAMES|url=https://www.teamusa.org/News/2020/September/28/The-Williams-Sisters-Olympic-Doubles-Domination-Began-20-Years-Ago-At-The-2000-Sydney-Games|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001012921/https://www.teamusa.org/News/2020/September/28/The-Williams-Sisters-Olympic-Doubles-Domination-Began-20-Years-Ago-At-The-2000-Sydney-Games|archive-date=October 1, 2020|website=Team USA}}</ref> Williams sanso win two mixed doubles major titles for a combined total of 23 major titles. Na dem credit de Williams sistos plus dem usher in a new era of power den athleticism on de women dema professional tennis tour.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|title=How Power Has Transformed Women's Tennis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29Tennis-t.html?|work=The New York Times|date=August 25, 2010|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=March 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313131202/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29Tennis-t.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Allen|first=JA|title=The Williams Sisters and the Rise of the Women's Power Game|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1350759-the-williams-sisters-and-the-rise-of-the-womens-power-game|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010450/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1350759-the-williams-sisters-and-the-rise-of-the-womens-power-game|archive-date=October 5, 2013|access-date=February 2, 2017|website=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Crouse|first=Karen|title=Williams Sisters Write Their Own Story|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/sports/tennis/31williams.html?|work=The New York Times|date=August 30, 2009|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=July 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722113522/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/sports/tennis/31williams.html?|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Venus Williams be twice de season prize money leader (insyd 2001 den 2017), wey she dey rank second behind Serena insyd all-time career prize money winnings, na she earn over US$42 million as of March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2022|title=Career Prize Money Leaders|url=http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_Career_Prize_Money.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106082954/http://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/rankings/All_Career_Prize_Money.pdf|archive-date=November 6, 2019|access-date=March 22, 2022|publisher=WTA Tour}}</ref> == Early life == [[File:Venus_and_Serena_1993.jpg|thumb|Williams sistos at a Pam Shriver event insyd Baltimore, 1994]] Na dem born Williams insyd Lynwood, California, to Richard Williams den Oracene Price.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-27|title=Caple: Returning to Williamses' Compton roots|url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/13524355/back-compton-love-their-venus-serena|access-date=2025-08-20|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> De Williams family move from Compton, California, to West Palm Beach, Florida, wen na she be eleven, so dat she den ein sisto Serena fi attend de tennis academy of Rick Macci, wey take notice of de sistos wey na he go provide additional coaching. Na he no always dey gree plus Williams ein poppie buh na he respect say "na he treat ein daughters like kiddies, wey he allow dem make dem be little girlies".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Michelle|date=April 22, 2007|title=Venus, Serena reflect as they prepare for Fed Cup|url=http://blackathlete.net/artman2/publish/Tennis_35/Venus_Serena_Reflect_As_They_Prepare_For_Fed_Cup_3202.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708024727/http://blackathlete.net/artman2/publish/Tennis_35/Venus_Serena_Reflect_As_They_Prepare_For_Fed_Cup_3202.shtml|archive-date=July 8, 2012|access-date=April 22, 2009|publisher=blackathlete.net}}</ref> Na Richard stop dey send ein daughters to national junior tennis tournaments wen na Williams dey eleven, since na he wan dem make dem take am slowly den focus on schoolwork. Na anoda motivation be racial, as na he allegedly hear parents of oda players disparage de Williams sistos during tournaments. At dat time, Williams hold a 63–0 record on de United States Tennis Association junior tour wey na dem rank am No. 1&nbsp;among de under-12 players insyd Southern California.<ref name="Venus and Serena Williams by Lydia Pyle">Lydia Pyle, 2005, ''Venus and Serena Williams'', pg. </ref> Insyd 1995, Richard pull ein daughters out of Macci ein academy wey na he take over all coaching.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Kathryn|date=2018-04-10|title=Athlete Profile: Serena Williams|url=https://tennispal.com/athlete-profile-serena-williams/|access-date=2024-06-05|website=TennisPAL|language=en-US}}</ref> == Playing style == Williams be an aggressive player, plus an all-court game. Secof ein assertive playing style, she typically dey accumulate large numbers of both winners den unforced errors. She dey possess powerful groundstrokes on both sides, wey she be capable of hitting both ein forehand den backhand flat, den plus topspin. She sanso be adept at hitting ein backhand plus slice to slow down rallies den disrupt pace within rallies. Ein serve be powerful, wey dey allow am make she serve chaw aces insyd any match. At de peak of ein career, na ein first serve go average {{convert|182|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, wey e go frequently peak at {{convert|199|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}; na ein serve slow since then, wey dey average {{convert|172|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, den dey peak at {{convert|189|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. She dey possess effective kick den slice serves, wich na she deploy as second serves, wey dey prevent opponents from scoring free points. Up to 2014, na she hold de record for de fastest serve on de WTA Tour, dem record at de 2007 US Open, at {{convert|208|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. She dey like make she approach de net, den fini points quickly. Ein height, at 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m), dey provide am plus a long arm span, wey dey allow am make she reach difficult returns while na position at de net. She get a repertoire of shots to perform at de net, wich dey lead to she win chaw points.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 28, 2019|title=The Volley, Once a Huge Part of the Game, Is in Decline|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/sports/tennis/wimbledon-volley-serve.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701072020/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/sports/tennis/wimbledon-volley-serve.html|archive-date=July 1, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Secof ein all-court game, Williams fi hit winners from any position. An exceptional tactical player plus remarkable problem-solving skills, she sanso dey play plus sheer power den aggression. She dey rely on defense infrequently, rarely dey hitt drop shots den lobs, as ein exceptional speed den court coverage dey allow make she hit plus assertive power den strength from frequently defensive positions. Further strengths dey include ein detailed den intricate footwork, den supreme athleticism.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/triumph-and-disaster-and-the-inspiring-late-career-play-of-venus-williams|title=Triumph and Disaster, and the Inspiring Late Career Play of Venus Williams|magazine=The New Yorker|last1=Marzorati|first1=Gerald|date=June 30, 2017|access-date=December 20, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118140824/https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/triumph-and-disaster-and-the-inspiring-late-career-play-of-venus-williams|url-status=live}}</ref> == Career == === 1994–96: she turn professional === Venus Williams turn professional on October 31, 1994, at de age of 14.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Laurie Lanzen |last2=Abbey |first2=Cherie |date=1999 |title=Biography Today: Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers |journal=Biography Today (1994 Annual Cumulation): Profiles of People of Interest to Young Readers |location=Detroit |publisher=Biography Today |pages=130–142 |issn=1058-2347}}</ref> Insyd de first round of ein first professional tournament, de Bank of the West Classic insyd Oakland, Venus defeat former NCAA singles champion Shaun Stafford. Insyd de second round, na Williams dey up a set den a service break against world No. 2, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, before she loose de match. Na dat be de tournament per wey Williams play insyd 1994. Insyd 1995, Williams play three more events as a wildcard, wey she fall insyd de first round of de tournaments insyd Los Angeles den Toronto buh she reach de quarterfinals insyd Oakland, wey she defeat No. 18 Amy Frazier insyd de second round for ein first win over a top-20 ranked player, before she loose to Magdalena Maleeva. Williams play five events insyd 1996, wey she fall insyd de first round four times buh na she reach de third round insyd Los Angeles, before she loose to No. 1 Steffi Graf. === 1997: Major debut den first final === Williams play 15 tour events insyd 1997, wey dey include five Tier I tournaments. She reach de quarterfinals insyd three of de Tier I events – de State Farm Evert Cup insyd Compton, California, de European Indoor Championships insyd Zürich, den de Kremlin Cup insyd Moscow. Insyd Indian Wells insyd March, Williams defeat No. 9, Iva Majoli, insyd de third round for ein first win over a player dem rank insyd de top 10. She then loose insyd de quarterfinals to No. 8, Lindsay Davenport. Na ein ranking break into de top 100 on April 14, 1997. Na she make ein debut insyd de main draw of a Grand Slam tournament at de French Open, wey she reach de second round before she loose to Nathalie Tauziat. She then loose insyd de first round of Wimbledon to Magdalena Grzybowska. During ein debut at de 1997 US Open, she loose de final to Martina Hingis, after she defeat Irina Spîrlea insyd a semifinal insyd wich Spîrlea den Williams collide during a changeover wen neither go yield as na dem pass de umpire ein chair. Na Richard Williams, ein poppie, later claim sat na dis incident be racially motivated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venus Envy|url=http://sportsillustrated.com/siforwomen/2000/sportswoman/venus_envy/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714201259/http://sportsillustrated.com/siforwomen/2000/sportswoman/venus_envy/|archive-date=July 14, 2012|access-date=October 6, 2010|work=Sportsillustrated.com}}</ref> === 1998: First WTA Tour singles title den top 5, first major doubles titles === Insyd ein debut at de Australian Open, Williams defeat younger sisto Serena Williams insyd de second round, wich na be de sistos dema first professional meeting. Na Williams eventually loose insyd de quarterfinals to No. 3 Davenport. Three weeks later, Williams defeat No. 2 Davenport for de first time insyd de semifinals of de Cellular South Cup insyd Oklahoma City. Williams then defeat Joannette Kruger insyd de final make she win de first singles title of ein career. Insyd ein first Tier I event of de year, Williams loose insyd de semifinals of de State Farm Evert Cup insyd Indian Wells to No. 1 Hingis. De week wey dey follow, Williams win de Tier I Lipton International Players Championships insyd Key Biscayne, Florida. On March 30, 1998, na ein ranking break into de top 10 for de first time, at world No. 10. Williams play one tournament per on clay before de 1998 French Open. At de Italian Open insyd Rome, she defeat ein sisto insyd de quarterfinals den No. 5, Sánchez Vicario, insyd de semifinals, before she loose to No. 1, Hingis, insyd de final. She san loose to Hingis insyd de quarterfinals of de French Open. She loose ein first match at de Eastbourne International on grass, before she loose to No. 3 den eventual champion, Jana Novotná, insyd de quarterfinals of Wimbledon. On July 27, 1998, na ein ranking rise to world No. 5. Williams play three tournaments during de North American 1998 summer hardcourt season. She reach ein fifth final of de year at de Stanford Classic insyd California, wey she defeat No. 6 Monica Seles insyd de semifinals before she loose to No. 1 Davenport. Patellar tendonitis insyd ein left knee cause am make she retire from ein quarterfinal match insyd San Diego while trailing [[Mary Pierce]] insyd de third set. At de US Open, Williams defeat fourth-seeded Sánchez Vicario insyd de quarterfinals before she loose to second seeded den eventual champion Davenport insyd de semifinals. Na 1998 be de first year wey Williams reach at least de quarterfinals of all majors. Williams play four tournaments insyd de remainder of 1998. She win ein third title of de year at de Grand Slam Cup insyd Munich insyd September, wey she defeat No. 9 Patty Schnyder insyd de final. Na she loose insyd de second round of de Porsche Tennis Grand Prix insyd Filderstadt, before she loose insyd de final of de Tier I Swisscom Challenge insyd Zürich to No. 1 Davenport den de semifinals of de Tier I Kremlin Cup insyd Moscow to Pierce. Na she earn enough points during de year to participate insyd de year-ending WTA Tour Championships buh she withdraw from de tournament secof tendonitis insyd ein knee. She fini de year dem rank am No. 5. Insyd 1998, Williams team plus Justin Gimelstob make dem win de mixed doubles titles at de Australian Open den de French Open. Na ein sisto Serena Williams win de oda two Grand Slam mixed doubles titles dat year, wey plete a "Williams Family Mixed Doubles Grand Slam". Williams win de first two women's doubles titles of ein career, insyd Oklahoma City den Zürich. Na both titles cam plus ein sisto, cam be de third pair of sistos per wey win a WTA tour doubles title.<ref name="WTA Bio Info">{{cite web|title=WTA, Info, Venus Williams|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus-williams_2257889_9027|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926090614/http://www.wtatennis.com/player/venus-williams_2257889_9027|archive-date=September 26, 2011|access-date=October 4, 2011|publisher=WTA Tour, Inc.}}</ref> === 1999: Three Tier I titles === Williams start de 1999 tour insyd Australia, wer na she loose to No. 10 Steffi Graf insyd de quarterfinals of de Sydney International den No. 1 Davenport insyd de quarterfinals of de Australian Open. However, na she rebound at de Faber Grand Prix insyd Hanover, wey she defeat Graf for de first time insyd de semifinals before she loose de final to No. 3 Novotná. Williams then successfully defend ein titles insyd both Oklahoma City den Key Biscayne. At de final insyd Key Biscayne, wer na she defeat ein sisto insyd three sets insyd de first final on de WTA Tour to be contested by two sistos. Williams loose ein first match at de Amelia Island Championships insyd Florida. Three weeks later, however, she win ein first title on clay at de WTA Hamburg, wey she defeat [[Mary Pierce]] insyd de final. Williams then win de Tier I Italian Open insyd Rome, wey she defeat No. 1 Hingis insyd de semifinals den No. 8 Pierce insyd de final. At de French Open, she extend ein winning streak to 22 matches before she loose insyd de fourth round to No. 125, Barbara Schwartz. Williams team plus Serena Williams make dem win de women's doubles title at dis event, de first Grand Slam title na de pair win togeda. At Wimbledon, Williams reach de quarterfinals for de second consecutive year, wey she loose to eventual runner-up Graf. Williams rebound insyd de summer wen na she win two Fed Cup matches against Italy wey na she loose insyd de final of de Stanford Classic to No. 1 Davenport. One week later, Williams defeat Davenport insyd de semifinals of de San Diego Classic, before she loose to No. 2 Hingis insyd de final. Insyd ein last tournament before de US Open, Williams win de New Haven Open insyd Connecticut, wey she defeat No. 5 Seles insyd de semifinals den Davenport insyd de final. On August 30, 1999, ba ein world ranking reach third for de first time. Na dem seed am third at de 1999 US Open, Williams loose insyd de semifinals to No. 1 Hingis insyd three sets. However, she team am plus singles champion Serena Williams at dis event make dem win dema second Grand Slam women's doubles title. Williams contribute to de victory of de USA team over Russia insyd de Fed Cup final, wey she win one singles rubber before she join ein sisto make dem win de doubles rubber. At de Grand Slam Cup insyd Munich, Williams defeat Hingis insyd de semifinals before she loose to ein sisto Serena for de first time insyd de final. Williams win ein sixth title of de year at de Tier I event insyd Zurich, wey she defeat No. 1 Hingis insyd de final. Four weeks later, she loose to Davenport insyd de semifinals of de tournament insyd Philadelphia. She make ein debut at de year-ending WTA Championships, Williams loose to Hingis insyd de semifinals. She fini de year ranked No. 3. === 2000: Olympic gold medals, first major titles === Insyd 2000, Williams miss de first five months of de year plus tendinitis insyd both wrists. She return to de tour during de European clay court season. She loose insyd de quarterfinals of de Betty Barclay Cup insyd Hamburg to Amanda Coetzer den insyd de third round of de Tier I Italian Open insyd Rome to Jelena Dokić. Although na she win two of ein four matches per before de French Open, na dem seed am fourth der. She win ein first four matches insyd Paris widout losing a set before she loose insyd de quarterfinals to eighth-seeded den former champion Arantxa Sánchez, insyd three sets. Williams then win 35 consecutive singles matches den six tournaments. She win ein first major singles title at Wimbledon, wey she defeat No. 1, Martina Hingis, insyd de quarterfinals, sisto Serena insyd de semifinal den defending champion, Lindsay Davenport, insyd de final. She sanso team plus ein sisto Serena make dem win de women's doubles title at dis event. She win three Tier II events during de North American summer hardcourt season, wey she defeat Davenport insyd de final of de Silicon Valley Classic insyd Stanford den Monica Seles insyd de finals of both de San Diego Classic insyd den de Pilot Pen Tennis championships insyd New Haven. At de 2000 US Open, Williams defeat No. 1 Hingis insyd de semifinals den No. 2 Davenport insyd de final. At de 2000 Summer Olympics insyd Sydney, she defeat Sánchez Vicario insyd de quarterfinals, Seles insyd de semifinals, den Elena Dementieva insyd de final to win de gold medal. She sanso win de gold medal insyd women's doubles plus ein younger sisto Serena. Davenport eventually snap ein winning streak insyd October insyd de final of de Linz Open. Williams no play a tournament de rest of de year secof anemia. She fini de year ranked world No. 3 den plus six singles titles. === 2001: Third & fourth major titles === [[File:Venus_Williams_2001.jpg|left|thumb|Williams insyd 2001]] Insyd 2001, Williams reach de semifinals of de Australian Open for de first time, wer she loose to No. 1 Hingis. However, Williams team plus ein sisto make dem win de doubles title at de event, wey dem plete a Career Golden Slam insyd women's doubles for de pair. Williams sanso reach de semifinals of de Tier I Tennis Masters Series tournament insyd Indian Wells, wer na she controversially default ein match plus ein sisto just before de match start. Na Williams dey suffer from knee tendinitis thru out de tournament wey eventually na dis prevent am from playing. De day wey dey follow, na dem boo Williams den ein poppie Richard as dem make dema way to dema seats to watch de final.<ref name="What Happened">{{cite web|date=March 11, 2009|title=What Happened at Indian Wells?|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist=drucker_joel&id=3952939|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912225416/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/columns/story?columnist=drucker_joel&id=3952939|archive-date=September 12, 2015|access-date=October 6, 2010|work=ESPN}}</ref> Na dem subsequently boo Serena Williams during de final plus Kim Clijsters den during de trophy presentation. Secof dis, neither Williams sisto enter de tournament for 14 years,<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Martin|date=September 13, 2010|title=Indian Wells boycott hurts Williamses more than it helps|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ten/blog/ten_experts/post/Indian-Wells-boycott-hurts-Williamses-more-than-;_ylt=Ag28GdIMVj.WIy422nR1Hfs4v7YF?urn=ten,149332|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030231839/https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/tennis-busted-racquet/|archive-date=October 30, 2023|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> plus ein sisto Serena enter insyd 2015 after appeals for forgiveness from de event den de WTA Tour. Williams rebound from de Indian Wells 'boycott' controversy make she win de next tournament on de tour calendar, de Tier I Key Biscayne Open. She defeat Hingis insyd de semifinals den No. 4 Jennifer Capriati insyd de final, after she save eight championship points. Secof dis victory, na ein ranking rise to a career high of No. 2. During de European clay-court season, Williams win de Tier II tournament insyd Hamburg buh na she loose insyd de third round of de Tier I German Open to No. 18 Justine Henin den de first round of de French Open to Barbara Schett. Na dis be de second time per wey na she loose insyd de first round of a Grand Slam singles tournament. Na Williams then successfully defend ein Wimbledon title, wey she defeat third-seeded Davenport insyd de semifinals den eighth-seeded Henin insyd three sets insyd Henin ein first Wimbledon final. During de North American summer hardcourt season, Williams win for de second consecutive year de tournaments insyd San Diego, dey defeat Seles insyd de final, den insyd New Haven, wey she defeat Davenport insyd de final. Williams sanso win de 2001 US Open singles title for de second consecutive year, widout she drop a set. Insyd de quarterfinals, she beat fifth-seeded Clijsters, follow by a semifinal victory over No. 2 Capriati. She play ein sisto Serena insyd de final, wich na be de first Grand Slam singles final wey two sistos contest during de open era. Venus win de match den ein fourth Grand Slam singles title. Williams sanso cam be de sixth woman insyd history per to win de singles titles at both Wimbledon den de US Open insyd consecutive years, de odas be Martina Navratilova (twice), Steffi Graf (twice), Althea Gibson, Maureen Connolly Brinker, den Helen Wills Moody (twice). === 2002: World No. 1 ranking === Williams begin 2002 by she win de Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts insyd Gold Coast, wey she defeat Henin insyd de final. However, she then loose for de first time insyd ein career to Seles insyd de quarterfinals of de Australian Open. Williams then go on to win de Open Gaz de France insyd Paris wen na Jelena Dokić withdraw from de final, den de Proximus Diamond Games insyd Antwerp, wey she defeat Henin insyd de final. As a result of ein strong start to de season, Williams assume de world No. 1 position for de first time on February 25, wey she dislodge Capriati. Na Williams be de first African-American woman ever to hold de ranking. She hold am for just three weeks before she surrender am back to Capriati. Williams fail to defend ein title insyd Miami, after she loose insyd de semifinals to ein sisto Serena. However, she make a strong start to de clay-court season, wey she win de Amelia Island Championships, defeating Henin insyd de final. A week after she win dat tournament, she once again replace Capriati as de No. 1, before she san loose am to Capriati after three weeks. During those three weeks, na Williams make de final insyd Hamburg, wey she defeat Hingis insyd de semifinals, before she loose to Clijsters insyd de final. Na dem seed am second at de French Open, Williams defeat former champion Seles make she reach de semifinals for de first time. Der, she defeat Clarisa Fernández. Insyd de final, Williams meet ein sisto Serena for a second time insyd a Grand Slam final, wey na ein sisto win. Williams once again replace Capriati as de No. 1 as a result of reaching de final. As de top seed at Wimbledon, Williams defeat Henin insyd de semifinals make she make de final for de third consecutive year. However, der, she loose to ein sisto Serena. Na dis result mean Serena Williams replace Venus as de No. 1. De Williams sistos team up make dem win de women's doubles title at de event, dema fifth major women's doubles title togeda. Williams win de titles insyd San Diego den New Haven for de third consecutive year, wey she defeat Davenport den Dokic make she win de former wey she defeat Davenport insyd de final of de latter. At de 2002 US Open, Williams defeat Seles insyd de quarterfinals den Amélie Mauresmo insyd three sets make she make de final. Na she play ein younger sisto Serena for dema third consecutive Grand Slam final, ein sisto win once again. After dat, Williams play just four more matches during de season. She reach de semifinals at de year-ending Tour Championships after she defeat Seles insyd de quarterfinals, buh na dem force am make she retire against Clijsters secof injury. Williams fini de year ranked No. 2 na she win seven titles, ein best showing insyd both respects of ein career. === 2003: Australian Open & Wimbledon finals, injuries === Williams start 2003 by she defeat fifth seed Justine Henin make she make de final of de Australian Open for de first time. Insyd de final, however, she loose to ein sisto Serena. Dis mark de first time insyd de open era wey de same two players meet insyd four consecutive Grand Slam finals (wey be matched by Rafael Nadal & Novak Djokovic wey meet insyd Wimbledon 2011 final thru de French Open 2012 final). Venus den Serena Williams team make dem win de women's doubles title at de event, dema sixth Grand Slam title insyd women's doubles. Insyd February, Williams win de Proximus Diamond Games insyd Antwerp for de second consecutive year, wey she defeat Kim Clijsters insyd de final. However, shortly afterwards, she begin dey struggle plus injury. She reach de final of de clay-court J&S Cup insyd Warsaw, before denn force am make she retire against Amélie Mauresmo. She then suffer ein earliest exit at a Grand Slam tournament insyd two years wen na she loose insyd de fourth round of de French Open to Vera Zvonareva. At Wimbledon, na dem seed Williams fourth. Williams defeat former champion Lindsay Davenport insyd de quarterfinals den Kim Clijsters insyd de semifinals make she advance to ein fourth consecutive Wimbledon final, wer na she san loose to sisto Serena. Na Wimbledon be Williams ein last event of de year as an abdominal injury wey occur during de Clijsters match wey prevent am from make she san play. While na she dey recover from de injury, dem murder ein sisto Yetunde Price.<ref>Keating, Gina; Tippit, Sarah. </ref> Williams fini de year ranked No. 11. Na ebe de first time insyd nearly six years wey na she drop out of de top 10. === 2004: Tough losses den further injuries === Insyd 2004, Williams cam back to de tour suffering inconsistent results. As de third seed secof a protected ranking, she reach de third round of de Australian Open, wer na she loose to Lisa Raymond. She then loose insyd de quarterfinals of ein next three tournaments. Williams begin dey find ein form at de beginning of de clay-court season. At de Tier I Family Circle Cup insyd Charleston, Williams defeat Conchita Martínez insyd de final make she win ein first title insyd over a year den de second Tier I title on clay of ein career. She then win insyd Warsaw, wey she defeat Svetlana Kuznetsova insyd de final, before she reach de final of de Tier I German Open insyd Berlin. She then withdraw from dat match against Mauresmo secof injury. Dey go into de French Open, na Williams get de best clay-court record among de women wey na she among de favorites make dem win de title; however, after she make de quarterfinals to extend ein winning streak on de surface to 19 matches, she loose to eventual champion [[Anastasia Myskina]]. Despite ei defeat, she re-enter de top 10. Insyd Wimbledon, Williams loose a controversial second-round match to Croatian Karolina Šprem. Na de umpire of de match, Ted Watts, award Šprem an unearned point insyd de second-set tiebreak. Upon de conclusion of de match, dem relieve am of ein duties.<ref>Burt, Jason. </ref> Dis defeat mark de first time since 1997 wey na Williams exit Wimbledon prior to de quarterfinals. After Wimbledon, she reach ein fourth final of de year at de Stanford Classic insyd California, wer na Lindsay Davenport beat am for de first time since 2000. As de defending champion at de Athens Olympics, Williams loose insyd de third round to Mary Pierce. She then win three very close matches against Petra Mandula, Shikha Uberoi den Chanda Rubin to make de fourth round of de 2004 US Open wer na she loose to Davenport, de first time na she ever loose at de US Open prior to de semifinals. Williams plete de year by she loose insyd de quarterfinals of three indoor tournaments insyd de fall, a period wey include defeat insyd ein first meeting plus 17-year-old Wimbledon champion Maria Sharapova at de Zurich Open. Williams fini de year as No. 9 wey na she no qualify for de year-ending WTA Tour Championships. === 2005: Third Wimbledon title === Insyd 2005, Williams start de year by she loose insyd de fourth round of de Australian Open to Alicia Molik. She then reach de final insyd Antwerp, wey she defeat Clijsters den Myskina en route. Insyd de final, na Williams be a set den a service break up against Mauresmo before eventually she loose. Insyd March, at de Miami Open, she defeat sisto Serena insyd de quarterfinals, de first time wey na she defeat am since 2001. Venus Williams go on go lose insyd de semifinals to No. 3 Sharapova. Insyd May, she win ein first title insyd over a year at de clay-courts at de İstanbul Cup, wey she defeat Nicole Vaidišová insyd de final. However, at de French Open, she loose insyd de third round to 15-year-old Sesil Karatantcheva, wey subsequently test positive for steroids wey na dem suspend am. Na dem seed Williams 14th for de Wimbledon Championships. Insyd de quarterfinals of de tournament, she defeat French Open runner-up Pierce insyd a second-set tiebreak, wey she win am 12–10 to make de semifinals of a Grand Slam for de first time insyd two years. Der, she defeat defending champion den second-seeded Sharapova to make de Wimbledon final for de fifth time insyd six years. Dey play top-seeded Davenport insyd de final, Williams save a match point plus a backhand winner en route to winning. Na dis be ein third Wimbledon singles title, ein fifth Grand Slam singles title overall den ein first since 2001. Na ebe de first time insyd 70 years wey a player win after being down match point during de women's final at Wimbledon.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=2005-07-03|title=In an Epic Wimbledon Final, Williams Prevails|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/sports/tennis/in-an-epic-wimbledon-final-williams-prevails.html|access-date=2024-06-05|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Williams reach ein fourth final of de year insyd Stanford, wer na she loose to Clijsters. At de 2005 US Open, Williams achieve ein second consecutive win over sisto Serena insyd de fourth round, buh then she loose insyd de quarterfinals to eventual champion Kim Clijsters. Williams no qualify for de year-ending Tour Championships secof an injury she sustain during de China Open. She fini de year ranked No. 10. Na ebe de first year since 2001 wey na she fini a year ranked higher dan ein sisto Serena Williams. [[File:VenusWilliams.jpg|left|thumb|Venus Williams dey prepare to serve during de 2006 J&S Cup insyd Warsaw]] === 2006: Wrist injury den drop insyd de rankings === Insyd 2006, na dem upset Williams insyd de first round of de Australian Open by Tsvetana Pironkova, wich na be ein earliest loss ever at dat tournament. After dat loss, na she no play again for three months secof a wrist injury. She return insyd late April on clay insyd Warsaw, wer na she defeat former No. 1 Hingis insyd de second round, before she lose to Svetlana Kuznetsova insyd de quarterfinals. Williams plete de clay-court season by reaching de quarterfinals of de French Open, wer na she loose to Nicole Vaidišová. Na Williams be de defending champion den one of de favorites to win de singles title at Wimbledon. However, she loose insyd de third round to 26th-seeded Jelena Janković. After de loss, Williams say na she get pain insyd her left wrist, although she admit say na de injury no be de cause of ein loss. Na Williams no play insyd de US Open Series anaa de US Open einself secof de wrist injury. Insyd October, during ein first tournament insyd almost three months, she reinjure ein wrist at de Luxembourg Open wey she loose insyd de second round to qualifier Agnieszka Radwańska. Williams fini de season as No. 46, ein lowest finish since she begin dey play on de WTA Tour full-time insyd 1997. Na ebe de second consecutive year she fini higher dan ein sisto Serena, wey fini de year at No. 95. === 2007: Fourth Wimbledon title === Williams withdraw from de 2007 Australian Open, de second consecutive Grand Slam wey na miss secof ein recurring wrist injury. She return insyd February at de Cellular South Cup insyd Memphis, wey she defeat top-seed Shahar Pe'er insyd de final, ein first singles title since ein victory at Wimbledon insyd 2005. At de beginning of de clay-court season, Williams reach de semifinals of de Tier I Charleston Open, wer na she loose to Janković on a third set tiebreak. She sanso loose to fourth seed Janković insyd de third round of de French Open, ein third consecutive loss to Janković. During ein second round win over Ashley Harkleroad, Williams hit a {{convert|206|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} serve, wich na be de second fastest woman's serve dem ever record den de fastest ever dem record during a main draw match at de time. Na dem rank Williams ranked No. 31 going into Wimbledon wey na dem seed 23rd at de tournament secof ein previous results at Wimbledon. Na Williams be a game away from defeat insyd ein first round match against Alla Kudryavtseva den insyd ein third round match against Akiko Morigami wey na she be two points away from defeat, buh she eventually win both 7–5 insyd de third set. She then advance to reach ein sixth Wimbledon final, after she beat Maria Sharapova, Svetlana Kuznetsova den Ana Ivanovic insyd straight sets en route, wer na she defeat 18th seed Marion Bartoli insyd straight sets. Williams thus cam be de fourth woman per insyd de open era to win Wimbledon at least four times, along plus Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova den Steffi Graf. She sanso cam be de lowest-seeded Wimbledon champion insyd history, wey she break de record she einself set insyd 2005. Williams return to de top 20 as a result of de win.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 7, 2007|title=Williams joins women's elite with fourth Wimbledon title|url=http://sport.monstersandcritics.com/tennis/article_1327281.php/Williams_joins_womens_elite_with_fourth_Wimbledon_title|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313111440/http://sport.monstersandcritics.com/tennis/article_1327281.php/Williams_joins_womens_elite_with_fourth_Wimbledon_title|archive-date=March 13, 2008|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Sport.monstersandcritics.com}}</ref> At de 2007 US Open, after she set a Grand-Slam record {{convert|129|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} serve insyd de opening round,<ref name="profile">{{cite magazine|magazine=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/|title=Sister Sister: Venus sets record with {{convert|129|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} serve; Serena sails|access-date=April 19, 2008|date=August 27, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203104957/http://sportsillustrated.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/|archive-date=February 3, 2013}}</ref> Williams advance go ein first major semifinal outsyd of Wimbledon since 2003. However she then loose to eventual champion Justine Henin. Na de tournament result insyd Williams ein ranking move up to No. 9. Williams then win ein third title of de year at de Korea Open insyd Seoul, wey she defeat Maria Kirilenko insyd de final, before she then lose insyd de final of de Japan Open Tennis Championships insyd Tokyo to Virginie Razzano. Williams earn enough points during de year to qualify for de year-ending WTA Championships insyd Madrid; however, she withdraw secof continuing problems plus anemia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharapova, Hantuchová Round Out Elite Eight Field|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=1848}}</ref> === 2008: Fifth Wimbledon title, den Olympic gold insyd doubles === Insyd 2008, as de eighth seed at de Australian Open, Williams reach de quarterfinals for de first time since 2003. However, she then loose to eventual runner-up Ana Ivanovic. Williams make ein first semifinal of de year at de Bangalore Open insyd India, wer na she meet sisto Serena for de first time since 2005 plus Serena Williams win despite Venus Williams hold a match point insyd de third set tie break. Williams miss two tournaments at de beginning of de clay-court season secof undisclosed medical problems.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 9, 2008|title=Venus Williams Out of Tennis Indefinitely with Mystery Illness|url=http://www.tennis-x.com/ptfstory/2008-04-09/637.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712030235/http://www.tennis-x.com/ptfstory/2008-04-09/637.php|archive-date=July 12, 2010|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Tennis-x.com}}</ref> At de French Open, na dem seed Williams eighth buh na dem eliminate am by 26th-seeded Italian Flavia Pennetta insyd de third round. Na Williams be de defending champion den seventh-seeded player at Wimbledon. Widout dropping a set, she reach ein seventh Wimbledon singles final. She then win ein fifth Wimbledon singles title, den seventh Grand Slam singles title overall, by she beat sisto Serena insyd straight sets. Na dis be de first time since 2003 wey Venus den Serena Williams play each oda insyd a Grand Slam final wey na e be de first time since 2001 wey na Venus defeat am insyd a Grand Slam final. Venus den Serena Williams then team to win de women's doubles title, dema first Grand Slam doubles title togeda since 2003. Williams loose insyd de quarterfinals of de Beijing Olympics to Li Na. Na she, however, earn a gold medal along plus ein sisto Serena insyd women's doubles, dema second gold medal as a team, na dem win togeda at de Sydney Olympics insyd 2000. At de 2008 US Open, na Williams dey play sam of ein best tennis since na she dominate de circuit insyd 2003, However, na dem defeat am insyd two tiebreaks by Serena Williams (de eventual tournament winner) insyd a close quarterfinal match, after na Williams lead 5–3 insyd both sets. [[File:Venus_Williams_at_the_2008_WTA_Tour_Championships.jpg|left|thumb|Venus Williams at de 2008 Tour Championships]] At de Porsche Tennis Grand Prix insyd Stuttgart insyd October, na Williams defeat a player dem rank insyd de top three for de first time dat season by she defeat No. 3 Dinara Safina to reach ein third semifinal of de year. Der, she loose to Janković. A fortnight later, Williams win de Zurich Open, wey she defeat Ivanovic insyd de semifinals, before she defeat Pennetta insyd de final to claim ein second title of de year wey she secure a position insyd de 2008 WTA Tour Championships insyd Doha. Der, Williams defeat No. 2 Safina, No. 3 Serena Williams den No. 5 Dementieva insyd de preliminary round-robin stage. Insyd de semifinals, Williams defeat No. 1 Janković, before she win de year-ending tournament for de first time by she defeat Vera Zvonareva insyd de final. She end de year ranked No. 6 plus three titles den a winning percentage of 78. === 2009: Four consecutive major doubles titles === As de sixth seed at de 2009 Australian Open, Williams loose insyd de second round to Carla Suárez Navarro, after she hold a match point insyd de third set. However, she team up plus ein sisto Serena to win de women's doubles title at de event, dema eighth Grand Slam doubles title togeda. Williams rebound insyd singles play insyd February at de Premier 5 (formerly Tier I) Dubai Tennis Championships, wey she defeat defending champion den No. 4 Dementieva insyd de quarterfinals den No. 1 Serena Williams insyd de semifinals on a third set tiebreak. De latter win mean say Williams lead de head-to-head insyd career matches plus ein sisto for de first time since 2002. Na Williams go on go defeat Virginie Razzano insyd de final. Na dis win mean na dem rank Williams insyd de top five for de first time since 2003, while na e sanso mark ein 40th professional singles title, de twelfth player per insyd de Open era to achieve de feat.<ref name="2009 Memphis win">{{Cite web|title=Williams Beats Razzano for 40th Career Singles Title|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=3015}}</ref> Williams win anoda title de week wey dey follow at de Abierto Mexicano insyd Acapulco wey she defeat Pennetta insyd de final. Na dis be ein first title on clay since 2005. On European clay, Williams reach de semifinals insyd Rome before she loose to No. 1 Safina. Na dis run mean na dem rank Williams insyd de top three for de first time since 2003. Na dem seed am third at de French Open, na Williams loose to Ágnes Szávay insyd de third round, de third consecutive year na she exit at dat stage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573.stm|title=Venus crashes out of French Open|date=May 29, 2009|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=May 30, 2009|archive-date=May 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530011957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8073573.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Williams seed third at Wimbledon. She advance to ein eighth Wimbledon final, at wich point na she win 34 straight sets (she hold since Wimbledon 2007). Insyd de final, however, na she loose de first set tie-break, den from then on she loose insyd two sets to sisto Serena. Na de Williams sistos team up to win de doubles tournament for de fourth time. Insyd Stanford, Williams defeat Maria Sharapova den Elena Dementieva to advance to de finals, wer na she go loose to Marion Bartoli. She team plus ein sisto, she play doubles wey na dem win de title, wey dem defeat Monica Niculescu den Chan Yung-jan. [[File:Venus_at_us_open_2009-cropped.jpg|right|thumb|Williams loose at de US Open to de eventual champion Clijsters.]] At de 2009 US Open, as de third seed, na Williams make am to de fourth round, before she lose to Kim Clijsters insyd three sets. Williams then team up plus Serena Williams make dem play doubles at de open, wer na dem win de title over defending champions den No. 1s insyd doubles, Cara Black den Liezel Huber, wey dem claim dema third major doubles title insyd 2009. Na Williams ein last tournament insyd 2009 be de year-ending Tour Championships, wer na she be de defending champion insyd singles. Na she dey insyd de maroon group wich dey include ein sisto Serena Williams, along plus Elena Dementieva den Svetlana Kuznetsova. She loose ein first match against Dementieva, den ein second match against ein sisto Serena- both insyd straight sets, after she take de first set. Insyd ein third den final round-robin match, Williams defeat Kuznetsova. Secof Dementieva ein loss to Kuznetsova insyd dema round robin match, Williams advance to de semifinal of de championships. Insyd ein semifinal match, she defeat Jelena Janković of Serbia to advance to ein second consecutive final insyd de tournament wich na she loose to ein sisto Serena. Insyd doubles, Williams team plus ein sisto as de second seeds. However, na dem loose to Nuria Llagostera Vives den María José Martínez Sánchez insyd de semifinal. Na dema doubles record at de end of de year stand at 24–2. Williams fini 2009 ranked No. 6 insyd singles (plus a winning percentage of 70 percent) den No. 3 insyd doubles plus Serena Williams, in spite of dem play six events per togeda dat year. === 2010: World No. 2 insyd singles den No. 1 doubles === Williams play at de Australian Open as de sixth seed. She defeat 17th-seeded Francesca Schiavone insyd de fourth round. Na she be two points from defeating 16th-seeded Li Na insyd de quarterfinals before she lose insyd three sets. Insyd doubles, she team plus ein sisto Serena to successfully defend dema title, wey dem defeat de top-ranked team of Cara Black den Liezel Huber insyd de final. She go onto de clay courts at de Mexican Open insyd Acapulco, wer na she be de defending champion. She reach de semifinals after she recover from a 1–5 third set deficit to Laura Pous Tió insyd de quarterfinals. Insyd de final, she defeat first-time finalist Polona Hercog wey komot Slovenia. Na dis ein 43rd career title, de most among active female players. Na ein next tournament be de Premier Mandatory Miami Open insyd Key Biscayne, wer na dem seed am third. She defeat No. 9, Agnieszka Radwańska, insyd de quarterfinals den No. 13, Marion Bartoli, insyd de semifinals to reach ein third straight WTA Tour final den fourth Miami Open final. Na Kim Clijsters defeat am insyd de final insyd just 58 minutes, wey end ein 15-match winning streak. By reaching de final, ein ranking improve go No. 4 wey na she cross de $26&nbsp;million mark insyd career prize money, de player per besides Serena Williams to do so. De knee injury wey hamper am during de final of de Miami Open force am make she skip de Fed Cup tie against Russia den de Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. Williams return to de tour at de Premier 5 Italian Open insyd Rome. She suffer de worst defeat of ein career insyd de quarterfinals, wey she loose to No. 4 Jelena Janković. Despite dis loss, ein ranking improve to No. 3 on May 10. Na ein next tournament be de Madrid Open, a Premier Mandatory tournament. She loose to Aravane Rezaï insyd de final. Insyd doubles, she team plus ein sisto Serena to win de title. On May 17, na ein ranking improve go No. 2, behind Serena per. Na dis be de fourth time dat de Williams sisters occupy de top two spots, den de first time since May 2003. Na ein next tournament be de French Open, wer na she play both singles den doubles despite ein knee injury. Na dem seed am second insyd singles, she advance past de third round at dis tournament for de first time since 2006 before she loose to Nadia Petrova insyd de round of 16. She sanso play doubles plus Serena as de top seeds. Dema defeat of Huber den Anabel Medina Garrigues insyd de semifinals increase dema doubles ranking to No. 1. Na dem then defeat 12th seeded Květa Peschke den Katarina Srebotnik insyd de final make dem win dema fourth consecutive Grand Slam women's doubles title. By virtue of reaching de No. 1-ranking insyd doubles on June 7, 2010, Venus den Serena cam be just de sixth den seventh women to reach de No. 1 ranking insyd both singles den doubles wey dem dey follow insyd de footsteps of Martina Navratilova, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Martina Hingis, Lindsay Davenport, den Kim Clijsters. Na ein next tournament be de Wimbledon Championships, wer na she reach de final de previous three years. Despite ein knee injury, she make am to de quarterfinals, wer na she loose to Tsvetana Pironkova. Na dem rank Pironkova No. 82 wey she never go past de second round of a Grand Slam event. As a result, Williams drop to No. 4. Na she be de defending champion insyd doubles plus ein sisto Serena, wey win de tournament insyd de previous two years. However, na dem loose dis time insyd de quarterfinals to Elena Vesnina den Vera Zvonareva. Williams then miss all tournaments insyd de US Open Series secof a left knee injury buh na she still participate at de 2010 US Open as de third seed. She win three matches make she move into de fourth round. Williams cam be one of two women per insyd 2010 (along plus Caroline Wozniacki) to reach at least de fourth round at all four Grand Slam singles tournaments. Williams then defeat Pe'er den French Open champion Schiavone en route to ein eighth US Open semifinal, against defending champion Clijsters. Williams win de first set of dema match wey na she recover from 5–2 down insyd de second set buh ultimately she double-fault on a key point near de end of de match wey na she loose insyd three sets. Secof Serena ein withdrawal from de US Open, Venus no participate at de doubles event, wer na she be de defending champion. Na de recovery of ein left knee take longer dan expected wey e force am make she miss de rest of 2010, wey dey include de year-ending WTA Championships den Fed Cup final.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 6, 2010|title=Venus Williams out for the remainder of 2010; Will miss Fed Cup Final, Pro Tennis – News|url=http://www.usta.com/venus_williams_out_for_the_remainder_of_2010_will_miss_fed_cup_final/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125146/http://www.usta.com/venus_williams_out_for_the_remainder_of_2010_will_miss_fed_cup_final/|archive-date=March 20, 2012|access-date=May 7, 2011|publisher=USTA}}</ref> Williams end de year ranked fifth insyd singles, de first time she end a year insyd de top five since 2002, while na she dey play nine tournaments per. She fini de year ranked 11th insyd doubles. === 2011: Sjögren syndrome diagnosis === Williams begin de year at de final edition of Hong Kong Tennis Classic exhibition event. She loose both ein singles matches against Vera Zvonareva den Li Na, buh na she help Team America to win de silver group. At de Australian Open, Williams retire insyd de second game of ein third round match against Andrea Petkovic after she sustain a hip muscle injury insyd ein second round.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/21/venus-williams-injury-withdraws-australian-open_n_812021.html|title=Venus Williams Injury: Tennis Star Withdraws From Australian Open|work=Huffington Post|access-date=May 17, 2011|date=January 21, 2011|archive-date=January 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128225001/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/21/venus-williams-injury-withdraws-australian-open_n_812021.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na dis be Williams ein first retirement during a match insyd a Grand Slam tournament since 1994 wey thus end ein record of most Grand Slam matches widout ever retiring, plus 250 consecutive matches.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 21, 2011|title=Venus Retires, Petkovic Moves Through|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20110121/venus-retires-petkovic-moves-through_2256076_2272879|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005120019/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20110121/venus-retires-petkovic-moves-through_2256076_2272879|archive-date=October 5, 2012|access-date=May 17, 2011|publisher=Wtatennis.com}}</ref> Na dis sanso be ein first retirement from a match since LA Women's Championships insyd Los Angeles insyd 2004, wey end ein 294 consecutive matches widout retiring. De injury force Williams make she pull out of de Fed Cup quarterfinal against Belgium, de Dubai Tennis Championships, den de Mexican Open, wer na she be de two-time defending champion insyd both tournaments. She subsequently withdraw from de Miami Open wey cause ein ranking to drop to No. 15. She sanso miss de clay court season wich cause ein ranking to drop to No. 29. Na ein absence from de French Open mark de first Grand Slam tournament since de 2003 US Open wer na neither of de Williams sistos dey compete. Williams then make ein first appearance since de Australian Open insyd Eastbourne. Unseeded, na she loose for de first time insyd eleven meetings to Daniela Hantuchová insyd de quarterfinals. Na dem seed am 23rd at de 2011 Wimbledon Championships. She play for nearly three hours insyd ein second round match against Japanese veteran Kimiko Date-Krumm, wey she win insyd three tough sets. She then defeat Spaniard María José Martínez Sánchez insyd de third round, buh na dem defeat am by Bulgarian 32nd seed Tsvetana Pironkova insyd de fourth round. Originally na dem schedule to participate insyd de 2011 Rogers Cup insyd Toronto den de 2011 Western & Southern Open insyd Cincinnati, Williams withdraw secof viral illness.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Venus Williams Out Again For The Western & Southern Open|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus-Williams-Out-Again-For-The-Western---Souther.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122351/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus-Williams-Out-Again-For-The-Western---Souther.aspx|archive-date=October 9, 2011|access-date=September 1, 2011|work=tennisnow.com}}</ref> Na ein next schedule tournament be de 2011 US Open.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lynch|first=Lauren|title=Venus Williams Out Again For The Western & Southern Open|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus-Williams-Out-Again-For-The-Western---Souther.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009122351/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Venus-Williams-Out-Again-For-The-Western---Souther.aspx|archive-date=October 9, 2011|access-date=August 16, 2011|publisher=Tennis Now}}</ref> Unseeded at de US Open, na Williams defeat Vesna Dolonc insyd de first round. Na dem schedule am make she meet 22nd seed Sabine Lisicki insyd de second round, buh she withdraw before de match begin after dem diagnose am plus Sjögren syndrome, an [[autoimmune disease]] wich dey cause fatigue den muscle den joint pain.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6914019/2011-us-open-venus-williams-withdraws-illness|title=Venus Williams Pulls Out with illness|publisher=ESPN Online|year=2011|access-date=January 28, 2017|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061149/http://www.espn.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6914019/2011-us-open-venus-williams-withdraws-illness|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="celebritydiagnosis1">{{cite web|author=Lila|date=August 31, 2011|title=Venus Williams Leaves US Open. 10 Things You Should Know About Sjogren's Syndrome|url=http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/08/venus-williams-leaves-us-open-10-things-you-should-know-about-sjogrens-syndrome/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052026/http://www.celebritydiagnosis.com/2011/08/venus-williams-leaves-us-open-10-things-you-should-know-about-sjogrens-syndrome/|archive-date=April 25, 2012|access-date=January 1, 2012|publisher=Celebritydiagnosis.com}}</ref> Na dis be de first time insyd ein career wey she no reach de quarterfinals anaa better insyd any of de Grand Slam tournaments insyd a season. As a result, na ein ranking drop to one-hundred den five. Na Williams no play for de rest of de year at a competitive level; she appear insyd three exhibitions tournaments insyd November den early December. She play against sisto Serena insyd Colombia, wich na she win insyd straight sets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus defeats Serena in exhibition in Colombia|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-colombia-williamssisters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014524/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-colombia-williamssisters|archive-date=December 1, 2011|work=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> De week later, na de sistos appear insyd Milan, Italy make dem play exhibition against Italian duo Francesca Schiavone den Flavia Pennetta. Williams loose both ein singles tie-break matches buh na she win de doubles pairing plus ein sisto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATP Tennis News, Stories, Videos, & Analysis|url=https://www.foxsports.com/tennis/atp|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002021414/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/Venus-Williams-Serena-Williams-lose-exhibition-matches-in-Milan-120311|archivedate=October 2, 2013|website=www.foxsports.com}}</ref> Williams play ein third exhibition tournament insyd Barbados wer she loose to Victoria Azarenka. She end de year ranked No. 102. Na dis be ein first year-end finish ranked outsyd of de top 50 since 1997. === 2012: Comeback den Olympic gold record === Na dem schedule Williams make she play insyd Auckland in preparation for de Australian Open.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c_id=94&objectid=10774337|title=Tennis: Venus Williams pulls out of ASB Classic|work=NZ Herald News|date=December 20, 2011|access-date=January 1, 2012|archive-date=December 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224231854/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/tennis/news/article.cfm?c_id=94&objectid=10774337|url-status=live}}</ref> buh na she withdraw from both tournaments secof health problems, wey dem announce say she go return to de WTA tour insyd February.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2012 Australia Open|url=http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction=showfull&id=1326141281&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1,4&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120143110/http://venuswilliams.com/blogs.php?subaction=showfull&id=1326141281&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1%2C4&|archive-date=January 20, 2012}}</ref> Na dis drop ein ranking to No. 135. Insyd February, Williams return to competition insyd de doubles match of de Fed Cup World Group II tie between USA den Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2012|title=Vika, Serena to Headline Day One|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika%2C-serena-to-headline-day-one.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822202139/http://www.fedcup.com/en/news/articles/vika%2C-serena-to-headline-day-one.aspx|archive-date=22 August 2016|access-date=25 August 2025|website=FedCup}}</ref> She play plus Liezel Huber, she win de dead-rubber insyd straight sets. Na dem grant Williams wildcards to participate insyd de Miami<ref>{{cite web|title=Miami Open Tennis Homepage – Miami Open|url=http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards-Announced.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202171048/http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/News/Tennis/2012/Pretournament/Wildcards-Announced.aspx|archive-date=February 2, 2013|access-date=November 15, 2015|work=Miami Open}}</ref> den Charleston tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volvo Cars Open|url=http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120061206/http://www.familycirclecup.com/pages/articles/20120208124939.html|archive-date=January 20, 2013|access-date=November 15, 2015|work=familycirclecup.com}}</ref> Insyd de first round of Miami — ein first singles match since de 2011 US Open — Williams defeat Japanese veteran Kimiko Date-Krumm, insyd straight sets. Insyd de second round, she defeat No. 3 Petra Kvitová, ein first top-3 victory since she beat Svetlana Kuznetsova insyd 2009. Insyd de third round, she save a match point wey na she defeat Aleksandra Wozniak insyd a three-set tiebreaker wey end a nearly three-hour match. Insyd de round of 16, she best No. 15 Ana Ivanovic insyd three sets make she reach de quarterfinals, wer na she loose to de eventual champion, Agnieszka Radwańska insyd straight sets. Ein run improve ein ranking to No. 87. A week later insyd Charleston, she reach ein second consecutive quarterfinal, wer na she loose insyd three sets to Samantha Stosur. [[File:Venus_Williams_Serve_(1).jpg|left|thumb|Williams at de 2012 French Open]] Na dem grant Williams wildcards to participate insyd Madrid den Rome. Insyd Madrid, she loose insyd de second round to Angelique Kerber, buh na she still improve ein ranking to No. 63. A week later insyd Rome, she reach ein third quarterfinal of de four tournaments wey she participate insyd plus plus a straight-sets victory against Samantha Stosur insyd de third round. She loose insyd de quarterfinals, insyd straight sets, to de No. 2, defending den eventual champion, Maria Sharapova.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 18, 2012|title=Maria Sharapova ends Venus Williams's run|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria-Sharapova-ends-Venus-Williams-run|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193442/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/6951314/Maria-Sharapova-ends-Venus-Williams-run|archive-date=September 28, 2017|access-date=November 15, 2015|work=Stuff}}</ref> Na ein appearance insyd Rome increase ein ranking to No. 52, wey place am as de third-ranked American. She loose insyd de second round of de French Open to Agnieszka Radwańska, insyd straight sets. At Wimbledon, na dem unseed Williams for de first time since 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012-06-20/wimbledon-venus-williams-unseeded/55706616/1|title=Venus Williams|access-date=June 25, 2012|work=USA Today|date=June 20, 2012|archive-date=June 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623084158/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/story/2012-06-20/wimbledon-venus-williams-unseeded/55706616/1|url-status=live}}</ref> She loose to Elena Vesnina insyd de first round insyd straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon-2012-Venus-Williams-suffers-worst-defeat-since-1997-as-Elena-Vesnina-knocks-her-out-in-round-one.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/9354440/Wimbledon-2012-Venus-Williams-suffers-worst-defeat-since-1997-as-Elena-Vesnina-knocks-her-out-in-round-one.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Venus Williams|access-date=June 25, 2012|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Oliver|last=Brown|date=June 25, 2012}}</ref> Na dis be de first time Williams loose insyd de first round of a Grand Slam since de 2006 Australian Open, den ein first opening round loss at Wimbledon since ein debut insyd 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2012|title=Venus ousted in first round at Wimbledon|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/_/id/8093098/2012-wimbledon-venus-williams-ousted-first-round|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203411/https://www.espn.com/tennis/wimbledon12/story/_/id/8093098/2012-wimbledon-venus-williams-ousted-first-round|archive-date=June 24, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|website=ESPN}}</ref> Na Williams fare better insyd ein return to doubles competition wer na she play alongside ein sisto Serena. Insyd just de pair ein first tournament since 2010 Wimbledon, de unseeded sistos advance go de final plus victories over fourth-seeds Maria Kirilenko den Nadia Petrova insyd de second round den top-seeds Liezel Huber den Lisa Raymond insyd de semifinals. De Williams sistos claim dema fifth Wimbledon doubles title after dem defeat sixth-seeds Andrea Hlaváčková den Lucie Hradecká insyd straight sets insyd de final, on de same day Serena Williams win ein fifth Wimbledon singles title. Na Williams ein next stop be de 2012 London Olympics. She enter de women's singles den women's doubles events, wey she partner plus sisto Serena insyd doubles. Insyd singles, Williams reach de third round wer na she loose to Angelique Kerber. Insyd doubles, de unseeded Williams sistos advance go de final, wich na e be a repeat of dema final at Wimbledon against Hlaváčková den Hradecká. Na de sistos win dema third gold medal insyd doubles after dem defeat de Czech pair insyd straight sets. Plus de win (den ein sisto Serena ein win insyd de singles event), de Williams sistos claim de most Olympic gold medals of any oda tennis player, male anaa female. Next, Williams play at Cincinnati wer na she receive a singles wild card entry. She defeat ein first two opponents, Maria Kirilenko den Chanelle Scheepers, insyd three tight sets before she eliminate eighth seed Sara Errani insyd de third round. Insyd de quarterfinal, she defeat Samantha Stosur, insyd three sets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Western & Southern Open: Main draw singles|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906233023/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2012/1017/MDS.pdf|archive-date=September 6, 2012|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Insyd de semifinal Williams play thru a back injury, eventually she loose insyd three sets to Li Na.<ref>{{cite news|title=Williams hurts back, loses to Li|newspaper=The Reporter-Times|date=August 19, 2012|page=15}}</ref> Na ein semifinal run bring ein ranking back within de top 50 for de first time insyd almost a year. At de US Open, Williams loose insyd a second-round match against Angelique Kerber insyd three sets, despite na she dey lead insyd de third set. Williams win ein 44th career title den ein first title insyd over 2+1⁄2 years at de Luxembourg Open, wer na she defeat Monica Niculescu insyd straight sets. Williams sanso qualify for de Tournament of Champions insyd Sofia, buh na she withdraw as de tournament clash plus ein den ein sisto Serena ein 'Breaking the Mould' tour insyd Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus Williams to Skip Sofia Tournament of Champions - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/144403/Venus+Williams+to+Skip+Sofia+Tournament+of+Champions|access-date=2025-08-22|website=www.novinite.com}}</ref> Plus ein title insyd Luxembourg, ein ranking rise to No. 24. Na she end de year plus dis ranking. === 2013: Back injury === At de 2013 Hopman Cup, wey she dey play give USA (plus John Isner), na de first rubber be against South Africa. Williams beat Chanelle Scheepers den, plus John Isner, dem comfortably defeat de South African pair Scheepers den Kevin Anderson. Insyd USA ein second rubber against France, she win both ein singles den insyd mixed doubles wey dem defeat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga den Mathilde Johansson. Next she face Anabel Medina Garrigues of Spain wey na she win insyd two sets. From der na Williams go onto de Australian Open, wey she seed 25, after she miss am de previous year secof injury. She beat Galina Voskoboeva den Alizé Cornet before she loose to de second seed, Maria Sharapova. Na ein next tournament be Brasil Tennis Cup. She participate de tournament as de top seed. She defeat Mirjana Lučić-Baroni insyd de first round, Garbiñe Muguruza insyd de second round den Magdaléna Rybáriková during de quarterfinals. Dey reach ein first semifinal of de year, na dem then defeat am by Olga Puchkova insyd three sets. Na dis tournament allow Williams make she strengthen ein position insyd de top 20. She retire from de Miami Open insyd de third round secof a lower back injury. [[File:Venus_Williams_(9630793483).jpg|thumb|Williams dey stretch for a volley at de 2013 US Open]] One week after Miami, Williams participate insyd Charleston as de fifth seed. She reach de semifinals, wer na she loose to ein sisto Serena insyd two sets insyd de sistos dema first meeting since de 2009 WTA Tour Championships. A few weeks later na she participate insyd Fed Cup, insyd a tie between de United States den Sweden. After Sloane Stephens loose de opening match, Williams step into ein spot, wey she win a match against Johanna Larsson. Na dis be de first time insyd Williams ein career wey she clinch de winning match insyd a Fed Cup tie, wey dey lead de United States to a 3–2 victory over Sweden. Na Williams ein next event be de Madrid Open wer na she withdraw just before she play ein first round match. Na ein next tournament be de Italian Open insyd Rome wer na she loose insyd de first round to Laura Robson. Williams then play at de 2013 French Open wer na she loose to Urszula Radwańska insyd de first round. Na she sanso enter insyd doubles plus ein sisto Serena buh na she pull out just before dema first-round match. Williams pull out of de 2013 Wimbledon Championships secof a back injury. Na e be de first time she miss Wimbledon insyd ein career. At de Roger's Cup, she loose insyd de first round to 13th seed Kirsten Flipkens insyd three sets. At de Western den Southern Open, she defeat qualifier Jana Čepelová insyd straight sets, before she loose insyd de second round to Elena Vesnina insyd three sets. Na ein next tournament be de 2013 US Open. She pull an upset insyd de first round by she defeat 12th seed Kirsten Flipkens insyd a rematch of de Roger's Cup first round. Zheng Jie defeat am insyd three sets. She enter de doubles plus Serena Williams. Na dema run end insyd de semifinals against de fifth seeded team den eventual champions Lucie Hradecká den Andrea Hlaváčková. Na ein next tournament be de Pan Pacific Open. Insyd de quarterfinals she defeat Canadian Eugenie Bouchard insyd three sets, buh na she fall insyd de semifinals to Petra Kvitová insyd anoda three set match. Williams subsequently play at de 2013 China Open insyd Beijing wer na she play singles den doubles. Williams loose ein second round match insyd singles wey she loose to Sabine Lisicki wey na she sanso loose ein first round match insyd doubles despite na she get two match points. Na Williams ein last tournament of de season be de 2013 Kremlin Cup insyd Moscow, buh na she withdraw secof injury, wey bring an end to ein 2013 season. === 2014: Dey end title drought === Williams start ein official tennis season as No. 47 insyd Auckland, wer na she fini runner-up to Ana Ivanovic. She next participate, unseed, at de Australian Open wer na she loose insyd de first round to No. 23 Ekaterina Makarova insyd three sets. Dey move on to Doha, Williams loose to No. 6 Petra Kvitová insyd de second round at de Qatar Open after she fail to put away match point insyd de third set tie-break. Williams then enter de Dubai Tennis Championships wer na she defeat five top-40 players make she win ein biggest title since de Madrid Open insyd 2010 den, at 33 years den 8 months of age, cam be de seventh-oldest woman make she win a WTA singles title. En route, she avenge ein loss to Ana Ivanovic insyd Auckland den ein sisto Serena ein loss to Alizé Cornet insyd de semifinals, then she win de title match, wey keep am head-to-head record perfect against Caroline Wozniacki. Williams then compete insyd Miami den insyd Charleston wer na she loose to Dominika Cibulková on hard den Eugenie Bouchard on clay, respectively – both insyd de round of 16 den both insyd three sets. At de Italian Open, na Williams fail to force three sets insyd a loss for de first time dat year, wey she fall insyd two sets to Carla Suárez Navarro. At de French Open, na No. 56 Anna Karolína Schmiedlová upset Williams insyd three sets. Williams then loose insyd de third round of Wimbledon to eventual champion Petra Kvitová insyd a classic den much-praised encounter wey see 34 holds of serve den two breaks per. Na Williams be de player per to take a set against Kvitová insyd de tournament. Williams play ein first tournament of de 2014 US Open Series at de Standord Classic, wer na she be a two-time former champion. Insyd de second round, she score ein first Top-10 victory of de year wey na she improve ein head-to-head record against Victoria Azarenka to 4–0. Insyd de quarterfinals, Williams loose to No. 18 Andrea Petkovic insyd three sets. At de Rogers Cup, Williams defeat No. 24 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova insyd three sets, wey she score ein first victory at dat tournament on ein fifth attempt. She defeat No. 7 Angelique Kerber insyd de third round in insyd a three-set thriller describe by one of de commentators as "quite simply one of de matches of de 2014 season so far on de WTA". Williams produce yet anoda upset insyd three sets against Suárez Navarro to advance to de semifinals, wer na she defeat younger sisto den No. 1 Serena Williams insyd de pair ein 25th meeting. Na e be ein 14th victory over a reigning No. 1 den ein first since de 2009 Wimbledon Championships, wen na she defeat Dinara Safina 6–1, 6–0 insyd de semifinals. Na e sanso be de first time since 2009 wey na Williams beat ein younger sisto Serena. She loose de championship match to No. 5 Agnieszka Radwańska. At ein final tournament before de US Open, Williams loose insyd a tight three-setter to No. 17, Lucie Šafářová, insyd de first round at de Cincinnati Open. At de 2014 US Open Williams make am to de third round for de first time since 2010 wey na she be two points away (chaw times) from moving into de Round of 16 before ultimately she go down to 13th-seeded Sara Errani for de first time insyd four meetings. Na Williams ein next tournament be at de Bell Challenge insyd Quebec, wer na she receive a wildcard as de No. 1 seed. She advance to de quarterfinals insyd straight-set first- den second-round victories wey na dem set to play Czech player Lucie Hradecká. She defeat Hradecká insyd a 2-hour, 13-minute match insyd three sets. Insyd de semifinal, Williams beat fellow countrywomen Shelby Rogers insyd straight sets to progress to ein fourth final of de year, wer na she loose to a resurgent Mirjana Lučić-Baroni insyd straight sets. Williams then play at de Wuhan Open, wer na she loose insyd de first round to Caroline Garcia despite na she hold a match point. Na ein final tournament of de year be at de China Open, wer na she win ein first two matches before she withdraw before de third round. Williams end de year ranked No. 19 insyd singles, de first finish since 2010 insyd de top 20. Williams join de Bangalore Raptors team insyd 2014 for de first edition of Champions Tennis League India.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 16, 2014|title=Williams Williams play for Bangalore Raptors in CTL|url=http://www.championstennisleagueindia.com/2014/11/bangalore-raptors-strongest-team-of-ctl.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118194917/http://www.championstennisleagueindia.com/2014/11/bangalore-raptors-strongest-team-of-ctl.html|archive-date=November 18, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> === 2015: Re-entering de top 10 === Williams start off ein season at de Auckland Open, wer na she win ein 46th career singles title by defeating Caroline Wozniacki insyd three sets insyd de final. Then, at de Australian Open, Williams make am to de quarterfinals at a Grand Slam championship for de first time since de 2010 US Open. She defeat Camila Giorgi insyd de third round wey na she for recover from a set den break down to reach de second week of a Grand Slam tournament for de first time since de 2011 Wimbledon Championships wey then she overturn a three-match losing streak to Agnieszka Radwańska before she loose to Madison Keys after she be up a break insyd de deciding set. Williams get ein 16-match winning streak at de Dubai Tennis Championships ended by Lucie Šafářová insyd de third round. Na ein next tournament be at de Qatar Open wer she save a match point insyd a heated encounter versus Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová insyd de second round before she defeat Agnieszka Radwańska for a second time insyd 2015 to advance to de semifinals. She end up losing insyd three sets to Victoria Azarenka. Williams compete at de Miami Open, wer na she win against Samantha Stosur insyd de third round den Caroline Wozniacki insyd de fourth round (wey she score ein fourth top-10 win of de season wey she improve ein head-to-head record against Wozniacki to a perfect 7–0). Insyd de quarterfinals, na Suárez Navarro defeat am, insyd three sets. Williams begin ein clay-court season at de Madrid Open wer na she loose insyd de first round to Victoria Azarenka insyd straight sets. Na she make am to de third round of de Italian Open, before she loose to Simona Halep. Williams fail to win ein opening match at de French Open, wer na she loose insyd straight sets to Sloane Stephens. Na she no attend ein mandatory post-match press conference wey na dem subsequently fine am $3000.<ref>{{cite news|author1=McCarvel|first=Nick|date=May 27, 2015|title=Venus Williams fined $3,000 for snubbing media after French Open loss|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus-williams-fine-skip-press-conference/27958539/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228231419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/french/2015/05/26/venus-williams-fine-skip-press-conference/27958539/|archive-date=December 28, 2017|access-date=September 17, 2017|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> Williams then play at Wimbledon, wey she win ein first three rounds insyd straight sets. She then loose to ein sisto, Serena, insyd de fourth round insyd straight sets. Williams then play at de İstanbul Cup wer na she loose insyd de first round to qualifier Kateryna Bondarenko. Williams begin ein US Open series at de Rogers Cup, wer na she be a finalist last year. She loose insyd de first round to Sabine Lisicki. Na ein loss push am outsyd of de top 20. Na ein next tournament be at de Cincinnati Open. Na she make am to de second round wey na she be set to play Ana Ivanovic, before she withdraw secof a virus. Na dem seed am 23rd for de 2015 US Open wey na she play Monica Puig insyd de first round. She win insyd three tough sets. Insyd de second round, na she overcam two costly double faults insyd de second set to defeat fellow American Irina Falconi. She defeat 12th seed Belinda Bencic den qualifier Anett Kontaveit insyd straight sets insyd de third den fourth rounds, respectively. Williams play ein sisto Serena insyd de quarterfinals insyd dema fifth meeting at de US Open den dema 27th meeting overall. Williams loose de match insyd three sets. Williams score ein fifth top 10 win of de season by she defeat No. 7, Agnieszka Radwańska, insyd de first round of de Wuhan Open. She then beat qualifier Julia Görges insyd de second round for ein 700th career win (wey she cam be de ninth woman per insyd de Open Era to achieve dis feat). She land anoda top 10 victory by she win against No. 10 Suárez Navarro insyd de third round. Williams defeat both Johanna Konta den Roberta Vinci (wey she save match point) insyd three sets to move into de championship match wer na she win ein biggest title insyd more dan five years wen ein opponent, No. 8 Garbiñe Muguruza, retire while trailing a set den a double break. De next week Williams loose to Ana Ivanovic insyd de second round of de China Open. She make am to de semifinals of de Hong Kong Open wer na she loose insyd a tight two-setter to eventual champion Jelena Janković. Plus ein results thru out de season, Williams cam be an Alternate for de WTA Finals insyd Singapore. Additionally, na she qualify for de WTA Elite Trophy insyd Zhuhai wer na she be de number one seed. She defeat Madison Keys insyd ein first round-robin match insyd three sets. Insyd ein second round-robin match she defeat wildcard Zheng Saisai to advance go de semifinals, wer na she defeat Roberta Vinci for a fifth consecutive time. Williams capture de first WTA Elite Trophy, ein third WTA title of de season den 48th title of ein career by she defeat Karolína Plíšková, insyd de final. She re-enter de top ten for de first time since 2011 wey na she end de year at No. 7 insyd de WTA rankings. Na Williams be de 10th most popular player of de year according to de WTA ein website wey na she receive de WTA Comeback Player of de Year award. === 2016: Wimbledon semifinal === Williams begin 2016 by she play at de World Tennis Thailand Championship – an exhibition event insyd Thailand – wer na she loose to Sara Errani den Angelique Kerber. She then enter de Auckland Open, wer na she be de No. 1 seed den defending champion, wey na she loose insyd de first round to 18-year-old Daria Kasatkina. (Na dis sanso be Williams ein first tournament since de 2011 Australian Open as a top-10 player.) At de Australian Open, na Williams, seed 8th, loose to Johanna Konta insyd de first round. Afterwards, she help de USA Fed Cup Team to a 4–0 victory over Poland, wey she win both of ein singles matches. Na Williams ein next tournament be at de Taiwan Open, wer na she be de No. 1 seed. She defeat Misaki Doi insyd de final, wey she earn am 49th career title. Williams return to Indian Wells for de first time insyd 15 years after she boycot de tournament insyd 2001, buh na she loose insyd de second round to Kurumi Nara. De week wey dey follow, na dem knock an out insyd de second round of de Miami Open by qualifier Elena Vesnina. Na both results mark ein worst exits at Indian Wells den Miami insyd ein 23-year career. She begin de clay-court season plus a win over Alison Riske at de Charleston Open, before she loose to Yulia Putintseva insyd de third round insyd three tight sets. Na dem schedule Williams to begin ein clay-court season at de Madrid Open buh she withdraw secof a hamstring injury. De week wey dey follow, she loose insyd de second round insyd Rome. Na dem seed am ninth at de French Open, Williams win ein first two rounds insyd straight sets to set up a third-round clash plus Alizé Cornet, wey na she defeat insyd three sets to reach de fourth round for de first time since 2010. She record de 200th loss of ein career against 8th-seeded Timea Bacsinszky, wey win insyd straight sets. However, na ein result push am back into de top 10 for de first time since ein loss at de Australian Open. She sanso win ein first Grand Slam doubles match plus sisto Serena Williams since de 2014 US Open. [[File:Williams_V._WM16_(25)_(28418679505).jpg|thumb|Williams at de 2016 Wimbledon Championships]] At de Wimbledon Championships, Williams reach de third round of de championships wer na she overcam de 29th seed, Daria Kasatkina, insyd a 2-hour, 42-minute marathon. She defeat 12th seed Carla Suárez Navarro insyd de fourth round, wey she dey now lead 4–3 insyd dema head-to-head meetings. Williams advance to de quarterfinals for de first time insyd six years, wer na she defeat Yaroslava Shvedova. Insyd ein first major semifinal since de 2010 US Open den ein first Wimbledon semifinal since 2009, she loose to fourth seed Angelique Kerber insyd straight sets. Insyd de doubles tournament, Venus den Serena Williams advance to dema first major final since 2012. Dem then win dema 14th major title togeda den sixth at Wimbledon. Williams begin ein US Open Series at de Stanford Classic, wer na she be de No. 1 seed. She defeat Magda Linette insyd de second round den compatriots Catherine Bellis den Alison Riske insyd de quarterfinals den semifinals, respectively, to reach ein eighth final insyd Stanford. She loose to Johanna Konta, insyd three sets. By virtue of ein result, Williams ascend to No. 6 insyd de rankings, ein highest position since na dem diagnose am plus Sjögren's syndrome insyd 2011. Williams then enter de Rogers Cup. Na she receive a bye insyd de first round, Williams win ein second-round match against Barbora Strýcová, insyd straight sets. She fall to Madison Keys insyd de third round insyd three sets. Williams fail to medal insyd ein singles den doubles events at de 2016 Rio Summer Olympics, wey she fall insyd de first round insyd both events, wey mark ein worst exits of ein Olympic career. She enter de mixed doubles event plus Rajeev Ram, wey she defeat de Netherlands insyd de first round after she save match point. De pair then defeat Italy insyd de quarterfinals den India insyd de semifinals to set up a clash plus de United States team of Bethanie Mattek-Sands den Jack Sock insyd de gold medal match. De duo loose to Mattek-Sands den Sock. By dem win a silver medal, Williams cam be de female player per (besides Kathleen McKane Godfree) to win a medal insyd all three events (singles, doubles den mixed); ein five medals mean she now dey share de record for most Olympic medals dem win insyd tennis plus Godfree. At de 2016 US Open, Williams break de record for de most major appearances, wey she surpass Amy Frazier ein record of 71. Dis sanso be de first time wey na dem seed am insyd de top ten at all four Grand Slam tournaments dis year, na she last achieve dis insyd 2010. She win ein first three-round matches respectively against Kateryna Kozlova, Julia Görges den de 26th seed Laura Siegemund. She loose insyd de fourth round to 10th seed Karolína Plíšková after she fail to convert match point. Insyd September 2016, in response to WADA database leak, na Williams confirm de usage of banned substances classified by WADA as Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs), wey dem state: "''The applications for TUEs under the Tennis Anti-Doping program require a strict process for approval which I have adhered to when serious medical conditions have occurred''".<ref>{{cite web|date=September 13, 2016|title=Venus Issues Statement On WADA Hack|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus-issues-statement-on-wada-hack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914034813/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5890326/title/venus-issues-statement-on-wada-hack|archive-date=September 14, 2016|access-date=September 14, 2016|publisher=WTA}}</ref> Na Williams fail to defend ein title insyd Wuhan, wey she fall insyd de third round to ninth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. Na dis push am outsyd of de top ten for a second time dis year. De week wey dey follow na dem bundle am out of de China Open insyd de first round by No. 223-ranked Peng Shuai. Williams qualify for de WTA Elite Trophy, wer na she be de defending champion, however na she decide she no go participate. She fini de year ranked No. 17. === 2017: Two major finals den return to de top 5 === Williams begin ein 2017 season at Auckland, wey she win ein opening match against local wildcard Jade Lewis before she withdraw secof a right arm pain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/tennis/88133916/venus-williams-pulls-out-asb-classic|access-date=2025-08-23|website=www.stuff.co.nz}}</ref> Na dem seed am 13th at de Australian Open, Williams defeat Kateryna Kozlova, qualifier Stefanie Vögele, Duan Yingying den qualifier Mona Barthel insyd de opening four rounds respectively insyd straight sets to advance to de quarterfinals. She defeat 24th seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova for ein 50th win at de Australian Open, de first time Williams win a quarterfinal match insyd Melbourne since she defeat Daniela Hantuchová insyd 2003. Dey cam back from a set down insyd ein semifinal match, Williams defeat rising American star CoCo Vandeweghe to advance to ein first Grand Slam final since Wimbledon 2009 den ein first Australian Open final since 2003. In doing so, she set de Open era record for de longest span (20 years) between grand slam singles final appearances, wey na she first reach a Grand Slam singles final at de 1997 US Open. Insyd a closely fought final, she loose insyd two sets to ein younger sisto Serena, wey make history by she win ein 23rd Grand Slam singles title, wey she surpass de mark set by Steffi Graf.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553|title=Australian Open 2017: Serena Williams beats Venus Williams to set Grand Slam record|date=January 28, 2017|newspaper=BBC Sport|access-date=January 28, 2017|archive-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128104305/http://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/38781553|url-status=live}}</ref> De week wey dey follow, Williams compete insyd de St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy, buh she loose insyd de second round to eventual champion Kristina Mladenovic. At de Indian Wells Open, Williams cam back from a set down wey na she save three match points insyd de second round to defeat Jelena Janković, wey dey tie dema head-to-head record at seven-all. Na dis be ein first win at Indian Wells since 2001. She defeat Lucie Šafářová den qualifier Peng Shuai insyd de third den fourth rounds respectively, wey she avenge ein previous losses to both players. She loose to de eventual champion, Elena Vesnina, insyd de quarterfinals. De week wey dey follow, Williams score ein first top-ten win since 2015, against Svetlana Kuznetsova insyd de fourth round of de Miami Open. She defeat No. 1 Angelique Kerber insyd de quarterfinals, qey she cam be de oldest player to beat a current No. 1. She loose for a third consecutive time to eventual champion Johanna Konta insyd straight sets insyd ein first semifinal insyd Miami since 2010. Dis mark ein fourth consecutive loss to eventual champions. De week wey dey follow, after she receive a bye, Williams loose to eventual semifinalist Laura Siegemund insyd de Volvo Car Open. Na she save match point insyd de second set, Williams force two match points insyd de third set, buh na Siegemund save both. After de match, Williams say, "Na dis fi be de best match she go ever play insyd ein life. I basically win de match buh I still loose." Williams withdraw from de Madrid Open after an injury to ein right arm. She make ein European clay-court debut at de |Italian Open wer na she defeat Yaroslava Shvedova den Lesia Tsurenko insyd straight sets. She defeat No. 6 Johanna Konta insyd de third round, buh she loose insyd ein first quarterfinal insyd Rome since 2012 to Garbiñe Muguruza insyd three sets. During dis match, Williams hit a reactionary lob off an attacking forehand wey na dem vote am WTA shot of de month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta-shot-month-venus-cambridge-global-payments|title=May Shot of the Month: Venus Williams|date=June 15, 2017|newspaper=WTA|access-date=June 18, 2017|archive-date=June 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619113106/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/wta-shot-month-venus-cambridge-global-payments|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams defeat Wang Qiang, Kurumi Nara den Elise Mertens insyd de first three rounds of de French Open before she san loose to Bacsinszky insyd de fourth round, dis time insyd three sets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/not-again-venus-williams-sent-packing-by-timea-bacsinszky-in-french-open-4689070/|title=Not again! Venus Williams sent packing by Timea Bacsinszky in French Open|date=June 5, 2017|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=June 18, 2017|archive-date=June 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606095958/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/not-again-venus-williams-sent-packing-by-timea-bacsinszky-in-french-open-4689070/|url-status=live}}</ref> Williams enter Wimbledon as de number 10 seed. She defeat Elise Mertens, Wang Qiang, [[Naomi Osaka]] den Ana Konjuh to reach de quarterfinals for de 13th time insyd ein career, wer na she defeat de 2017 French Open champion Jeļena Ostapenko insyd straight sets. Na dis sanso be ein 100th career match at Wimbledon. She advance go ein ninth Wimbledon final by she defeat Johanna Konta, insyd straight sets insyd de semifinals. Dis mark ein 87th win at Wimbledon, de third most on de all-time list. Dis sanso mark de first season since 2003 wey na Williams reach two slam finals. Williams loose de final insyd straight sets to Garbiñe Muguruza. She gain de No. 9 ranking by she reach de final, ein second appearance insyd de top 10 insyd 2017; na she briefly return to de top 10 insyd 2017 by virtue of she beat Angelique Kerber insyd Miami. Williams begin ein play insyd de US Open Series at de Canadian Open. She defeat qualifier Irina-Camelia Begu insyd three sets den Kateřina Siniaková insyd straight sets before she loose to fifth seed den eventual champion Elina Svitolina insyd de third round. De next week, Williams compete insyd Cincinnati wey na she defeat Alison Riske insyd de first round before she loose to Ashleigh Barty insyd de second round. Na Barty be de first person wey defeat Williams den fail to reach at least de semifinals of de event insyd wich na dem defeat am insyd 2017. At de 2017 US Open, Williams defeat Viktória Kužmová, Océane Dodin, den Maria Sakkari to reach de fourth round. Williams reach de second week of all majors insyd a single season for de first time since 2010, wey she reach de second week of seven consecutive Grand Slam tournaments, de longest streak among WTA players at dat time. Insyd de fourth round, Williams beat Suárez Navarro insyd three sets to reach ein 12th US Open quarterfinal, wer na she defeat Petra Kvitová insyd a third set tiebreak during de two-hour, 35 minute match. She sanso guarantee ein return to de top five insyd de WTA rankings at de conclusion of de tournament for de first time since January 2011. Williams then loose insyd three sets to fellow American den eventual champion Sloane Stephens insyd ein first US Open semifinal since 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/open/2017/09/07/sloane-stephens-beats-venus-williams-reach-us-open-final/644349001/|title=Sloane Stephens beats Venus Williams to reach U.S. Open final|date=September 7, 2017|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=October 1, 2017|archive-date=October 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002025155/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/open/2017/09/07/sloane-stephens-beats-venus-williams-reach-us-open-final/644349001/|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 26, Williams qualify for de WTA Finals for de first time since 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/videos/venus-williams-qualifies-wta-finals/|title=Venus Williams qualifies for the WTA Finals|date=September 26, 2017|newspaper=Women's Tennis Association|access-date=October 1, 2017|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222901/http://www.wtatennis.com/videos/venus-williams-qualifies-wta-finals|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd ein first tournament after de US Open, Williams defeat Risa Ozaki insyd de first round of de Hong Kong Open, before she fall to Naomi Osaka. At de WTA Finals, na dem place Williams insyd de White Group plus Karolína Plíšková, Garbiñe Muguruza den Jeļena Ostapenko. After she loose ein first match to Pliskova insyd straight sets, Williams defeat Ostapenko insyd a marathon match wey dey last almost 3+1⁄2 hours. She defeat Muguruza insyd straight sets to progress to de semifinals, wey she avenge ein loss to de Spaniard insyd de Wimbledon final. Williams then defeat Caroline Garcia insyd three sets make she advance to ein first final at de year-end championships since 2009, wer na she fini runner-up to sisto Serena Williams. She meet Caroline Wozniacki insyd de final, wer na she find einself down a set den 0–5. Despite she win de next four games, she loose de match insyd two sets. She fini de year ranked No. 5 wey na she top de prize money list for dis year. === 2018: 1000th match, struggle plus form === Williams begin ein 2018 season at de Sydney International, wer na she be de second seed wey she receive a first-round bye. Insyd de second round she loose to Angelique Kerber, wey go on go win de tournament. As de fifth seed den defending finalist at de Australian Open, Williams loose insyd straight sets to Belinda Bencic insyd de first round, wey end ein streak of seven consecutive appearances insyd de second week of de Grand Slams, den as a result she drop considerably insyd de rankings as well. Williams compete insyd de Fed Cup quarterfinals against de Dutch team. She win both ein singles matches insyd straight sets against Arantxa Rus den Richèl Hogenkamp to send de United States into de semifinals. She sanso play ein career 1000th match wey na she earn ein 20th Fed Cup singles win. After she receive a first round bye at de Indian Wells Open, Williams defeat Sorana Cîrstea to set up a match plus ein sisto Serena, insyd de third round. She defeat am for de 12th time insyd ein career – ein first straight sets victory against am since de 2008 Wimbledon Championships final almost a decade earlier. She then defeat Anastasija Sevastova insyd de fourth round den Suarez Navarro insyd de quarterfinals, both insyd straight sets. She then fall to Daria Kasatkina insyd a close three set match insyd de semifinals. De week wey dey follow at de Miami Open, Williams save three match points insyd ein third round match against Dutch woman Kiki Bertens. She subsequently knock out defending champion Johanna Konta insyd de fourth round, before she fall rather unexpectedly to ein compatriot den qualifier Danielle Collins insyd de quarterfinals. Williams begin ein clay court season at de Madrid Open wer na she loose to Anett Kontaveit insyd de first round. Dem seed am eighth at de Italian Open, she receive a first round bye, before she defeat Elena Vesnina insyd three sets. She san loose to Kontaveit insyd de third round. Williams sanso play doubles plus compatriot Madison Keys, buh na de team withdraw after dem win dema first round match plus Keys sustain an injury. Williams loose to Wang Qiang insyd de first round of de French Open, wey dey mark de first time na she loose insyd de first round of consecutive Grand Slam events. Williams sanso reach de third round insyd doubles plus Serena, wey she loose to third seeds Klepač den Martínez Sánchez. De defending finalist at de Wimbledon, Williams defeat Johanna Larsson den Alexandra Dulgheru insyd de first den second rounds respectively, before she loose to Kiki Bertens insyd de third round. As a result, she drop out of de top ten rankings. Williams begin ein US Open Series at de Silicon Valley Classic after she accept a wildcard, wey she defeat Heather Watson insyd de second round, before she loose insyd de quarterfinals to eventual finalist Maria Sakkari. She win ein opening two rounds at de Rogers Cup before she loose to de then-world No. 1, Simona Halep, na a right knee injury hamper am. She withdraw from de Western & Southern Open de week wey dey follow plus de same injury. At de 2018 US Open, Williams defeat 2004 champion Svetlana Kuznetsova den Camila Giorgi en route to a third round encounter – den 30th career match overall, plus Serena, wer na she hand am ein most-lopsided loss against am insyd five years. Dey follow de US Open, Venus withdraw from de Wuhan Open den China Open, dey cite "na she no be physically ready to compete".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus Williams pulls out of Wuhan Open|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus-williams-pulls-out-of-wuhan-open|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618121325/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1439354/venus-williams-pulls-out-of-wuhan-open|archive-date=June 18, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Na dem schedule am make she fini ein season at de Luxembourg Open, buh na she pull out secof a knee injury. She fini de season ranked No. 40, de first time since 2013 she fail to finish de season insyd de top 20. Williams part ways plus ein long-time coach David Witt at de end of de 2018 season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches-venus-williams-simona-halep-sloane-stephens.html|title=Flurry of Coaching Changes Adds to Upheaval in Women's Tennis|first=Ben|last=Rothenberg|work=The New York Times|date=December 11, 2018|access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-date=January 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002200/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/sports/tennis/coaches-venus-williams-simona-halep-sloane-stephens.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === 2019: Continued struggles, out of top 50 === Williams begin ein 2019 season plus an exhibition match against Serena at e Mubadala World Tennis Championship, wich na she win insyd de match tiebreak. Williams then play insyd de ASB Classic insyd Auckland, wer na dem seed am sixth. She defeat Victoria Azarenka den Lauren Davis, before she loose insyd de quarterfinals to Bianca Andreescu insyd three sets. Na dem unseed am at de Australian Open, Williams defeat Mihaela Buzărnescu den Alizé Cornet, both insyd three sets, to set up a meeting plus de topseeded Simona Halep insyd de third round. Williams loose to Halep insyd two sets. Na dem rank am 36th den unseeded at Indian Wells, Williams start plus a win over Andrea Petkovic, before she cam back from a set den a double break down to beat de third seed Petra Kvitová insyd de second round. Na dis be Williams ein first top five win since de 2017 WTA Finals. She then defeat Christina McHale den Mona Barthel to advance to ein third straight Indian Wells quarterfinal, wer na she loose to de eighth seed den eventual runner-up, Angelique Kerber. Na dem rank am 43rd as she enter de Miami Open, Williams beat Dalila Jakupović, Suarez Navarro den Daria Kasatkina, all insyd straight sets, before she san fall to third ranked Simona Halep insyd de fourth round. Williams start ein clay-court season as a wildcard at de Italian Open wer she defeat Elise Mertens insyd a third set tiebreak (after three hours of play) to set up a second round match plus ein sisto Serena. Secof a left knee injury, however, na dem force Serena to withdraw from de match.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serena withdraws from Rome, Venus into third round|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1448326/serena-withdraws-from-rome-venus-into-third-round|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201856/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1448326/serena-withdraws-from-rome-venus-into-third-round|archive-date=June 24, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Williams then fall to eventual runner-up Johanna Konta insyd de third round insyd straight sets. She subsequently fall to de ninth seed, Elina Svitolina, insyd de French Open first round, ein second year insyd a row wey she fail to win a match at de French Open. For de first time since 2011 den fourth time insyd ein career, Williams play a Wimbledon warmup event after she accept a wildcard into de Birmingham Classic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 16, 2023|title=Women's Tennis News &#124; WTA Tennis|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607042626/http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/3077955/title/serena-williams-no1-infographic|archive-date=June 7, 2015|access-date=May 14, 2019|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> She defeat Aliaksandra Sasnovich insyd de first round to set up a meeting plus Wang Qiang, wich Williams sanso win to reach de quarterfinals, wer na she loose to eventual champion den new world No. 1, Ashleigh Barty. However, thanks to dis run, Williams return to de top 50 insyd de rankings. She sanso accept a wildcard to play doubles plus Harriet Dart, wey she loose insyd de first round insyd a match tiebreak. At Wimbledon, Williams, whilst unseeded, she face compatriot Coco Gauff, a fifteen-year-old qualifier, de youngest qualifier insyd de history of de event. Gauff stun Williams insyd a tight two-set match. Na de loss match [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles|2012]] as ein earliest Wimbledon exit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Williams loses generation game to teenager|url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2019-07-01/2019-07-01_williams_loses_generation_game_to_teenager.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701203031/https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2019-07-01/2019-07-01_williams_loses_generation_game_to_teenager.html|archive-date=July 1, 2019|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ubha|first=Ravi|date=1 July 2019|title=Girl, 15, beats Venus and declares: I want to be the greatest|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/01/tennis/gauff-venus-wimbledon-osaka-tsitsipas-intl-spt/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702061029/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/01/tennis/gauff-venus-wimbledon-osaka-tsitsipas-intl-spt/index.html|archive-date=July 2, 2019|access-date=2 July 2019|website=CNN}}</ref> === 2020: Out of top 75 === Na dem schedule Williams to start ein 2020 season at de Brisbane International buh na she withdraw before de tournament began.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus Williams pulls out of Brisbane following "unexpected setback"|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus-williams-pulls-out-of-brisbane-following-unexpected-setback|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102418/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/venus-williams-pulls-out-of-brisbane-following-unexpected-setback|archive-date=June 19, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> She sanso withdraw from de Adelaide International. At de Australian Open, na Coco Gauff beat Williams insyd de first round. At de Mexican Open, wer na she be de fifth seed, na qualifier Kaja Juvan beat Williams. After a four-month break secof de COVID-19 pandemic, Williams return to competition by she play World TeamTennis. Na ein first official tournament back be de Top Seed Open, wer she defeat Victoria Azarenka insyd de first round, she then take on sisto Serena for de 31st time insyd de second round, wey she loose to am insyd a tight three-set match. Williams then fall to Dayana Yastremska insyd de first round of de Western & Southern Open. Dey follow de tournament, Williams drop to No. 67 insyd de WTA 31 August 2020 rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus Williams {{!}} Ranking History {{!}} Weekly & Yearly Rankings – WTA Official|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus-williams/rankings-history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127174048/https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/venus-williams/rankings-history|archive-date=November 27, 2020|access-date=2020-09-20|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> At de US Open, Williams loose to Karolína Muchová insyd de first round. Williams travel to Italian Open, de week after de US Open to join de rescheduled clay court swing. Insyd de first round, she draw Azarenka for de second time insyd five weeks; on dis occasion, Williams loose insyd straight sets, wey dey take dema career head-to-head record to 6–2 insyd Williams ein favor. At de French Open, Williams crash out insyd straight-sets to Anna Karolína Schmiedlová. She fini de year plus one match win den a 1–8 tour record. Na ein ranking fall to 78 insyd de world by de end of de season. === 2021–2022: Out of de top 100, 90th major appearance === [[File:Serena_and_Venus_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|De Williams sistos insyd 2022 during dema final doubles match togeda]] Williams start de 2021 season at de Yarra Valley Classic, wer na she defeat Arantxa Rus, insyd straight sets, before she loose insyd straight sets to fourth seed Petra Kvitová. She sanso reach de second round of de Australian Open. Since then, na Williams dey on a five-match losing streak wey she drop out of de top 100 insyd May, before de French Open, to ein lowest ranking since 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/wta-tennis-news-cant-stop-progress-vw-pens-an-inspirational-note-following-her-5-matvh-losing-streak/|title="Can't Stop Progress": Venus Williams Pens an Inspirational Note Following Her 5-Match Losing Streak|date=May 25, 2021|website=EssentiallySports|access-date=May 28, 2021|archive-date=June 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612140255/https://www.essentiallysports.com/wta-tennis-news-cant-stop-progress-vw-pens-an-inspirational-note-following-her-5-matvh-losing-streak/|url-status=live}}</ref> At de French Open, she loose insyd de first round to de 32nd seed, Ekaterina Alexandrova. She receive a wildcard for de main draw of Wimbledon<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 16, 2021|title=Andy Murray and Venus Williams handed wildcard entries for Wimbledon|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/16/andy-murray-venus-williams-wildcard-wimbledon-queens-tennis-news|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619194424/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/jun/16/andy-murray-venus-williams-wildcard-wimbledon-queens-tennis-news|archive-date=June 19, 2021|access-date=June 20, 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> buh na dem later upgrade am to de main draw as direct entry secof Naomi Osaka ein withdrawal. She win ein first round match against Mihaela Buzărnescu. Na dis be Venus Williams ein record breaking 90th Grand Slam appearance wey e sanso be ein 90th match win at Wimbledon.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2021|title=Venus wins 90th match at Wimbledon to advance|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/31731465/venus-williams-wins-90th-match-wimbledon-advance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629182817/https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/31731465/venus-williams-wins-90th-match-wimbledon-advance|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> She miss de next four Grand Slam tournaments insyd singles before she receive a wildcard for de 2022 US Open. She loose insyd de first round insyd straight sets to Alison Van Uytvanck. She sanso play doubles plus Serena at de US Open. Na dema first round match be de first doubles match insyd history dem give de nighttime slot on Arthur Ashe Stadium. De pair loose to Lucie Hradecká den Linda Nosková. Plus Serena ein retirement, na dis be de final Grand Slam tournament match for de 14-time major doubles champions. Venus later state say wen Serena retire, she too retire from playing doubles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 3, 2023|title=Venus Williams retired from doubles when Serena retired|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-venus-williams-when-serena-retired-i-retired-doubles-well|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034140/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-venus-williams-when-serena-retired-i-retired-doubles-well|archive-date=June 21, 2023|access-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref> === 2023: 30th year on de WTA Tour, ongoing struggle plus injuries === Insyd January, she receive a wildcard for de main draw of Auckland Open, wey na she start ein 30th year on de WTA Tour plus a straight-sets victory over fellow American Katie Volynets insyd de first round.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 January 2023|title=ASB Classic: Venus Williams starts 30th year on WTA Tour with win over Katie Volynets|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106063548/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/64144838|archive-date=January 6, 2023|access-date=9 February 2023|publisher=BBC Sports}}</ref> She open de second round by she win de first set against Zhu Lin buh na she then go on to lose de match wen na she drop de next two sets. Williams receive a main draw wildcard to de 2023 Australian Open buh na dem force am to withdraw after she sustain an injury insyd ein second round match against Lin insyd Auckland.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sridhar|first=Shrivathsa|date=January 7, 2023|title=Venus out of Australian Open following injury in Auckland|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/venus-out-australian-open-following-injury-auckland-2023-01-07/|work=Reuters}}</ref> De injury cause Williams make she miss de rest of de hard court swing den de clay season. Williams receive a wildcard at de Rosmalen Grass Court Championships wer na she loose insyd de first round to Céline Naef. Venus then compete insyd de 2023 Birmingham Classic wey na she win ein first match as a 43-year-old, wey she defeat Camilla Giorgi insyd over three hours insyd an epic three-set thriller.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venus Williams overcomes Giorgi in three-hour Birmingham thriller|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3544741/venus-williams-overcomes-giorgi-in-three-hour-birmingham-thriller|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621033838/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3544741/venus-williams-overcomes-giorgi-in-three-hour-birmingham-thriller|archive-date=June 21, 2023|access-date=June 21, 2023}}</ref> Na e be ein first victory over a top 50 player insyd almost four years. Na de success be short-lived, wey Williams fall insyd de second round to Jelena Ostapenko insyd anoda close three-set match. Na injuries continue to hamper Williams during de match wey she receive an off-court medical timeout.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tennis.com|title=Venus Williams loses to Jelena Ostapenko at Birmingham Classic after injury concern|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/krejcikova-continues-serene-progress-at-grass-court-birmingham-classic|access-date=2024-01-24|website=Tennis.com|language=en}}</ref> Williams receive a wildcard to de 2023 Wimbledon main draw buh na she loose insyd straight sets to Elina Svitolina insyd de first round, wey she suffer a serious knee injury. Williams express frustration at ein improving form wey be affected by injuries, wey she state insyd ein post-match press conference say na de injuries be "hard to process emotionally, mentally den physically on de court".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Svitolina beats Venus Williams in Wimbledon opener|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3567001/svitolina-beats-venus-williams-in-wimbledon-opener|access-date=2024-01-24|website=Women's Tennis Association|language=en}}</ref> Williams loose insyd de first round of de Canadian Open insyd Montreal buh na she secure ein first Top 20 win insyd more dan four years plus a straight sets win over No. 16 seed Veronika Kudermetova insyd de Western & Southern Open. She follow dat win plus a lopsided first set win over rising star Zheng Qinwen buh na she eventually loose de next two sets den de match. Na dem describe de first set as "vintage Venus" wey na e give hope for Williams ein return to de US Open.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zheng Qinwen rallies to beat Venus Williams in Cincinnati|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3636968/zheng-qinwen-rallies-to-beat-venus-williams-in-cincinnati|access-date=2024-01-24|website=Women's Tennis Association|language=en}}</ref> At de US Open, insyd ein first round match, wich sanso be Williams ein 100th career US Open match, she suffer one of ein most lopsided Grand Slam losses, wey she win two games per against qualifier Greet Minnen.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Koons|first=Zach|date=2023-08-29|title=Venus Williams Falls in Straight Sets at U.S. Open to Unranked Qualifier|url=https://www.si.com/tennis/2023/08/30/venus-williams-falls-straight-sets-us-open-unranked-qualifier-greet-minnen|access-date=2024-01-24|magazine=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us}}</ref> Williams end de 2023 season ranked No. 412 insyd de world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tennis Explorer: Tennis Rankings, WTA & ATP Rankings|url=https://www.tennisexplorer.com/ranking/wta-women/2023/?date=2023-12-25&search-text-ran=williams|access-date=2024-01-24|website=www.tennisexplorer.com}}</ref> === 2024–2025: Multiple wildcards === Despite ein injury-plagued season insyd 2023, Williams announce ein intention to return to action insyd March 2024. While na ein injuries force am to miss de Australian summer hardcourt swing, she say na ein target be make she participate insyd de US hardcourt tournaments insyd Indian Wells den Miami.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tennis.com|title=Venus Williams targeting March return in 2024|url=https://www.tennis.com/baseline/articles/venus-williams-targeting-march-return-in-2024|access-date=2024-01-24|website=Tennis.com|language=en}}</ref> She loose insyd de first round of both tournaments to Nao Hibino<ref>{{cite web|title=Wozniacki wins, Venus Williams falls in Indian Wells returns|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3924977/wozniacki-wins-venus-williams-falls-in-indian-wells-returns|accessdate=25 February 2025|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> den Diana Shnaider respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shnaider defeats Venus Williams in Miami opener|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3937174/shnaider-defeats-venus-williams-in-miami-opener|accessdate=25 February 2025|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> Insyd 2025, Williams san receive a main-draw wildcard for Indian Wells,<ref> {{cite web|date=19 February 2025|title=Kvitova, Venus Williams awarded Indian Wells wild cards|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4219367/kvitova-venus-williams-awarded-indian-wells-wild-cards|publisher=Women's Tennis Association}}</ref> buh na she turn am down.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 24, 2025|title=Venus Williams turns down Indian Wells wildcard|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/articles/cgq914eggj1o|accessdate=25 February 2025|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=February 24, 2025|title=Venus Williams will not play Indian Wells, despite wild card invite|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/tennis/venus-williams-will-not-play-indian-wells-despite-wildcard-invite-report-2025-02-24/|accessdate=25 February 2025|work=Reuters|publisher=Reuter}}</ref> While she dey attend de Met Gala insyd May 2025, Williams deny say na she retire, wey she say dat she go return to de court "wen de time feel right".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Devane|first1=Vivek|title=Venus Williams Finally Shuts Down Retirement Rumors Ahead of French Open|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/venus-williams-finally-shuts-down-142013888.html|access-date=13 July 2025|work=Yahoo Sports|date=8 May 2025}}</ref> Insyd July, Williams accept a wildcard for de 2025 Washington Open,<ref>{{cite web|date=July 11, 2025|title=Venus Williams, inactive for over a year, accepts a wild card for the DC Open|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/tennis/article-venus-williams-inactive-for-over-a-year-accepts-a-wild-card-for-the-dc/|access-date=July 11, 2025|publisher=The Globe & Mail}}</ref> wey she beat Peyton Stearns insyd de first round. She sanso reach de doubles quarterfinal plus Hailey Baptiste.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scene and Heard: Venus wins in doubles, Mboko climbs as D.C. heats up|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4319709/scene-and-heard-venus-wins-in-doubles-mboko-climbs-as-dc-heats-up|access-date=July 21, 2025|publisher=wtatennis.com}}</ref> == Fight for equal prize money == Despite years of wey tennis pioneer Billie Jean King den odas dey protest, de French Open den Wimbledon still refuse make dem bia women's den men's players equally thru all rounds insyd 2005. Insyd 2005, Williams meet plus officials from both tournaments, dey argue say dem for bia female tennis players as much as male tennis players.<ref name="venus">Williams, Venus. </ref> Na de turning point be an essay dem publish insyd ''The Times'' on de eve of Wimbledon insyd 2006. Insyd am, Williams accuse Wimbledon of dem dey on de "wrong side of history".<ref name="venus">Williams, Venus. </ref> In response, British Prime Minister Tony Blair den members of Parliament publicly endorse Williams ein arguments.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5119748.stm|title=Blair adds support for equal pay|date=June 28, 2006|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=November 26, 2011|archive-date=June 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601012055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/5119748.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Later dat year, de Women's Tennis Association den [[UNESCO]] team for a campaign mke dem promote gender equality insyd sports, wey dem biz Williams make she lead de campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WTA Tour and UNESCO to promote gender equality - iht,sports,tennis,WTA Tour UNESCO - Sports - International Herald Tribune|url=http://www.iht.com:80/articles/ap/2006/11/11/sports/EU_SPT_TEN_WTA_Tour_UNESCO.php|access-date=2025-08-24|website=www.iht.com|language=en-US}} </ref> Under enormous pressure, Wimbledon announce insyd February 2007 say e go award equal prize money to all competitors insyd all rounds, wey na de French Open follow suit a day later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roland Garros Awards Equal Pay|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=1215}}</ref> Insyd de aftermath, de Chicago ''Sun-Times'' cite Williams as "de single factor" wey "change de minds of de boys" den a leader wey ein "willingness to take a public stand dey separate am no be from chaw of ein female peers per, buh sanso from wona chaw celebrated male athletes". Williams einself comment, "''Somewhere in the world a little girl is dreaming of holding a giant trophy in her hands and being viewed as an equal to boys who have similar dreams.''"<ref>Slezak, Carol. </ref> Williams einself cam be de first woman to benefit from de equalization of prize money at Wimbledon, as na she win de 2007 tournament wey na dem award am de same amount as de male winner Roger Federer. Na dem document Williams ein fight for equality insyd ''Nine for IX'', ''Venus Vs.'' E premier on July 2, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cingari|first=Jennifer|date=February 19, 2013|title=ESPN Films and espnW Announce Nine for IX|url=http://espnmediazone.com/us/press-releases/2013/02/espn-films-and-espnw-announce-nine-for-ix/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222053911/http://espnmediazone.com/us/press-releases/2013/02/espn-films-and-espnw-announce-nine-for-ix/|archive-date=February 22, 2013|access-date=February 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 10, 2013|title=Air dates set for Nine for IX series|url=http://espn.go.com/espnw/nine-for-ix/9157130/nine-ix-air-dates-set-nine-ix-series|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414092954/http://espn.go.com/espnw/nine-for-ix/9157130/nine-ix-air-dates-set-nine-ix-series|archive-date=April 14, 2013|access-date=April 14, 2013|publisher=espnW.com}}</ref> == Oda on court activities == === 1998: Karsten Braasch vs. de Williams sisters === Williams, along plus ein sisto Serena, compete insyd a "Battle of de Sexes" against Karsten Braasch at de 1998 Australian Open. Braasch, de world ein 203rd-ranked player, na he be more dan 13 years older dan de sistos wey na he be described by a journalist as "a man wey ein training regime centere around a pack of cigarettes den more dan a couple bottles of ice cold lager."<ref>{{Cite web|title=News {{!}} OnTennis.com|url=http://www.ontennis.com/news/serena-williams-still-savouring-andy-roddick-&|access-date=2025-08-24|website=www.ontennis.com|language=en}}</ref> He defeat both sisters insyd a single set against each, wey he beat Serena 6–1 den Venus 6–2.<ref name="news.google.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140903160139/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19980127&id=kqJjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mggGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3506,5011601 "Sister act falls in Battle of Sexes], ''The Free Lance–Star'' – January 27, 1998</ref> == Ein life matter == [[File:VenusWilliamsRedDress2005.jpg|thumb|Williams for de National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ein "National Wear Red Day"]] Insyd 2003, na dem shoot Yetunde Price dead, Venus den Serena Williams dema 31-year-old sisto den dema personal assistant, iinsyd Compton, California, near de courts on wich na de sistos once practice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_104/ai_109568996|title=Williams sisters 'shocked' by shooting death of oldest sister – Sports|publisher=Findarticles.com|date=September 29, 2003|access-date=October 6, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805050231/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_104/ai_109568996/|archive-date=August 5, 2009}}</ref> Insyd 2007, Williams receive ein associate degree insyd fashion design from de Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venus Williams Aces Fashion Degree from Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale|url=http://www.artinstitutes.edu/fortlauderdale/press_release.asp?PressID=5420|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605001413/http://www.artinstitutes.edu/fortlauderdale/press_release.asp?PressID=5420|archive-date=June 5, 2008|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Artinstitutes.edu}}</ref> Insyd 2011, na dem force Williams to withdraw from de US Open before ein second-round match dey follow a Sjögren's syndrome diagnosis.<ref name="celebritydiagnosis1"/> After de diagnosis, na she adopt a vegan diet wey na she reduce ein intake of calories den sugars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22369612/vegan-venus-williams-talks-about-food-and-tennis|title=Vegan Venus Williams talks about food and tennis|newspaper=Mercury News|date=January 14, 2013|access-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref> Insyd 2015, Williams receive a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree insyd business administration from Indiana University East.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venus Williams receives her Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from IU East|url=http://www.iue.edu/mediarelations/venus-williams-receives-her-bachelor-of-science-in-business-administration-from-iu-east/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731165603/http://www.iue.edu/mediarelations/venus-williams-receives-her-bachelor-of-science-in-business-administration-from-iu-east/|archive-date=July 31, 2016|access-date=August 15, 2016|website=Indiana University East}}</ref> She begin ein degree insyd 2011 thru a reciprocal agreement between de university den de Women's Tennis Association wey dey allow athletes to play tennis professionally while dem dey study online.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Act: Serena and Venus Williams|url=http://hamptons-magazine.com/features/articles/sisters-act-serena-and-venus-williams?page=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103150244/http://hamptons-magazine.com/features/articles/sisters-act-serena-and-venus-williams?page=3|archive-date=November 3, 2011|access-date=August 26, 2011|publisher=Hamptons Magazine}}</ref> Na dem raise Williams as a Jehovah's Witness.<ref>{{cite web|last=Winston|first=Kimberly|date=July 11, 2015|title=Serena Williams's Secret Weapon: 'Jehovah God'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/serena-williams-secret-weapon-jehovah-god_us_55a06ed9e4b0ecec71bc445b|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424000639/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/serena-williams-secret-weapon-jehovah-god_us_55a06ed9e4b0ecec71bc445b|archive-date=April 24, 2017|access-date=April 23, 2017|via=Huff Post|agency=Religion News Service}}</ref> Insyd July of 2025, Williams open up about ein decades-long struggle plus adenomyosis den uterine fibroids, wey dey detail de impact na e had on ein career den life, as well as de lack of knowledge den proper support from doctors wey delay diagnosis den treatment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Greaves|first=Kayla|date=2025-07-03|title=Venus Williams on Her Hidden, 30-Year Struggle With Pain|url=https://www.self.com/story/venus-williams-fibroids-interview|access-date=2025-08-11|website=SELF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Holohan|first=Meghan|last2=Essamuah|first2=Zinhle|date=2025-07-03|title=EXCLUSIVE: Venus Williams Says Doctors Dismissed Her Fibroid Symptoms for Years: 'I Was Outraged'|url=https://www.today.com/health/womens-health/venus-williams-fibroids-rcna216504|access-date=2025-08-11|website=TODAY.com}}</ref> === Relationships === Na Williams date golfer Hank Kuehne. Insyd 2012, she meet Cuban model Elio Pis wen na dem hire am as an underwear model guve ein clothing line; na dem date til 2015.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 5, 2019|title=Ex-Girlfriend Venus Williams|url=http://glamourpath.com/elio-pis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715085538/http://glamourpath.com/elio-pis|archive-date=July 15, 2019|access-date=July 15, 2019|publisher=Glamour Path}}</ref> Na she date publishing heir Nicholas Hammond for two years til 2019.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith B. Kile|date=April 2, 2018|title=Venus Williams and boyfriend Nicholas Hammond share post-workout PDA|url=https://www.aol.com/article/entertainment/2018/04/02/venus-williams-and-boyfriend-nicholas-hammond-share-post-workout-pda-see-the-pics/23401228/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073126/https://www.aol.com/article/entertainment/2018/04/02/venus-williams-and-boyfriend-nicholas-hammond-share-post-workout-pda-see-the-pics/23401228/|archive-date=April 4, 2018|access-date=April 4, 2018|publisher=AOL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 24, 2019|title=Venus Williams Splits with Boyfriend of Two Years Nicholas Hammond|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/72707/venus-williams-splits-with-boyfriend-of-two-years-nicholas-hammond/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815021819/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Tennis_Stories/72707/venus-williams-splits-with-boyfriend-of-two-years-nicholas-hammond/|archive-date=August 15, 2020|access-date=2020-05-02|website=Tennis World USA}}</ref> On July 22, 2025, Williams announce say she be engaged to actor-producer Andrea Preti.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Caplan|first1=Anna Lazarus|last2=Vasquez|first2=Ingrid|date=July 22, 2025|title=Venus Williams Confirms She Is Engaged to Actor Andrea Preti|url=https://people.com/venus-williams-confirms-she-engaged-actor-andrea-preti-8690365|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723152110/https://people.com/venus-williams-confirms-she-engaged-actor-andrea-preti-8690365|archive-date=July 23, 2025|access-date=July 23, 2025|website=People}}</ref> === 2017 car crash === On June 9, 2017, na Williams dey drive insyd Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, wen na anoda car collide plus ein SUV before she clear de intersection, a crash wey kill a 78-year-old man den injure anoda person. Na Police originally say dat na Williams be "at fault" for de crash; however, on December 21, 2017, na authorities determine de crash be caused by an unidentified third driver.<ref>{{cite news|author=Boren|first=Cindy|date=December 21, 2017|title=Venus Williams, other driver will not be charged in fatal car crash|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/12/21/venus-williams-other-driver-will-not-be-charged-in-fatal-car-crash/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102147/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/12/21/venus-williams-other-driver-will-not-be-charged-in-fatal-car-crash/|archive-date=April 6, 2018|access-date=March 2, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> === Business ventures === Williams be de chief executive officer of ein interior design firm V Starr Interiors, wey dey locate insyd Jupiter, Florida. Na ein company design de set of de ''Tavis Smiley Show'' on de Public Broadcasting Service, de Olympic athletes dema apartments as part of New York City ein failed bid to host de [[2012 Summer Olympics]], den residences den businesses insyd de Palm Beach, Florida area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vstarr Interiors|url=http://www.vstarrinteriors.com/default.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110041601/http://www.vstarrinteriors.com/default.htm|archive-date=January 10, 2009}}</ref> Insyd 2001, na dem name Williams among de 30 most powerful women insyd America by de ''Ladies Home Journal''.<ref name="LHJ">{{cite news|url=http://www.lhj.com/lhj/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/lhj/story/data/powerindex_10012001.xml&categoryid=/templatedata/lhj/category/data/c_297.xml&page=5|title=#21 to No. 25|work=Ladies Home Journal}}</ref> Insyd 2007, na Williams team plus retailer Steve & Barry's to launch ein own fashion line, EleVen. "''I love fashion and the idea that I am using my design education to actually create clothing and footwear that I will wear on and off the tennis court is a dream come true for me"''<ref>{{cite web|date=September 6, 2010|title=Eleven website|url=http://www.elevenbyvenus.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308172123/http://www.elevenbyvenus.com/|archive-date=March 8, 2008|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Elevenbyvenus.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus Unveils EleVen Clothing Range|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=1638}}</ref> Williams ein line debut during de 2012 New York fashion week. Na ebe modeled by athletes rather dan models, as Williams choose to feature de type of people for whom na dem design de line. She sanso wear outfits from ein fashion line on de tennis court.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 13, 2012|title=Venus Williams Scores at New York Fashion Week|url=http://people.com/style/venus-williams-scores-at-new-york-fashion-week/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064911/http://people.com/style/venus-williams-scores-at-new-york-fashion-week/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Insyd June 2009, na dem name Williams 77th insyd de Top 100 Most Powerful Celebrities list dem compile by ''Forbes'' magazine.<ref name="FMTC100">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/53/celebrity-09_Venus-Williams_ZX4E.html|title=#77 Venus Williams|work=Forbes Magazine|date=June 3, 2009|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020455/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/53/celebrity-09_Venus-Williams_ZX4E.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd August 2009, Williams den ein sisto Serena cam be minority owners of de Miami Dolphins. Na dis make de sistos de first African-American women to obtain ownership insyd an NFL franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-08-25|title=Williams sisters latest stars to buy into Dolphins|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=4422313|access-date=2025-05-04|website=ESPN.com|language=en|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Insyd late June 2010, Williams release ein first book, ''Come to Win; On How Sports Can Help You Top Your Profession'', wich na she cowrep plus Kelly E. Carter. To promote de book, she embark on a nationwide tour wey na she appear on several talk shows, wey dey include ''The Early Show'' den ''Good Morning America''. Na de book reach de top five on ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 15, 2010|title=Venus Williams book on NYT Bestseller list|url=http://www.usta.com/venus_williams_book_on_nyt_bestseller_list/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320125151/http://www.usta.com/venus_williams_book_on_nyt_bestseller_list/|archive-date=March 20, 2012|access-date=October 6, 2010|publisher=Usta.com}}</ref> == Recognition == Dem widely regard Williams as one of de greatest tennis players of all time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Le Miere|first=Jason|date=28 August 2015|title=Top 10 Women's Tennis Players Of All-Time: Where Does Serena Williams Rank On List Of Greatest Ever?|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/top-10-womens-tennis-players-all-time-where-does-serena-williams-rank-list-greatest-2073830|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814194935/https://www.ibtimes.com/top-10-womens-tennis-players-all-time-where-does-serena-williams-rank-list-greatest-2073830|archive-date=August 14, 2021|access-date=14 August 2021|website=International Business Times}}</ref><ref name="Williams-2020">{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Jeff|date=2 September 2020|title=10 best women's tennis players of all time|url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/tennis/10-best-women-s-tennis-players-of-all-time-1.10632315|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151241/https://www.newsday.com/sports/tennis/10-best-women-s-tennis-players-of-all-time-1.10632315|archive-date=December 21, 2019|access-date=8 August 2020|website=Newsday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=16 April 2021|title=What are the top 10 Greatest Women's Tennis Players|url=https://tennisconnected.com/home/2021/04/16/what-are-the-top-10-greatest-womens-tennis-players/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814171638/https://tennisconnected.com/home/2021/04/16/what-are-the-top-10-greatest-womens-tennis-players/|archive-date=August 14, 2021|access-date=14 August 2021|website=Tennis Connected}}</ref> Insyd 2005, na ''Tennis Magazine'' rank Williams as de 25th-best player of de past 40 years.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 17, 2006|title=40 Greatest Players of the Tennis Era (25–28)|url=http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/40greatest.aspx?id=738|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009122645/http://www.tennis.com/features/40greatest/40greatest.aspx?id=738|archive-date=October 9, 2008|access-date=April 22, 2009|work=Tennis Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 13, 2010|title=High time we appreciate Venus Williams|url=https://www.espn.com/blog/espntennis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911162106/http://espn.go.com/sports/tennis/blog/_/name/espntennis/id/5551143/high-time-appreciate-venus-williams|archive-date=September 11, 2010|access-date=September 13, 2009|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Insys June 2011, na dem name am one of de "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" by ''Time''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Adams|first=William Lee|date=21 June 2011|title=Venus Williams|magazine=Time|url=https://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2011/06/22/30-legends-of-womens-tennis-past-present-and-future/slide/venus-williams/|access-date=14 July 2021|issn=|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714201309/https://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2011/06/22/30-legends-of-womens-tennis-past-present-and-future/slide/venus-williams/|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd 2018, ''Tennis Magazine'' rank Williams as de eighth-best female player of de Open Era.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tignor|first=Steve|date=21 February 2018|title=The 50 Greatest Players of the Open Era (W): No. 8, Venus Williams|url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-50-greatest-players-of-the-open-era-w-no-8-venus-williams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714195553/https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/the-50-greatest-players-of-the-open-era-w-no-8-venus-williams|archive-date=July 14, 2021|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Tennis.com}}</ref> Insyd May 2020, both de Tennis Channel den Newsday rank Williams as de eighth-greatest female player of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|date=18 May 2020|title=Serena Williams Ranked as the Greatest of All Time|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/87651/serena-williams-ranked-as-the-greatest-of-all-time/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726234855/https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/Serena_Williams/87651/serena-williams-ranked-as-the-greatest-of-all-time/|archive-date=July 26, 2021|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Tennis World USA}}</ref><ref name="Williams-2020"/> == Equipment == Insyd 1995, wen na Williams be 14, she sign an endorsement deal plus Reebok wey she wear de company ein apparel den shoes.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 22, 1995|title=DEAL WITH VENUS IN THE STARS FOR REEBOK|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/1995/05/22/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/DEAL-WITH-VENUS-IN-THE-STARS-FOR-REEBOK.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912173327/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/1995/05/22/Sponsorships-Advertising-Marketing/DEAL-WITH-VENUS-IN-THE-STARS-FOR-REEBOK.aspx|archive-date=September 12, 2014|access-date=September 11, 2014|publisher=SportsBusiness Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 28, 2000|title=WHAT THEY'RE WEARING (AND HITTING WITH) AT THE U.S. OPEN|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/08/20000828/No-Topic-Name/WHAT-THEYRE-WEARING-AND-HITTING-WITH-AT-THE-US-OPEN.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084440/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2000/08/20000828/No-Topic-Name/WHAT-THEYRE-WEARING-AND-HITTING-WITH-AT-THE-US-OPEN.aspx|archive-date=January 27, 2018|access-date=September 10, 2014|publisher=SportsBusiness Journal}}</ref> She use a Wilson Hammer 6.2 Stretch racket.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 25, 2001|title=What they're wearing (and hitting with) at Wimbledon|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/06/20010625/This-Weeks-Issue/What-Theyre-Wearing-And-Hitting-With-At-Wimbledon.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200138/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/06/20010625/This-Weeks-Issue/What-Theyre-Wearing-And-Hitting-With-At-Wimbledon.aspx|archive-date=September 10, 2014|access-date=September 10, 2014|publisher=SportsBusiness Journal}}</ref> == Career statistics == === Grand Slam tournament performance timeline === ''Current thru de 2023 US Open.''<div style="overflow: auto;"> {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align:center;font-size:92%" !Tournament !1997 !1998 !1999 !2000 !2001 !2002 !2003 !2004 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !2023 !2024 !2025 !{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}} !{{Tooltip|W–L|Win–loss}} !Win % |- | align="left" |Australian Open |A | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |A | style="background:yellow;" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |A | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |A |A |A |A |0 / 21 |54–21 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=54|lost=21|integer=yes}} |- | align="left" |French Open | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |A |A |A |A |0 / 24 |48–24 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=48|lost=24|integer=yes}} |- | align="left" |Wimbledon | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | style="background:thistle;" |F | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | style="background:yellow;" |SF | style="background:thistle;" |F | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | style="color:#767676;" |NH | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |A |A |5 / 24 |90–19 | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=90|lost=19|integer=yes}} |- | align="left" |US Open | style="background:thistle;" |F | style="background:yellow;" |SF | style="background:yellow;" |SF | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | bgcolor="lime" |'''W''' | style="background:thistle;" |F |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF |A | style="background:yellow;" |SF | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | style="background:yellow;" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="ffebcd" |QF | bgcolor="afeeee" |4R | style="background:yellow;" |SF | bgcolor="afeeee" |3R | bgcolor="afeeee" |2R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |A | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R | bgcolor="afeeee" |1R |A | |2 / 24 |79–21<!--Note 1999 US Open, 3rd round w/o (win), 2011 US Open, 2nd round w/o (loss)--> | style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=79|lost=21|integer=yes}} |- ! style="text-align:left" |Win–loss !7–3 !17–4 !15–4 !18–1 !19–2 !22–4 !15–3 !10–4 !16–3 !6–3 !14–2 !17–3 !12–4 !16–4 !6–2 !2–3 !3–3 !5–4 !11–4 !11–4 !20–4 !4–4 !3–4 !0–3 !2–3 !0–1 !0–2 !0–0 !0–0 !7 / 93 !271–85 ! style="background:#efefef;" |{{tennis win percentage|won=271|lost=85|integer=yes}} |} </div> === Grand Slam tournament finals === ==== Singles: 16 (7 titles, 9 runner-ups) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" ! style="width:40px" |Result ! style="width:35px" |Year ! style="width:150px" |Championship ! style="width:50px" |Surface ! style="width:190px" |Opponent ! style="width:140px" class="unsortable" |Score |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |1997 |US Open |Hard |Martina Hingis |0–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2000 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport |6–3, 7–6^(7–3) |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2000 |US Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport |6–4, 7–5 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2001 |Wimbledon <small>(2)</small> |Grass |Justine Henin |6–1, 3–6, 6–0 |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2001 |US Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] |6–2, 6–4 |- style="background:#ebc2af;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2002 |French Open |Clay |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |5–7, 3–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2002 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |6–7^(4–7), 3–6 |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2002 |US Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |4–6, 3–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2003 |Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |6–7^(4–7), 6–3, 4–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2003 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |6–4, 4–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2005 |Wimbledon <small>(3)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport |4–6, 7–6^(7–4), 9–7 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2007 |Wimbledon <small>(4)</small> |Grass |Marion Bartoli |6–4, 6–1 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2008 |Wimbledon <small>(5)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |7–5, 6–4 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2009 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |6–7^(3–7), 2–6 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2017 |Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |4–6, 4–6 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2017 |Wimbledon |Grass |Garbiñe Muguruza |5–7, 0–6 |} ==== Doubles: 14 (14 titles) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" ! style="width:40px" |Result ! style="width:35px" |Year ! style="width:150px" |Championship ! style="width:50px" |Surface ! style="width:190px" |Partner ! style="width:190px" |Opponents ! style="width:140px" class="unsortable" |Score |- style="background:#ebc2af;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1999 |French Open |Clay |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] |Martina Hingis Anna Kournikova |6–3, 6–7^(2–7), 8–6 |- style="background:#ccf;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1999 |US Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |{{flagicon|USA}} Chanda Rubin Sandrine Testud |4–6, 6–1, 6–4 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2000 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Julie Halard-Decugis Ai Sugiyama |6–3, 6–2 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2001 |Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |{{flagicon|USA}} Lindsay Davenport {{flagicon|USA}} Corina Morariu |6–2, 2–6, 6–4 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2002 |Wimbledon <small>(2)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez |6–2, 7–5 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2003 |Australian Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez |4–6, 6–4, 6–3 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2008 |Wimbledon <small>(3)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond Samantha Stosur |6–2, 6–2 |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 |Australian Open <small>(3)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Daniela Hantuchová Ai Sugiyama |6–3, 6–3 |- style="border: 2px solid blue" bgcolor="#cfc" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 |Wimbledon <small>(4)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Samantha Stosur Rennae Stubbs |7–6^(7–4), 6–4 |- style="border: 2px solid blue" bgcolor="#ccf" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2009 |US Open <small>(2)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Cara Black {{flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |6–2, 6–2 |- style="border: 2px solid blue" bgcolor="#ffc" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2010 |Australian Open <small>(4)</small> |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Cara Black {{flagicon|USA}} Liezel Huber |6–4, 6–3 |- style="border: 2px solid blue" bgcolor="#ebc2af" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2010 |French Open <small>(2)</small> |Clay |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |{{flagicon|CZE}} Květa Peschke Katarina Srebotnik |6–2, 6–3 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2012 |Wimbledon <small>(5)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |{{flagicon|CZE}} Andrea Hlaváčková {{flagicon|CZE}} Lucie Hradecká |7–5, 6–4 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |2016 |Wimbledon <small>(6)</small> |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Serena Williams |Tímea Babos Yaroslava Shvedova |6–3, 6–4 |} ==== Mixed doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up) ==== {| class="sortable wikitable" ! style="width:40px" |Result ! style="width:35px" |Year ! style="width:150px" |Championship ! style="width:50px" |Surface ! style="width:190px" |Partner ! style="width:190px" |Opponents ! style="width:140px" class="unsortable" |Score |- style="background:#ffc;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1998 |Australian Open |Hard |{{flagicon|USA}} Justin Gimelstob |Helena Suková Cyril Suk |6–2, 6–1 |- style="background:#ebc2af;" | style="background:#98fb98;" |Win |1998 |French Open |Clay |{{flagicon|USA}} Justin Gimelstob |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] Luis Lobo |6–4, 6–4 |- style="background:#cfc;" | style="background:#ffa07a;" |Loss |2006 |Wimbledon |Grass |{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan |Vera Zvonareva Andy Ram |3–6, 2–6 |} == World Team Tennis == Williams play 14 seasons of World TeamTennis, wey she make ein debut insyd 2000 plus de St. Louis Aces, wey she play a season plus de Delaware Smash insyd 2005, three seasons plus de Philadelphia Freedoms from 2006 to 2008, den eight seasons plus de Washington Kastles insyd 2010–2015, 2017–2019. She get five King Trophies, wey she claim ein first plus de Freedoms insyd 2006 den four trophies plus de Kastles insyd 2011, 2012, 2014, den 2015. Na dem sanso name am de 2012 WTT Final MVP for ein efforts. Na dem announce say she go join de Washington Kastles during de 2020 WTT season set to begin July 12 at The Greenbrier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wtt.com/2020/06/25/venus-williams-commits-to-play-2020-wtt-season-will-return-to-washington/?blog_id=1|title=Venus Williams Commits To Play 2020 WTT Season; Will Return to Washington|website=WTT.com|date=June 25, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701152615/https://wtt.com/2020/06/25/venus-williams-commits-to-play-2020-wtt-season-will-return-to-washington/?blog_id=1|url-status=live}}</ref> == Records den achievements == At de 2021 Wimbledon Championships, Williams extend ein record as de all-time leader, male anaa female, insyd Grand Slam tournaments dem play, plus 90.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2021|title=Injury forces Serena Williams to withdraw from Wimbledon; Venus Williams, Roger Federer advance|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/6/29/22555908/venus-williams-90th-wimbledon-win-in-90th-career-major|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629181608/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/6/29/22555908/venus-williams-90th-wimbledon-win-in-90th-career-major|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=January 15, 2017|title=10 Stats to get you primed for the 2017 Australian Open|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2017/January/10-Stats-to-get-you-primed-for-the-2017-Australian.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117000232/http://www.tennisnow.com/News/2017/January/10-Stats-to-get-you-primed-for-the-2017-Australian.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2017|access-date=January 18, 2017|publisher=Tennis Now}}</ref> Plus ein run to de 2017 Wimbledon singles final, she claim de record for de longest time between a player ein first den most recent major singles finals appearances (a record wey later be surpassed by ein sisto [[Serena Williams|Serena]] at de 2019 US Open). Venus win four Olympic gold medals (one insyd singles den three insyd women's doubles plus ein sisto) den one silver (insyd mixed doubles),<ref>{{cite web|date=August 17, 2008|title=Williams sisters net gold in doubles, beating off Spaniards in final|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer08/tennis/news/story?id=3539310|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813044901/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/tennis/news/story?id=3539310|archive-date=August 13, 2009|access-date=April 22, 2009|work=ESPN}}</ref> wey tie am plus Kathleen McKane Godfree for de most Olympic medals wey a tennis player win insyd history. At de 2000 Sydney Olympics, she cam be de second player per wey win Olympic gold medals insyd both singles den doubles at one Olympic Games. After she win silver insyd mixed doubles plus Rajeev Ram at de 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics, Williams cam be de first tennis player to win a medal at four Olympic Games, as well as de first player insyd de Open Era to win an Olympic medal insyd all three events (singles, doubles, mixed). She den Serena sanso be de tennis players per insyd history plus four Olympic gold medals, as well as de ones per wey win Olympic gold insyd de same event on three occasions. She along plus ein sisto Serena be de women per insyd de Open Era to win Olympic tennis gold insyd both singles den doubles. * Na she attain dese records insyd Open era of tennis. * Records insyd '''bold''' dey indicate peer-less achievements. * Records insyd ''italics'' currently be active streaks. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%" |- style="background:#efefef;" | width="280" |Championship |Years |Record she accomplish | width="200" |Player tied |- |1997 French Open – 2023 US Open |1997–2023 |most appearances (93) insyd Grand Slam singles draw |'''dey stand alone''' |- |1999 French Open – 2016 Wimbledon |1999–2016 |first 14 Grand Slam doubles finals win (plus [[Serena Williams]]) |Serena Williams |- |2002 French Open – 2003 Australian Open |2002–2003 |four consecutive runner-up finishes |'''dey stand alone''' |- |2002 French Open – 2003 Australian Open |2002–2003 |four consecutive runner-up finishes to de same player ([[Serena Williams]]) |'''dey stand alone''' |- |2003 Australian Open – 2017 Australian Open |2003–2017 |14 years between first den last final |Chris Evert [[Serena Williams]] |- |2000 Wimbledon – 2017 Wimbledon |2000–2017 |17 years between first and last final |[[Serena Williams]] |- | rowspan="4" |Wimbledon |2005 |longest women's singles final (2h 45min)<ref>{{cite web|date=July 3, 2005|title=Venus rallies to win longest Wimbledon final|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/8430280/ns/sports-tennis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011184211/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/8430280/ns/sports-tennis|archive-date=October 11, 2012|access-date=May 17, 2011|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> |Lindsay Davenport |- |2007 |lowest-ranked champion (31st)<ref name="Trio">{{cite web|date=June 19, 2008|title=A Trio of Favorites at Wimbledon|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25267007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011182724/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25267007|archive-date=October 11, 2012|access-date=May 17, 2011|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> |'''dey stand alone''' |- |2007 |lowest-seeded champion (23rd)<ref name="Trio" /> |'''dey stand alone''' |- |2008 |fastest serve by a woman (129&nbsp;mph)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/venus-williams-defeats-sister-serena-taking-fifth-wimbledon-title|title=Venus Williams Defeats Sister Serena, Taking Fifth Wimbledon Title|work=Fox News|date=July 5, 2008|access-date=May 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093224/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,376701,00.html|archive-date=November 3, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> |'''dey stand alone''' |- |US Open |2007 |fastest serve by a woman (129&nbsp;mph)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Venus sets record with 129-mph serve; Serena sails|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/|date=August 27, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2012|magazine=Sports Illustrated|archive-date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905022729/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com//2007/tennis/08/27/venus.serve/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 28, 2007|title=Venus serves up a record|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/1325292/2422042/article.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613222242/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/1325292/2422042/article.html|archive-date=June 13, 2011|access-date=May 17, 2011|publisher=Tvnz.co.nz}}</ref> |'''dey stand alone''' |- | rowspan="6" |Summer Olympics |2000–2012 |4 Olympic gold medals |Serena Williams |- |2000–2016 |5 Olympic finals |'''dey stand alone''' |- |2000–2012 |3 doubles Olympic gold medals (plus [[Serena Williams]]) |Serena Williams |- |2000–2016 |most Olympic medals wey a male anaa female player win (5) |Kathleen McKane Godfree |- |2000–2016 |na she win an Olympic medal insyd all three events (singles, doubles & mixed) |Kathleen McKane Godfree |- |2000–2016 |na she win an Olympic medal at four Olympic Games |'''dey stand alone''' |- |Miami Open |1998–2002 |22 consecutive singles matches won at this tournament |Steffi Graf |- | rowspan="3" |Dubai Tennis Championships |2009–2015 |16 consecutive singles matches she win at dis tournament |'''dey stand alone''' |- |2010–2014 |2 consecutive singles titles widout dropping a set |Justine Henin |- |2014 |unseeded player wey win insyd singles den as a wildcard |'''dey stand alone''' |- | rowspan="2" |Connecticut Open |1999–2002 |4 consecutive singles titles |Caroline Wozniacki |- |1999–2000 |2 consecutive singles titles widout dropping a set |'''dey stand alone''' |- |U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships |1998–2007 |most singles titles she win at dis tournament (3) |'''dey stand alone''' |- |Southern California Open |1999–2002 |4 consecutive singles finals |Tracy Austin |- |Mexican Open |2009–2010 |2 consecutive singles titles |Sara Errani Lesia Tsurenko |- |Year-end championships |1998–2008–2015 |she win all 3 titles Grand Slam Cup, WTA Finals den WTA Elite Trophy insyd singles |'''dey stand alone''' |} == Awards == ; 1995 * Sports Image Foundation Award for conducting tennis clinics insyd low-income areas ; 1997 * WTA Newcomer of the Year * September's Olympic Committee Female Athlete ; 1998 * Tennis Magazine's Most Improved Player ; 2000 * WTA Player of the Year * WTA Doubles Team of the Year (plus Serena Williams) * Sports Illustrated for Women's Sportswoman of the Year * Teen Choice Awards – Extraordinary Achievement Award * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 62) * Women's Sports Foundation Sportswoman of the Year for team sports (plus Serena Williams) ; 2001 * Best Female Tennis Player ESPY Award * EMMA Best Sport Personality Award * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 57) ; 2002 * Best Female Athlete ESPY Award * Best Female Tennis Player ESPY Award * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 60) ; 2003 * The President's Award of the 34th NAACP Image Awards * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 65) ; 2004 * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 1) * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 77) ; 2005 * Glamour Magazine's Women of the Year Award * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 81) * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 3) ; 2006 * Best Female Tennis Player ESPY Award * BET's Best Female Athlete of the Year * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 1) * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 90) ; 2007 * Gitanjali Diamond Award * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 3) * Vogue Magazine Top 10 Best Dressed List for 2007 ; 2008 * Whirlpool 6th Sense Player of the Year Award * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 3) * Anti-Defamation League Americanism Award * Whirlpool 6th Sense Player of the Year Award * ITF Women's Doubles World Champion (plus Serena Williams) * WTA Doubles Team of the Year (plus Serena Williams) * WTA Fan Favorite Doubles Team of the Year (plus Serena Williams) * Doha 21st Century Leaders Awards – Outstanding Leadership * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 77) * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 2) ; 2009 * WTA doubles team of the year (plus Serena Williams) * WTA Fan Favorite Doubles Team of the Year (plus Serena Williams) ; 2010 * Caesars Tennis Classic Achievement Award * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 83) * YWCA GLA Phenomenal Woman of the Year Award * WTA Fan Favorite Doubles Team of the Year (plus Serena Williams) * Forbes 30 Utterly Inspiring Role Models * Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women in the World (No. 60) * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 2) * Jefferson Award for Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports ; 2011 * Forbes The Celebrity 100 (No. 86) * TIME Magazine 30 Legends of Women's Tennis * Forbes Most Powerful Black Women In The U.S. (No. 10) * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 2) ; 2012 * World TeamTennis Finals Most Valuable Player * WTA Player Service Award * WTA Fan Favorite Doubles Team of the Year (plus Serena Williams) ; 2013 * BET Black Girls Rock! Star Power Award * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 3) * WTA Player Service Award ; 2014 * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 3) * WTA Fan Favorite Dress (2014 Wimbledon) * Tennis Magazine Top 10 Matches of 2014 No. 3 (2014 Wimbledon 3rd Round) * ESPN Tennis Top 10 Women's Matches of 2014 No. 3 (2014 Wimbledon 3rd Round) ; 2015 * US Open Sportsmanship Award * WTA February Best Dressed Player * WTA French Open Best Dressed Player * WTA October Best Dressed Player * Harris Poll Top 10 Favorite Female Sports Star (No. 3) * Harris Poll Top 10 Greatest Tennis Player (No. 5) * WTA Comeback Player of the Year * WTA Social Fan Favorite – #TBT of the Year ; 2016 * Sports Illustrated Fashionable 50 Athletes * Nielsen Most Marketable Athletes insyd de U.S. (No. 6) ; 2017 * ESPN WTA Player of the Year * Nielsen Most Marketable Athletes in the U.S. (No. 2) * Sports Illustrated Fashionable 50 Athletes * Sports Illustrated Fashionable 50 The Athleisure Leader Award ; 2018 * Sports Illustrated Fashionable 50 Athletes ; 2019 * Sports Illustrated Fashionable 50 Athletes ; 2022 * Sports Illustrated 100 Influential Black Women in Sports == Filmography == * ''Venus and Serena'' (2012), documentary film wey dey take an insyd look at lives den careers of professional tennis players, Venus den Serena Williams. * ''King Richard'' (2021, executive producer), biographical sports drama film on Venus den Serena Williams.<ref name="WLM Tennis">{{cite web|date=20 November 2021|title=Before Richard Was King...|url=https://wlmtennis.com/before-richard-was-king/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210153808/https://wlmtennis.com/before-richard-was-king/|archive-date=December 10, 2021|access-date=14 December 2021|work=WLM Tennis}}</ref> === Television === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Network !Notes |- |2020 |''''Game On'''' |Einself |CBS |Sanso be executive producer<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanter|first=Jake|date=2019-11-06|title='Game On!': Keegan-Michael Key, Venus Williams & Rob Gronkowski Join CBS Remake Of James Corden's BAFTA-Winning 'A League Of Their Own'|url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/cbs-orders-game-on-keegan-michael-key-venus-williams-rob-gronkowski-1202779075/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523144333/https://deadline.com/2019/11/cbs-orders-game-on-keegan-michael-key-venus-williams-rob-gronkowski-1202779075/|archive-date=May 23, 2020|access-date=2020-02-11|website=Deadline}}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{Cite book|last=Edmondson|first=Jacqueline|url=https://archive.org/details/venusserenawilli0000edmo|title=Venus and Serena Williams: A Biography|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-33165-7|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Venus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-_SalMONJUC|title=Venus and Serena: Serving from the Hip: 10 Rules For Living, Loving and Winning|author2=Williams, Serena|author3=Beard, Hilary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2005|isbn=978-0-618-57653-1|pages=133pp|no-pp=y}} == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q11578|c=Category:Venus Williams|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no|display=Venus Williams}} * [https://www.wtatennis.com/players/230220/- Venus Williams] at the Women's Tennis Association * [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/venus-williams/800194969/usa Venus Williams] at the International Tennis Federation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230828/https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/player/800194969 Venus Williams] at the Billie Jean King Cup (archived) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Venus}} [[Category:Venus Williams| ]] [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:20th-century American sportswomen]] [[Category:American female tennis players]] [[Category:American Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Category:20th-century African-American sportswomen]] [[Category:21st-century African-American sportswomen]] [[Category:African-American tennis players]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions insyd mixed doubles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions insyd women's doubles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions insyd women's singles]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Indiana University East alumni]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2000 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Miami Dolphins owners]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for de United States insyd tennis]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for de United States insyd tennis]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Palm Beach Gardens, Florida]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Compton, California]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Saginaw, Michigan]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot West Palm Beach, Florida]] [[Category:Tennis players wey komot California]] [[Category:Tennis players wey komot Michigan]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2000 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Williams family (tennis)]] [[Category:WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players]] [[Category:WTA number 1 ranked doubles tennis players]] [[Category:ITF World Champions]] [[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]] mig9zriqmwyxukwbm3aou7lgtq3laq3 0 25302 104090 94526 2026-06-20T07:26:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Welwitschia Abrantes José dos Santos,''' born 1978 be known as '''Tchizé dos Santos.''' She be an Angolan politician den businesswoman. Na she be a member of parliament for de MPLA insyd de National Assembly until mid-2010. == Biography == '''Tchizé''', as dem know am, be de daughter from de second marriage of de Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos.<ref>Lukef (2022-07-08). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2022-07-08-daughter-of-angolas-dos-santos-demands-autopsy-on-foul-play-fears/ "Daughter of Angola's Dos Santos demands autopsy on foul play fears]". ''The Mail & Guardian''. Retrieved 2026-02-03.</ref> She study media production insyd London, England den since 2009 she serve as advisor on de Technical Commission of de state television channel TPA, wey dey oversee ein restructuring. She sana play a key role insyd de channel ein internationalization via satellite television. She dey hold a management position for TPA 2<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602202335/http://www.angoladicas.com/notices_detail.asp?ID=11058&a=1 Archived] (Date missing) at angoladicas.com (Error: unknown archive URL) (Portuguese)</ref> wey she sanso involve insyd two media den communications companies, Semba Comunicações den West Side Investments.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091224020642/http://www.oje.pt/noticias/africa/deputada-tchize-dos-santos-nega-conflito-de-interesses-enquanto-consultora-nas-mudancas-na-tpa Archived] (Date missing) at oje.pt (Error: unknown archive URL) (Portuguese)</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=1333407 Daten auf Geneall] * [http://www.cmjornal.xl.pt/detalhe/noticias/outros/domingo/hugo-pego-no-coracao-de-angola Reportage im "Correio de Manha" über das Paar Welwitschia dos Santos und Hugo Pêgo] {{DEFAULTSORT:dos Santos, Welwitschia}} [[Category:Angolan people]] [[Category:1978 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:21st-century Angolan women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century businesspeople]] [[Category:MPLA politicians]] [[Category:Members of de National Assembly (Angola)]] [[Category:Women members of de National Assembly (Angola)]] [[Category:Children of presidents]] 2pnh0um1ns7n7hg8cyy1vxjqv3qq54t 0 27179 104071 103596 2026-06-20T02:15:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Senegal River''' (Serer: ''"Seen O Gal"'' anaa "Senegal" - compound of de&nbsp;Serer term "Seen" anaa "Sene" anaa "Sen" (from&nbsp;Roog Seen, Supreme Deity insyd&nbsp;Serer religion) den "O Gal" (wey dey mean "body of water")); Wolof: ''Dexug Senegaal'', Arabic: نهر السنغال, romanized: ''Nahr as-Siniġāl'', French: ''Fleuve Sénégal'') be a 1086-kilometre-long (675 mi) river insyd [[West Africa]]; much of ein length dey mark part of de border between [[Senegal]] den [[Mauritania]]. E get a drainage basin of 270000 km2 (100000 sq mi), a mean flow of 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), den an annual discharge of 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Important tributaries be de Falémé River, Karakoro River, den de Gorgol River. De river dey divide into two branches once e pass Kaédi. De left branch, dem call de Doué, dey run parallel to de main river to de north. After 200 km (120 mi) de two branches rejoin a few kilometers downstream of Podor. Insyd 1972 [[Mali]], Mauritania den Senegal found de Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) to manage de river basin. [[Guinea]] join insyd 2005. As of 2012, na only very limited use be made of de river for de transportation of goods den passengers. Na de OMVS look at de feasibility of creating a navigable channel 55 m (180 ft) in width between de small town of Ambidédi insyd [[Mali]] den Saint-Louis, a distance of 905 km (562 mi).E go give landlocked Mali a direct route to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De aquatic fauna insyd de Senegal River basin be closely associated plus dat of de [[Gambia River]] basin, wey de two be usually combined under a single ecoregion dem know as de Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Only three species of frogs den one fish be endemic to dis ecoregion. De river get two large dams along ein course, de Manantali Dam insyd [[Mali]] den de Maka-Diama Dam downstream on de Mauritania-Senegal border. In between be de Félou Hydroelectric Plant, dem build insyd 1927, buh dem replace insyd 2014. De construction of de Gouina Hydroelectric Plant upstream of Felou at Gouina Falls begin insyd 2013. == Geography == [[File:Senegal River Saint Louis.jpg|thumb|Fishermen for Senegal River estuary bank near Saint-Louis, Senegal]] Senegal River source na Semefé (Bakoye) River plus Bafing River. Both rivers start from Guinea. Dem join small for Guinea-Mali border before dem meet for Bafoulabé inside Mali. From there, Senegal River dey flow go west den north through Talari Gorges near Galougo, pass Gouina Falls, before e continue gently pass Kayes, where Kolimbiné River join am. After Karakoro River join am, the river continue along Mali-Mauritania border for some kilometres reach Bakel, where Falémé River join am. Falémé River too start from Guinea and pass part of Guinea-Mali border before e form most of Senegal-Mali border till Bakel. From there, Senegal River continue through dry northern Senegal, dey form border between Senegal and Mauritania before e enter Atlantic Ocean. For Kaedi, Gorgol River from Mauritania join am. The river pass Boghé, reach Richard Toll where Ferlo River from Lac de Guiers side join am. After that e pass Rosso and reach Saint-Louis. Before e empty inside Atlantic Ocean, one narrow sand strip wey dem dey call Langue de Barbarie separate the river from the ocean. The river get two big dams. One be Manantali Dam for Mali wey dem use am for different purposes, and the other one be Maka-Diama Dam near Mauritania-Senegal border close to where the river enter the sea. This dam stop salt water from the Atlantic make e no enter upstream. Between Manantali Dam and Maka-Diama Dam dey Félou Hydroelectric Plant. Dem first complete am for 1927 and e dey use weir. Dem replace the old power station for 2014. For 2013 too, construction start for Gouina Hydroelectric Plant upstream from Félou near Gouina Falls. Senegal River drainage basin cover {{Convert|270,000|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}}, with average flow of {{Convert|680|m3/s|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} and yearly discharge of {{Convert|21.5|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref name=whycos>{{citation | title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d'observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) | publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) | url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf | year=2007 | language=fr | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165424/http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf | archive-date=28 December 2013 | df=dmy-all }}.</ref><!--actually p3--><ref name=":0">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1812100.html UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0 data for Dagana].</ref> Important tributaries be Falémé River, Karakoro River and Gorgol River. Downstream from Kaédi, the river divide into two branches. The left branch wey dem dey call Doué River dey run side by side with the main river for north. After {{Convert|200|km|abbr=on}}, the two branches join again small distance after Pondor. The long land between the two branches na Île á Morfil.<ref name=whycos/><!--actually p5--> For 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal create Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) make dem manage the whole river basin together. Guinea join the organisation for 2005. As e be now, people no dey use the river plenty for transport of goods and passengers. OMVS don study whether dem fit create navigable channel wey go be {{Convert|55|m|abbr=on}} wide from Ambidédi for Mali reach Saint-Louis, distance of {{Convert|905|km|abbr=on}}. If dem build am, e go give Mali direct route go Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=whycos/><!--page 20--> Animals wey dey inside Senegal River basin dey closely relate to those for Gambia River basin, so scientists dey group the two together under one freshwater ecoregion wey dem dey call Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Even though the area get moderate species diversity, only three frog species and one fish species na endemic to this ecoregion.<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204342/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=509 Senegal-Gambia.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204342/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=509 |date=5 October 2011 }}'' Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> == History == De area be previously occupied by de Serer people, wey dey follow dema religious den ethnic persecution by Islamic forces insyd de 11th century, result in de Serer exodus to de south.<ref name="Villalón2006p54">{{cite book |author=Villalón, Leonardo A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54 |title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03232-2 |pages=54–55}}, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's [[Toucouleur people|Tukulor]]."</ref><ref name=":1">Galvan, Dennis Charles,&nbsp;''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p.&nbsp;51</ref><ref name=":2">Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009).&nbsp;''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}, p. 63</ref><ref name=":3">Page, Willie F., ''Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref><ref name=":4">Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}}</ref><ref name=":5">Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.,; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)</ref><ref name=":6">Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}}</ref> {{See also|Serer history|Serer ancient history|Timeline of Serer history|Takrur#Serer Exodus}} People from early Mediterranean civilizations already know about Senegal River. Pliny the Elder call am ''Bambotus'' (maybe from Phoenician word for hippopotamus), while Claudius Ptolemy call am ''Nias''.<ref>Pliny, ''Natural History'', Lib. 5, Ch.1 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=VzwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA380 p. 380])</ref> Around 450 BCE, Hanno the Carthaginian pass the river during him sea journey from Carthage through the Pillars of Herakles to Theon Ochema (possibly Mount Cameroon) inside Gulf of Guinea. Trade continue between this area and the Mediterranean world until Carthage destroy for 146 BCE together with ein West African trade network. === Arab sources === For Early Middle Ages (around 800 CE), Senegal River connect West Africa and Mediterranean again through the Trans-Saharan trade route between Morocco and Ghana Empire. Arab geographers like al-Masudi of Baghdad (957), al-Bakri of Spain (1068), and al-Idrisi of Sicily (1154) write some of the earliest detailed descriptions of the Senegal River.<ref>A translation of al-Bakri's 1068 account is found in Levtzion & Hopkins, (2000, ''Corpus'': ([https://books.google.com/books?id=L3tNlgQmT9wC&pg=PA77 p. 77]). In French, see Monteil (1968). For an attempt to reconstruct the Senegal river's course from the accounts of al-Bakri and al-Idrisi, see Cooley (1841: [https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52 p. 52]).</ref> Early Arab geographers believe say upper Senegal River and upper Niger River connect together and form one big river wey dey flow from east go west. Dem call am "Western Nile".<ref>The term "Nile" seems to have been applied quite early to the Senegal. During the Arab conquest of North Africa in the 8th century, Ifriqiyan commanders launched several expeditionary raids from the Sous valley against the desert-dwelling nomadic Berbers of Western Sahara. There is a report from an Arab commander from the 750s who claims to have reached as far south as "the Nile" (i.e. the Senegal). See Hrbek (1992: p.308).</ref> Some people believe say the river be western branch of the Egyptian Nile or both rivers come from the same source, like the Mountains of the Moon, Ptolemy's Gir, or the Biblical Gihon stream.<ref>Geographia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222 Book IV, Chapter 6, Section 13].</ref><ref>e.g. Leo Africanus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Leo%20Africanus%22%20Niger&pg=PA124 p. 124]</ref> [[File:Senegal River according to al-Bakri.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Western Nile (Senegal-Niger River) according to al-Bakri (1068)]] Arab geographers Abd al-Hassan Ali ibn Omar (1230), Ibn Said al-Maghribi (1274), and Abulfeda (1331) call Senegal River the "Nile of Ghana" (Nil Gana or Nili Ganah).<ref>See R.H. Major (1868) ''Life of Prince Henry'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfE5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA114 p. 114]</ref> Because Senegal River enter the heart of the gold-producing Ghana Empire and later Mali Empire, Trans-Saharan traders give am the famous nickname "River of Gold". Stories about this River of Gold spread reach European merchants wey dey trade for Morocco ports. Arab historians even record at least three different Arab sea expeditions, including one by eight ''mughrarin'' ("wanderers") from Lisbon before 1147, wey try sail down the Atlantic coast to look for the mouth of the Senegal River.<ref>See Beazley (1899: p. xliv, lxxv)</ref> === Cartographic representation === [[File:Senegal River according to al-Idrisi.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Western Nile (Senegal-Niger River) according to Muhammad al-Idrisi (1154)]] Based on Classical stories and Arab writings, the "River of Gold" begin show for European maps from the 14th century. For the Hereford Mappa Mundi (around 1300), one river wey dem label ''Nilus Fluvius'' show parallel to Africa coast, although e no connect to the Atlantic Ocean because e end inside one lake. The map also show giant ants wey dey dig gold from the river sand, with the note "''Hic grandes formice auream serican [or servant] arenas''".<ref>Bevan and Phillott (1873: [https://books.google.com/books?id=u_oHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA105 p. 105].</ref> For Pietro Vesconte map wey e prepare for Marino Sanuto around 1320, one unnamed river dey flow from inside Africa into the Atlantic Ocean. The 1351 Medici-Laurentian Atlas show both the Egyptian Nile and the Western Nile say dem come from the same mountain range inside Africa, together with the note "''Ilic coligitur aureaum''".<ref>See João de Andrade Corvo (1882) ''Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa por D. João de Castro'', Lisbon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8M5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 p.68n.]</ref> The portolan chart by Giovanni da Carignano (1310s–1320s) also label the river as ''iste fluuis exit de nilo ubi multum aurum repperitur''.<ref>Winter (1962: p. 18)</ref> Later portolan charts, beginning with the 1367 chart by Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano and continuing with the 1375 Catalan Atlas and the 1413 chart by Mecia de Viladestes, show the "River of Gold" flowing into the Atlantic Ocean somewhere south of Cape Bojador. Around this same period, many Europeans believe say Cape Bojador be dangerous place wey sailors no fit pass, maybe because Trans-Saharan traders no want sea trade replace their land trade. Many maps show one big island inside the middle of the river wey dem call the "Island of Gold". Al-Masudi first mention am, al-Idrisi call am ''Wangara'', while the Pizzigani brothers call am ''Palolus''. Many researchers believe say this "island" actually represent the Bambuk-Buré goldfields wey rivers surround on almost every side.<ref>Delafosse (1912: v.1,p.55), Crone (1937: p.xv), Mauny (1961: p.302), Levtzion (1973: p.155). However, McIntosh (1981) suggests an alternative identification of this riverine "island" to be the Djenné area, around the bend of the Niger.</ref> [[Image:Palolus river (Senegal-Niger) in 1413 Mecia de Viladestes map.jpg|thumb|1000px|center|Course of the "River of Gold" (Senegal-Niger) in the 1413 portolan chart of Mecia de Viladestes.]] The 1413 portolan chart by Mecia de Viladestes give one of the most detailed European pictures of the Senegal River before Portuguese explorers reach the area during the 1440s. The map label the river as "''riu del or''" ("River of Gold") and place am well south of Cape Bojador. The map also include many notes about the plenty gold and ivory wey dey the area. {{Quote|"This river is called Wad al-Nil and also is called the River of Gold, for one can here obtain the gold of Palolus. And know that the greater part of those that live here occupy themselves collecting gold on the shores of the river which, at its mouth, is a league wide, and deep enough for the largest ship of the world."<ref>"Aquest flum es apelat ued anil axi matex es apelat riu de lor per tal com si requyl lor de palola. Et scire debeatis quod major pars gentium in partibus istis habitantium sunt electi ad colligendum aurum ipso flumine, qui habet latitudinem unius legue et fondum pro majori nave mundi"</ref>}} [[File:VillageCayor-1821.jpg|thumb|Slave trade along the Senegal River, kingdom of Cayor]] The map also show the galley of Jaume Ferrer close to the coast, referring to ein 1346 voyage. One golden island at the river mouth probably represent Langue de Barbarie or Saint-Louis Island. The first town for the river mouth dey labelled "isingan", which some historians believe fit be where the name "Senegal" come from. Farther inland, the map show Takrur, Emperor Mansa Musa of Mali holding one gold nugget, and the capital of Mali Empire beside the river. The map also show the famous "Island of Gold", believed by many scholars to represent the Bambuk-Buré goldfields, together with towns like Timbuktu and Gao connected by one continuous river system. North of the Senegal-Niger system, the map show different oases and stations along the Trans-Saharan trade routes leading to the Mediterranean. It also show rulers from Nubia, Ethiopia and other kingdoms according to European geographical knowledge at that time. One unique feature of the Viladestes map be another river south of the Senegal wey dem label "''flumen gelica''", which some historians believe fit represent the Gambia River. Later, the 1459 Fra Mauro world map show two separate rivers flowing westward from the same inland lake, one labelled "Mas River" and the other "Channel of Gold". Fra Mauro also note say people dey collect gold from the sands of both rivers.<ref>João de Andrade Corvo (1882: p.70)</ref> === European contact === Christian Europeans begin look for sea route wey go lead dem to the mouth of Senegal River. The first known attempt fit be by the Genoese brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi. Dem sail along the African coast for 1291 with two ships, but nobody hear anything about dem again. For 1346, Majorcan sailor Jaume Ferrer sail with one galley because e want find the famous "River of Gold" (''Riu de l'Or''). E hear say people wey dey live along the river dey collect gold from the river banks and say the river deep enough for even the biggest ships. After the journey, nobody hear from am again. For 1402, after French adventurers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle establish the first European settlement for the Canary Islands, dem begin explore the African coast to search for the mouth of Senegal River. [[File:Bababé.jpg|thumb|Boat on Senegal River]] For the 1420s, Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator continue the search and spend plenty resources on the project. For 1434, one of ein captains, Gil Eanes, become the first European to sail beyond Cape Bojador and return safely. The following year, Henry send another expedition under Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia. Dem reach one inlet near Dakhla for Western Sahara and mistakenly believe say na the mouth of Senegal River. Because of that mistake, dem call the place "Rio do Ouro", a name wey remain there for many centuries. After Henry realize say the inlet no be Senegal River, e continue send more expeditions farther south. For 1445, Portuguese captain Nuno Tristão finally reach Langue de Barbarie. There e notice say the desert begin end, trees begin appear, and the people change from Sanhaja Berbers to black Wolof people. Because of bad weather or lack of supplies, Tristão no enter the river but e return Portugal convinced say e don reach the "Land of the Blacks" and say the Nile dey nearby. Not long after, another Portuguese captain, Dinis Dias, become the first known European since ancient times wey reach the mouth of Senegal River. Instead of sailing inside the river, e continue along the Grande Côte to Dakar Bay. The next year, for 1446, Portuguese slave-raiding fleet under Lançarote de Freitas arrive the river mouth. One captain, Estêvão Afonso, volunteer make e enter the river with one small launch to explore the area. E become the first European wey actually sail inside Senegal River. The journey no last long. After Afonso try kidnap two Wolof children from one hut near the river bank, their father chase the Portuguese men back to their boat and beat dem well. Because of that, the explorers stop the journey and return to their ships.<ref>Zurara (p.178-83), Barros (p.110-12)</ref> [[File:RiverSenegalNearKanel.jpg|thumb|Young boys swimming in the Senegal River]] Between 1448 and 1455, Portuguese captain Lourenço Dias establish regular trade with the Wolof states of Waalo and Cayor along the Senegal River. The Portuguese exchange Mediterranean goods, especially horses, for gold and slaves.<ref>Cadamosto suggest this was begun in 1450: "Five years before I went on this voyage, this river was discovered by three caravels belonging to Don Henry, which entered it, and their commanders settled peace and trade with the Moors; since which time ships have been sent to this place every year to trade with the natives." Cadamosto (Engl. 1811 trans., [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA220 p. 220]) The identification of Lourenço Dias as the opener of Portuguese trade on the Senegal River is suggested in a 1489 document. See Russell (2000:p.97n14).</ref> Historian Gomes Eanes de Zurara, writing for 1453, still call the river the "Nile River". But by the 1460s, Alvise Cadamosto dey call am "Senega", and most Portuguese maps after that period label am as ''Rio do Çanagà''.<ref>Cadamosto (Engl. 1811 trans., ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA213 p. 213]). Giovanni Battista Ramusio, publisher of the 1550 Italian edition of Cadamosto's memoir, refers to the gold from the Senegal as ''oro tiber'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA107 p. 107]), thus leading some to imagine it was also customary to call the Senegal the Tiber River. In all likelihood, "Tiber Gold" was just a generic Italian reference to river-dug gold.</ref> Cadamosto also record the old belief say both Senegal River and the Egyptian Nile be branches of the Biblical Gihon River wey flow from the Garden of Eden through Ethiopia.<ref>Cadamosto ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Ital: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA111 p. 111]).</ref> E also write say ancient people call Senegal River "the Niger", probably because of Ptolemy's legendary Nigir River.<ref>Geographia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222 Book IV, Chapter 6, Section 14].</ref> Later, Leo Africanus identify this legendary river with the modern Niger River.<ref>By confounding the Ptolemy's Greek 'Nigir' with the Latin word for "black", Leo Africanus assumed the "Nile of the Blacks" (i.e. Senegal-Niger of the Arab traders) must be the Nigir of the ancients. See Leo Africanus, (Ital: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=PA7 p. 7], Eng: [https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Leo%20Africanus%22%20Niger&pg=PA124 p. 124]</ref> Luis del Marmol Carvajal repeat similar story for 1573 and add say both Senegal River and Gambia River be tributaries of the Niger River.<ref>Luis del Marmol Carvajal (1573) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=1WVevz1cDnwC&q=Zenega&pg=PT23 ch. 17])</ref> [[File:Guillaume Delisle Senegambia 1707.jpg|thumb|Senegambia region, detail from Guillaume Delisle's 1707 map, still showing Senegal River connected to the Niger. Later editions corrected this mistake.]] Portuguese historian João de Barros write for 1552 say the original Wolof name of the river be ''Ovedech'', believed to come from the Wolof words meaning "this river".<ref>Barros, ''Décadas da Ásia'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109 p. 109]). See also Bailot (1853: p.199).</ref> Damião de Góis later record the name as ''Sonedech'', meaning "our river".<ref>See also A.M. de Castilho (1866) ''Descripção e roteiro da costa occidental de Africa'', vol. 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ikiSWPVYDUC&dq=editions%3ASTANFORD36105015335362&pg=PA92 p. 92].</ref> For 1573, Luis del Marmol Carvajal write say different ethnic groups call the river by different names. According to am, the Portuguese call am ''Zenega'', the Zenaga Berbers call am ''Zenedec'', the Wolof call am ''Dengueh'', the Toucouleur call am ''Mayo'', the Soninke call am ''Colle'', while people from other areas get different local names too.<ref>Luis del Marmol Carvajal (1573), Lib. VIII, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hwtxRhuIkIoC&pg=PA3 ch.3]. See also Phérotée de La Croix (1688: Ch. 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JaUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA406 p. 406]) and Cooley (1841: [https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA38 p. 38])</ref> === European contact === Christian Europe people later start try find sea route wey go carry dem reach mouth of Senegal River. Di first known attempt fit be di one wey two Genoa brothers, Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, do for 1291, as dem sail go south along di coast with two ships, but nobody hear from dem again. For 1346, Majorca sailor Jaume Ferrer take one galley ship go search di famous "River of Gold" (Riu de l'Or). E hear say plenty people wey dey stay near di river dey gather gold from di riverbanks and say di river big enough for very large ships. Nobody hear from am again after dat. For 1402, after dem establish di first European settlement for Canary Islands, two French Norman adventurers, Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, begin explore di West African coast to look for di mouth of Senegal River. [[File:Bababé.jpg|thumb|Boat on Senegal River]] For 1420s, Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator continue invest plenty money make dem find di Senegal River. For 1434, one of ein captains, Gil Eanes, finally cross Cape Bojador and return safely. Di next year, Henry send another expedition under Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia. Dem reach one inlet for Western Sahara and mistakenly believe say e be di mouth of Senegal River. Because of dat mistake, dem call am "Rio do Ouro", and dat name remain for many centuries. After Henry realize say dem make mistake, e continue send more expeditions. For 1445, Portuguese captain Nuno Tristão reach Langue de Barbarie. E notice say di desert finish and greener land begin. E also notice say di people no be Sanhaja Berbers again but Wolof people. Because of bad weather or lack of supplies, e no enter di river but return Portugal to report say e don find "Land of the Blacks" (Terra dos Negros) and believe say di Nile River dey nearby. Soon after, maybe dat same year, another Portuguese captain, Dinis Dias, become di first known European since ancient times wey actually reach di mouth of Senegal River. However, instead of sailing inside di river, e continue along di Grande Côte to Dakar Bay. For 1446, Portuguese slave-raiding fleet under Lançarote de Freitas arrive for di river mouth. One captain, Estêvão Afonso, volunteer make e explore di river by boat. E become di first European wey enter inside Senegal River. During di journey, e try kidnap two Wolof children from one woodsman's house. Di children's father chase dem go back to dia boat and beat dem well well, so dem stop di exploration and return to dia ships.<ref>Zurara (p.178-83), Barros (p.110-12)</ref> [[File:RiverSenegalNearKanel.jpg|thumb|Young boys swimming in the Senegal River]] Between 1448 and 1455, Portuguese captain Lourenço Dias establish regular trade with di Wolof states of Waalo and Cayor. Dem exchange Mediterranean goods, especially horses, for gold and slaves.<ref>Cadamosto suggest this was begun in 1450: "Five years before I went on this voyage, this river was discovered by three caravels belonging to Don Henry, which entered it, and their commanders settled peace and trade with the Moors; since which time ships have been sent to this place every year to trade with the natives." Cadamosto (Engl. 1811 trans., [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA220 p. 220]) The identification of Lourenço Dias as the opener of Portuguese trade on the Senegal River is suggested in a 1489 document. See Russell (2000:p.97n14).</ref> Historian Gomes Eanes de Zurara, wey write for 1453, still call di river "Nile River". But Alvise Cadamosto, wey write during di 1460s, call am "Senega", and many Portuguese maps after dat also label am as Rio do Çanagà.<ref>Cadamosto (Engl. 1811 trans., ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA213 p. 213]). Giovanni Battista Ramusio, publisher of the 1550 Italian edition of Cadamosto's memoir, refers to the gold from the Senegal as oro tiber ([https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA107 p. 107]), thus leading some to imagine it was also customary to call the Senegal the Tiber River! In all likelihood, "Tiber Gold" was just a generic Italian reference to river-dug gold.</ref> Cadamosto also write say people believe both Senegal River and Egyptian Nile be branches of di Biblical Gihon River wey flow from Garden of Eden through Ethiopia.<ref>Cadamosto ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Ital: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA111 p. 111]).</ref> E also mention say ancient people call Senegal River "Niger", probably because of Ptolemy ein legendary Nigir River.<ref>Geographia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222 Book IV, Chapter 6, Section 14].</ref> Later, Leo Africanus identify dat legendary river with today's Niger River.<ref>By confounding the Ptolemy's Greek 'Nigir' with the Latin word for "black", Leo Africanus assumed the "Nile of the Blacks" (i.e. Senegal-Niger of the Arab traders) must be the Nigir of the ancients. See Leo Africanus, (Ital: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=PA7 p. 7], Eng: [https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Leo%20Africanus%22%20Niger&pg=PA124 p. 124]</ref> Luis del Marmol Carvajal repeat almost di same story for 1573 and add say both Senegal River and Gambia River be tributaries of Niger River.<ref>Luis del Marmol Carvajal (1573) ([https://books.google.com/books?id=1WVevz1cDnwC&q=Zenega&pg=PT23 ch. 17])</ref> [[File:Guillaume Delisle Senegambia 1707.jpg|thumb|Senegambia region, detail from the map of Guillaume Delisle (1707), wey still show Senegal connected to Niger; later editions (1722 and 1727) correct dat mistake.]] Portuguese historian João de Barros, wey write for 1552, say di original Wolof name for di river be ''Ovedech'', wey one source explain as "vi-dekh", meaning "this river".<ref>Barros, Décadas da Ásia ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109 p. 109]). See also Bailot (1853: p.199).</ref> Damião de Góis later record di name as ''Sonedech'', from "sunu dekh", meaning "our river".<ref>See also A.M. de Castilho (1866) Descripção e roteiro da costa occidental de Africa, vol. 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ikiSWPVYDUC&dq=editions%3ASTANFORD36105015335362&pg=PA92 p. 92].</ref> For 1573, Luis del Marmol Carvajal record different local names wey different ethnic groups use for di river. According to am, Portuguese call am ''Zenega'', Zenaga Berbers call am ''Zenedec'', Wolof people call am ''Dengueh'', Toucouleur people call am ''Mayo'', Soninke people of Ngalam call am ''Colle'', Bambara people call am ''Zimbala'', while people for Timbuktu call am ''Yça''.<ref>Luis del Marmol Carvajal (1573), Lib. VIII, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hwtxRhuIkIoC&pg=PA3 ch.3]. See also Phérotée de La Croix (1688: Ch. 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JaUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA406 p. 406]) and Cooley (1841: [https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA38 p. 38])</ref> == Etymology == 16th-century Portuguese historian João de Barros talk say na Portuguese traders give di river di name "Senegal" because one local Wolof chief wey dem dey trade with get dat personal name.<ref>Barros, p. 109. This is reiterated in Marmol, Ch.8.3.</ref> But many historians no agree with dis explanation. For example, di ruler of Waalo dey use di title ''Brak'', while Alvise Cadamosto write say di chief wey Portuguese traders dey meet for Senegal River be person wey dem call "Zucholin".<ref>Cadamosto (Ital: p. 110; Eng: p.220).</ref> Di confusion fit come because Cadamosto also mention one Wolof chief south of di river wey e call ''Budomel''.<ref>Cadamosto (Ital: [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA113 p. 113]; Eng., [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA225 p. 225] )</ref> Most researchers believe say "Budomel" come from di title ''Damel'', wey get di Wolof word ''bor'' ("lord") join am.<ref>Russell (2000: p.298)</ref> Interestingly, di name ''Budomel'' resemble di older Genoese name ''Vedamel'', wey already appear for 14th-century records as another name for Senegal River.<ref>e.g. in a Genoese note about Jaume Ferrer's 1346 trip to the River Gold, "Istud flumen vocatur Vedamel similiter vocatur riu Auri". See G. Gråberg (1802) Annali di geografia e di statistica, Genoa, vol. II, p. 290</ref> Many scholars believe say di Genoese name ''Vedamel'' come from Arabic words like ''Wad al-mal'' ("River of Treasure"), ''Wad al-Melli'' ("River of Mali"), or maybe ''Wad al-Nill'' ("River of Nile").<ref>The "River of Treasure" interpretation of Vedamel can be found in J.G.H. "'Histoire du commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe' in 1831, Antologia; giornale di scienze, lettere e arti, Vol. 3 (Aug.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lFtKAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA26 p. 27]. R.H. Major (p.113) proposes the "Nile" interpretation.</ref> [[File:FleuveSénégal1889.jpg|thumb|Route of the Senegal River, map from 1889]] Another popular explanation come from Fr. David Boilat for 1853. E suggest say "Senegal" come from di Wolof words ''sunu gaal'', wey mean "our canoe" or "our pirogue".<ref>Fr. David Boilat (1853) Esquisses sénégalaises [https://books.google.com/books?id=qfsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA199 p. 199]</ref> According to Bailot, one Portuguese captain ask some Wolof fishermen di name of di river, but dem think say e dey ask who own dia canoe. Dem answer, "sunu gaal" ("our canoe"), and Portuguese mistakenly take dat as di river's name.<ref>Bailot, p. 199</ref> Today, plenty people for Senegal still like dis story because e represent unity, as if everybody dey inside one canoe together. Some modern historians instead believe say "Senegal" come from ''Azenegue'', di Portuguese name for di Zenaga Berber people wey dey live north of di river.<ref>Monod & Mauny, in the French translation of Zurara, although it is already noted by editor Kerr in the 1811 English translation of Cadamosto.</ref> Another strong theory be say di name "Senegal" old pass all dese explanations. E fit come from "Sanghana" (also written as Isenghan, Asengan or Singhanah), one town wey Arab historian al-Bakri describe for 1068 as di capital of one kingdom near di mouth of Senegal River.<ref>Al Bakri ([https://books.google.com/books?id=L3tNlgQmT9wC&pg=PA77 p. 77]). Monteil (1964: p. 91; 1968). Cooley (1841: [https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA50 p. 50], p.55) believes that al-Idrisi, contrarily to al-Bakri, might have confused Sanghana with Ganah/Awkat, the capital of the Ghana empire.</ref> Di place ''Senegany'' also appear for one Genoese map from 1351 known as di Medici Atlas.<ref>Delafosse "Senegal River", in First encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Leiden: E.J. Brill. vol. 7 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=sP_hVmik-QYC&pg=PA223 pp. 223–24])</ref> Later, Majorcan cartographer Mecia de Viladestes include di same town ("Isingan") for ein famous 1413 map.<ref name="Monteil, 1964: p.91">Monteil, 1964: p. 91</ref> Some researchers think say di name fit get Zenaga Berber origin, connected to ''Ismegh'' ("black slave") or ''sagui nughal'' ("border").<ref name="Monteil, 1964: p.91"/> Other sources also say ''Isinghan'' continue be di common Berber name for di Wolof Kingdom of Cayor.<ref name="Monteil, 1964: p.91"/> Some Serer people from southern Senegal also claim say di river's name come from joining two Serer words: "Sene", from Rog Sene (di Supreme Deity for Serer religion), and "O Gal", wey mean "body of water". == Economic Importance == Senegal River be one of di most important economic resources for West Africa, especially for di four countries wey share am: Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal. Di river support both traditional livelihoods and modern industries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=The World Bank |title=Senegal River Valley Development and Resilience Project |journal=World Bank Report |date=28 November 2023 |page=4 |url=chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112823230029545/pdf/P1794490e9e591020802b03680fe96c805.pdf |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> === Hydropower generation === Senegal River be major source of electricity for di region. Di biggest facilities include di 1,460-metre-long Manantali Dam, wey get power generation capacity of 200 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal) |url=https://riverresourcehub.org/resources/a-case-study-on-the-manantali-dam-project-mali-mauritania-senegal-2011/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=International Rivers Resource Hub |language=en-GB}}</ref> Other important hydropower stations include Gouina Hydroelectric Plant for Mali, wey generate 140 MW,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cities |first=Green Building Africa-Net Carbon Zero Buildings and |date=2022-12-11 |title=Construction of 140MW Gouina Hydroelectric Plant in Mali Complete |url=https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/construction-of-140mw-gouina-hydroelectric-plant-in-mali-complete/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Green Building Africa}}</ref> and Félou Hydroelectric Plant, wey produce 62 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: Félou Regional Hydropower Project {{!}} KYOTO |url=https://www.wbkyotofunds.org/projects/mali-felou-regional-hydropower-project |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.wbkyotofunds.org}}</ref> Di electricity wey dese dams produce dey support industries, businesses and homes across di region. More hydropower projects still dey under development, including Koukoutamba (294 MW),<ref>{{Cite web |last=kgi-admin |date=2023-04-18 |title=Power plant profile: Koukoutamba, Guinea |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-koukoutamba-guinea/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Boureya (161 MW),<ref>{{Cite web |last=kgi-admin |date=2023-04-22 |title=Power plant profile: Boureya Hydro Power Plant, Guinea |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-boureya-hydro-power-plant-guinea/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> and Gourbassi Hydroelectric Plant (18 MW).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal/Mali: CMEC to build Gourbassi hydroelectric dam {{!}} African Energy |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/senegalmali-cmec-build-gourbassi-hydroelectric-dam |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.africa-energy.com}}</ref> == See also == * Futa Toro == Sources == *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Senegal (river)|volume=24 |page=639}} * João de Barros (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AUOM39015057112644&pg=PP35 Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5)]. * Beazley, C.R. (1899) "Introduction" to vol. 2 of C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, editors, Zurara's ''The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea''. London: Haklyut. * {{cite book |last1=Boilat |first1=Fr. David |author1-link=David Boilat |title=Esquisses sénégalaises: physionomie du pays, peuplades, commerce, religions, passé et avenir, récits et légendes |date=1853 |publisher=P. Bertrand |location=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA491 |language=fr }} * Alvise Cadamosto (1460s) "Il Libro di Messer Alvise Ca da Mosto Gentilhuomo Venetiano" & "Navigatione del Capitano Pietro di Sintra Portoghese scritta per il medesimo M. Alvise da Ca da Mosto", as printed in Venice (1550), by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA106-IA1 online]. (English translation: "Original Journals of the Voyages of Cada Mosto and Piedro de Cintra to the Coast of Africa, the former in the years 1455 and 1456, and the latter soon afterwards", in R. Kerr, 1811, ''A General History of Voyages and Travels to the end of the 18th century'', vol. 2, Edinburgh: Blackwood. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA200 online]) * {{cite book |last1=Cooley |first1=W. D. |author1-link=William Desborough Cooley |title=The Negroland of the Arabs examined and explained; or, An inquiry into the early history and geography of Central Africa |date=1841 |publisher=Arrowsmith |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=380NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 |language=en }} * Delafosse, M. (1912). ''Haut-Sénégal-Niger''. 3 vols. Paris: Emil Larose. * Hrbek, I. (1992). ''Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century''. University of California Press. * Levtzion, N. (1973). ''Ancient Ghana and Mali''. London: Methuen. * Levtzion, N. and J.F.P. Hopkins, editors (2000). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener. * Leo Africanus (1526). ''Descrittione dell'Africa, & delle cose notabili che lui sono'', printed in Venice (1550) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi...''. English translation (1896): ''The History and Description of Africa, and of the Notable Things Therein Contained''. London: Haklyut. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 vol. 1] * {{cite book |last1=Major |first1=Richard Henry |title=The Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator: and Their Results |date=1868 |edition=1877 |publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrkEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3 |language=en }} * Luis de Marmol Carvajal (1573). ''Primera Parte de la Descripción General de Áffrica...''. Granada: Rabut. * {{cite journal |last1=Mauny |first1=R. |title=Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen-âge d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie |journal=Mémoire de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire |date=1961 |volume=61 |location=Dakar }} * {{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |title=A Reconsideration of the Wangara/Palolus Island of Gold |journal=Journal of African History |date=April 1981 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=145–158 |doi=10.1017/S002185370001937X |s2cid=162961695 }} * {{cite book |last1=Monteil |first1=Vincent |title=L'Islam Noir |date=1964 |publisher=Edit. du Seuil |location=Paris |isbn=978-2020024624 |language=fr }} * {{cite journal |last1=Monteil |first1=Vincent |title=al-Bakri (Cordoue, 1068) - Routier de l'Afrique blanche et noire du Nord-Ouest |journal=Bulletin de l'Ifan |date=1968 |volume=30 |pages=39–116 }} * Phérotée de La Croix (1688). ''Relation universelle de l'Afrique, ancienne et moderne''. Alyon: Amaulry. * Pliny the Elder (c. 30 AD). ''Naturalis Historiae''. 1855 edition translated by John Bostock and Henry Thomas Riley as ''The Natural History of Pliny''. London: H.G. Bohn. * {{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=P. E. |title=Prince Henry 'the Navigator': A Life |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=9780300091304 |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300091304/prince-henry-navigator/ }} * Livio Sanuto (1588). ''Geografia di M. Livio Sanvto distinta in XII libri...''. Venice: Damiano Zenaro. * {{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Heinrich |title=The Fra Mauro Portolan Chart in the Vatican |journal=Imago Mundi |date=1962 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–28 |doi=10.1080/03085696208592198 |jstor=1150299 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150299 }} * Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453). ''Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné''. English translation by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage (1896–99), ''The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea''. London: Haklyut. * {{cite book |author=Villalón, Leonardo A. |title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03232-2 |pages=54–55 }} * Galvan, Dennis Charles (2004). ''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal''. Berkeley: University of California Press. * Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009). ''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}. * Page, Willie F. (2001). ''Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: African Kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', Vol. 2. Facts on File. {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}. * Streissguth, Thomas (2009). ''Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography''. Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}}. * Oliver, Roland Anthony & Fage, J. D. (1969). ''Journal of African History'', Volume 10. Cambridge University Press. * Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010). ''Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture''. {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}}. == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Betz |first=R. L. |year=2007 |title=The Mapping of Africa: a cartobibliography of printed maps of the African continent to 1700 |publisher=Hes & de Graaf |isbn=978-90-6194-489-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |year=1998 |title=West Africa Before the Colonial Era: a history to 1850 |location=London |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-31852-1 }} * {{cite book |last=De la Roncière |first=Charles |year=1925 |title=La découverte de l'Afrique au moyen âge |others=2 volumes |location=Cairo |publisher=Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte }} == External links == {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629065341/http://zope0.itcilo.org/delta/lmdd2003/news/1067611432/1068825691/presentation%20ressources%20en%20eau%20senegal.ppt The Hydrology of Senegal] (PowerPoint presentation) {{Coord|15|47|17|N|16|31|44|W|display=title}} {{Authority control}} {{Serer topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senegal River}} [[Category:Senegal River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Senegal]] [[Category:Rivers of Mauritania]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Mauritania–Senegal border]] [[Category:Rivers of Mali]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] [[Category:Serer history]] == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book |last=Betz |first=R. L. |title=The Mapping of Africa: a cartobibliography of printed maps of the African continent to 1700 |publisher=Hes & de Graaf |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-6194-489-8}} * {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |title=West Africa Before the Colonial Era: a history to 1850 |publisher=Longman |year=1998 |isbn=0-582-31852-1 |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=De la Roncière |first=Charles |title=La découverte de l'Afrique au moyen âge |publisher=Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte |others=2 volumes |year=1925 |location=Cairo}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629065341/http://zope0.itcilo.org/delta/lmdd2003/news/1067611432/1068825691/presentation%20ressources%20en%20eau%20senegal.ppt The Hydrology of Senegal] (PowerPoint presentation) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senegal River}} [[Category:Senegal River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Senegal]] [[Category:Rivers of Mauritania]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Mauritania–Senegal border]] [[Category:Rivers of Mali]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] [[Category:Serer history]] psibd6bb6wnmzd0t276ka3ne6boakha 0 27256 104066 103937 2026-06-19T22:58:58Z DaSupremo 9 /* Course */ Make sum corrections 104066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward thru [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river be like 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for ein size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year be 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for ein morf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref> De Limpopo be de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> Na de first European to sight de river be Vasco da Gama, wey anchor off ein mouth insyd 1498 wey he name am {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} (<abbr>lit.</abbr> 'River of the Holy Spirit'). Ein lower course be explored by St Vincent Whitshed Erskine insyd 1868–69, den Captain J F Elton travel down ein middle course insyd 1870. Na de river be called de Vhembe by local Venda communities of de area wer now dat name be adopted by de South African government as ein District Municipality insyd de north. De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene anaa Pleistocene times, de upper course of de Zambezi River drain go de Limpopo River insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> De change of de drainage divide be de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, wey dey divert waters go de Zambezi River<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}</ref> insyd. == Course == De river dey flow for one big curve. E first dey move north den north-east, then e turn go east before e finally go south-east. De river dey serve as border for about {{convert|640|km|mi|0}}, wey dey separate South Africa for southeast from Botswana for northwest den Zimbabwe for north. For where Marico River den Crocodile River join, na from der de river dey get de name Limpopo River. De river get plenty rapids secof e dey flow down from Southern Africa ein inland escarpment. Notwane River be one important tributary of Limpopo River. E start from de edge of Kalahari Desert for Botswana den dey flow go north-east.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830192830/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> De biggest tributary of Limpopo River be Olifants River (Elephant River), wey dey contribute about 1,233 million&nbsp;m³ of water every year.<ref name=Boroto>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Oda important tributaries dey include Shashe River, Mzingwane River, Crocodile River, Mwenezi River den Luvuvhu River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830192830/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> For de north-eastern corner of South Africa, de river dey form part of de border of Kruger National Park. De port town of Xai-Xai for Mozambique dey on top of de river near where e enter de sea. From below Olifants River, people fit use de river for transport go sea, but one sandbar dey block big ships from passing unless high tide dey. == Tributaries == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Left hand ! Right hand |- | *Notwane River *Bonwapitse River *Mahalapswe River *Lotsane River *Motloutse River *Shashe River *Umzingwani River *Bubi River *Mwenezi River *Changane River | *Marico River *Crocodile River *Matlabas River *Mokolo River *Palala River *Mogalakwena River *Kolope River *Sand River *Nwanedi River *Luvuvhu River *Olifants River |} == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|De river as dem see from Crook's Corner insyd Kruger National Park, [[South Africa]]. Straight ahead of de river be [[Mozambique]]. Across de river be [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Crossing Limpopo insyd Mozambique </gallery> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin Climate change implications for water resources in the Limpopo River Basin], study by IFPRI *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins Green and blue water accounting in the Limpopo and Nile Basins], study by IFPRI *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219043758/http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission (LIMCOM) www.limcom.org] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/froc.asp FROC - Reference frequency of occurrence of fish species in South Africa] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/bolstering-sustainable-groundwater-development-in-the-limpopo-basin |title=Bolstering sustainable groundwater development in the Limpopo Basin |work=IW:Learn |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Limpopo River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Botswana]] [[Category:Rivers of Zimbabwe]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] [[Category:Mozambique Channel]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Botswana–South Africa border]] [[Category:South Africa–Zimbabwe border]] [[Category:Rivers of North West (South African province)]] [[Category:Rivers of Limpopo]] tjw4hoabbj2h1dpzny4yxtvdo8bj2r0 0 27262 104070 101453 2026-06-20T01:12:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ruvu River''' be river wey dey eastern [[Tanzania]]. De Ruvu River dey originate insyd de southern Uluguru Mountains den dey flow eastwards to empty into de Indian Ocean near Bagamoyo. Ein chief tributary be de Ngerengere River, wich dey rise insyd de northern Ulugurus den dey flow thru de city of Morogoro before joining de Ruvu. De Ruvu dey drain a catchment of 11,789&nbsp;km²,<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> wich dey include portions of Morogoro den Pwani regions. De Wami River catchment dey lie to de north den west, den de [[Rufiji River]] catchment dey lie to de south. De Ruvu River be an important source of water give households, irrigated farms, den industries in communities along de river. E sanso be de principal source of water give Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ein largest city, wich dey lie on de coast east of de Ruvu catchment.<ref>"Managing water for Dar es Salaam". ''UN Habitat''. Accessed 30 September 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220502052419/https://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3221&catid=237&typeid=13]</ref> E dey suffer increasing levels of pollution from de release of untreated households den industrial wastewater into de river.<ref>Alphayo, Stephano M. and M. P. Sharma (2018). "Water Quality Assessment of Ruvu River in Tanzania Using NSFWQI". ''Journal of Scientific Research & Reports'', 20(3): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JSRR.44324 ISSN: 2320-0227. Published 08 October 2018.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Geography of Morogoro Region]] [[Category:Geography of Pwani Region]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] lfvyb7567a58zsu1rbtzjkmgdw9g804 0 27269 104085 101762 2026-06-20T06:32:13Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Vaal River''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈfɑːl]; Khoemana: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) be de largest tributary of de [[Orange River]] insyd [[South Africa]]. De river get ein source near Breyten insyd Mpumalanga province, east of Johannesburg den about {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of Ermelo den only about {{convert|240|km|mi}} from de Indian Ocean.<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> E then dey flow westwards to ein confluence plus de Orange River southwest of Kimberley insyd de Northern Cape. E be {{convert|1458|km|mi}} long, den dey form de border between Mpumalanga, Gauteng den North West Province on ein north bank, den de Free State on ein south. E be de third largest river insyd [[South Africa]] after de [[Orange River]] (2200&nbsp;km long) den de [[Limpopo River]] (1750&nbsp;km long) wey na dem establish as de main source of water for de great Witswatersrand area after de 19th century gold rush.<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> De Vaal Dam dey lie on de Vaal River insyd Deneysville just south of de border between Gauteng den de Free State. De Vaal River be de longest river wholly within de borders of South Africa. ''Vaal'' be a Dutch name (later Afrikaans), dem translate by de Griquas anaa Boers<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first = G.|title=Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I|publisher=Henry Colburn, London|year=1827|pages=74}}</ref> from an earlier Kora Khoekhoe anaa !Orakobab name, dem sam times spell as ''Tky-Gariep'' (insyd Khoekhoegowab orthography e be ''ǀHai!garib'', drab river).<ref name="OB"> {{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year=1973|pages=326, 221|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> Both Vaal den ''Tky'' (insyd modern orthography '''ǀHai''') mean "drab" anaa "dull", wich dey allude to de colour of de waters, especially noticeable during flood season wen de river be laden plus silt. Insyd de upper wey dey reach de river dem name ''iLigwa'' (Sindebele), ''Ikwa anaa Igwa'' (isiZulu), ''ilikwa'' (siSwati), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), anaa ''cuoa'' by de Khoekhoe, all dey refer to de plain e dey traverse.<ref name="OB"/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q209530|c=Category:Vaal River|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Vaal|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.parys.info Parys.info] * [http://www.parys.co.za Parys on the Vaal] * [http://www.vaalmeander.co.za Vaal Meander] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100426145413/http://www.liquidlounge.co.za/ Vaal River Cruises] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708114935/http://www.annalien.com/ Vaal River Properties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708114935/http://www.annalien.com/ |date=8 July 2017 }} * [http://www.islandestate.co.za Vaal de Grace Estate] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001818/http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus University Campus on banks of Vaal river] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001818/http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus |date=2013-03-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001022/http://www.lhda.org.ls/ Lesotho Highlands Development Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001022/http://www.lhda.org.ls/ |date=17 March 2022 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Vaal River| ]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Orange River]] [[Category:Internal borders of South Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of de Free State (province)]] [[Category:Rivers of Gauteng]] [[Category:Rivers of de Northern Cape]] [[Category:Rivers of Mpumalanga]] [[Category:Lesotho–South Africa relations]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation insyd South Africa]] oiv80hd9vyqjrxdi42albnn0rc7t0s0 0 27312 104060 102738 2026-06-19T22:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Ogooué''' (anaa '''Ogowe'''), dem sanso know as de Nazareth River, sam 1,200 km (750 mi) long, be de principal river of [[Gabon]] insyd west-central Africa den de fourth largest river insyd Africa by volume of discharge, wey dey trail only de [[Congo River|Congo]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]] den [[Niger River|Niger]]. Ein watershed dey drain nearly de entire country of Gabon, plus sam tributaries wey dey reach into de [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], den [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref name="readersnatural2">{{Cite book |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=0-89577-087-3 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=275 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Geography == === Course === De source of de Ogooué River be discovered insyd 1894 by Mary Kingsley, an English explorer wey travel up de banks by steamboat den canoe. De river dey rise insyd de northwest of de Bateke Plateaux near Kengue, [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]].<ref name="readersnatural2" /> E dey run northwest, den dey enter [[Gabon]] near ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' be near Maulongo. From Lastoursville up to Ndjole, de Ogooué be non-navigable secof rapids. From de latter city, e dey run west, den dey enter de [[Gulf of Guinea]] near Ozouri, south of Port Gentil. De Ogowe Delta be quite large, about 100 km long den 100 km wide. === Delta === A 30,000 ha site insyd de delta of de Ogooué River, wey dey include much of Mandji Island, be designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International secof e dey support significant populations of chaw bird species.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024 |title=Ogooué delta and Mandji island |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Basin === De Ogooué Basin be 223,000 km² (86,000 mi²), of wich 189,500 km² (73,200 mi²) anaa 85 percent dey lie within Gabon.<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{Cite web |title=Africa: International River Basin register |url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm}}</ref> Ogooué River Basin area by country:<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register" /> Distance from river mouth:<ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA2">{{cite report |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf |title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA |date=1966 |publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF) |page=75}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Station !River kilometer (rkm) !Altitude (m) |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |- |Ngounié* |196 |13 |- |Abanga* |242 |20 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |- |Okano* |314 |40 |- |N'golo* |359 |72 |- |Offoué* |424 |142 |- |Booué |451 |161 |- |Ivindo * |481 |180 |- |Dilo* |503 |182 |- |Lolo* |512 |186 |- |Lassio* |535 |200 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |- |Sébé* |685 |242 |- |Leyou* |696 |243 |- |Léconi* |714 |248 |- |Lékabi* |725 |249 |- |Lébombi* |774 |270 |- |Mpassa* |802 |280 |- |Baniaka* |871 |426 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>River insyd confluence Gauging stations along de Ogooué River:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{Cite web |last=Eric |first=Tilman |title=Central West Coast |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Station ! rowspan="2" |River kilometer (rkm) ! rowspan="2" |Elevation (m) ! rowspan="2" |Drainage basin (km²) ! rowspan="2" |Average discharge (m³/s) * |- |- | colspan="5" | |- |''Ogooué Delta'' |0 |0 |225,217.5 |5,148.05 |- |Lambaréné |183 |12 |205,228.5 |4,485.4 |- |Ndjolé |280 |25 |160,106.9 |3,191.5 |- |Booué |451 |161 |130,931.4 |2,746.9 |- |Lastoursville |616 |226 |45,767.1 |1,305 |- |Franceville |802 |280 |8,570.2 |233.4 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |^* Period: 1971–2000 |} == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Month ! colspan="3" |Average monthly flow (m³/s) at delta<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{Cite journal |last=Aiguo |first=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |date=2002 |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> |- !Dry years !Normal !Wet years |- |DEC–FEB |3,744.5 |4,285 |4,826.5 |- |MAR–MAY |4,883 |6,336 |7,789 |- |JUN–AUG |1,625.3 |1,997 |2,188.7 |- |SEP–NOV |6,935 |8,041 |9,147 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''Average'' |''4,296.7'' |'''''5,142.25''''' |''5,987.8'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ogooué River discharge (m³/s) at Lambaréné gauging station (period from 1929–2017): !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max ! rowspan="41" | !Water year !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1929/30 |1,250 |''3,569'' |5,030 |1969/70 |2,193 |''5,386'' |9,533 |- |1930/31 |1,390 |''4,238'' |6,980 |1970/71 |1,649 |''4,214'' |8,220 |- |1931/32 |1,590 |''4,259'' |7,580 |1971/72 |1,739 |''3,826'' |6,871 |- |1932/33 |1,380 |''4,126'' |6,630 |1972/73 |1,720 |''4,199'' |7,100 |- |1933/34 |2,390 |''5,449'' |10,800 |1973/74 |1,570 |''4,252'' |8,260 |- |1934/35 |1,850 |''4,888'' |6,690 |1974/75 |1,670 |''4,642'' |8,940 |- |1935/36 |1,690 |''4,612'' |7,850 | colspan="4" |1975/76–1979/80: No data |- |1936/37 |1,930 |''4,835'' |8,210 |1980/81 |1,550 |''4,290'' |7,820 |- |1937/38 |1,780 |''4,791'' |7,180 |1981/82 |1,740 |''4,100'' |6,900 |- |1938/39 |2,170 |''5,905'' |11,300 |1982/83 |1,140 |''3,520'' |8,550 |- |1939/40 |1,950 |''4,762'' |6,930 |1983/84 |902 |''4,230'' |6,530 |- |1940/41 |1,740 |''3,936'' |6,460 |1984/85 |2,200 |''4,670'' |7,610 |- |1941/42 |1,430 |''3,707'' |5,720 |1985/86 |1,610 |''4,060'' |6,800 |- |1942/43 |1,370 |''4,292'' |6,880 |1986/87 |1,580 |''3,690'' |7,160 |- |1943/44 |2,330 |''5,874'' |9,450 |1987/88 |1,970 |''4,940'' |8,880 |- |1944/45 |2,140 |''5,273'' |7,980 |1988/89 |1,780 |''4,700'' |9,810 |- |1945/46 |1,690 |''4,600'' |8,490 |1989/90 |2,060 |''5,030'' |10,800 |- |1946/47 |2,340 |''5,861'' |9,310 | colspan="4" |1990/91–1994/95: No data |- |1947/48 |2,120 |''5,545'' |9,780 |1995/96 |1,300 |''4,450'' |8,310 |- |1948/49 |2,640 |''5,912'' |10,600 |1996/97 |1,320 |''4,216'' |6,510 |- |1949/50 |1,950 |''5,300'' |9,600 |1997/98 |1,110 |''3,661'' |6,300 |- |1950/51 |1,640 |''5,280'' |9,470 |1998/99 |1,290 |''3,595'' |7,940 |- |1951/52 |2,350 |''5,660'' |9,080 |1999/00 |1,280 |''4,798'' |8,350 |- |1952/53 |2,050 |''4,770'' |7,200 |2000/01 |1,290 |''3,971'' |7,770 |- |1953/54 |1,300 |''3,597'' |5,690 |2001/02 |1,200 |''4,629'' |8,260 |- |1954/55 |1,900 |''4,383'' |7,530 |2002/03 |1,570 |''4,722'' |8,030 |- |1955/56 |1,400 |''4,278'' |8,100 |2003/04 |1,900 |''3,703'' |5,590 |- |1956/57 |1,660 |''4,252'' |7,420 |2004/05 |1,350 |''3,717'' |6,020 |- |1957/58 |979 |''3,093'' |5,110 |2005/06 |1,500 |''4,695'' |8,640 |- |1958/59 |1,580 |''4,179'' |8,250 |2006/07 |1,740 |''4,883'' |8,720 |- |1959/60 |2,160 |''5,073'' |9,350 |2007/08 |1,640 |''5,112'' |11,170 |- |1960/61 |2,190 |''5,970'' |11,000 |2008/09 |2,520 |''5,850'' |9,180 |- |1961/62 |1,910 |''5,227'' |8,210 |2009/10 |1,480 |''3,985'' |7,260 |- |1962/63 |2,170 |''4,799'' |6,830 |2010/11 |1,510 |''3,690'' |5,790 |- |1963/64 |1,810 |''4,647'' |8,500 |2011/12 |2,190 |''4,038'' |9,420 |- |1964/65 |2,100 |''5,074'' |7,510 |2012/13 |960 |''3,931'' |7,270 |- |1965/66 |2,150 |''5,500'' |9,470 |2013/14 |1,420 |''4,588'' |8,370 |- |1966/67 |1,600 |''4,482'' |10,100 |2014/15 |1,090 |''3,890'' |6,930 |- |1967/68 |1,823 |''4,451'' |7,557 |2015/16 |980 |''3,794'' |8,090 |- |1968/69 |2,093 |''5,020'' |7,607 |2016/17 |1,510 |''3,846'' |6,490 |- | colspan="9" | |- | colspan="9" |Source:<ref name="Global River Discharge Database">{{Cite web |title=Global River Discharge Database |url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search}}</ref><ref name="Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa">{{Cite journal |last=Moquet |first=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |date=2021 |title=Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa |journal=Frontiers in Water |volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin">{{Cite journal |last=Sakaros |first=Bogning Dongue |last2=Frédéric |first2=Frappart |last3=Gil |first3=Mahe |last4=Fernando |first4=Niño |last5=Adrien |first5=Paris |last6=Joëlle |first6=Sihon |last7=Franck |first7=Ghomsi |last8=Fabien |first8=Blarel |last9=Jean-Pierre |first9=Bricquet |last10=Raphaël |first10=Onguéné |last11=Jacques |first11=Etame |last12=Frédérique |first12=Seyler |last13=Marie-Claire |first13=Paiz |last14=Jean-Jacques |first14=Braun |date=2021 |title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681 |journal=Hydrology |volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |} == Tributaries == [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Ogooué River]] [[File:Fan_women_and_child,_banks_of_the_Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Fan women den kiddie, banks of de Ogoway. From The earth and its inhabitants, Africa (published 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]] De Ogowe River dey receive water of numerous tributaries wey dey include: * Abanga, wich dey rise insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu * Baniaka * Dilo * Iyinda, de most important tributary * Letili * Lassio * Lebombi * Lekabi * Lekedi * Lekoni, wich dey flow across Akieni den Leconi * Letili * Leyou * Lolo * Mbine * Ngolo * Ngounie * Nke * Offoue * Okano, wey ein main tributary be de Lara River * Mpassa, wich dey flow across Franceville * Sebe, wich dey flow past Okondja * Wagny == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q750021|c=Category:MzGee|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Ogowe|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031110014559/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/FRE/maps/301.htm World Resources Institute map of Ogooué watershed] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Ogoué River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108125758/http://www.harvardmag.com/jf97/vita.html Maria Petringa's 1997 "Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza: Brief Life of a Lover of Africa" about Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031020230344/http://www.mokelembembe.com/ Website about the dinosaur hunt] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogooue River}} [[Category:Ogooué River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Gabon]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Gabon]] purxexu8q0xhrj4raduwypoiidqal1q 0 27379 104001 103612 2026-06-19T12:01:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Tana''' (Amharic: ጣና ሐይቅ, romanized: T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously dem transcribe as '''Tsana{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}''') be de largest [[:en:Lake|lake]] for [[Ethiopia]] insyd den a source of de [[Blue Nile]]. Wey dem locate am for Amhara Region insyd for de north-western Ethiopian Highlands insyd, de lake be approximately {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} long den {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}} wide, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia |year=1967–1968}}</ref> den an elevation of {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2004 |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |access-date=4 November 2013 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency}}</ref> De Gilgel Abay, Reb den Gumara rivers feed Lake Tana. Ein surface area dey range from {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, wey dey depend for season den rainfall top. Dem regulate de lake level since de construction of de control [[:en:Weir|weir]] wey de lake dey discharge into de Blue Nile. Dis dey control de flow to de Blue Nile Falls (Tis Abbai) den hydro-power station. For 2015 insyd, dem nominate Lake Tana region as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve wey dey recognize ein national den international natural den cultural importance.<ref>[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve]</ref> == Ovaview == [[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Views ova Lake Tana]] [[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|De Island Church for Lake Tana top]] [[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|A local tour guide dey demonstrate how a stone dey struck to signal meal times at a monastery for Zege Peninsula top]] [[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Beginning of de [[Blue Nile]] river by ein outlet from Lake Tana]] [[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|A resort hotel for Lake Tana top for [[:en:Bahir_Dar|Bahir Dar]] insyd]] Volcanic activity form Lake Tana, wey block de flow of rivers wey dey inflow for de early Pleistocene insyd, about 5 million years ago.<ref name="springer">{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}</ref> De lake be originally much larger dan e dey today. Seven large permanent rivers dey feed de lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. De main tributaries to de lake be Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), den de Megech, Gumara, den Rib rivers.<ref name="springer" /> Lake Tana get a number of islands, wey number dey vary plus de lake ein level. E fell about {{convert|6|ft|m}} for de last 400 years insyd. According to Manuel de Almeida, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] missionary for de early 17th century insyd, der be 21 islands, seven anaa eight of wey get monasteries for dem top "formerly large, but rydee diminish much.<ref name="Beckham">{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}</ref> "Wen James Bruce visit de area for 1771 insyd, he note dat de locals wey dem count 45 islands wey dem inhabit, but state he believe dat "de number go fi be about eleven."<ref name="Beckham" /> Anton Stecker, for 1881 insyd, make a detailed examination of de lake, wey e enable substantially accurate maps,{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}} den dem count 44 islands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> A 20th-century geographer name 37 islands, of wey he believe 19 have anaa had monasteries anaa churches for dem top.<ref name="Beckham" /> Dem keep remains of ancient Ethiopian emperors den treasures of Ethiopic Christianity for de isolated island monasteries (wey dey include Kebran Gabriel, Ura Kidane Mehret, Narga Selassie, Daga Estifanos, Medhane Alem of Rema Island, Kota Maryam, den Mertola Maryam). For de island of Tana Qirqos top be a rock wey dem show to Paul B. Henze, for wey dem tell am Mary, mother of Jesus rest for ein journey back from [[Egypt]]; dem sanso tell am say Frumentius, wey introduce Christianity to Ethiopia, be "allegedly buried for Tana Cherqos top."<ref>{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref> Dem inter de body of Yekuno Amlak for de monastery of St. Stephen insyd for Daga Island top. Emperors wey tombs sanso be for Daga top dey include Dawit I, Zara Yaqob, Za Dengel, den Fasilides. Oda important islands for Lake Tana insyd dey include Dek, Mitraha, Gelila Zakarias, Halimun den Briguida. Dem believe dem already build monasteries during de Middle Ages ova earlier religious sites. Dem dey include de fourteenth-century Debre Maryam, den de eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, wey dem say dem already house de Ark of de Covenant before dem move am to Axum, den Ura Kidane Mehret, wey dem know give ein regalia. A ferry service dey link Bahir Dar plus Gorgora via Dek den various lakeshore villages. Der sanso be Zege Peninsula for de southwest portion of de lake top. Zege be de site of de Azwa Maryam monastery. Lake Tana sanso be a central location of de Beta Israel, wey dey complete plus de only Jewish monasteries for de world insyd,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}</ref> before demma immigration to Israel. == Water characteristics den floods == Wey dem compare to oda tropical lakes, de waters for Lake Tana insyd dey relatively cold, wey e typically range from about 20 to 27 °C (68–81 °F). De water get a pH wey be neutral to samwat alkaline den ein transparency be quite low.<ref name="Vijverberg2009">{{cite book |author1=Vijverberg, J. |title=The Nile |author2=F.A. Sibbing |author3=E. Dejen |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–193 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile}}</ref> Sekof de large seasonal variations for de inflow of ein tributaries, rain den evaporation insyd, de water levels of Lake Tana dey typically vary by 2–2.5 m (6.6–8.2 ft) for a year insyd, wey dey peak for September–October insyd just after de main wet season. Wen de water levels dey high, de plains around de lake often flood den dem connect oda permanent swamps for de region insyd to de lake.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> == Fauna == [[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Lily pads dey float near de shore for Lake Tana top]]Since der dey no inflows dat dey link de lake to oda large waterways den de main outflow, de Blue Nile, de Blue Nile Falls obstruct am, de lake dey support a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, wey generally dem relate am to species from de Nile Basin.<ref name="FEOW">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Lake Tana |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}</ref> De lake ein nutrient levels dey low.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> === Fish === Der be 27 fish species for Lake Tana insyd den 20 of dem be endemic.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Dis dey include one of only two cyprinid species flocks wey dem know (de oda, from Lake Lanao for de Philippines insyd, introduced species already decimate am). E dey consist of 15 relatively large, up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} long, ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dem formerly include for ''Barbus'' insyd instead.<ref name="FEOW" /><ref name="barbs1">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630}}</ref> Among dem, ''L. acutirostris'', ''L. longissimus'', ''L. megastoma'' den ''L. truttiformis'' dey strictly piscivorous, den ''L. dainellii'', ''L. gorguari'', ''L. macrophtalmus'' den ''L. platydorsus'' dey mostly piscivorous.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Demma most important prey be de small ''Enteromius'' den ''Garra'' species.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /><ref name="barbs1" /><ref name="barbs2">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref> De remaining ''Labeobarbus'' for Lake Tana insyd get oda specialized feeding habits: ''L. beso'' (non-endemic den dem no closely relate am to de odas) dey feed for algae top, ''L. surkis'' mostly for macrophytes top, ''L. gorgorensis'' for macrophytes top den molluscs, ''L. brevicephalus'' for zooplankton top (howeva, juveniles of all members of de species flock dey feed for zooplankton top), ''L. osseensis'' for macrophytes top den adults insects, den ''L. crassibarbis'', ''L. intermedius'' (non-endemic buh dem closely relate am to de odas), ''L. nedgia'' den ''L. tsanensis'' for benthic invertebrates like chironomid larvae top. Among de endemic ''Labeobarbus'', eight species spawn for de lake ein wetlands insyd den de remaining move seasonally into ein tributaries wey dem spawn.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> For addition to de ''Labeobarbus'' species flock insyd, de endemic species be ''Enteromius pleurogramma'', ''E. tanapelagius'', ''Garra regressus'' den ''Afronemacheilus abyssinicus'' (one of only two African stone loaches). De remaining non-endemic species be Nile tilapia (widespread for Africa insyd, buh plus de endemic subspecies ''tana'' for de lake insyd), ''E. humilis'', ''G. dembecha'', ''G. dembeensis'' den de large African sharptooth catfish.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /><ref name="FEOW" /> === Fishing den threats === [[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Various ''[[:en:Labeobarbus|Labeobarbus]]'' barbs den [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] wey dem catch for de lake insyd]]Lake Tana dey support a large fishing industry, wey mainly dey base for de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs top, Nile tilapia den sharptooth catfish. According to de Ethiopian Department of Fisheries den Aquaculture, dem land 1,454 tons of fish for 2011 insyd at Bahir Dar, wey de department dem estimate am be 15% of ein sustainable amount.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm|date=28 February 2008}}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Nevertheless, for a review insyd dat compare catches for 2001 insyd to dem ten years earlier, dem find dat typical sizes of both de tilapia den de catfish significantly decrease, den populations of de ''Labeobarbus'' barbs dat dey breed for de tributaries insyd decline significantly.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Among de endemic fish, dem consider most threatened (endangered anaa vulnerable) anaa data deficient (available data insufficient give evaluating a status) by de IUCN.<ref>{{cite web |year=2019 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=IUCN}}<!-- search the individual species name to get the status of each species --></ref> For de early 2000s insyd, de local government give de first time introduce a fisheries legislation den dem hope dis go get a positive effect for de fish populations top.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> Oda serious threats be habitat destruction den pollution. Bahir Dar becam a large city den e dey rapidly grow; dem generally release ein wastewater directly into de lake.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> De vegetation for de lake ein wetlands insyd, wey be an important nursery give de ''Labeobarbus'' den oda fish, dem already clear am at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to de unique ecosystem go be an introduction of a large den efficient predatory species like de Nile perch, wey dem implicate am for numerous extinctions insyd for [[Lake Victoria]] insyd. De piscivorous ''Labeobarbus'' of Lake Tana be relatively inefficient predators dat only fi take fish up to about 15% of de length of de predator einself.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> === Oda fauna === [[File:Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Great_white_pelican|Great white pelicans]] for Lake Tana top]]Among oda fauna, de lake dey support relatively few invertebrates: Der be fifteen species of mollusks, wey dey include one endemic, den sanso an endemic freshwater sponge.<ref name="FEOW" /> About 230 species of birds, wey dey include more dan 80 wetland birds such as de great white pelican, African darter, hamerkop, storks, African spoonbill, ibis, ducks, kingfishers den African fish eagle, dem know dem from Lake Tana.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> E be an important resting den feeding ground give many Palearctic migrant waterbirds.<ref name="FEOW" /> Der dey no crocodiles, buh de African softshell turtle den Nile monitor dem already record dem near de Blue Nile outflow from de lake.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}</ref> Hippos dey present, mostly near de Blue Nile outflow.<ref name="Vijverberg2009" /> == References == <references /> === Works cited === * Garstin, William Edmund; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Tsana|"Tsana"]] . In [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.). ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–348. == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve] *[https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ |date=3 March 2016 }} at Aberystwyth University *[http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of the lake] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan for Lake T'ana] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031152/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/documentation/Album.html?Bildliste=5a0c198f-5a0c19cc&Region=Lake+Tana Pictures from Lake Tana and the Monasteries] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lake Tana| ]] [[Category:Lakes of Ethiopia|Tana]] [[Category:Amhara Region]] [[Category:Blue Nile]] [[Category:Ethiopian Highlands]] [[Category:Mountain lakes|Tana]] [[Category:Nile basin]] [[Category:Biosphere reserves of Ethiopia]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia]] nhbbak7vf4d3tuy0nprinf5g2lu6phj 0 27402 104065 103938 2026-06-19T22:54:51Z DaSupremo 9 Revert edit 104065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Drinking water''' anaa '''potable water''' be [[water]] wey be safe for ingestion, either wen dem drink directly insyd liquid form anaa consumed indirectly thru food preparation. E often be supplied thru taps, insyd wich case e sanso be called tap water. De amount of drinking water dem require to maintain good health dey vary, den dey depend on physical activity, age, health-related issues, den environmental conditions.<ref name="WHO2004">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap3.pdf |title=Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes |author1=Ann C. Grandjean |date=August 2004 |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=25–34 |chapter=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222003438/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap3.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=live }} Dis 2004 article dey focus on de USA context den dey use data dem collect from de US military.</ref><ref name="EPA2011">{{cite book |url=http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf |title=Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition |date=September 2011 |publisher=National Center for Environmental Assessment |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093656/http://www.epa.gov/ncea/efh/pdfs/efh-complete.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> For those wey dey work insyd a hot climate, up to {{Convert|16|L|USgal|sp=us}} a day fi be required.<ref name=WHO2004/> As many as two billion people dey lack safe drinking water.<ref name="WHO2018">{{cite web |date=March 2018 |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605071028/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/ |archive-date=5 June 2015 |access-date=23 March 2018 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Unsafe water fi [[Waterborne diseases|carry disease]] wey be a major cause of death den illness worldwide.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|title=Unsafe water kills more people than war, Ban says on World Day|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/03/333182-unsafe-water-kills-more-people-war-ban-says-world-day|access-date=10 May 2018|publisher=UN News|date=22 March 2010|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511014214/https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/03/333182-unsafe-water-kills-more-people-war-ban-says-world-day|url-status=live}}</ref> Developing countries most be affected by unsafe drinking water.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gadgil, Ashok J. |date=1998 |title=Drinking Water in Developing Countries |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.253 |url-status=live |journal=Annual Review of Energy and the Environment |publisher=Annual Reviews |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=253–286 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219071710/https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.253 |archive-date=19 February 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |quote=Unsafe drinking water remains a major issue in developing countries..}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q7892|c=Category:Drinking water|n=no|q=no|b=Drinking water|v=no|voy=Water|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=drinking water|species=no}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|title=Drinking-water|website=www.who.int}} - WHO fact sheet on drinking water * {{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045064|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda|website=www.who.int}} - WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality (2022) * {{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/ |title=Drinking Water &#124; Drinking Water &#124; Healthy Water &#124; CDC |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121224602/https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/ |url-status=live }} - Drinking Water – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General info, data and publications. * {{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water|title=Ground Water and Drinking Water|first=OW|last=US EPA|date=20 February 2013|website=www.epa.gov}} - Ground water and drinking water – US Environmental Protection Agency. General info, regulations & technical publications. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Drinking Water}} [[Category:Drinking water| ]] [[Category:Sanitation]] 5mv8r2fq91kuedvu6gbz7b3wb2k1ylu 0 27403 104048 102946 2026-06-19T18:08:09Z DaSupremo 9 Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin 104048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanitation''' dey refer to public health conditions wey relate to clean [[drinking water]] den treatment den disposal of human excreta den sewage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation|archive-date=November 17, 2017|title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> Preventing human contact plus feces be part of sanitation, as be hand washing plus soap. Sanitation systems dey aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment wey go stop de transmission of disease, especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref name=":2">SuSanA (2008). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/267 Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012191700/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/267 |date=2017-10-12 }}. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)</ref> For example, [[diarrhea]], a main cause of malnutrition den stunted growth insyd kiddies, fi be reduced thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|title=Diarrhoeal disease|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401193648/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Der be chaw oda diseases wich be easily transmitted insyd communities wey get low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection anaa helminthiasis), [[cholera]], [[hepatitis]], [[polio]], schistosomiasis, den trachoma, to name just a few. A range of sanitation technologies den approaches dey exist. Sam examples be community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, [[#Onsite sanitation|onsite sanitation]] den sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system dey include de capture, storage, transportation, treatment den disposal anaa reuse of human excreta den wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|title=Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010|last=Gates Foundation|date=2010|website=Gates Foundation|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021134815/https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Reuse activities within de sanitation system fi focus on de nutrients, water, energy anaa organic matter dem contain insyd excreta den wastewater. Dis be referred to as de "sanitation value chain" anaa "sanitation economy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|last=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=19 September 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085853/http://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|title=Introducing the Sanitation Economy|publisher=Toilet Board Coalition|year=2017|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731222035/http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, anaa emptying a sanitation technology at any step of de sanitation chain be called "sanitation workers".<ref name=":0.a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030327/https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 |date=2022-12-11 }}. World Bank, Washington, DC.</ref>{{rp|2}} Chaw sanitation "levels" be used to compare sanitation service levels within countries anaa across countries.<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP">{{Cite web|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|title=Sanitation {{!}} JMP|website=washdata.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|url-status=live}}</ref> De sanitation ladder wey de Joint Monitoring Programme define insyd 2016 dey start at [[open defecation]] den dey move upwards using de terms "unimproved", "limited", "basic", wey de highest level be "safely managed".<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP" /> Dis be particularly applicable to developing countries. De human right to water and sanitation be recognized by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] insyd 2010. Sanitation be a global development priority den de subject of [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2019-07-25 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> De estimate insyd 2017 by JMP dey state say 4.5 billion people currently no get safely managed sanitation.<ref name="JMP2017" /> Lack of access to sanitation get an impact no be on public health per buh sanso on human dignity den personal safety. == References == <references /> == External links == nawyfpu6upcmflr6jcyqubaqf7mp4k8 104049 104048 2026-06-19T18:52:12Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 104049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sanitation''' dey refer to public health conditions wey relate to clean [[drinking water]] den treatment den disposal of human excreta den sewage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation|archive-date=November 17, 2017|title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> Preventing human contact plus feces be part of sanitation, as be hand washing plus soap. Sanitation systems dey aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment wey go stop de transmission of disease, especially thru de fecal–oral route.<ref name=":2">SuSanA (2008). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/267 Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012191700/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/267 |date=2017-10-12 }}. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)</ref> For example, [[diarrhea]], a main cause of malnutrition den stunted growth insyd kiddies, fi be reduced thru adequate sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|title=Diarrhoeal disease|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401193648/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Der be chaw oda diseases wich be easily transmitted insyd communities wey get low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection anaa helminthiasis), [[cholera]], [[hepatitis]], [[polio]], schistosomiasis, den trachoma, to name just a few. A range of sanitation technologies den approaches dey exist. Sam examples be community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, [[#Onsite sanitation|onsite sanitation]] den sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system dey include de capture, storage, transportation, treatment den disposal anaa reuse of human excreta den wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|title=Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010|last=Gates Foundation|date=2010|website=Gates Foundation|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021134815/https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Reuse activities within de sanitation system fi focus on de nutrients, water, energy anaa organic matter dem contain insyd excreta den wastewater. Dis be referred to as de "sanitation value chain" anaa "sanitation economy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|last=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=19 September 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085853/http://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|title=Introducing the Sanitation Economy|publisher=Toilet Board Coalition|year=2017|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731222035/http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> De people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, anaa emptying a sanitation technology at any step of de sanitation chain be called "sanitation workers".<ref name=":0.a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030327/https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3719 |date=2022-12-11 }}. World Bank, Washington, DC.</ref>{{rp|2}} Chaw sanitation "levels" be used to compare sanitation service levels within countries anaa across countries.<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP">{{Cite web|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|title=Sanitation {{!}} JMP|website=washdata.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|url-status=live}}</ref> De sanitation ladder wey de Joint Monitoring Programme define insyd 2016 dey start at [[open defecation]] den dey move upwards using de terms "unimproved", "limited", "basic", wey de highest level be "safely managed".<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP" /> Dis be particularly applicable to developing countries. De human right to water and sanitation be recognized by de [[United Nations General Assembly]] insyd 2010. Sanitation be a global development priority den de subject of [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports |date=2019-07-25 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> De estimate insyd 2017 by JMP dey state say 4.5 billion people currently no get safely managed sanitation.<ref name="JMP2017" /> Lack of access to sanitation get an impact no be on public health per buh sanso on human dignity den personal safety. == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q949149|c=Category:Sanitation|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=sanitation|species=no}} * [http://www.susana.org Sustainable Sanitation Alliance] * [https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/sanitation-and-wastewater-atlas-africa Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa] * Florence Nightingale (1863), ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52653 Sanitary Statistics of Native Colonial Schools and Hospitals]'' {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sanitation| ]] [[Category:Hygiene]] [[Category:Sewerage]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] jf7jzzwv2ocofj11bu04iumvibmxa38 0 27405 104052 102919 2026-06-19T19:20:07Z DaSupremo 9 Article contains Nigerian Pidgin words so I rewrote it in Ghanaian Pidgin 104052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Open defecation''' be de human practice of defecating outsyd ("in the open") rather dan into a toilet. People fi choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, anaa oda open spaces for defecation. Dem dey do so either secof dem no get a toilet readily accessible anaa secof archaic traditional cultural practices.<ref name="ClasenBoisson2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt WP | display-authors = 6 | title = Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized trial | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = e645-53 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25442689 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De practice be common wer [[sanitation]] infrastructure den services no be available. Even if toilets be available, behavior change efforts still fi be needed to promote de use of toilets. 'Open defecation free' (ODF) be a term dem use to describe communities wey shift to using toilets instead of open defecation. Dis fi happen, for example, after community-led total sanitation programs be implemented. Open defecation fi pollute de environment den cause health problems den diseases. High levels of open defecation be linked to high child mortality, poor nutrition, poverty, den large disparities between rich den poor.<ref name="JMP2014">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update|date=2014|publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)|isbn=978-92-4-150724-0|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115029/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|url-status=live}}</ref> Ending open defecation be an indicator dem use to measure progress towards de [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|Sustainable Development Goal Number 6]]. Extreme poverty den lack of sanitation be statistically linked. Therefore, dey eliminate open defecation be thought to be an important part of de effort to eliminate poverty.<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite news|last=[[Junaid Ahmad]]|date=30 October 2014|title=How to eliminate open defecation by 2030|website=[[Devex]]|url=https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601220402/https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2022, 420 million people (5.25% of de global population) dey practice open defecation, a significant decline from about 1.31 billion (21.42%) insyd 2000, wey dey represent a reduction of 890 million people anaa 16.17% points over 22 years. Of those wey dey practice open defecation, 275 million (65.6%) dey live insyd just seven countries. Insyd [[India]], for example, de number decrease by 62% (73% insyd 2000 to 7% insyd 2024), wey dey showcase de country ein significant efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Sustainable Development Goals National Indicator Framework |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SDG-NIF-ProgressReport-FullFile-v4N.pdf |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630172041/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SDG-NIF-ProgressReport-FullFile-v4N.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, despite de progress,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-02 |title=Rural India achieved 100 pc ODF status: Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rural-india-achieved-100-pc-odf-status-govt/articleshow/72337872.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> India still get de largest number of people wey dey practice open defecation wey be followed by [[Nigeria]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Niger]] den Pakistan, as of 2023 according to de World Bank.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=KASHIWASE |first=HARUNA |date=17 November 2023 |title=World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-toilet-day-420-million-people-are-defecating-outdoors |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == 49ssr4f78i6yb577crmwsj1alwt2lvn 104053 104052 2026-06-19T19:34:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 104053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Open defecation''' be de human practice of defecating outsyd ("in the open") rather dan into a toilet. People fi choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, anaa oda open spaces for defecation. Dem dey do so either secof dem no get a toilet readily accessible anaa secof archaic traditional cultural practices.<ref name="ClasenBoisson2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt WP | display-authors = 6 | title = Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized trial | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = e645-53 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25442689 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De practice be common wer [[sanitation]] infrastructure den services no be available. Even if toilets be available, behavior change efforts still fi be needed to promote de use of toilets. 'Open defecation free' (ODF) be a term dem use to describe communities wey shift to using toilets instead of open defecation. Dis fi happen, for example, after community-led total sanitation programs be implemented. Open defecation fi pollute de environment den cause health problems den diseases. High levels of open defecation be linked to high child mortality, poor nutrition, poverty, den large disparities between rich den poor.<ref name="JMP2014">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update|date=2014|publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)|isbn=978-92-4-150724-0|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115029/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|url-status=live}}</ref> Ending open defecation be an indicator dem use to measure progress towards de [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|Sustainable Development Goal Number 6]]. Extreme poverty den lack of sanitation be statistically linked. Therefore, dey eliminate open defecation be thought to be an important part of de effort to eliminate poverty.<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite news|last=[[Junaid Ahmad]]|date=30 October 2014|title=How to eliminate open defecation by 2030|website=[[Devex]]|url=https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601220402/https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2022, 420 million people (5.25% of de global population) dey practice open defecation, a significant decline from about 1.31 billion (21.42%) insyd 2000, wey dey represent a reduction of 890 million people anaa 16.17% points over 22 years. Of those wey dey practice open defecation, 275 million (65.6%) dey live insyd just seven countries. Insyd [[India]], for example, de number decrease by 62% (73% insyd 2000 to 7% insyd 2024), wey dey showcase de country ein significant efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |last=If you are viewing it from a mobile device, it would be best to open the link in desktop mode for a complete and convenient experience. |title=JMP |url=https://washdata.org/data/household#!/IND |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175434/https://washdata.org/data/household |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Sustainable Development Goals National Indicator Framework |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SDG-NIF-ProgressReport-FullFile-v4N.pdf |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630172041/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SDG-NIF-ProgressReport-FullFile-v4N.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, despite de progress,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-02 |title=Rural India achieved 100 pc ODF status: Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rural-india-achieved-100-pc-odf-status-govt/articleshow/72337872.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> India still get de largest number of people wey dey practice open defecation wey be followed by [[Nigeria]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Niger]] den Pakistan, as of 2023 according to de World Bank.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=KASHIWASE |first=HARUNA |date=17 November 2023 |title=World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-toilet-day-420-million-people-are-defecating-outdoors |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref> == Prevalence den trends == === Countries plus high numbers === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Countries plus Over 1 Million People wey dey Defecate openly be listed insyd de table below, based on available data from different years. !Year ! style="text-align:left;" |Country !<!--Please don't remove it or update it with current year data. The total population is listed as per the respective years.-->Total population as per respective year<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Clock: 8.2 Billion People (LIVE, 2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222155525/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> ! style="text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number" |Percentage den Number of people wey dey defecate in de open<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=If you are viewing it from a mobile device, it would be best to open the link in desktop mode for a complete and convenient experience. |title=JMP |url=https://washdata.org/data/household#!/IND |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175434/https://washdata.org/data/household |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KASHIWASE |first=HARUNA |date=17 November 2023 |title=World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-toilet-day-420-million-people-are-defecating-outdoors |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828134124/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |title=Sanitation statistics |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/sanitation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522174203/https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/sanitation/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Afghanistan]] |40,578,842 |9% anaa 3.6 million |- |2022 |[[Angola]] |35,635,029 |17% anaa 6.1 million |- |2022 |[[Benin]] |13,759,501 |49% anaa 6.4 million |- |2022 |Bolivia |12,077,154 |9% anaa 1 million |- |2022 |[[Burkina Faso]] |22,509,038 |34% anaa 7.6 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Cambodia |17,201,724 |12% anaa 2 million |- |2022 |[[Cameroon]] |27,632,771 |4% anaa 1.1 million |- |2022 |[[Central African Republic]] |5,098,039 |25% anaa 1.3 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Chad]] |16,244,513 |62.6% anaa 11 million |- |2022 |Colombia |51,737,944 |2% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |102,396,968 |12% anaa 11.7 million |- |2016 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Eritrea]] |3,124,698 |67% anaa 2.2 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Ethiopia]] |125,384,287 |17.6%–18% anaa 21.7 million |- |2022 |[[Ghana]] |33,149,152 |17% anaa 5.7 million |- |2022 |Haiti |11,503,606 |18% anaa 2 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[India]] |1,425,423,212 |11% anaa 157.4 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Indonesia]] |278,830,529 |4.1% anaa 11.5 million |- |2022 |[[Kenya]] |54,252,461 |6% anaa 3.4 million |- |2022 |Laos |7,559,007 |16% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Liberia]] |5,373,294 |35% anaa 1.8 million |- |2022 |[[Ivory Coast]] |30,395,002 |22% anaa 5.9 million |- |2022 |[[Madagascar]] |30,437,261 |34% anaa 9.9 million |- |2022 |[[Mali]] |23,072,640 |5% anaa 1 million |- |2022 |[[Mauritania]] |4,875,637 |27% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Mozambique]] |32,656,246 |20% anaa 6.4 million |- |2022 |Myanmar |53,756,787 |7% anaa 3.6 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Nepal |29,715,436 |7% anaa 2.1 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Niger]] |25,311,973 |64.9% anaa 17 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Nigeria]] |223,150,896 |18.4% anaa 40.3 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Pakistan |243,700,667 |6.7%–7% anaa 15.9 million |- |2022 |Papua New Guinea |10,203,169 |16% anaa 1.6 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Philippines |113,964,338 |3% anaa 3.4 million |- |2022 |[[Senegal]] |17,651,103 |8% anaa 1.3 million |- |2022 |[[Sierra Leone]] |8,276,807 |16% anaa 1.4 million |- |2022 |[[Somalia]] |17,801,897 |21% anaa 3.7 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[South Sudan]] |11,021,177 |59.7% anaa 6.5 million |- |2020 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Sudan]] |46,789,231 |17.3% anaa 7.6 million |- |2022 |[[Tanzania]] |64,711,821 |6% anaa 4.1 million |- |2022 |[[Togo]] |9,089,738 |39% anaa 3.4 million |- |2022 |[[Uganda]] |47,312,719 |4% anaa 1.8 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Yemen |38,222,876 |8.5% anaa 2.8 million |- |2022 |[[Zambia]] |20,152,938 |6% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Zimbabwe]] |16,069,056 |17% anaa 2.8 million |} == References == <references /> == External links == 1n3x4351hl4sv73050n44gffbim8c5q 104054 104053 2026-06-19T19:37:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 104054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Open defecation''' be de human practice of defecating outsyd ("in the open") rather dan into a toilet. People fi choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, anaa oda open spaces for defecation. Dem dey do so either secof dem no get a toilet readily accessible anaa secof archaic traditional cultural practices.<ref name="ClasenBoisson2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt WP | display-authors = 6 | title = Effectiveness of a rural sanitation program on diarrhea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized trial | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = e645-53 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25442689 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De practice be common wer [[sanitation]] infrastructure den services no be available. Even if toilets be available, behavior change efforts still fi be needed to promote de use of toilets. 'Open defecation free' (ODF) be a term dem use to describe communities wey shift to using toilets instead of open defecation. Dis fi happen, for example, after community-led total sanitation programs be implemented. Open defecation fi pollute de environment den cause health problems den diseases. High levels of open defecation be linked to high child mortality, poor nutrition, poverty, den large disparities between rich den poor.<ref name="JMP2014">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update|date=2014|publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)|isbn=978-92-4-150724-0|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115029/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|url-status=live}}</ref> Ending open defecation be an indicator dem use to measure progress towards de [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|Sustainable Development Goal Number 6]]. Extreme poverty den lack of sanitation be statistically linked. Therefore, dey eliminate open defecation be thought to be an important part of de effort to eliminate poverty.<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite news|last=[[Junaid Ahmad]]|date=30 October 2014|title=How to eliminate open defecation by 2030|website=[[Devex]]|url=https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601220402/https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2022, 420 million people (5.25% of de global population) dey practice open defecation, a significant decline from about 1.31 billion (21.42%) insyd 2000, wey dey represent a reduction of 890 million people anaa 16.17% points over 22 years. Of those wey dey practice open defecation, 275 million (65.6%) dey live insyd just seven countries. Insyd [[India]], for example, de number decrease by 62% (73% insyd 2000 to 7% insyd 2024), wey dey showcase de country ein significant efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |last=If you are viewing it from a mobile device, it would be best to open the link in desktop mode for a complete and convenient experience. |title=JMP |url=https://washdata.org/data/household#!/IND |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175434/https://washdata.org/data/household |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Sustainable Development Goals National Indicator Framework |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SDG-NIF-ProgressReport-FullFile-v4N.pdf |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630172041/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SDG-NIF-ProgressReport-FullFile-v4N.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, despite de progress,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-02 |title=Rural India achieved 100 pc ODF status: Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rural-india-achieved-100-pc-odf-status-govt/articleshow/72337872.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> India still get de largest number of people wey dey practice open defecation wey be followed by [[Nigeria]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Niger]] den Pakistan, as of 2023 according to de World Bank.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=KASHIWASE |first=HARUNA |date=17 November 2023 |title=World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-toilet-day-420-million-people-are-defecating-outdoors |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref> == Prevalence den trends == === Countries plus high numbers === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Countries plus Over 1 Million People wey dey Defecate openly be listed insyd de table below, based on available data from different years. !Year ! style="text-align:left;" |Country !<!--Please don't remove it or update it with current year data. The total population is listed as per the respective years.-->Total population as per respective year<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Clock: 8.2 Billion People (LIVE, 2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222155525/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> ! style="text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number" |Percentage den Number of people wey dey defecate in de open<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=If you are viewing it from a mobile device, it would be best to open the link in desktop mode for a complete and convenient experience. |title=JMP |url=https://washdata.org/data/household#!/IND |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175434/https://washdata.org/data/household |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=KASHIWASE |first=HARUNA |date=17 November 2023 |title=World Toilet Day: 420 million people are defecating outdoors |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-toilet-day-420-million-people-are-defecating-outdoors |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828134124/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |title=Sanitation statistics |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/sanitation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522174203/https://data.unicef.org/topic/water-and-sanitation/sanitation/ |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref> |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Afghanistan]] |40,578,842 |9% anaa 3.6 million |- |2022 |[[Angola]] |35,635,029 |17% anaa 6.1 million |- |2022 |[[Benin]] |13,759,501 |49% anaa 6.4 million |- |2022 |Bolivia |12,077,154 |9% anaa 1 million |- |2022 |[[Burkina Faso]] |22,509,038 |34% anaa 7.6 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Cambodia |17,201,724 |12% anaa 2 million |- |2022 |[[Cameroon]] |27,632,771 |4% anaa 1.1 million |- |2022 |[[Central African Republic]] |5,098,039 |25% anaa 1.3 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Chad]] |16,244,513 |62.6% anaa 11 million |- |2022 |Colombia |51,737,944 |2% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |102,396,968 |12% anaa 11.7 million |- |2016 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Eritrea]] |3,124,698 |67% anaa 2.2 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Ethiopia]] |125,384,287 |17.6%–18% anaa 21.7 million |- |2022 |[[Ghana]] |33,149,152 |17% anaa 5.7 million |- |2022 |Haiti |11,503,606 |18% anaa 2 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[India]] |1,425,423,212 |11% anaa 157.4 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Indonesia]] |278,830,529 |4.1% anaa 11.5 million |- |2022 |[[Kenya]] |54,252,461 |6% anaa 3.4 million |- |2022 |Laos |7,559,007 |16% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Liberia]] |5,373,294 |35% anaa 1.8 million |- |2022 |[[Ivory Coast]] |30,395,002 |22% anaa 5.9 million |- |2022 |[[Madagascar]] |30,437,261 |34% anaa 9.9 million |- |2022 |[[Mali]] |23,072,640 |5% anaa 1 million |- |2022 |[[Mauritania]] |4,875,637 |27% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Mozambique]] |32,656,246 |20% anaa 6.4 million |- |2022 |Myanmar |53,756,787 |7% anaa 3.6 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Nepal |29,715,436 |7% anaa 2.1 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Niger]] |25,311,973 |64.9% anaa 17 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Nigeria]] |223,150,896 |18.4% anaa 40.3 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Pakistan |243,700,667 |6.7%–7% anaa 15.9 million |- |2022 |Papua New Guinea |10,203,169 |16% anaa 1.6 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Philippines |113,964,338 |3% anaa 3.4 million |- |2022 |[[Senegal]] |17,651,103 |8% anaa 1.3 million |- |2022 |[[Sierra Leone]] |8,276,807 |16% anaa 1.4 million |- |2022 |[[Somalia]] |17,801,897 |21% anaa 3.7 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |[[South Sudan]] |11,021,177 |59.7% anaa 6.5 million |- |2020 | style="text-align:left;" |[[Sudan]] |46,789,231 |17.3% anaa 7.6 million |- |2022 |[[Tanzania]] |64,711,821 |6% anaa 4.1 million |- |2022 |[[Togo]] |9,089,738 |39% anaa 3.4 million |- |2022 |[[Uganda]] |47,312,719 |4% anaa 1.8 million |- |2022 | style="text-align:left;" |Yemen |38,222,876 |8.5% anaa 2.8 million |- |2022 |[[Zambia]] |20,152,938 |6% anaa 1.2 million |- |2022 |[[Zimbabwe]] |16,069,056 |17% anaa 2.8 million |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020010145/http://opendefecation.org/news/ UN Call to action to end open defecation] * [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library?search=open+defecation Documents about open defecation] in library of Sustainable Sanitation Alliance [[Category:Sanitation]] [[Category:Defecation]] iq8qnh3vvwsusqmrt600uzle33bud7q 0 27437 104092 102928 2026-06-20T09:23:35Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 104092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image (SeaWiFS) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast inland delta for [[Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[Okavango River]] dey reach a tectonic trough at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de endorheic basin of de Kalahari Desert insyd. E be a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately evaporate den transpire. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into Lake Ngami. De area be once part of Lake Makgadikgadi, an ancient lake dat de early Holocene already mostly dry up. De Moremi Game Reserve dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de Seven Natural Wonders of Africa, wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for Arusha, [[Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de Kavango pippoe of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say German colonial reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to Herero influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == === Floods === Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid transpiration den evaporation, wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of wildlife. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger lagoons insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant palm tree. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as termite mounds (often ''Macrotermes'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a fault line form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an oasis for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de big five game animals, de lion, leopard, African buffalo, African bush elephant, black den white rhinoceros dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of lechwe antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de red lechwe, plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> African wild dog, spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey den Nile crocodile.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, African darter, southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird den common ostrich.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus Hwange National Park.<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. === Fish === De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de tigerfish, species of tilapia, den various species of catfish. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) African sharptooth catfish to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) sickle barb. De same species dey occur for de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''Papyrus cyperus'' for de deeper waters insyd'', Miscanthus'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha capensis'' den ''Pycreus'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''Philenoptera violacea'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' den acacias.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein makoro for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de Hambukushu (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, River Bushmen, Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be Bushmen, wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de Caprivi Strip of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de Boteti River. De Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Wayeyi |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> inhabit de area around Seronga as well as de southern delta around Maun, den a few Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Alexander Colin |last2=N’teta |first2=Doreen |date=March 1980 |title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |url-status=live |journal=Museum International |volume=32 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |issn=1350-0775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906044710/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around Etsha for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de Batawana (a Tswana nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a Bangwato offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de tsetse fly dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. Since then, de edge of de delta increasingly crowd plus ein growing human den livestock populations. == Tourism == De wilderness of de Okavango Delta den ein wildlife dey attract hundreds of thousands of tourists a year, plus de town of Maun dey serve as a gateway de region.<ref name="odmp-2021">{{cite report |url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/208817 |title=Okavango Delta Management Plan 2021–2028 |date=July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, Conservation and Tourism |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> Modern safari tourism wey dem develop during de late 1960s, wen dem build de first modern safari camps for de delta insyd. Tourism products since dem expand am dey include high-end lodge safaris, mobile safaris, self-drive camping, birdwatching, game drives, scenic flights, guided walks, recreational fishing den mokoro canoe excursions.<ref name="mbaiwa-2005">{{cite journal |last=Mbaiwa |first=J. E. |year=2005 |title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf |journal=Tourism Management |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> Botswana generally promote a high-cost, low-volume tourism model for de Okavango region insyd, wey dem intend to limit environmental impacts while generating high visitor expenditure. A 2014 UNESCO report find der dey 2,129 tourist beds for de area insyd.<ref name="iucn-2014">{{cite report |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-inf8B2-en.pdf |title=IUCN Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List |author=International Union for Conservation of Nature |date=April 2014 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> For 2017 insyd de delta receive 52,638 visitors, wey 43,363 be international tourists den 9,275 be locals. Dis be a small fraction of de 1 million international tourists Botswana dey receive annually.<ref name="statsbots-2023">{{cite report |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Tourism%20Statistics%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |title=Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2023 |publisher=Statistics Botswana |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == ''Molapos'' (water streams) == [[File:BundPhoto.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Flood-control bunds give flood recession cropping for de ''molapo'' of de Okavango, Botswana insyd]]After de season wey e dey flood, de waters for de lower parts of de delta insyd, wey dey near de base, dey recede, wey e lef moisture behind for de soil insyd. Dem use dis residual moisture give plant fodder den oda crops wey fi thrive for am top. Dem locally know dis land as ''molapo''. During 1974 to 1978, de floods be more intensive dan normal den flood recession cropping no dey possible, so severe food den fodder shortages occur. For response insyd, dem initiate de Molapo Development Project. E protect de ''molapo'' areas plus bunds to control de flooding den prevent severe flooding. Dem provide de bunds plus sluice gates so de water wey dem store dem fi release am den flood recession cropping fi start.<ref>[[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=|15x15px]] {{cite book |last1=Kortenhorst |first1=L. F. |url=https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf |title=Development of flood-recession cropping in the molapo's of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |last2=Oosterbaan |first2=R. J. |last3=Sprey |first3=L. H. |publisher=International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement |year=1986 |location=Wageningen, The Netherlands |pages=8–19 |display-authors=1 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810013033/https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Possible threats == One possible threat be oil exploration by Canadian company ReconAfrica. Initial exploration for April 2021 insyd reveal oil deposits for sedimentary rock insyd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa |title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Newswire.ca |language=en}}</ref> Environmentalists dey concern dat de project go get a negative ecological impact den dat dem fi threaten sam of de main bodies of water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> <!--ReconAfrica and the Government of Botswana have amended the license to exclude the Tsodilo Hills UNESCO site<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of Botswana and ReconAfrica amend Exploration License to Exclude Entire Tsodilo Hills Area |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/republic-of-botswana-and-reconafrica-amend-exploration-license-to-exclude-entire-tsodilo-hills-area-837436712.html |website=newswire.ca |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> << This passage was removed on April 20th 2022 without explanation. Is there a reason it should not be published here. -Yes, it is a separate UNESCO site outside the Okavango Delta. See talk page.--> ReconAfrica state say, "Der go be no damage to de ecosystem from de activities wey dem plan."<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project |url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=reconafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson-Spath |first=Andreas |date=2020-12-15 |title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> De Namibian government present plans to build a hydropower station for de Zambezi Region insyd, wey go regulate de Okavango ein flow to sam extent. While proponents dey argue say de effect go dey minimal, environmentalists argue say dis project fi destroy most of de rich animal den plant life for de delta insyd. Oda threats dey include local human encroachment den regional extraction of water for both Angola den Namibia insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Threats - Okavango Delta |url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Okavangodelta.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=Macauhub English}}</ref> South African filmmaker den conservationist Rick Lomba warn for de 1980s insyd of de threat of cattle invasion to de area. Ein documentary ''The End of Eden'' portray ein lobbying for behalf of de delta top. Dem project de Okavango catchment to experience decreasing annual rainfall as well as increasing temperatures as a result of global warming.<ref>{{cite book |author=ASSAR |url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf |title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana |publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR) |year=2019 |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De effects of global warming dey likely to result for reductions insyd for de extent of floodplains insyd for de Okavango Delta insyd, wey go get significant impacts for water availability top as well as livestock rearing den agricultural activities for de region insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray-Hudson |first1=M. |last2=Wolski |first2=P. |last3=Ringrose |first3=S. |date=2006 |title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |bibcode=2006JHyd..331...73M |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}</ref> Conservation work by Conservation International Botswana for de Okavango Delta region insyd include education den policy engagement as well as research den monitoring such as aerial wildlife surveys den rapid biological appraisal work.<ref name="CIBotswanaAbout">{{cite web |title=About Conservation International Botswana |url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us |website=Conservation International Botswana}}</ref><ref name="WBDGFTechNote2003">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/725891468153271873/pdf/313330Delivering0Global0Public0Goods.pdf |title=Delivering Global Public Goods Locally: Lessons Learned and Successful Approaches |date=February 2003 |publisher=World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF) |page=8 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * Kalahari Basin == References == <references /> == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Allison |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli |title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2007 |isbn=9780762745654 |url-access=registration}} * Bock, J. (2002). "Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana". ''Human Nature''. '''13''' (2): 161–198. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26192757 26192757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28985956 28985956]. == External links == {{Wikivoyage}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070408083625/http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/regions/africa/safrica.xml Conservation International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408083625/http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/regions/africa/safrica.xml|date=8 April 2007}} * [https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Okavango Delta concession areas] * [http://flowhoorc.blogspot.com/ Flow : information give Okavango Delta planning be de weblog of de Library of de Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ De Ngami Times be Ngamiland ein weekly newspaper] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Official Botswana Government site for Moremi Game Reserve top, insyd de Okavango Delta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Seven Natural Wonders of Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Kalahari Flood] * [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Flood-recession cropping for de molapos of de Okavango Delta insyd] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Okavango Research Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Current Okavango water levels, weather data and satellite images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/|date=7 August 2012}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Documentary The End of Eden by Rick Lomba] * [http://www.southern-african-game-reserves.co.za/botswana/okavango-delta/index.html Southern African Game Reserves - Okavango Delta] g2hk2ruqusdn6snt43zpqag3ipa6eb4 104093 104092 2026-06-20T09:28:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 104093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Satellite image (SeaWiFS) of Okavango Delta, plus national borders wey dem add]] [[File:Vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 32.jpg|thumb|Typical region for de Okavango Delta insyd, plus free canals den lakes, swamps den islands]] De '''Okavango Delta''' anaa '''Okavango Grassland''' be a vast inland delta for [[Botswana]] insyd wey dem form wey de [[Okavango River]] dey reach a tectonic trough at an elevation of 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)<ref name="ramsar1996">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> for de central part of de endorheic basin of de Kalahari Desert insyd. E be a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site as one of de few interior delta systems dat no dey flow into a sea anaa ocean, plus a wetland system dat be largely intact.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Instead, de floodwater dey spread ova sandy floodplains den islands, den a large share dey seep downward into de shallow alluvial aquifer beneath, before plants take am up. Nearly all de water wey dey reach de delta dey ultimately evaporate den transpire. Each year, about 11 km³ (2.6 cu mi) of water dey spread ova de 6,000–15,000 km² (2,300–5,800 sq mi) area. Sam flood waters dey drain into Lake Ngami. De area be once part of Lake Makgadikgadi, an ancient lake dat de early Holocene already mostly dry up. De Moremi Game Reserve dey for de eastern side of de delta top. Dem name de delta one of de Seven Natural Wonders of Africa, wey dem officially declare am for 11 February 2013 top for Arusha, [[Tanzania]] insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> For 22 June 2014 top, de Okavango Delta becam de 1000th site wey dem inscribe officially for de UNESCO World Heritage List top.<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco" /> == Name == Dem derive de name ''Okavango'' from de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango River]], wey for turn insyd dem derive from ''Kavango,'' wey dey refer to de Kavango pippoe of northern Namibia. Older English spellings include ''Okovango'', while sam Namibian scholarship dey prefers ''Kavango'' wen dem dey refer to de Namibian river den region. Historian Andreas Eckl dey note say German colonial reports use ''Okavango'', but dat de initial ''O-'' no dey common for local Kavango languages insyd, den instead dem already attribute am to Herero influence.<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Geography == === Floods === Seasonal flooding produce Okavango. De Okavango River dey drain de summer (January–February) rainfall from de [[Angola]] highlands den de surge dey flow 1,200 km (750 mi) for around one month insyd. De waters then dey spread ova de 37,500 km² (14,500 sq mi) area of de delta ova de next four months (March–June). De high temperature of de delta dey cause rapid transpiration den evaporation, wey dey result for three cycles of rising den falling water levels insyd<ref>{{cite web |author1=C. N. Kurugundla |author2=N. M. Moleele |author3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> dat dem no fully understand until de early 20th century. De flood dey peak between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months, wen de delta dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of wildlife. De delta dey very flat, plus less dan 2 m (7 ft) variation for height insyd across ein 15,000 km² (5,800 sq mi), while de water dey drop about 60 m (200 ft) from Mohembo to Maun.<ref name="ramsar1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wehberg |first1=Jan |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumbricht |first1=T. |date=1 September 2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> ==== Water flow ==== ==== Lagoons ==== [[File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, wey dem see from de air]]Wen de water levels dey gradually recede, water dey remain for major canals den river beds insyd, for waterholes insyd den for a number of larger lagoons insyd, wey then attract increasing numbers of animals. Photo-safari camps den dem find lodges near sam of dem lagoons. Among de larger lagoons be: * Dombo Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|11|58|S|23|38|25|E}}) * Gcodikwe Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|14|24|E}}) * Guma Lagoon ({{coord|18|57|52|S|22|22|41|E}}) * Jerejere Lagoon/Hippo Pool ({{coord|19|05|17|S|23|01|12|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon/Sausage Island ({{coord|19|03|23|S|23|03|44|E}}) * Moanachira Lagoon ({{coord|19|03|45|S|23|05|24|E}}) * Shinde Lagoon ({{coord|19|06|18|S|23|09|18|E}}) * Xakanaxa Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|48|S|23|23|42|E}}) * Xhamu Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|03|S|23|16|12|E}}) * Xhobega Lagoon ({{coord|19|10|39|S|23|12|36|E}}) * Xugana Lagoon ({{coord|19|04|12|S|23|06|00|E}}) * Zibadiania Lagoon ({{coord|18|34|12|S|23|32|06|E}}) ==== Salt islands ==== De agglomeration of salt around plant roots dey lead to barren white patches for de centre of many of de thousands of islands insyd, wey e already becam too salty to support plants, aside from de occasional salt-resistant palm tree. Trees den grasses dey grow for de sand insyd around de edges of de islands wey no already becam too salty yet. About 70% of de islands begin as termite mounds (often ''Macrotermes'' spp.), wey a tree dey then take root for de mound of soil top.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=Chris |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Chief ein Island ==== Chief ein Island ({{coord|19|12|S|22|48|E}}), de largest island for de delta insyd, a fault line form am wey uplift an area ova 70 km long (43 mi) den 15 km wide (9.3 mi). Historically, dem reserve am as an exclusive hunting area give de chief, but rydee be area dem protect give wildlife. Rydee e dey provide de core area give much of de resident wildlife wen de waters dey rise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okavango delta Botswana {{!}} Mokoro and boating safaris |url=https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055446/https://okavangosafari.co.bw/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Okavango Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref> == Climate == [[File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of delta as floodwaters dey recede, August 2012]]De Delta ein profuse greenery no be de result of a wet climate; rada, e be an oasis for an arid country insyd. De average annual rainfall be 450 mm (18 in) (approximately one-third dat of ein Angolan catchment area) den most of am dey fall between December den March for de form of heavy afternoon thunderstorms insyd. December to February be hot wet months plus daytime temperatures wey dey as high as 40 °C (104 °F), warm nights, den humidity levels wey dey fluctuate between 50 den 80%. From March to May, de temperature dey reduce, plus a maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) during de day den mild to cool nights. De rains dey quickly dry up wey e lead into de dry, cool winter months of June to August. Daytime temperatures at dis time of year be mild to warm, but de temperature dey fall considerably after sunset. Nights fi dey cold for de delta insyd, plus temperatures barely above freezing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Dem see frost sometimes ova de winter.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}</ref> De September to November span get de heat den atmospheric pressure dey build up once more, as de dry season dey slides into de rainy season. October be de most challenging month give visitors: daytime temperatures dey often surpass 40 °C (104 °F) den a sudden cloudburst break de dryness only occasionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Fauna of de delta == [[File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|right|thumb|A cheetah wey e silhouette against a sunset for de delta insyd]]De Okavango Delta be both a permanent den seasonal home to a wide variety of wildlife. All of de big five game animals, de lion, leopard, African buffalo, African bush elephant, black den white rhinoceros dey present.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Galpine |first=N. J. |year=2006 |title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons |url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=7 |pages=55−61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165941/https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> [[File:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant%C3%ADlopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Small gathering of lechwe antelopes, Okavango Delta]]De most abundant large mammal be de red lechwe, plus estimates wey dey suggest approximately 88,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307968091 |title=Dry Season Aerial Survey of Elephants and Wildlife in Northern Botswana |author=Chase, M. |author2=Schlossberg, S. |author3=Landen, K. |author4=Sutcliffe, R. |author5=Seonyatseng, E. |author6=Keitsile, A. |author7=Flyman, M. |year=2018 |publisher=Elephants Without Borders, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and the Great Elephant Census |location=Botswana |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Oda species dey include de giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T. S. |last2=Ellery |first2=W. N. |last3=Bloem |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=44−56 |bibcode=1998AfJEc..36...44M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}</ref> impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klein |first=R. |year=2007 |title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 1 |pages=13−21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015402/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> African wild dog, spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey den Nile crocodile.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=K. M. |last2=Leslie |first2=A. J. |year=2008 |title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=361−368 |doi=10.1670/07-1071.1 |s2cid=46987629}}</ref> De delta dey sanso host ova 400 bird species, wey dey include de helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, African darter, southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,<ref>{{cite book |title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey |publisher=Conservation International |year=2003 |isbn=1-881173-70-4 |editor-last=Alonso |editor-first=L. E. |series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment |volume=27 |location=Washington, DC |editor2-last=Nordin |editor2-first=L.-A.}}</ref> lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird den common ostrich.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mbaiwa |first1=J. E. |last2=Mbaiwa |first2=O. I. |year=2006 |title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=17−41 |hdl=10311/28}}</ref> Since 2005, dem calready consider de area dem protect a Lion Conservation Unit togeda plus Hwange National Park.<ref>{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa |publisher=IUCN |year=2006 |location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses dey live for de northern Okavango Delta insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713113217/https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2020 to 2021, poachers kill 92 rhinos for de delta region insyd wey e lef only 40 individuals, wey e prompt de government to move dem rhinos out of de Okavango Delta. === Fish === De Okavango Delta be home to 71 fish species, wey dey include de tigerfish, species of tilapia, den various species of catfish. Fish sizes dey range from de 1.4 m (4.6 ft) African sharptooth catfish to de 3.2 cm (1.3 in) sickle barb. De same species dey occur for de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] insyd, wey dey indicate an historic link between de two river systems.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta |url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=2011-02-02 |work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Flora == De Okavango Delta be home to 1068 plants wey dey belong to 134 families den 530 genera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Der be five important plant communities for de perennial swamp insyd: ''Papyrus cyperus'' for de deeper waters insyd'', Miscanthus'' for de shallowly flooded sites insyd, den ''Phragmites australis'', ''Typha capensis'' den ''Pycreus'' for between insyd. De swamp-dominant species, wey dem usually find for de perennial swamp insyd, sanso dey extend far into de seasonally inundated area.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> ''Papyrus cyperus'' reeds beds dey grow best for slow flowing waters of medium depth insyd den be prominent at de channel sides. For de islands den mainlands edges top above de flooded grasslands, dem find different communities of flora. Dem locate dem species according to demma water preference: for instance ''Philenoptera violacea'' dey require little water, dem find am at de highest elevations for de perennial swamps insyd, den e be common for drier seasonal swamp islands top. Trees wey dem restrict to islands within de perennial swamp be a mixture of de palm ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' den acacias.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Ramberg |first=Lars |date=2006 |title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917 |journal=Aquatic Sciences |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=316 |bibcode=2006AqSci..68..310R |doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toerien |first=D. K. |date=1976-08-15 |title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook |journal=Koedoe |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179 |issn=2071-0771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De plants of de delta dey play an important role for preventing erosion insyd. De banks anaa levees of a river normally get a high mud content, den dis dey combine plus de sand for de river ein load insyd to continuously build up de river banks. De river ein load for de delta insyd dey consist almost entirely of sand, sekof de clean waters of de Okavango dey contain little mud. De plants dey capture de sand, wey e act as de glue den dey make up give de lack of mud, den for de process insyd dey create further islands for wey more plants fi take root top. Dis process no dey important for de formation of linear islands insyd. Dem be long den thin den often curve like a gently meandering river sekof dem actually be de natural banks of old river channels wey plant growth den sand deposition block am up, wey e result for de river changing course insyd den de old river levees dey becam islands. Sekof de flatness of de delta den de large tonnage of sand wey dey flow into am from de Okavango River, de floor of de delta be slowly but constantly dey rise. Wey channels be today, islands go be tomorrow den new channels go fi wash away dem islands wey dey exist. == Pippoe == [[File:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traves%C3%ADa_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu guide poles ein makoro for delta floodwaters top]]De Okavango Delta pippoe dey consist of five ethnic groups, each plus ein own ethnic identity den language: * de Hambukushu (wey dem sanso know am as Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), * de Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), * de Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), * de Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) * de ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, River Bushmen, Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Wayeyi engage traditionally for mixed economies of millet/sorghum agriculture, fishing, hunting, de collection of wild plant foods, den pastoralism insyd. De Bugakhwe den ǁanikwhe be Bushmen, wey dem practise fishing, hunting, den de collection of wild plant foods traditonally; Bugakhwe use both forest den riverine resources, while de ǁanikwhe mostly focus for riverine resources top. De Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe dey present along de Okavango River for Angola den for de Caprivi Strip of Namibia insyd, den small nombas of Hambukushu den Bugakhwe dey for Zambia insyd, as well. Within de Okavango Delta, ova de past 150 years anaa so, Hambukushu, Dceriku, den Bugakhwe inhabit de panhandle den de Magwegqana for de northeastern delta insyd. ǁanikwhe inhabit de panhandle den de area wey dey along de Boro River thru de delta, as well as de area wey dey along de Boteti River. De Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2015 |title=Wayeyi |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> inhabit de area around Seronga as well as de southern delta around Maun, den a few Wayeyi<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Alexander Colin |last2=N’teta |first2=Doreen |date=March 1980 |title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |url-status=live |journal=Museum International |volume=32 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |issn=1350-0775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906044710/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> dey live for demma putative ancestral home for de Caprivi Strip insyd. Within de past 20 years many pippoe from all ova de Okavango migrate to Maun, de late 1960s den early 1970s ova 4,000 Hambukushu refugees from Angola settle for de area insyd around Etsha for de western Panhandle insyd. De Okavango Delta already dey under de political control of de Batawana (a Tswana nation) since de late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Segolodi |first=Moanaphuti |date=1940 |title=Ditso Tsa Batawana |url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Wey de house of Mathiba I lead am, de leader of a Bangwato offshoot, de Batawana establish complete control ova de delta for de 1850s insyd as de regional ivory trade explode.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morton |first=Barry |year=1997 |title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=36 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> Most Batawana, howeva, traditionally live for de edges of de delta top, sekof de threat dat de tsetse fly dey pose to demma cattle. During a hiatus of sam 40 years, de tsetse fly retreat den most Batawana live for de swamps insyd from 1896 thru de late 1930s. Since then, de edge of de delta increasingly crowd plus ein growing human den livestock populations. == Tourism == De wilderness of de Okavango Delta den ein wildlife dey attract hundreds of thousands of tourists a year, plus de town of Maun dey serve as a gateway de region.<ref name="odmp-2021">{{cite report |url=https://whc.unesco.org/document/208817 |title=Okavango Delta Management Plan 2021–2028 |date=July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, Conservation and Tourism |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> Modern safari tourism wey dem develop during de late 1960s, wen dem build de first modern safari camps for de delta insyd. Tourism products since dem expand am dey include high-end lodge safaris, mobile safaris, self-drive camping, birdwatching, game drives, scenic flights, guided walks, recreational fishing den mokoro canoe excursions.<ref name="mbaiwa-2005">{{cite journal |last=Mbaiwa |first=J. E. |year=2005 |title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf |journal=Tourism Management |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> Botswana generally promote a high-cost, low-volume tourism model for de Okavango region insyd, wey dem intend to limit environmental impacts while generating high visitor expenditure. A 2014 UNESCO report find der dey 2,129 tourist beds for de area insyd.<ref name="iucn-2014">{{cite report |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-inf8B2-en.pdf |title=IUCN Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List |author=International Union for Conservation of Nature |date=April 2014 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> For 2017 insyd de delta receive 52,638 visitors, wey 43,363 be international tourists den 9,275 be locals. Dis be a small fraction of de 1 million international tourists Botswana dey receive annually.<ref name="statsbots-2023">{{cite report |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Tourism%20Statistics%20Annual%20Report%202023.pdf |title=Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2023 |publisher=Statistics Botswana |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == ''Molapos'' (water streams) == [[File:BundPhoto.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Flood-control bunds give flood recession cropping for de ''molapo'' of de Okavango, Botswana insyd]]After de season wey e dey flood, de waters for de lower parts of de delta insyd, wey dey near de base, dey recede, wey e lef moisture behind for de soil insyd. Dem use dis residual moisture give plant fodder den oda crops wey fi thrive for am top. Dem locally know dis land as ''molapo''. During 1974 to 1978, de floods be more intensive dan normal den flood recession cropping no dey possible, so severe food den fodder shortages occur. For response insyd, dem initiate de Molapo Development Project. E protect de ''molapo'' areas plus bunds to control de flooding den prevent severe flooding. Dem provide de bunds plus sluice gates so de water wey dem store dem fi release am den flood recession cropping fi start.<ref>[[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=|15x15px]] {{cite book |last1=Kortenhorst |first1=L. F. |url=https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf |title=Development of flood-recession cropping in the molapo's of the Okavango Delta, Botswana |last2=Oosterbaan |first2=R. J. |last3=Sprey |first3=L. H. |publisher=International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement |year=1986 |location=Wageningen, The Netherlands |pages=8–19 |display-authors=1 |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810013033/https://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Possible threats == One possible threat be oil exploration by Canadian company ReconAfrica. Initial exploration for April 2021 insyd reveal oil deposits for sedimentary rock insyd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa |title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Newswire.ca |language=en}}</ref> Environmentalists dey concern dat de project go get a negative ecological impact den dat dem fi threaten sam of de main bodies of water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref> <!--ReconAfrica and the Government of Botswana have amended the license to exclude the Tsodilo Hills UNESCO site<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of Botswana and ReconAfrica amend Exploration License to Exclude Entire Tsodilo Hills Area |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/republic-of-botswana-and-reconafrica-amend-exploration-license-to-exclude-entire-tsodilo-hills-area-837436712.html |website=newswire.ca |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> << This passage was removed on April 20th 2022 without explanation. Is there a reason it should not be published here. -Yes, it is a separate UNESCO site outside the Okavango Delta. See talk page.--> ReconAfrica state say, "Der go be no damage to de ecosystem from de activities wey dem plan."<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project |url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=reconafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson-Spath |first=Andreas |date=2020-12-15 |title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> De Namibian government present plans to build a hydropower station for de Zambezi Region insyd, wey go regulate de Okavango ein flow to sam extent. While proponents dey argue say de effect go dey minimal, environmentalists argue say dis project fi destroy most of de rich animal den plant life for de delta insyd. Oda threats dey include local human encroachment den regional extraction of water for both Angola den Namibia insyd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Threats - Okavango Delta |url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/ |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Okavangodelta.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice |url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=Macauhub English}}</ref> South African filmmaker den conservationist Rick Lomba warn for de 1980s insyd of de threat of cattle invasion to de area. Ein documentary ''The End of Eden'' portray ein lobbying for behalf of de delta top. Dem project de Okavango catchment to experience decreasing annual rainfall as well as increasing temperatures as a result of global warming.<ref>{{cite book |author=ASSAR |url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf |title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana |publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR) |year=2019 |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> De effects of global warming dey likely to result for reductions insyd for de extent of floodplains insyd for de Okavango Delta insyd, wey go get significant impacts for water availability top as well as livestock rearing den agricultural activities for de region insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murray-Hudson |first1=M. |last2=Wolski |first2=P. |last3=Ringrose |first3=S. |date=2006 |title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |bibcode=2006JHyd..331...73M |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}</ref> Conservation work by Conservation International Botswana for de Okavango Delta region insyd include education den policy engagement as well as research den monitoring such as aerial wildlife surveys den rapid biological appraisal work.<ref name="CIBotswanaAbout">{{cite web |title=About Conservation International Botswana |url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us |website=Conservation International Botswana}}</ref><ref name="WBDGFTechNote2003">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/725891468153271873/pdf/313330Delivering0Global0Public0Goods.pdf |title=Delivering Global Public Goods Locally: Lessons Learned and Successful Approaches |date=February 2003 |publisher=World Bank, Development Grant Facility (DGF) |page=8 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * Kalahari Basin == References == <references /> == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Allison |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli |title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2007 |isbn=9780762745654 |url-access=registration}} * Bock, J. (2002). "Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana". ''Human Nature''. '''13''' (2): 161–198. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26192757 26192757]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28985956 28985956]. == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q650872|c=Category:Okavango Delta|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Okavango Delta|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} *[http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/regions/africa/safrica.xml Conservation International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408083625/http://www.conservation.org/xp/CIWEB/regions/africa/safrica.xml |date=8 April 2007 }} *[https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Okavango Delta concession areas] *[http://flowhoorc.blogspot.com/ Flow : information for Okavango Delta planning is the weblog of the Library of the Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Institute] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ The Ngami Times is Ngamiland's weekly newspaper] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Official Botswana Government site on Moremi Game Reserve, inside the Okavango Delta] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Seven Natural Wonders of Africa] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Kalahari Flood] *[http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Flood-recession cropping in the molapos of the Okavango Delta] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Okavango Research Institute] *[http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Current Okavango water levels, weather data and satellite images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/ |date=7 August 2012 }} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Documentary The End of Eden by Rick Lomba] *[http://www.southern-african-game-reserves.co.za/botswana/okavango-delta/index.html Southern African Game Reserves - Okavango Delta] {{Authority control}} [[Category:River deltas of Africa]] [[Category:Wetlands of Botswana]] [[Category:Swamps of Africa]] [[Category:Floodplains of Africa]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Botswana]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites insyd Botswana]] [[Category:Zambezian flooded grasslands]] [[Category:Kalahari Desert]] [[Category:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites]] eyjp2pkx1xv3hkdshuqdpqkilr9n4f7 0 27442 104056 102612 2026-06-19T19:47:23Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 104056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yala River''' be a river insyd western Kenya, a tributary of [[Lake Victoria]]. E generally dey flow fast over a rocky bed thru a wide valley before joining de Nzoia River to form de Yala Swamp on de border of Lake Victoria. De land along ein course be mostly cultivated anaa used for grazing, plus relatively few remnants of de original forest. Soil erosion be visible thru out de river basin, particularly insyd de lower parts. Projects be underway to exploit de river for hydroelectricity. == Course == Di Yala River dey rise for Nandi Escarpment inside Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for 219 kilometre (136 mile) till e reach mouth for Lake Victoria wey dey Siaya County, Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]]</ref> Na one of di biggest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, e dey discharge average of 27.4 cubic metre per second (970 cubic feet per second)<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 4</ref>. Di river dey contribute about 5% of di yearly water wey dey enter Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFIdentification_of_a_multipurpose_water_resources_...|Identification of a multipurpose water resources .]].</ref> Di Yala River dey pass through one wide, mature valley wey look like say e don rejuvenate during di tilting wey follow rift movement for mid-[[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]]. E dey run fast ontop rocky ground, no get alluvial flats or terraces.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOminde1971|Ominde 1971]], p. 30.</ref> Di main channel wide about 30 metre (98 feet), except for Yala Swamp. Di river dey pass southeast of [[:en:Kakamega_Forest|Kakamega Forest]], and for there e get one big waterfall wey high reach 20 metre (66 feet).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFMwangiChege2019|Mwangi & Chege 2019]], p. 4</ref> Di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala Swamp]] wey dey mouth of di river cover about 175 square kilometre (68 square mile) for di north shore of Lake Victoria. Inside di swamp dey [[:en:Lake_Kanyaboli|Lake Kanyaboli]] wey cover 15 square kilometre (5.8 square mile), na freshwater delta wetland wey get average depth of 3 metre (9.8 feet). Di lake dey collect flood water from [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] and Yala rivers plus backflow water from Lake Victoria. Na di lake dey give safe place for plenty fish species wey no dey Lake Victoria again.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFLake_Kanyaboli_%E2%80%93_Kenya_GNF|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF]].</ref> Before, di [[:en:Yala_Swamp|Yala River]] dey flow pass di east 20% of Yala Swamp enter Lake Kanyaboli, then e go main swamp, then e pass small gulf enter Lake Victoria. Today, dem don drain di east part of di swamp, so di river dey flow direct enter di 80 square kilometre (31 square mile) main swamp. One silt-clay dyke don block am from Lake Kanyaboli. Now Lake Kanyaboli dey get water from di land wey dey around am plus back-seepage from di swamp. Di river gulf don cut off from di lake by one culvert, wey come create Lake Sare (5 square kilometre/1.9 square mile) through back-flooding.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFYala_Swamp_Complex_..._BirdLife|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife]]</ref> Lake Sare get direct link to Lake Victoria, and e dey important to preserve di [[:en:Cichlid|cichlid]] fish wey dey Lake Victoria.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005,]] p. 340.</ref> Di river water dey enter Lake Victoria from [[:en:Lake_Sare|Lake Sare]] through one channel wey bridge dey cross, and di bridge dey carry di C27 coastal highway along Goye causeway.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFRelation:_Yala_(8873639)|Relation: Yala (8873639).]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFGichukiMaithyaMasai2005|Gichuki, Maithya & Masai 2005]], p. 341.</ref> == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == ngv57hbeh0cvdrwy1ccpwqdu2vwmfpl 104057 104056 2026-06-19T19:58:48Z DaSupremo 9 /* Course */ Make sum corrections 104057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yala River''' be a river insyd western Kenya, a tributary of [[Lake Victoria]]. E generally dey flow fast over a rocky bed thru a wide valley before joining de Nzoia River to form de Yala Swamp on de border of Lake Victoria. De land along ein course be mostly cultivated anaa used for grazing, plus relatively few remnants of de original forest. Soil erosion be visible thru out de river basin, particularly insyd de lower parts. Projects be underway to exploit de river for hydroelectricity. ==Course== De Yala River dey rise insyd de Nandi Escarpment insyd de Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for {{convert|219|km}} to ein mouth on [[Lake Victoria]] insyd Siaya County, Kenya.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} E be one of de largest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, plus an average discharge of {{convert|27.4|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} De river dey contribute about 5% of de annual inflow to Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} De Yala River dey flow thru a wide, mature valley wey dey appear e be rejuvenated during de tilting dem associate plus de rifting movements of de mid-Pleistocene. E dey run swiftly over a rocky bed, plus a notable absence of alluvial flats den terraces.{{sfn|Ominde|1971|p=30}} De main channel be about {{convert|30|m}} wide, apart from de Yala Swamp.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} De river dey run thru de southeast of de Kakamega Forest, wer e get a dramatic {{convert|20|m|adj=on}} waterfall.{{sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019|p=4}} De Yala Swamp at de mouth of de river dey cover about {{convert|175|km2}} along de northern shore of Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} De swamp dey contain {{convert|15|km2}} Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland plus an average depth of {{convert|3|m}}, wich be fed by de floodwaters of de Nzoia den Yala rivers den by de backflow of water from Lake Victoria. De lake dey provide a refuge for several species of fish wey no longer be present insyd Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Insyd de past de Yala River flow thru de eastern 20% of de Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into de main swamp, den then thru a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today de eastern part of de swamp be drained, wey de river dey flow directly into de {{convert|80|km2}} main swamp. E be cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now dey receive ein water from de surrounding catchment area den from back-seepage from de swamp. De river ein gulf be cut off from de lake by a culvert, wich create de {{convert|5|km2}} Lake Sare thru back-flooding.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Lake Sare, plus ein direct link to Lake Victoria, be important in preserving de cichlid fish fauna of Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} De river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare thru a channel wey be crossed by a bridge wey dey carry de C27 coastal highway along de Goye causeway.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} == Basin == Di Yala River drainage basin cover 3,351 square kilometre (1,294 square mile).<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFOkuna2019|Okuna 2019]].</ref> One ecosystem management study wey dem do for Yala and [[:en:Nzoia_River|Nzoia]] river basins release baseline report for 2008. Dem study three representative blocks of land, each one 100 square kilometre (39 square mile), inside di Yala basin. For all di three blocks, plenty of di land don already dey cultivated. Subsistence crops wey dem dey grow include [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Bean|beans]], [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Banana|banana]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] and [[:en:Sweet_potato|sweet potato]], while cash crops include [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] and [[:en:Mango|mango]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9, 27, 43.</ref> Di Upper Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Uasin_Gishu_District|Uasin Gishu District]] get [[:en:Lake_Lessos|Lake Lessos]], one of di main sources of Yala River. Di block terrain dey level with medium gradient hills and shallow depressions. Wetlands and small permanent streams dey. Di farms big and subsistence agriculture no too plenty. Cultivated land dey mix with grasslands. Dairy production dey important<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 43</ref>. For 2008, 22% of di plots show soil erosion. Di Middle Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Vihiga_District|Vihiga District]] and [[:en:Kakamega_District|Kakamega District]] get mountainous highlands with plenty small streams, and clusters of wetlands. Remnants of forest dey preserved across di block for cultural use, and logging dey happen for Kaimosi forest wey dey southeast of di block. Most of di farms don overcrop, no dey follow traditional rotation or fallow periods. For north side of di block, farm management better, with more trees and hedges. But for south side, steep slopes dey cultivated without conservation measures. About half of di block show evidence of soil erosion.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 29.</ref> Di Lower Yala Block wey dey [[:en:Kisumu_District|Kisumu District]] and [[:en:Siaya_District|Siaya District]] get low to medium gradient terrain with some big hills. Most of di people na [[:en:Luo_people|Luo]], but for some areas na mainly [[:en:Luhya_people|Luhya]].<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFBoyeVerchotZomer2008|Boye, Verchot & Zomer 2008]], p. 9</ref> About 43% of di land dem dey use for crops, and 55% for grazing livestock. Livestock include cows, bulls, chickens, goats and sheep. Trees no plenty, and soil erosion dey spread everywhere. == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == nk3oz2p1hriae24xmywzlmgacaym4pb 104062 104057 2026-06-19T22:26:53Z DaSupremo 9 /* Basin */ Make sum corrections 104062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yala River''' be a river insyd western Kenya, a tributary of [[Lake Victoria]]. E generally dey flow fast over a rocky bed thru a wide valley before joining de Nzoia River to form de Yala Swamp on de border of Lake Victoria. De land along ein course be mostly cultivated anaa used for grazing, plus relatively few remnants of de original forest. Soil erosion be visible thru out de river basin, particularly insyd de lower parts. Projects be underway to exploit de river for hydroelectricity. ==Course== De Yala River dey rise insyd de Nandi Escarpment insyd de Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for {{convert|219|km}} to ein mouth on [[Lake Victoria]] insyd Siaya County, Kenya.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} E be one of de largest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, plus an average discharge of {{convert|27.4|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} De river dey contribute about 5% of de annual inflow to Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} De Yala River dey flow thru a wide, mature valley wey dey appear e be rejuvenated during de tilting dem associate plus de rifting movements of de mid-Pleistocene. E dey run swiftly over a rocky bed, plus a notable absence of alluvial flats den terraces.{{sfn|Ominde|1971|p=30}} De main channel be about {{convert|30|m}} wide, apart from de Yala Swamp.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} De river dey run thru de southeast of de Kakamega Forest, wer e get a dramatic {{convert|20|m|adj=on}} waterfall.{{sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019|p=4}} De Yala Swamp at de mouth of de river dey cover about {{convert|175|km2}} along de northern shore of Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} De swamp dey contain {{convert|15|km2}} Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland plus an average depth of {{convert|3|m}}, wich be fed by de floodwaters of de Nzoia den Yala rivers den by de backflow of water from Lake Victoria. De lake dey provide a refuge for several species of fish wey no longer be present insyd Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Insyd de past de Yala River flow thru de eastern 20% of de Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into de main swamp, den then thru a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today de eastern part of de swamp be drained, wey de river dey flow directly into de {{convert|80|km2}} main swamp. E be cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now dey receive ein water from de surrounding catchment area den from back-seepage from de swamp. De river ein gulf be cut off from de lake by a culvert, wich create de {{convert|5|km2}} Lake Sare thru back-flooding.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Lake Sare, plus ein direct link to Lake Victoria, be important in preserving de cichlid fish fauna of Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} De river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare thru a channel wey be crossed by a bridge wey dey carry de C27 coastal highway along de Goye causeway.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} ==Basin== [[File:Crossing The Yala.jpg|thumb|Handmade raft for de river top]] De Yala River drainage basin dey cover {{convert|3351|km2}}.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} An ecosystem management study of de Yala den Nzoia river basins dem issue a baseline report insyd 2008. E study three representative {{convert|100|km2}} blocks of land insyd de Yala basin.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=5}} Insyd all three blocks much of de land be cultivated. Subsistence crops include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava den sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat den mango.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9, 27, 43}} De Upper Yala Block insyd de Uasin Gishu District dey include Lake Lessos, one of de Yala River ein main sources. De block get level terrain plus medium gradient hills plus shallow depressions. Der be wetlands den small permanent streams. De farms be large den der be little subsistence agriculture. De cultivated land be interspersed plus grasslands.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=41}} Dairy production is important.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=43}} 22% of de plots show soil erosion insyd 2008.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=46}} De Middle Yala Block insyd Vihiga District den Kakamega District dey contain mountainous highlands plus chaw small streams, wey dem hold clusters of wetlands. Der be preserved remnants of forest thru out de block dem use for cultural purposes, den dey log insyd de Kaimosi forest insyd de southeast of de block. Chaw of de farms be overcropped, widout traditional rotation den fallow periods. De farms be managed better insyd de north of de block, plus more trees den hedges, while insyd de southern part steep slopes be cultivated plus no conservation measures.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=25}} About half the block shows evidence of soil erosion.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=29}} De Lower Yala block insyd Kisumu District den Siaya District get low to medium gradient terrain plus a few large hills. Chaw of de population be Luo, buh insyd sam areas de people be mainly Luhya.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9}} About 43% of de land be used for crops, den 55% for grazing livestock.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=13}} Livestock dey include cows, bulls, chickens, goats den sheep.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=18}} Der be few trees, den widespread soil erosion.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=14}} == Hydroelectric Projects == As of 2016, dem don complete feasibility study for development of Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply and power generation. Di power plant suppose get two 25 MW Pelton turbines and e go supply 185 GWh every year. For April 2020, dem announce say Tembo Power from Mauritius, together with Metier and WK Construction from South Africa, don sign agreement to develop [[:en:Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity|run-of-the-river hydroelectricity]] plant for Yala River. Di [[:en:Kaptis_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station]] suppose get 15 MW capacity and e go start work by 2022. Di project cost na $30 million. Di electricity go enter di grid wey [[:en:Kenya_Power_and_Lighting_Company|Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) dey operate. Di power plant location suppose dey near [[:en:Kakamega|Kakamega]] town.<ref>[[:en:Yala_River#CITEREFCreamer2020|Creamer 2020]]</ref> == Reference == a9pnto30jan53qnsms7uees0lvhiogu 104063 104062 2026-06-19T22:43:27Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 104063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Yala River''' be a river insyd western Kenya, a tributary of [[Lake Victoria]]. E generally dey flow fast over a rocky bed thru a wide valley before joining de Nzoia River to form de Yala Swamp on de border of Lake Victoria. De land along ein course be mostly cultivated anaa used for grazing, plus relatively few remnants of de original forest. Soil erosion be visible thru out de river basin, particularly insyd de lower parts. Projects be underway to exploit de river for hydroelectricity. ==Course== De Yala River dey rise insyd de Nandi Escarpment insyd de Rift Valley Province, Kenya. E dey flow west for {{convert|219|km}} to ein mouth on [[Lake Victoria]] insyd Siaya County, Kenya.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} E be one of de largest Kenyan rivers wey dey feed Lake Victoria, plus an average discharge of {{convert|27.4|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} De river dey contribute about 5% of de annual inflow to Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} De Yala River dey flow thru a wide, mature valley wey dey appear e be rejuvenated during de tilting dem associate plus de rifting movements of de mid-Pleistocene. E dey run swiftly over a rocky bed, plus a notable absence of alluvial flats den terraces.{{sfn|Ominde|1971|p=30}} De main channel be about {{convert|30|m}} wide, apart from de Yala Swamp.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} De river dey run thru de southeast of de Kakamega Forest, wer e get a dramatic {{convert|20|m|adj=on}} waterfall.{{sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019|p=4}} De Yala Swamp at de mouth of de river dey cover about {{convert|175|km2}} along de northern shore of Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} De swamp dey contain {{convert|15|km2}} Lake Kanyaboli, a freshwater deltaic wetland plus an average depth of {{convert|3|m}}, wich be fed by de floodwaters of de Nzoia den Yala rivers den by de backflow of water from Lake Victoria. De lake dey provide a refuge for several species of fish wey no longer be present insyd Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Insyd de past de Yala River flow thru de eastern 20% of de Yala Swamp into Lake Kanyaboli, then into de main swamp, den then thru a small gulf into Lake Victoria. Today de eastern part of de swamp be drained, wey de river dey flow directly into de {{convert|80|km2}} main swamp. E be cut off from Lake Kanyaboli by a silt-clay dyke. Lake Kanyaboli now dey receive ein water from de surrounding catchment area den from back-seepage from de swamp. De river ein gulf be cut off from de lake by a culvert, wich create de {{convert|5|km2}} Lake Sare thru back-flooding.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Lake Sare, plus ein direct link to Lake Victoria, be important in preserving de cichlid fish fauna of Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} De river water dey enter Lake Victoria from Lake Sare thru a channel wey be crossed by a bridge wey dey carry de C27 coastal highway along de Goye causeway.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} ==Basin== [[File:Crossing The Yala.jpg|thumb|Handmade raft for de river top]] De Yala River drainage basin dey cover {{convert|3351|km2}}.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} An ecosystem management study of de Yala den Nzoia river basins dem issue a baseline report insyd 2008. E study three representative {{convert|100|km2}} blocks of land insyd de Yala basin.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=5}} Insyd all three blocks much of de land be cultivated. Subsistence crops include maize, beans, sorghum, banana, cassava den sweet potato, while cash crops include tea, wheat den mango.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9, 27, 43}} De Upper Yala Block insyd de Uasin Gishu District dey include Lake Lessos, one of de Yala River ein main sources. De block get level terrain plus medium gradient hills plus shallow depressions. Der be wetlands den small permanent streams. De farms be large den der be little subsistence agriculture. De cultivated land be interspersed plus grasslands.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=41}} Dairy production is important.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=43}} 22% of de plots show soil erosion insyd 2008.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=46}} De Middle Yala Block insyd Vihiga District den Kakamega District dey contain mountainous highlands plus chaw small streams, wey dem hold clusters of wetlands. Der be preserved remnants of forest thru out de block dem use for cultural purposes, den dey log insyd de Kaimosi forest insyd de southeast of de block. Chaw of de farms be overcropped, widout traditional rotation den fallow periods. De farms be managed better insyd de north of de block, plus more trees den hedges, while insyd de southern part steep slopes be cultivated plus no conservation measures.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=25}} About half the block shows evidence of soil erosion.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=29}} De Lower Yala block insyd Kisumu District den Siaya District get low to medium gradient terrain plus a few large hills. Chaw of de population be Luo, buh insyd sam areas de people be mainly Luhya.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9}} About 43% of de land be used for crops, den 55% for grazing livestock.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=13}} Livestock dey include cows, bulls, chickens, goats den sheep.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=18}} Der be few trees, den widespread soil erosion.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=14}} == Hydroelectric projects == As of 2016 a feasibility study dem plete for development of de Nandi Forest dam to support irrigation, water supply den power generation. De power plant go get two 25 MW Pelton turbines wey go supply 185 GWh annually.{{sfn|Lahmeyer International GmbH|2016|p=59}} Insyd April 2020 dem announce say Tembo Power of Mauritius, along plus Metier and WK Construction of South Africa sign an agreement for development of a run-of-the-river hydroelectricity plant on de Yala River.{{sfn|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} De Kaptis Hydroelectric Power Station be to have a 15MW capacity wey go be operational by 2022. De project go cost $30 million. De electricity go be fed to de grid operated by de state-owned Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC).{{sfn|Takouleu|2020}} De power plant be to be located near de town of Kakamega.{{sfn|Creamer|2020}} == References == <references /> ==External links== {{Commons}} *{{citation |url=https://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/6839/ktf0256.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-03-07 |first1=Anja |last1=Boye |first2=Louis |last2=Verchot |first3=Robert |last3=Zomer |publisher=International Centre for Research in Agorforestry |location=Nairobi, Kenya |date=5 March 2008 |title=Baseline Report Yala and Nzoia River Basins |type=Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project: Findings from the Baseline Surveys }} *{{citation |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/debt-funders-appointed-for-15-mw-kenya-hydropower-project-2020-04-16/rep_id:4136 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last=Creamer |first=Terence |date=16 April 2020 |work=Engineering News |title=Debt funders appointed for 15 MW Kenya hydropower project}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fcgkenya.co.ke/projects/identification-of-a-multipurpose-water-resources-development-project-in-the-yala-river-basin-in-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Identification of a multipurpose water resources development project in the Yala River basin in Kenya |publisher=FCG Kenya |ref={{harvid|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/article/kenya-tembo-power-develop-first-hydro-project-metier |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Kenya: Tembo Power to develop first hydro project with Metier |date=17 April 2020 |work=African Energy |ref={{harvid|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} }} *{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/30808072-Development-of-a-power-generation-and-transmission-master-plan-kenya.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |author=Lahmeyer International GmbH |title=Development of a Power Generation and Transmission Master Plan, Kenya |date=May 2016}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054119/https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/EIA_1680-1689/EIA_1683_Kakamega%20Forest%20fence%20ESIA%20Study-min.pdf |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Mwangi |first1=Peter |last2=Chege |first2=David |date=December 2019 |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service |title=Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report for the Proposed Kakamega Forest Conservation Fence Project}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |access-date=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |last=Ominde|first=Simeon Hongo|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA30 |date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8873639#map=12/-0.0290/34.0623 |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Relation: Yala (8873639) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Yala (8873639)}} }} *{{citation |title=Variation of flow of water from Rivers Nzoia, Yala and Sio into Lake Victoria |year=2011 |last1=Sangale |first1=Felix |last2=Okungu |first2=John |last3=Opango |first3=Peterlis |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources |url=http://repository.eac.int:8080/bitstream/handle/11671/824/Variation%20of%20flow%20of%20water%20from%20rivers%20Nzoia%2c%20Yala%20and%20Sio%20into%20Lake%20Victoria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-03-07}} *{{citation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/kenya-eaif-and-finnfund-finance-15-mw-kaptis-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=2021-03-07 |last=Takouleu |first=Jean-Marie|date=20 April 2020 |title=KENYA: EAIF and Finnfund finance 15 MW Kaptis Hydroelectric Project |work=Afrik21}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] lg7oombkyl3j4f0bbhtjct3xpob00ke 0 27471 104067 103936 2026-06-19T23:02:15Z DaSupremo 9 Revert edit 104067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruvuma River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Rovuma River''', be a river insyd de [[African Great Lakes]] region. During de greater part of ein course, e dey form de border between [[Tanzania]] den [[Mozambique]]. De river be 998 km (620 mi) long, plus a drainage basin of ~155,000 km² (60,000 mi²) in size. Ein mean annual discharge be 475 m³/s (16,800 cu ft/s) to 2,286 m³/s (80,700 cu ft/s) at ein mouth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |date=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ceantral East Coast2">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> == Discharge == Average den maximum discharge of de Rovuma River (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E / -11.164987000; 39.260502000):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River3">{{cite journal |last1=M.R. |first1=Minihane |year=2012 |title=Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147470651200112X |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth |volume=50-52 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.003 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !VIC modeled (1999–2008) !MFR estimated flows (1999–2008) !UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999) |- | colspan="3" |Average discharge |- |1,864 m³/s (65,800 cu ft/s) |1,866 m³/s (65,900 cu ft/s) |1,838 m³/s (64,900 cu ft/s) |- | colspan="3" |Maximum discharge |- |22,365 m³/s (789,800 cu ft/s) |22,630 m³/s (799,000 cu ft/s) |22,053 m³/s (778,800 cu ft/s) |} Average monthly discharge of de Rovuma River (11°9′53.9532″S 39°15′37.8072″E / 11.164987000°S 39.260502000°E / -11.164987000; 39.260502000), UNH-GRDC historical period (1957–1999):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River3" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Month !Discharge (m³/s) |- |JAN |3,340 |- |FEB |4,040 |- |MAR |5,390 |- |APR |3,880 |- |MAY |1,780 |- |JUN |780 |- |JUL |350 |- |AUG |160 |- |SEP |50 |- |OCT |80 |- |NOV |270 |- |DEC |1,940 |} == Tributaries == De largest tributaries of de Rovuma River:<ref name="Ceantral East Coast2" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |Lugenda |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Overview == De lower Ruvuma river be formed by de junction at 11° 25′ S, 38° 31′ E of two branches of nearly equal importance, de longer of wich, de Lujenda, dey cam from de south-west, de oda, wich still dey bear de name Ruvuma, from de west. Ein source dey lie on an undulating plateau, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, immediately to de east of [[Lake Malawi|Lake Nyasa]], at 10° 45′ S, 35° 40′ E, de head-stream dey flow first due west before turning south den east. Insyd ein eastward course, de Ruvuma dey flow near de base of de escarpment of an arid sandstone plateau to de north, from wich direction de stream, wich cut demselves deep channels insyd de plateau edge, get almost all short courses. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Ruvuma River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Mozambique]] [[Category:Rivers of Tanzania]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Mozambique–Tanzania border]] s3xd3f1dpu19w0fyigconh0ghvhm1vx 0 27473 104088 103720 2026-06-20T07:11:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Water''' be an inorganic compound plus de chemical formula H2O. E be a transparent, tasteless, odorless, den nearly colorless chemical substance. E be de main constituent of [[Earth]] ein streams, lakes, den oceans. Water sanso be de fluid of all known living organisms, insyd wich e dey act as a solvent. Water, be a polar molecule, wey dey undergo strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding wich be a large contributor to ein physical den chemical properties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |title=Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"? |date=20 June 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |url-status=live }}</ref> E be vital give all known forms of life, despite no dey provide food energy anaa e be an organic micronutrient. Secof ein presence insyd all organisms, ein chemical stability, ein worldwide abundance, den ein strong polarity relative to ein small molecular size, water often be referred to as de "universal solvent".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-09 |title=4.1: Water, the Universal Solvent |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Santa_Cruz/UCSC%3A_Chem_1B-AL_(Mednick)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/04%3A_Types_of_Chemical_Reactions_and_Solution_Stoichiometry/4.01_Water%2C_the_Universal_Solvent |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> Secof Earth ein surface temperature den pressure be relatively close to water ein triple point, water dey exist on Earth as a solid, a liquid, den a gas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=John |title=The Earth – Introduction – Weathering |url=https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |publisher=[[University of Houston]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |quote=Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface. |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130051934/https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> E dey form [[precipitation]] insyd de form of rain den aerosols insyd de form of fog. Clouds dey consist of suspended droplets of water den ice, ein solid state. Wen finely divided, crystalline ice fi precipitate insyd de form of snow. De gaseous state of water be steam anaa water vapor. Water dey cover about 71% of de Earth ein surface, plus seas den oceans wey dey make up chaw of de water volume (about 96.5%).<ref name="WSS">{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |title=How Much Water is There on Earth? |date=13 November 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |url-status=live }}</ref> Small portions of water dey occur as groundwater (1.7%), insyd de glaciers den de ice caps of Antarctica den Greenland (1.7%), den insyd de air as vapor, clouds (wey dey consist of ice den liquid water dem suspend insyd air), den precipitation (0.001%).<ref name="b1">{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor=Gleick, P.H. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |page=13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth" |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=20 March 2007 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ |date=20 February 2008 }} [[UNEP]].</ref> Water dey move continually thru de water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, den runoff, usually dey reach de sea. Water dey play an important role insyd de world economy. Approximately 70% of de fresh water wey humans use [[Irrigation|dey go to agriculture]].<ref name=Baroni2007>{{cite journal |author=Baroni, L. |author2=Cenci, L. |author3=Tettamanti, M. |author4=Berati, M. |year=2007 |title=Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=61 |pages=279–286 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522 |pmid=17035955 |issue=2|doi-access=free | issn=0954-3007 }}</ref> Fishing insyd salt den fresh water bodies be, den dey continue to be, a major source of chow give chaw parts of de world, wey dey provide 6.5% of global protein.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Troell |first1=Max |last2=Naylor |first2=Rosamond L. |last3=Metian |first3=Marc |last4=Beveridge |first4=Malcolm |last5=Tyedmers |first5=Peter H. |last6=Folke |first6=Carl |last7=Arrow |first7=Kenneth J. |last8=Barrett |first8=Scott |last9=Crépin |first9=Anne-Sophie |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Paul R. |last11=Gren |first11=Åsa |date=16 September 2014 |title=Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=111 |issue=37 |pages=13257–13263 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1404067111 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4169979 |pmid=25136111|bibcode=2014PNAS..11113257T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Much of de long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, den manufactured products) be transported by boats thru seas, rivers, lakes, den canals. Large quantities of water, ice, den steam be used for cooling den heating insyd industry den homes. Water be an excellent solvent give a wide variety of substances, both mineral den organic; as such, e be widely used insyd industrial processes den insyd cooking den washing. Water, ice, den snow sanso be central to chaw sports den oda forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating, snowboarding, den skiing. ==Etymology== De word ''water'' dey cam from Old English '''{{Lang|ang|wæter}}''', from Proto-Germanic {{lang|gem-x-proto|*watar}} (source sanso of Old Saxon {{Lang|osx|watar}}, Old Frisian {{Lang|ofs|wetir}}, Dutch {{Lang|nl|water}}, Old High German {{Lang|goh|wazzar}}, German {{Lang|de|Wasser}}, {{Lang|non|vatn}}, Gothic {{Lang|got|𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉}} (''wato'')), from Proto-Indo-European {{lang|ine-x-proto|*wod-or}}, suffixed form of root {{lang|ine-x-proto|*wed-}} ('water'; 'wet').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=water |title=Water (v.) |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.etymonline.com |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204905/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=water |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also cognate, thru de Indo-European root, with Greek {{Lang|el|ύδωρ}} ((''ýdor''; from Ancient Greek {{Lang|grc|ὕδωρ}} (''hýdōr''), whence English 'hydro-'), Russian {{Lang|ru|вода́}} (''vodá''), Irish {{Lang|ga|uisce}}, den Albanian {{Lang|sq|ujë}}. ==Distribution insyd nature== ===Insyd de universe=== ====Water vapor==== Water be present as vapor insyd: * Atmosphere of de Sun: insyd detectable trace amounts<ref name=Solanki1994>{{cite journal |last1=Solanki |first1=S.K. |last2=Livingston |first2=W. |last3=Ayres |first3=T. |year=1994 |title=New Light on the Heart of Darkness of the Solar Chromosphere |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |pmid=17748350 |volume=263 |issue=5143 |pages=64–66 |bibcode=1994Sci...263...64S |doi=10.1126/science.263.5143.64 |s2cid=27696504 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030222/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2019 }}</ref> * Atmosphere of Mercury: 3.4%, den large amounts of water insyd Mercury ein exosphere<ref name="planetary society">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |title=MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere |access-date=5 July 2008 |publisher=Planetary Society |date=3 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034624/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2010}}</ref> * Atmosphere of Venus: 0.002%<ref name=Bertaux2007>{{cite journal |last=Bertaux |first=Jean-Loup |title=A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO |journal=Nature |year=2007 |volume=450 |pages=646–649 |doi=10.1038/nature05974 |bibcode=2007Natur.450..646B |pmid=18046397 |issue=7170 |author2=Vandaele, Ann-Carine |last3=Korablev |first3=Oleg |last4=Villard |first4=E. |last5=Fedorova |first5=A. |last6=Fussen |first6=D. |last7=Quémerais |first7=E. |last8=Belyaev |first8=D. |last9=Mahieux |first9=A. |hdl=2268/29200 |s2cid=4421875 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122145/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * Earth ein atmosphere: ≈0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1–4% at surface * Atmosphere of de Moon: insyd trace amounts<ref name="Sridharan2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sridharan |first1=R. |first2=S.M. |last2=Ahmed |first3=Tirtha Pratim |last3=Dasa |first4=P. |last4=Sreelathaa |first5=P. |last5=Pradeepkumara |first6=Neha |last6=Naika |first7=Gogulapati |last7=Supriya |year=2010 |page=947 |issue=6 |volume=58 |title='Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I |journal=Planetary and Space Science |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013 |bibcode=2010P&SS...58..947S}}</ref> * Atmosphere of Mars: 0.03%<ref name="Rapp2012">{{cite book |author=Rapp, Donald |title=Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon or Mars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xzxhnBRHCMC&pg=PA78 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-32762-9 |page=78 |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715154349/https://books.google.com/books?id=2xzxhnBRHCMC&pg=PA78 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Atmosphere of Ceres<ref name="Kuppers2014">{{cite journal |last1=Küppers |first1=M. |last2=O'Rourke |first2=L. |last3=Bockelée-Morvan |first3=D.|author3-link=Dominique Bockelée-Morvan |last4=Zakharov |first4=V. |last5=Lee |first5=S. |last6=Von Allmen |first6=P. |last7=Carry |first7=B. |last8=Teyssier |first8=D. |last9=Marston |first9=A. |last10=Müller |first10=T. |last11=Crovisier |first11=J. |last12=Barucci |first12=M.A. |last13=Moreno |first13=R. |title=Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres |journal=Nature |volume=505 |issue=7484 |date=23 January 2014 |pages=525–527|doi=10.1038/nature12918 |pmid=24451541 |bibcode=2014Natur.505..525K|s2cid=4448395 }}</ref> * Atmosphere of Jupiter: 0.0004%<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11214-005-1951-5 |last1=Atreya |first1=Sushil K. |last2=Wong |first2=Ah-San |year=2005 |title=Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets&nbsp;– A Case for Multiprobes |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=116 |issue=1–2 |pages=121–136 |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf |bibcode=2005SSRv..116..121A |access-date=1 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722074717/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Chapters/2005_JovianCloud_Multiprobes.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=live |hdl=2027.42/43766 |s2cid=31037195 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> – insyd ices per; den dat of ein moon Europa<ref name="NASA-20131212-EU">{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=Jia-Rui C. |last2=Gutro |first2=Rob |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |last4=Harrington |first4=J.D. |last5=Fohn |first5=Joe |title=Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363 |date=12 December 2013 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215053143/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Atmosphere of Saturn – insyd ices per; Enceladus: 91%<ref name="Hansen">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1121254 |title=Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume |year=2006 |author=Hansen |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=1422–1425 |pmid=16527971 |issue=5766 |bibcode=2006Sci...311.1422H |author2=C.J.|last3=Stewart |first3=AI |last4=Colwell |first4=J |last5=Hendrix |first5=A |last6=Pryor |first6=W |last7=Shemansky |first7=D |last8=West |first8=R|s2cid=2954801 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218132849/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2020 }}</ref> den [[Dione (moon)|Dione]] (subsurface ocean)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez-Maes |first=Sophia |date=January 11, 2017 |title=Solid Evidence for Liquid Water on Dione |url=https://www.yalescientific.org/2017/01/solid-evidence-for-liquid-water-on-dione/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Yale Scientific Magazine}}</ref> * Atmosphere of Uranus – insyd trace amounts below 50 bar * Atmosphere of Neptune – dem find insyd de deeper layers<ref name=hubbard>{{cite journal |last=Hubbard |first=W.B. |title=Neptune's Deep Chemistry |journal=Science |year=1997 |volume=275 |issue=5304 |pages=1279–1280 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5304.1279 |pmid=9064785|s2cid=36248590 }}</ref> * Extrasolar planet atmospheres: wey dey include those of HD 189733 b<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070716081124/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html Water Found on Distant Planet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716081124/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html |date=16 July 2007 }} 12 July 2007 By Laura Blue, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> den HD 209458 b,<ref name="Space.com water">[http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070410_water_exoplanet.html Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230065702/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070410_water_exoplanet.html |date=30 December 2010 }} – Space.com</ref> Tau Boötis b,<ref>{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1402.0846|last1 = Lockwood|first1 = Alexandra C|title = Near-IR Direct Detection of Water Vapor in Tau Boo B|journal = The Astrophysical Journal|volume = 783|issue = 2|pages = L29|last2 = Johnson|first2 = John A|last3 = Bender|first3 = Chad F|last4 = Carr|first4 = John S|last5 = Barman|first5 = Travis|last6 = Richert|first6 = Alexander J.W.|last7 = Blake|first7 = Geoffrey A|year = 2014|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/783/2/L29|bibcode = 2014ApJ...783L..29L|s2cid = 8463125}}</ref> HAT-P-11b,<ref name="NASA-20140924">{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Chou |first2=Felicia |last3=Weaver |first3=Donna |last4=Villard |first45=Ray |last5=Johnson |first5=Michele |title=NASA Telescopes Find Clear Skies and Water Vapor on Exoplanet |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&1 |date=24 September 2014 |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114220647/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&1 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hanslmeier2010">{{cite book |author=Arnold Hanslmeier |title=Water in the Universe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj5tSld5tjMC&pg=PA159 |year=2010 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-9984-6 |pages=159– |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715031920/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj5tSld5tjMC&pg=PA159 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> XO-1b, WASP-12b, WASP-17b, den WASP-19b.<ref name="NASA-20131203">{{cite web |title=Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/ |date=3 December 2013 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206012837/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/ |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Stellar atmospheres: no be limited to cooler stars den even detected insyd giant hot stars such as Betelgeuse, Mu Cephei, Antares den Arcturus.<ref name="Hanslmeier2010" /><ref name="Lund Observatory">Andersson, Jonas (June 2012). [http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=2969749&fileOId=2969772 Water in stellar atmospheres "Is a novel picture required to explain the atmospheric behavior of water in red giant stars?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213133956/http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=2969749&fileOId=2969772 |date=13 February 2015 }} Lund Observatory, Lund University, Sweden</ref> * Circumstellar disks: wey dey include those of more dan half of T Tauri stars such as AA Tauri<ref name="Hanslmeier2010" /> as well as TW Hydrae,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053556/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/news/herschel20111020.html Herschel Finds Oceans of Water in Disk of Nearby Star] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053556/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/news/herschel20111020.html |date=19 February 2015 }}. Nasa.gov (20 October 2011). Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jpl.nasa.gov/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604082809/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-327|url-status=dead|title=JPL|archivedate=4 June 2012|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)}}</ref> IRC +10216<ref>Lloyd, Robin. ''"Water Vapor, Possible Comets, Found Orbiting Star"'', 11 July 2001, [http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html Space.com]. Retrieved 15 December 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523025818/http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html |date=23 May 2009 }}</ref> den APM 08279+5255,<ref name="Clavin">{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Buis |first2=Alan |title=Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063244/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="water vapor cloud">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Astronomers Find Largest, Oldest Mass of Water in Universe |url=http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |access-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029230319/http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |archive-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> VY Canis Majoris den S Persei.<ref name="Lund Observatory" /> ====Water ice==== Water be present as ice on: * Mars: under een regolith den at de poles.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carr |first=M.H. |date=1996 |title=Water on Mars |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |page=197}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bibring |first1=J.-P. |last2=Langevin |first2=Yves |date=2004 |title=Perennial Water Ice Identified in the South Polar Cap of Mars |journal=Nature |volume=428 |issue=6983 |pages=627–630 |doi=10.1038/nature02461|pmid=15024393 |last3=Poulet |first3=François |last4=Gendrin |first4=Aline |last5=Gondet |first5=Brigitte |last6=Berthé |first6=Michel |last7=Soufflot |first7=Alain |last8=Drossart |first8=Pierre |last9=Combes |first9=Michel |last10=Bellucci |first10=Giancarlo |last11=Moroz |first11=Vassili |last12=Mangold |first12=Nicolas |last13=Schmitt |first13=Bernard |last14=Omega Team |first14=the|last15=Erard |first15=S. |last16=Forni |first16=O. |last17=Manaud |first17=N. |last18=Poulleau |first18=G. |last19=Encrenaz |first19=T.|author19-link=Thérèse Encrenaz |last20=Fouchet |first20=T. |last21=Melchiorri |first21=R. |last22=Altieri |first22=F. |last23=Formisano |first23=V. |last24=Bonello |first24=G. |last25=Fonti |first25=S. |last26=Capaccioni |first26=F. |last27=Cerroni |first27=P. |last28=Coradini |first28=A. |last29=Kottsov |first29=V. |last30=Ignatiev |first30=N. |bibcode=2004Natur.428..627B |s2cid=4373206 |url=https://hal.science/hal-03785230v1/file/bibring2004.pdf }}</ref> * Earth–Moon system: mainly as ice sheets on Earth den insyd Lunar craters den volcanic rocks<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,564911,00.html Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond gibt es Wasser – Wissenschaft –] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080710220126/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,564911,00.html |date=10 July 2008 }} [[Der Spiegel]] – Nachrichten</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090927092541/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm Water Molecules Found on the Moon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927092541/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm |date=27 September 2009 }}, NASA, 24 September 2009</ref> * Ceres<ref name="McCord2005-jgrp">{{cite journal |title=Ceres: Evolution and current state |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |date=21 May 2005 |last1=McCord |first1=T.B. |last2=Sotin |first2=C. |volume=110 |issue=E5 |page=E05009 |doi=10.1029/2004JE002244 |bibcode=2005JGRE..110.5009M |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116029/file/2004JE002244.pdf |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171117/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116029/file/2004JE002244.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Thomas2005">{{cite journal |first1=P.C. |last1=Thomas |last2=Parker|first2=J.Wm.|last3=McFadden|first3= L.A. |title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape |year=2005 |journal=Nature |volume=437 |pages=224–226 |doi=10.1038/nature03938 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T |pmid=16148926 |issue=7056 |s2cid=17758979}}</ref><ref name="Carey2006">{{cite news|url=http://space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html |title=Largest Asteroid Might Contain More Fresh Water than Earth |first=Bjorn |last=Carey |publisher=SPACE.com |date=7 September 2005 |access-date=16 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218180330/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html |archive-date=18 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Jupiter's moons: Europa ein surface den sanso dat of Ganymede<ref name="NYT-20150315">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |date=12 March 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812232556/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html |archive-date=12 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> den Callisto<ref name=Kuskov2005>{{cite journal| last=Kuskov|first=O.L.|author2=Kronrod, V.A.|title=Internal structure of Europa and Callisto| year=2005|volume=177| issue=2|pages=550–369|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014| bibcode=2005Icar..177..550K| journal = Icarus}}</ref><ref name="Showman1999">{{cite journal|last1= Showman|first1=A. P.|last2= Malhotra|first2= R.|title=The Galilean Satellites|journal= Science|volume= 286|issue= 5437|date= 1 October 1999|pages =77–84|doi= 10.1126/science.286.5437.77|pmid=10506564|bibcode=1999Sci...286...77S |s2cid=9492520|url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e6e/f125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142819/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e6e/f125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= 12 April 2020}}</ref> * Saturn: insyd de planet ein ring system<ref name="Sparrow">{{cite book |last=Sparrow |first=Giles |title=The Solar System |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59223-579-7}}</ref> den on de surface den mantle of Titan<ref name="Tobie">{{cite journal |last1=Tobie |first1=G. |last2=Grasset |first2=Olivier |last3=Lunine |first3=Jonathan I. |last4=Mocquet |first4=Antoine |last5=Sotin |first5=Christophe |date=2005 |bibcode=2005Icar..175..496T |title=Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal-orbital model |journal=Icarus |volume=175 |issue=2 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007 }}</ref> den Enceladus<ref name="Verbiscer et al. 2007">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1134681| last1 = Verbiscer| first1 = A.| last2 = French| first2 = R.| last3 = Showalter| first3 = M.| last4 = Helfenstein| first4 = P.| title = Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act| journal = Science| volume = 315| issue = 5813| page = 815| date = 9 February 2007| pmid = 17289992| bibcode = 2007Sci...315..815V| s2cid = 21932253| ref = {{sfnRef|Verbiscer French et al.|2007}}| df = dmy-all}} (supporting online material, table S1)</ref> * Pluto–Charon system<ref name="Sparrow" /> * Comets<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=1998A&A...330..375G |title=Making a comet nucleus |last1=Greenberg |first1=J. Mayo |volume=330 |date=1998 |page=375 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://starryskies.com/solar_system/Comet/dirty_snowballs.html |title=Dirty Snowballs in Space |publisher=Starryskies |access-date=15 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129035627/http://starryskies.com/solar_system/Comet/dirty_snowballs.html |archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> den oda related Kuiper belt den Oort cloud objects<ref>{{cite journal |author=E.L. Gibb |author2=M.J. Mumma |author3=N. Dello Russo |author4=M.A. DiSanti |author5=K. Magee-Sauer |date=2003 |title=Methane in Oort Cloud comets |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=391–406 |bibcode=2003Icar..165..391G |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X }}</ref> Den sanso likely be present on: * Mercury ein poles<ref>NASA, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121130062257/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury's Poles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130062257/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html |date=30 November 2012 }}", ''NASA'', 29 November 2012.</ref> * Tethys<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.012| last1 = Thomas| first1 = P.C.| last2 = Burns| first2 = J.A.| last3 = Helfenstein| first3 = P.| last4 = Squyres| first4 = S.| last5 = Veverka| first5 = J.| last6 = Porco| first6 = C.| last7 = Turtle| first7 = E.P.| last8 = McEwen| first8 = A.| last9 = Denk| first9 = T.| first10 = B.| last10 = Giesef| first11 = T.| last11 = Roatschf| first12 = T.V.| last12 = Johnsong| first13 = R.A.| last13 = Jacobsong| date = October 2007| title = Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance| journal = Icarus| volume = 190| issue = 2| pages = 573–584| bibcode = 2007Icar..190..573T| url = http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/publications/denk/2007/ThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf| access-date = 15 December 2011| ref = {{sfnRef|Thomas Burns et al.|2007}}| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220431/http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/publications/denk/2007/ThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf| archive-date = 27 September 2011| url-status=live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links|water}} * [http://www.worldwater.org/ The World's Water Data Page] * [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT] * [http://worldwater.org/conflict.html The Water Conflict Chronology: Water Conflict Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181835/http://www.worldwater.org/conflict.html |date=16 January 2013 }} * [https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/ Water science school] (USGS) * [http://water.worldbank.org/ Portal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources] * [http://www.awra.org/ America Water Resources Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/ |date=24 March 2018 }} * [https://www.waterontheweb.org Water on the web] * [http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ Water structure and science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228024506/http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ |date=28 December 2014 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPpKhxtFf1Q "Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe"], ''Ideas'', BBC, Video, 3:16 minutes, 2019 * [https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/ The chemistry of water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619074258/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/ |date=19 June 2020 }} (NSF special report) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220927120500/http://www.iapws.org/index.html The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927120500/http://www.iapws.org/index.html |date=27 September 2022 }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/molecule-that-made-us/ ''H2O: The Molecule That Made Us''], a 2020 PBS documentary {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Water}} [[Category:Water| ]] [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] [[Category:Triatomic molecules]] [[Category:Inorganic solvents]] [[Category:Liquids]] [[Category:Materials wey dey expand upon freezing]] [[Category:Neutron moderators]] [[Category:Nuclear reactor coolants]] [[Category:Oxides]] [[Category:Oxygen compounds]] [[Category:Hydroxides]] [[Category:Liquid dielectrics]] [[Category:Solvents]] [[Category:Refrigerants]] [[Category:Lubricants]] [[Category:Transparent materials]] [[Category:Natural resources]] [[Category:Hydrology]] mfhsq83l0qghtaxpt83bqp3iw8lvjty 0 27599 104046 103370 2026-06-19T14:54:26Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Merowe Dam''', wey dem sanso know am as '''Merowe High Dam''', '''Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project''' anaa '''Hamdab Dam''', be a large dam wey dey near [[:en:Merowe,_Sudan|Merowe Town]] for northern [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, about {{Convert|350|km}} north of de capital [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]]. Ein dimensions dey make am de largest contemporary [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]] project for [[Africa]] insyd. Dem situate am for de river [[Nile]] top, close to den dey inundate de 4th [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataract]] wey de river dey divide into multiple smaller branches plus large islands in between. Merowe be a city about 40 kilometres (25 mi) downstream from de construction site at Hamdab. De main purpose give build de dam be de generation of [[:en:Electricity|electricity]].<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=46505&src=eorss-iotd Merowe Dam, Nile River, Republic of Sudan], NASA Earth Observatory</ref> == Technical details == De [[:en:Dam|dam]] get a length of about   den a crest height of up to {{Convert|67|m}}. E dey consist of concrete-faced rockfill dams for each river bank top (de right bank dam be de largest part of de project, 4.3 km long den 53m high; de left bank be 1590 metres long den 50 metres high), an  -long  -high earth-core rockfill dam (de 'main dam') for de left river channel insyd, den a live water section for de right river channel insyd (sluices, [[:en:Spillway|spillway]] den a 300-metre power intake dam plus turbine housings).<ref name="structure">{{cite web |title=Merowe Dam: Structure |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306175208/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/structure.html |archive-date=2017-03-06 |access-date=2012-11-16}}</ref> E dey contain a reservoir of {{Convert|12.5|km3|acre.ft}}, anaa about 15% of de Nile ein annual flow of {{Convert|84|km3|acre.ft}}; de intended reservoir level be 300 metres above sea level, plus de Nile level downstream of de dam wey dey be about 265 metres. Dem plan to extend de reservoir lake to {{Convert|174|km}} upstream. == Powerhouse == Dem equip de powerhouse plus ten {{convert|125|MW}} [[:en:Francis_turbine|Francis turbines]], dem design each one give a nominal discharge rate of 300 cubic metres per second, den each one dey drive a {{nowrap|150 MVA}}, {{nowrap|15 kV}}  synchronous [[:en:Electrical_generator|generator]]. De planners dey expect an annual electricity yield of {{convert|5.5|TWh}}, wey e correspond to an average load of {{convert|625|MW}}, anaa 50% of de load dem rate. To utilize de extra generation capacity, dem go upgrade den extend de Sudanese [[:en:Power_grid|power grid]] as part of de project, plus about {{Convert|500|km}} of new {{nowrap|500 kV}} aerial transmission line across de [[:en:Bayudah_Desert|Bayudah Desert]] to [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]], wey e continue to [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]]/Khartoum, as well as about [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] of {{nowrap|220 kV}}  lines eastwards to [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]] den westwards along de Nile, wey dey connect to Merowe, Dabba den [[:en:Dongola|Dongola]]. == Planning den construction == [[File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merowe_Dam,_Nile_River,_Republic_of_the_Sudan.JPG|left|thumb|Astronaut photograph of Merowe Dam]] De idea of a Nile dam at de 4th cataract be quite old. De authorities of de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] propose am several times during de first half of de 20th century. Dem suppose am to equalize de large annual Nile flow fluctuations, create de possibility of growing [[:en:Cotton|cotton]] den dey provide flood protection give de lower Nile valley. After Sudan achieve [[:en:Independence|independence]] for [[:en:List_of_countries_by_date_of_nationhood|1956]] insyd, [[Egypt]] decide to control de flow of Nile water dat reach ein own territory by building a dam den creating a reservoir —de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] den [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Nasser Lake]]. De Sudan military government under [[:en:Gaafar_Nimeiry|Presido Nimeiri]] revive de plan for 1979 insyd, rydee plus de intention of producing [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] give Sudan ein rising demand. De following decade see international industry den planning offices busy, wey dey produce a total of four feasibility studies [1 - Coyne et Bellier, 1979 / Gibb, [[:en:Merz_&_McLellan|Merz & McLellan]], GB, 1983 / Sweco, SE, 1984 / Monenco Consultants Ltd., CA, 1989]. Howeva, insufficient funding den lack of investor interest effectively stall de project at de planning stage. Dis dey appear to change fundamentally since de country start dey export oil for commercial quantities insyd for de years 1999/2000 insyd. A greatly improved creditworthiness bring an influx of foreign investment, den de contracts give de construction of wat dem rydee know am as de Merowe Dam project wey dem sign for de 2002 den 2003 insyd. De main contractors be: * China International Water&Electric Corp., China National Water Resources den Hydropower Engineering Corp. (construction of dam, hydromechanical works) * Lahmeyer International (Germany - planning, project management, civil engineering) * [[:en:Alstom|Alstom]] (France - generators, turbines) * Harbin Power Engineering Company, Jilin Province Transmission den Substation Project Company (both China - transmission system extension) By de time dem sign de contracts, de Merowe Dam already be de largest international project de Chinese industry eva participate am insyd. River diversion den work for de concrete dams top begin for early 2004 insyd. Dem close de left river channel for 30 December 2005 top; de project timeline wey dem scheduled de reservoir wey dey impound to start for mid-2006 insyd den de first generating unit to go on-line for mid-2007 insyd. Dem inaugurate de dam for March 3, 2009 top, at wey point de reservoir dey full den all de hydro-electric generating capacity on-line. == Financing == Dem report de total project cost to be [[:en:USD|$]]2.945 billion. Dem fi subdivide am into partial amounts give de construction work for de dam einself (ca. 45%), ein technical equipment (ca. 25%) den de necessary upgrade of de power transmission system (ca. 30%). De project dey receive funding from * China Import Export Bank - USD 608 million * Arab Fund give Economic den Social Development – USD 477 million * Saudi Fund give Development – USD 215 million * Abu Dhabi Fund give Development – USD 210 million * Kuwait Fund give Arab Economic Development – USD 200 million * Oman Fund give Development - USD 106 million * State of Qatar - USD 15 million * De cost wey dey remain – [[:en:USD|$]] 1.114 billion – de Sudanese government cover am.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/funding.html}}</ref> == Benefits == De [[:en:Electrification|electrification]] level for Sudan insyd dey very low, even by de standards of de region. For 2002 insyd, de average Sudanese consume 58 [[:en:KWh|kWh]] of electricity per year, i.e., about one fifteenth of demma Egyptian neighbors to de north, den less dan one hundredth of de [[:en:OECD|OECD]] average.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Africa :: Sudan — the World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> De capital Khartoum den a few large [[:en:Plantations|plantations]] dey account give more dan two thirds of de country ein electric power demand, while dem no connect most of de rural areas to de [[:en:Power_grid|national grid]]. Many villages dey use de option of connecting small generators to de ubiquitous diesel-powered [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] pumps. De way of generating electricity be rada inefficient den expensive. De combined grid-connected generating capacity for Sudan insyd 728 MW for 2002 insyd, about 45% hydroelectricity den 55% oil-fired [[:en:Power_plant|thermal plants]]. Howeva, de effective capacity always already be a lot lower. De two main facilities, de [[:en:Sennar|Sennar]] (wey dem construct for 1925 insyd) den Roseires (1966) dams for de [[Blue Nile]] top, wey dem originally design am give [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] purposes rada dan [[:en:Power_generation|power production]]. Dem add generating units during de 1960s den 1970s wen de demand give electric power increase, but dem often heavily restrict power production by irrigation needs. De government for Khartoum insyd announce plans to raise de country ein electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% for de mid-term insyd. Large investments into de medium den low voltage distribution grids go dey necessary but no sufficient to reach dis ambitious goal: First den foremost, de foreseeable increase for power consumption insyd go require de addition of generating capacity. During de 1990s, Sudanese electricity customers have already plague by frequent [[:en:Power_outage|blackouts]] [[:en:Power_outage|den brownouts]] sekof insufficient generation. Three new thermal power plants go into operation for de Khartoum area insyd for 2004 insyd, wey dey increase de installed capacity to 1315 MW. De Merowe dam plus ein peak output of 1250 MW go almost double dis capacity once e dey cam online. == Human impact == === Resettlement den compensation === Before de construction begin, an estimated 55,000 to 70,000 pippoe be resident for de area insyd wey de reservoir lake cover am, mainly dey belong to de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]], [[:en:Hamadab|Hamadab]] den [[:en:Amri_people|Amri]] tribes. Dem live for small farming villages insyd along de banks of de Nile den for de islands insyd for de cataract insyd. Dem relatively isolate de whole region ,without paved roads den oda infrastructure, den de communities dey largely self-sufficient. Except give [[:en:Beans|beans]] den [[:en:Millet|millet]] de farmers grow vegetables, both give demma own consumption den give trading at de weekly regional markets. Howeva, demma main source of income—den demma most valuable possession—be de [[:en:Date_Cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir|groves of date palms]] wey dey grow for de fertile [[:en:Silt|silt]] insyd for de river banks top. [[File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compensated_palms_hamdab.JPG|thumb|During relocation of de Manasir from Dar al-Manasir ahead of de flooding wey destroy demma villages den palm trees wey dem compensate dem burn am]]De inhabitants of de region to be flooded, dem forcibly displace am along a timeline wey dey correspond to demma land ein proximity to de dam site: de pippoe of Hamadab to Al-Multaga for 2003 insyd, de pippoe of Amri to [[:en:Wadi_Muqaddam|Wadi Muqaddam]] for 2007 insyd, den de Manasir to Al-Mokabrab den Al-Fidah for 2008 insyd.<ref name="Hafsass">{{cite journal |last=Hafsaas-Tsakos |first=Henriette |year=2011 |title=Ethical implications of salvage archaeology and dam building: The clash between archaeologists and local people in Dar al-Manasir, Sudan |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1177/1469605310388372 |s2cid=147240919}}</ref> At de resettlement sites, farmers receive plots of land relative for size insyd to demma former possessions, in addition to financial compensation give lost assets—houses den [[:en:Date_palm|date palms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/payments.html}}</ref> Howeva, a majority prefer to stay near to demma old grounds as possible den already thus build at de shores of de new lake. Many families already defy resettlement den dey live rydee for de margins of de lake top. Farmers already becam fishermen, but demma income dey less dan before.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Though government officials dey claim der dey improved living conditions at de resettlement areas, plus relatively modern buildings den infrastructure, affected pippoe dey reject de compensation plans. Demma main objections be: * De soil at de resettlement areas be sandy, den ein quality be extremely poor, wey dem compare to de excellent farmland beside de Nile. E go take much effort den a long time—probably decades—until e becam fertile enough give dey grow vegetables den oda marketable produce. * De government announce dat e go provide free water, sand removal den [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizer]] during de first two years after de resettlement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merowe Dam Project |url=http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/new-hamdab.html}}</ref> After dis period, de farmers go get to pay de full price give dem services, none of wey already dem go pay at de old site. * Compensation give a date palm dey amount to about four years ein harvest, while a good palm tree fi bear fruit give a hundred years. Compensation give vegetable gardens dey very low, den only married men go receive compensation give demma houses. Dem resettle about 6,000 pippoe to de Al-Multaqah site for de [[:en:Nubian_Desert|Nubian desert]] insyd during 2003 den 2004. Demma villages be de closest to de dam construction site wey dey near Hamdab.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu">Terminski, Bogumil (2013). "Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges", Indiana University, available at: http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/8833?show=full</ref> According to a survey wey dem conduct am for early 2005 insyd,<ref>[http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html Irn.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060131191119/http://www.irn.org/programs/merowe/index.php?id=050428merowe.html|date=2006-01-31}}</ref> de poverty rate already increase dramatically sekof de farmers no dey able to produce anything saleable for de local markets insyd.<ref name="dlc.dlib.indiana.edu" /> === Nomads === A significant fraction of de [[:en:Manasir|Manasir]] tribe dey inhabit de desert regions close to de Nile valley. De exact size of dis [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] population dey unknown, but dem estimate am to be of de same order of magnitude as dat of de resident farmers, i.e., tens of thousands. Both groups dey maintain tight cultural interchanges den trade relations plus each oda. Dem cover only de owners of [[:en:Real_estate|real estate]] purportedly under de compensation scheme, although reports be say dem already displace families without compensation anaa adequate provisions give relocation. Nomadic families no go receive any compensation, even though de resettlement of de farming Manasir go deprive dem of demma [[:en:Symbiosis|symbiotic partners]]. De consequences give demma ability to sustain demma lives for a harsh environment insyd dey remain to be assessed. == Human rights concerns == [[:en:United_Nations|UN]] Special Rapporteur for Adequate Housing top [[:en:Miloon_Kothari|Miloon Kothari]] issue a statement August 27,[2007], wey e bell give a halt to dam construction at Merowe until an independent assessment of de dam ein impacts for de more dan 60,000 pippoe wey stand to be displaced by de dams at Merowe den [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. Kothari state he already "received reports dat de Merowe reservoir ein water levels already rise, wey e destroy dozens of homes for de area den dey put many more at risk."<ref name="unrights">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2007 |title=UN rights expert urges suspension to dam projects in northern Sudan |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23617&Cr=sudan&Cr1 |publisher=[[UN News Centre]]}}</ref> Kothari announce, "De affected pippoe already claim dat dem receive no warning dat dem go fi raise water levels den dat no assistance from Government authorities already be forthcoming since dem already destroy demma houses." According to reports, de Government of Sudan no honor ein promises to dem pippoe wey dem displace. Kothari note am dat, "dem recolate thousands of pippoe for de same area insyd for similar circumstances insyd dat lef many temporarily without food anaa shelter, den dat of dem pippoe dey remain homeless today."<ref name="unrights" /> Dem bell Kothari upon de Sudanese government to ensure safety den adequate housing to all dem pippoe wey de dam affect am den warn de projects "go lead to large-scale forced evictions den further violence." == Archaeology == <blockquote>''Further information: [[:en:Kingdom_of_Kush|Kingdom of Kush]]'' </blockquote>De fertile Nile valley already dey attract human settlement give thousands of years. De section between de 4th den 5th cataract—a significant portion of wey dem go inundate am by de reservoir lake—already dey densely populated thru nearly all periods of (pre)history, but very little [[:en:Archaeology|archaeological]] work dem eva conduct am for dis particular region insyd. Recent [[:en:Archaeological_survey|surveys]] confirm de richness den diversity of traceable remains, from de [[:en:Stone_Age|Stone Age]] to de [[:en:History_of_Islam|Islamic period]]. Several foreign institutions recently anaa dem currently involve am for salvage archaeology insyd for de region insyd under de umbrella Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project (MDASP). Among dem be ACACIA project University of Cologne, Gdańsk Archaeological Museum Expedition (GAME), Polish Academy of Sciences, [[:en:H.U.N.E.|Humboldt University of Berlin]], de Italian Institute give Africa den de Orient (IsIAO), de University College London, de Sudan Archaeological Research Society, de Hungarian Meroe Foundation, University of California at Santa Barbara - Arizona State University consortium, den de Oriental Institute Museum of de University of Chicago. Demma main problems be de shortness of de remaining time den limited funding. Unlike de large [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] campaign wey dem conduct for Egypt insyd before de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]], wen dem fi document more dan a thousand archaeological sites den [[:en:Abu_Simbel|dem move complete buildings]] to prevent dem from drowning for [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser]] [[:en:Lake_Nasser|ein]] floods insyd, dem much moe restrict work at de 4th cataract. Since 2006, de archaeologists wey dey work give de Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project becam accused by environmental den human rights activists as well as de representatives of de affected pippoe of facilitating de political legitimatization of de project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan's Merowe requests to stop excavating reservoir area |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Merowe-requests-to-stop,20457 |work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621203736/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070619-gold-nile_2.html |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |work=National Geographic News}}</ref> De archaeologists wey dey work give de dam project find demselves for an ethical dilemma insyd since dem dey undertake salvage excavations while de local pippoe dey for opposition insyd to de building of de dam dat dey necessitate both demma resettlement den de archaeological campaign.<ref name="Hafsass" /> Historian [[:en:Runoko_Rashidi|Runoko Rashidi]] issue a statement for solidarity insyd plus Sudanese Nubians wey dey protest de dams den dem bell am give a halt to demma construction.{{Blockquote|We never forget de terrible tragedy wey e result from de Aswan High Dam for Egyptian Nubia insyd. De project for Sudanese Nubia insyd, wey we bell am de "damn dams", go perpetuate yet anoda tragedy, anoda atrocity, against African pippoe. Nubia be a treasure-house of artifacts dat dey attest to de ancient greatness of Africa. For dem to inundate am go cause irreparable harm to a noble heritage. We for organize to resist dis project. One of de great figures among Africans in America, Frederick Douglass, say dat "power dey concede nothing without demand. E never do, den e never go do."}} == Political impact == === International === Dem fix usage rights to de waters of de Nile for de [[:en:Hydropolitics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Nile Waters Treaty]] insyd,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nile Waters Agreement |url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905010029/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/nile_agreement.html |archive-date=September 5, 2005 |access-date=July 15, 2005}}</ref> wey dem negotiate am by de [[:en:British_Empire|British]] for 1959 insyd. E dey allot 82 percent of de water volume to Egypt, while dem grant Sudan de rights to de remaining 18 percent. None of de riparian countries further upstream for de Nile basin insyd—[[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] den [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]]—dem entitle am to any significant use of de water, be e give irrigation (of particular interest to Ethiopia den Kenya) anaa hydropower (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda). As Sudan rydee dey push forward to make use of ein water allotment, dem countries begin to bell give a revision of de treaty, wey e argue say—plus de exception of Ethiopia—dem all already dey under colonial rule at de time de negotiations take place, den dem no already represent am for demma best interest insyd. Moreova, dem make de decision of distribution of water without any negotiations plus Ethiopia, wey reject de agreement den e be de source of 90% of de water den 96% of transported sediment of de Nile.<ref>Marshall et al., {{cite web |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |url=http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928124412/http://www.holivar2006.org/abstracts/pdf/T1-026.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2006-10-09}}&nbsp;{{small|(247&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, 2006</ref><ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.198.</ref> === Domestic === While [[:en:Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement|a peace treaty]] dey appear to already stop [[:en:Second_Sudanese_Civil_War|de fighting]] for [[:en:South_Sudan|Southern Sudan]] insyd after almost 20 years, der be no end for sight insyd yet give de [[:en:Darfur_conflict|civil war]] [[:en:Darfur_conflict|for Darfur insyd]]. More recently, unrest for Nubia insyd as a direct result of de dams den de forced permanent displacement of Nubians from demma homelands dey threaten to erupt into war. A group wey dey bell einself de Nubian Liberation Front dey threaten armed resistance in order to thwart de series of dams along de Nile, den particularly at [[:en:Kajbar_Power_Station|Kajbar]]. During de [[:en:Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)|Sudanese civil war (2023–present)]] for 13 January 2025 top, dem damage de dam ein power station RSF drones, wey e cause a fire at de facility den dey damage a key transformer. De attack sanso cause power outages as far as [[:en:Shendi|Shendi]], [[:en:Port_Sudan|Port Sudan]], [[:en:Atbara|Atbara]] den [[:en:Omdurman|Omdurman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-01-13|title=Drone attack on Merowe dam power station disrupts electricity supply|url=https://sudantribune.com/article295881/|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> == Environmental impact == === Health === De resettlement area be a vast area plus an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants wey go be be going thru a transitional period give a few years before de get acclimatised den dem psychologically adapt to demma new life. Governing by de two eminent health impact experiences of [[:en:New_Halfa_Scheme|New Halfa resettlement projects]] den Aswan Dam for Egypt insyd, strategic health planning suppose go start early to foresee wat water born diseases den oda ecological health problems (such as [[:en:Bilharziasis|bilharziasis]], [[:en:Malaria|malaria]]) dey likely to prevail den to plan how to guard against dat. === Evaporation === De creation of de reservoir lake go increase de surface area of de Nile by about 700 km². Under de climatic conditions at de site, dem fi expect additional evaporation losses of up to 1,500,000,000 m³ per year. Dis dey correspond to about 8% of de total amount of water wey dem allocate to Sudan for de Nile Waters Treaty insyd. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations|List of conventional hydroelectric power stations]] *[[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|List of power stations]] [[:en:List_of_power_stations_in_Sudan|for Sudan insyd]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100224043629/http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/ Official website] * [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/merowe-dam-sudan International Rivers ein critique of project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081113154158/http://sudaninside.net/merowe-dam/ Photos of Merowe dam] 0ufeguy66ve0wkf2v0xubl05cn5wt8m 0 27612 104089 103920 2026-06-20T07:20:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 104089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dem characterise '''Water supply and sanitation in South Africa''' by both achievements den challenges. After de end of [[:en:Apartheid|Apartheid]] [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]] [[:en:South_Africa|ein]] newly elected government struggle plus de then growing service den backlogs plus respect to access to [[:en:Water_supply|water supply]] den [[:en:Sanitation|sanitation]] wey dem develop. De government thus make a strong commitment to high service standards den to high levels of investment subsidies to achieve dem standards. Since then, de country make sam progress plus regard to improving access to water supply: E reach universal access to an [[:en:Improved_water_source|improved water source]] for urban areas insyd, den for rural areas insyd de share of dem pippoe plus access increase from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010.<ref name="JMP">[[:en:WHO|WHO]]/[[:en:UNICEF|UNICEF]]:[[:en:Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date=9 February 2014}}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> South Africa sanso get a strong [[:en:Water_industry|water industry]] plus a track record for innovation insyd. Howeva, dem achieve much less progress for sanitation top: Access increase only from 71% to 79% during de same period.<ref name="JMP" /> Significant problems dey remain wey dey concern de financial sustainability of service providers, wey e lead to a lack of attention to maintenance. De uncertainty about de government ein ability to sustain funding levels for de sector insyd sanso be a concern. Two distinctive features of de South African water sector be de policy of free basic water den de existence of water boards, wey be bulk water supply agencies dat dey operate pipelines den dey sell water from reservoirs to municipalities. For May 2014 insyd dem announce am say Durban ein Water den Sanitation Department win de [[:en:Stockholm_Industry_Water_Award|Stockholm Industry Water Award]] "give ein transformative den inclusive approach", wey dey bell am "one of de most progressive utilities for de world insyd".<ref>{{cite web |title="Most progressive water utility in Africa" wins 2014 Stockholm Industry Water Award |url=http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190020/http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmindustrywateraward/winners/2014-2/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)}}</ref> De city connect 1.3 million additional pippoe to water wey dem pipe den provide 700,000 pippoe plus access to toilets for 14 years insyd. E sanso be South Africa ein first municipality to put free basic water give de poor into practice. Furthermore, e promote [[:en:Rainwater_harvesting|rainwater harvesting]], mini hydropower den [[:en:Urine-diverting_dry_toilet|urine-diverting dry toilets]]. For 13 February 2018 top, de country declare a national disaster for [[:en:Cape_Town|Cape Town]] insyd as de city ein water supply [[:en:Cape_Town_water_crisis|dem predict am to run dry]] before de end of June. Plus ein dams only 24.9% full, water saving measures dey for effect insyd dat require each citizen to use less dan 50 litres a day. Wat de government characterize as de "magnitude den severity" of a three-year drought effect all nine of de country ein provinces. According to UN-endorsed projections, Cape Town be one of eleven major world cities dat dem expect am to run out of water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-11 |title=The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42982959 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> For 2018 insyd, Cape Town reject an offer from [[:en:Israel|Israel]] to help am build [[:en:Desalination|desalination]] plants.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water], Reuters, January 25, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel], Wall St. Journal, February 21, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel], aish, February 11, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity], Jerusalem Post, February 3, 2018</ref> == Water resources den water use == [[File:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katse_Dam,Lesotho,Africa.jpg|thumb|250x250px|De [[:en:Katse_dam|Katse dam]] for Lesotho insyd be an important source of water supply give de arid Gauteng area around Johannesburg, de industrial heartland of South Africa.]]Water availability for South Africa insyd dey vary greatly for space den time insyd. While de West dey dry plus rainfall only during de summer den as low as 100&#x20;mm, de East den Southeast dey receive rainfall thruout de year plus an average of up to 1,000&#x20;mm. Dem estimate total annual [[:en:Surface_runoff|surface runoff]] at 43 to 48&#x20;km³, wey e depend for de source top.<ref name="FAO Aquastat">FAO Auqastat: [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/south_africa/index.stm South Africa 2005]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref><ref name="Earthtrends">World Resources Institute: [http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/wat_cou_710.pdf Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems – South Africa]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> Dem lose much of de runoff thru flood spillage, so dat dem estimate de available surface water resources at 14&#x20;km³/year only. Although groundwater dey limited sekof geologic conditions, dem extensively utilise am for de rural den more arid areas insyd. Dem estimate available groundwater at 1&#x20;km³/year. De main rivers of South Africa dey fairly small wen dem compare am to de large rivers of de world: For example, de discharge of de Nile River alone dey about six times higher dan de available surface water resources from all South African rivers togeda.<ref name="Orange-Senqu River Commission">[http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref name="Limpopo Watercourse Commission">[http://www.limcom.org/ Limpopo Watercourse Commission]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> De main rivers be de [[:en:Orange_River|Orange River]] wey dey drain to de Atlantic Ocean, de [[:en:Limpopo_River|Limpopo River]], de [[:en:Incomati_River|Incomati River]], de [[:en:Maputo_River|Maputo River]], de [[:en:Tugela_River|Tugela River]], de [[:en:Olifants_River_(Limpopo)|Olifants River (Limpopo)]], den de [[:en:Breede_River|Breede River]]. De uMkhomazi, Maputo, Thukela den Limpopo all dey drain to de Indian Ocean. South Africa ein most important rivers be transboundary: Dem share de Orange River plus Botswana, Namibia den Lesotho, de "water tower" of Southern Africa. Dem share de Limpopo-Olifants river basin plus Botswana, Zimbabwe den Mozambique, wey dey lie de furthest downstream. Dem set up International commissions of all riparian countries to manage dem transboundary water resources.<ref name="Orange-Senqu River Commission" /><ref name="Limpopo Watercourse Commission" /> Potential future water resources be seawater [[:en:Desalination|desalination]] anaa de transfer of water from de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]]. Dem estimate total annual water withdrawal at 12.5&#x20;km³ for 2000 insyd, of wey about 17% be give municipal water use.<ref name="FAO Aquastat" /><ref name="Earthtrends" /> For de northern parts of de country insyd, both surface water den groundwater resources dem nearly fully develop den utilise. For de well-watered southeastern regions of de country insyd wey dem significant undevelop am den use am dey exist.<ref name="FAO Aquastat" /> De [[:en:Gauteng|Gauteng]] area around Johannesburg, wey be very water scarce, dey receive water from various dams for de area insyd such as de [[:en:Vaal_Dam|Vaal Dam]] den dey import water from de Orange River system thru de [[:en:Lesotho_Highlands_Water_Project|Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], in particular from de [[:en:Katse_Dam|Katse Dam]].<ref>Rand Water:[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx|date=9 February 2019}}. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> Cape Town dey receive ein drinking water from an extensive system of rivers den dams, wey dey include de [[:en:Berg_River_Dam|Berg River Dam]]. Cape Town get 26 treatment plants, sam of wey be ineffective den dey date back to de 1950s, wey e make clean water access den [[:en:Wastewater_treatment|wastewater management]] major difficulties.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> Cape Town go receive an €80 million loan from [[:en:KfW|KfW]] to assist de city insyd dey improve den expand different municipal [[:en:Wastewater_treatment|wastewater treatment]] plants, a €1.2 million grant give training den a €4.5 million grant give city-supporting measures. De upgrades go allow de city to use water wey dem recycle give agricultural anaa industrial purposes den assist for dealing plus droughts insyd.<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative |title=The Clean Oceans Initiative |date=2022-02-04 |publisher=European Investment Bank |language=EN}}</ref> === Wastewater reuse === For South Africa insyd, de main driver give [[:en:Water_reuse|wastewater reuse]] be drought conditions.<ref name="Meeker">{{cite journal |last1=Burgess |first1=Jo |last2=Meeker |first2=Melissa |last3=Minton |first3=Julie |last4=O'Donohue |first4=Mark |date=4 September 2015 |title=International research agency perspectives on potable water reuse |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897658 |journal=Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=563–580 |doi=10.1039/C5EW00165J |issn=2053-1419}}</ref> For example, for [[:en:Beaufort_West|Beaufort West]] insyd, dem construct South Africa ein a direct wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) give de production of drinking water for de end of 2010 insyd, as a result of acute [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] (production of 2,300 m³ per day).<ref>{{cite web |title=Risk Assessment for South Africa's first direct wastewater reclamation system for drinking water production |url=https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/146252.pdf |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beaufort West Water Reclamation Plant: First Direct (Toilet-to-Tap) Water Reclamation Plant in South Africa |url=http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913233740/http://www.imesa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Paper-6.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> De process configuration wey dey base for multi-barrier concept top den dey include de following treatment processes: sand filtration, [[:en:Ultrafiltration|UF]], two-stage [[:en:Reverse_osmosis|RO]], den permeate wey [[:en:Ultraviolet_light|ultraviolet light]] (UV) disinfect am. De town [[:en:George,_Western_Cape|George]] face water shortages den already decide for an [[:en:Reclaimed_water#Planned_potable_reuse|IPR]] strategy (2009/2010) top, wey dem treat final effluents from ein Outeniqua WWTP to a very high quality thru UF den disinfection prior to being returned to de main storage facility, the Garden Route Dam, where they are combined with current raw water supplies. Dis initiative dey augment de existing supply by 10,000&#x20;m³ per day, approximately one third of de drinking water demand. De process configuration dey include de following treatment processes: drum screen, UF, den chlorine disinfection. Dem make provision give powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition at George WTW, if dem require am as an additional operational barrier.<ref name="Meeker" /> Anoda example of DPR be de reuse plant wey dem construct den operate for de town [[:en:Hermanus|Hermanus]] (Overberg) insyd for South Africa insyd, wey rydee 2,500&#x20;m³ per day of effluent dem reuse, plus a future plan to increase de capacity to 5,000&#x20;m³ per day. De treatment processes wey dem apply dey include UF pre-treatment, [[:en:Desalination|RO desalination]], as well as [[:en:Oxidation|advanced oxidation]] den [[:en:Carbon_filtration|carbon filtration]]. Dem feed de product from de reuse plant directly into de drinking water reticulation system.<ref name="Meeker" /> == Access to water by SA citizens == [[File:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johhanesburg_Water-Midrand_Tower-002.jpg|thumb|267x267px|A water tower for [[:en:Midrand|Midrand]] insyd, Johannesburg]]South Africa be one of de few countries for de world insyd dat dey enshrine de basic right to sufficient water for ein [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Constitution]] insyd, wey dey state dat "Everyone get de right to have access to [...] sufficient food den water."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of 1996, Chapter 2, Section 27 |url=http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117002512/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons2.htm#27 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |access-date=21 May 2007}}</ref> Howeva, e remain to do much dey to fulfill dat right.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Note |date=2007 |title=What Price for the Priceless?: Implementing the Justiciability of the Right to Water |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/note.pdf |journal=[[Harvard Law Review]] |volume=120 |page=1067 |access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> After de end of [[:en:Apartheid|Apartheid]] South Africa ein newly elected government wey inherit highly functional services plus respect to access to water supply den sanitation.<ref>BUSARI, Ola and JACKSON, Barry: Reinforcing water and sanitation sector reform in South Africa, Water Policy, 2006, vol. 8, no 4, pp. 303–312.</ref> Howeva, as of 2017, wey e owe to a lack of maintenance wey dey result from corruption,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-03 |title=Controlling Corruption to Improve Water Security: Lessons from the South African Water Sector |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/06/03/controlling-corruption-lessons-from-southafrican-watersector/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> provision of water den sanitation largely collapse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title="Better water supply, collection management systems needed to avoid day zero water crisis" |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/better-water-supply-collection-management-systems-needed-to-avoid-day-zero-water-crisis/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Ferrial |date=2021-04-29 |title=MAVERICK CITIZEN OP-ED: Government must urgently deal with South Africa's deepening water crisis |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-29-government-must-urgently-deal-with-south-africas-deepening-water-crisis/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> For 2015 insyd, de Department of Water den Sanitation say e go require R293-billion to fix den upgrade all water den sewage infrastructure for de country insyd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> While der already be a growth for de overall nomba of water-supplied dwellings insyd, de percentage of houses plus running water already decrease since 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Water services worse than in 1994 |url=https://mg.co.za/environment/2020-01-31-water-services-worse-than-in-1994/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Water === For 2015 insyd, de total nomba of pippoe for South Africa insyd wey dey lack access to an [[:en:Improved_water_source|"improved" water supply]] be 3.64 million.<ref name="SAJMPWash">{{Cite web |title=WASHwatch.org – South Africa |url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/south-africa/summary/statistics/ |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=washwatch.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">WHO/UNICEF (2015) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/ Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418142528/http://www.wssinfo.org/documents/|date=18 April 2014}}, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> 93% of de population already get access to an improved water source for dat year insyd.<ref name="SAJMPWash" /> For ein State of de Union address insyd for May 2004 insyd, Presido [[:en:Thabo_Mbeki|Thabo Mbeki]] already promise "all households go get running water within five years".<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3736045.stm Mbeki State of the Union 2004]</ref> Despite substantial progress, dem no fully achieve dis goal. For sam rural areas, women dey spend up to one-third of demma time wey dey fetch water from streams den wells.<ref>Itana, Nicole:[http://www.womensenews.org/story/international-policyunited-nations/020906/many-women-clean-water-means-safety-freedom For Many Women, Clean Water Means Safety, Freedom]. WEnews 6 September 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2010.</ref> Dem sanso be responsible give dey use am to cook meals, wash laundry den bathe kiddies. === Sanitation === Plus respect to [[:en:Sanitation|sanitation]], progress already make slow. De total nomba of pippoe for South Africa insyd lacking access to [[:en:Improved_sanitation|"improved" sanitation]] dey 18 million for 2015 insyd.<ref name="SAJMPWash" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Dis dey mean dat only 66% of de total population already get access to improved sanitation for dat year insyd.<ref name="SAJMPWash" /> According to estimates by de WHO/UNICEF global [[:en:Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] wey dey base for survey den census data top, de share of South Africans plus access to [[:en:Improved_sanitation|improved sanitation]] increase slowly from 71% for 1990 insyd to 75% for 2000 insyd den 79% for 2010 insyd. For 2010 insyd, an estimated 11 million South Africans still no get access to improved sanitation: Dem den use shared facilities (4 million), [[:en:Bucket_toilet|bucket toilets]] (3 million) anaa practice [[:en:Open_defecation|open defecation]] (4 million).<ref name="JMP" /> According to [[:en:Statistics_South_Africa|Statistics South Africa]], access dey higher, partially sekof e dey include shared facilities for ein definition of sanitation insyd. According to de 2011 census figures, access to sanitation increase from 83% for 2001 insyd to 91% for 2011 insyd, wey dey include shared den individual pit latrines as well as chemical toilets.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |last=[[Statistics South Africa]] |date=October 2012 |title=Census 2011: Statistical Release |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf |access-date=3 November 2012 |pages=52–53}}</ref> De share of households plus access to flush toilets increase from 53% for 2001 insyd to 60% for 2011 insyd. De health impacts of inadequate sanitation fi dey serious, as evidenced by de estimated 1.5 million cases of [[:en:Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] for kiddies under five insyd den de 2001 outbreak of [[:en:Cholera|cholera]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/content/lids/PDF/summary.pdf 2001 basic household sanitation White Paper]</ref> While most coliforms dey harmless to human health, de presence of E. coli, wey dey cover approximately 97% of coliform bacteria wey dem find for de intestines of animals insyd den for faeces insyd, dey underline de presence of more harmful pathogens for de water system insyd (DWAF 1996b).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Teklehaimanot |first1=Giorgis Z. |last2=Coetzee |first2=Martie A. A. |last3=Momba |first3=Maggy N. B. |date=2014-05-17 |title=Faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of Sedibeng and Soshanguve communities, South Africa |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=9589–9603 |bibcode=2014ESPR...21.9589T |doi=10.1007/s11356-014-2980-y |issn=0944-1344 |pmid=24838129 |s2cid=26827412}}</ref> South Africa ein sewage system already largely collapse. Globally, for average top, annual maintenance to plants dey amount to 15% of de plant ein value but for South Africa insyd, dem spend only 1% of de plant ein value for annual maintenance top. Of 824 water treatment plants, only around 60 dey release clean water. Every second, 50 000 litres of untreated sewage dey flow into rivers thruout de country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=50 000 litres of sewage flow into SA's rivers every second |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-21-south-africas-shit-has-hit-the-fan/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Service quality == === Water quality den continuity of supply === Service quality dey highly variable den data be sketchy. For 2003 insyd, 63% of municipalities no dey able to say if dem meet drinking water quality standards anaa dem no meet am. Dem interrupt water supply to 37% of households give at least one day for 2003 insyd.<ref name="Barometer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf Infrastructure Barometer 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121737/http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/Infrastructure%20Barometer.pdf|date=25 February 2012}}, p. 121–122</ref> Customers never do den often still no dey trust dat drinking water quality be adequate. Dis be why de [[:en:Department_of_Water_Affairs|Department of Water Affairs]] wey dem introduce for 2008 insyd wey so dem bell am "blue drop" incentive-based water quality regulation strategy. Under de strategy municipal service providers dem certify am plus a "blue drop" if dem fulfill certain requirements. Dem dey include not only compliance plus water quality standards, but sanso de existence of a [[:en:Water_safety_plan|water safety plan]], process wey dey control den de credibility of sample results, among odas.<ref>Talbot Laboratories:[http://www.talbot.co.za/?bluedrop Blue drop, green drop]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> Dem regard de system internationally as unique for de drinking water regulatory domain insyd den dem already receive am well by de [[:en:World_Health_Organization|World Health Organization]]. Howeva, observers from de private sector de say dat a "strong spin element" dey surround de programme den dat water quality dey actually deteriorate nationally, "while de government dey attempt to discredit commentators wey persist for demma view insyd dat der be a problem".<ref>Water Rhapsody:[https://www.rainharvest.co.za/2010/11/21/blue-drop-water-quality-scheme-gains-momentum-but-critics-say-more-is-needed/ ‘Blue Drop’ water quality scheme gains momentum, but critics say more is needed], 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011. Quote from Dr Anthony Turton, TouchStone Resources</ref> For 2009 insyd, 23 water supply system obtain de Blue Drop certification. For 2010 insyd, 9 lost am den 24 gain am give de first time, wey e bring de total to 38 (less dan 5 percent) out of 787 systems wey dem assess. De three top performers beJohannesburg, Cape Town den de small town of [[:en:Bitou_Local_Municipality|Bitou]].<ref>Polity.org.za:[http://www.polity.org.za/article/blue-drop-report-2010-south-african-drinking-water-quality-management-performance-april-2010-2010-04-29 Blue Drop Report 2010: South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance (April 2010)]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/blueDrop.pdf Blue Drop Report 2010], p. 2 and 5 retrieved on 18 June 2011</ref> Water supply dey increasingly under pressure. [[:en:Eutrophication|Eutrophication]] be a growing concern,<ref>Oberholster, P.J. & Ashton, P.J. 2008. State of the Nation Report: An Overview of the Current Status of Water Quality and [[Eutrophication]] in South African Rivers and Reservoirs. Parliamentary Grant Deliverable. Pretoria: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).</ref> plus about one third of de total volume of water wey dem hold for strategic storage insyd wey dey approach de point wey e dey no longer fit give purpose without significant den costly management intervention. Return dey flow out of mining areas, particularly from gold mining activities, dey rapidly deteriorate, plus highly acidic water start to decant from abandoned den derelict mines.<ref>UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis:[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76780 South Africa:Paying the Price for Mining], 15 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</ref> === Wastewater treatment === 55% of [[:en:Wastewater_treatment_plant|wastewater treatment plants]], especially smaller ones, no meet effluent standards den sam no even measure effluent quality. For analogy to de blue drop certification system give drinking water insyd, de government launch a green drop certification give municipal wastewater treatment. As of May 2011, dem certify 7 out of 159 water supply authorities plus de green drop, den 32 out of 1,237 wastewater treatment plants.<ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/dir_ws/gds/ Green Drop Cerfification]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> For 2009 insyd, wen dem assess 449 wastewater treatment plants, according to official government data dem classify 7% as excellently managed, 38% "perform within acceptable standards" den 55% no perform within acceptable standards.<ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Communications/PressReleases/2010/GreenDropstatement.pdf Statement by the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, release of the Green Drop Report], 29 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref><ref>Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/GreenDropReport2009_ver1_web.pdf Green Drop Report 2009]. Retrieved 18 June 2011</ref> According to Bluewater Bio, an international firm wey specialise for wastewater treatment insyd, out of 1,600 wastewater treatment plants for South Africa insyd – no all of wey dem include am for de Green Drop assessment insyd – at least 60% no dey meet regulatory compliance requirements.<ref>[http://www.globalwaterintel.com/about/ Global Water Intelligence]:Bluewater Bio's South African Safari, November 2009, p. 26</ref> According to a study by de South African Water Research Commission for partnership plus de South African Local Government Association insyd wey dem publish for June 2013 insyd, 44% of wastewater treatment plants wey dem include for a representative sample insyd use inappropriate den unnecessarily expensive technologies. Der be a lack of funding give maintenance sekof low tariffs, insufficient collection den de absence of ring-fencing of revenues give de purpose of maintaining assets, so dat municipalities "run assets to failure".<ref>South African Water Research Commission: [https://www.wrc.org.za/News/Pages/Inappropriatewastewatertechnologychoicescompromisequalityandsustainabilityofservicedeliveryinmunicipalities.aspx Inappropriate wastewater technology choices compromise quality and sustainability of service delivery in municipalities], 13 June 2013</ref> == Stakeholders == Dem organise de public water den sanitation sector for South Africa insyd for three different tiers insyd: * De national government, wey de Department of Water den Sanitation (DWS) represent am, as a policy setter. * [[:en:Water_Board_(South_Africa)|Water Boards]], wey dey provide primarily bulk water, but sanso sam retail services den operate sam wastewater treatment plants, in addition to playing a role for water resources management insyd; * Municipalities, wey provide most retail services den sanso dey own sam of de bulk supply infrastructure. Banks, de professional association WISA, de Water Research Commission den civil society sanso be important stakeholders for de sector insyd. === Policy den regulation === De [[:en:Department_of_Water_Affairs|Department of Water Affairs]] (DWA) for de Ministry of Water den Environmental Affairs insyd primarily dey responsible give de formulation den implementation of policy wey dey govern water resources management as well as drinking water supply. Concerning sanitation, "der be a worrying absence of regulation [...] at all levels of government", according to an independent report. Around 2010 dem remove de sanitation function from DWA to de Department of Human Settlement (DHS), although sam regulatory functions apparently dey remain plus DWA, "wey dey cause institutional confusion ova roles den responsibilities".<ref>{{cite web |last=Tissington |first=Kate |date=July 2011 |title=Basic Sanitation in South Africa: A Guide to Legislation, Policy and Practice |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/webfm_send/42156 |access-date=16 December 2012 |publisher=Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa (SERI) |pages=69}}</ref> === Service provision === Dem share responsibility give service provision among various entities: De country ein 231 municipalities dey in charge of water distribution den sanitation either directly anaa indirectly thru municipally owned enterprises anaa private companies; government-owned water boards dey in charge of operating bulk water supply infrastructure den sam wastewater systems; den de Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority finances den dey develop dams den bulk water supply infrastructure. [[File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_provinces_shaded_and_districts_numbered_(2011).svg|thumb|450x450px|Map wey dey show de districts (wey dem nomba) of South Africa]]'''Municipalities'''. According to de Constitution, de Municipal Structures Act den de Water Services Act of 1997<ref name="WSA">Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf Water Services Act of 1997]. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</ref> responsibility give de provision of water den sanitation services dey lie plus water services authorities, wey de Water Services Act dey define as de municipalities. Der dey 52 district municipalities den 231 local municipalities for South Africa insyd (make you see [[:en:Municipalities_of_South_Africa|Municipalities of South Africa]]).<ref name="eThekwini Municipality">{{cite web |last=eThekwini Municipality |title=eThekwinie Water and Sanitation: Who we Are? |url=http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807075926/http://www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/About_Us/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=7 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> For many cases insyd, de district municipalities be de water services authorities. Howeva, de national government fi assign responsibility give service provision to local municipalities. Ovaall, der dey 169 water services authorities for South Africa insyd, wey dey include water boards, district municipalities, local municipalities den municipal companies. Usually municipalities dey provide water den sanitation services directly thru a municipal unit anaa department. For example, eThekwini (Durban) dey provide dem services thru de eThekwini Water den Sanitation Unit.<ref name="eThekwini Municipality" /> Howeva, dem fi delegate dis responsibility to a water services provider give a period wey dem define. For example, for 2001 insyd de city of Johannesburg create Johannesburg Water, a legally den financially independent company wey de municipality wholly own am. Dem do dis as part of a "Transformation Plan" wey de Greater Johannesburg Municipal Authority embark upon at de time. Johannesburg Water commit einself to comply plus de provisions of de [[:en:King_Report_on_Corporate_Governance|King Report]] [[:en:King_Report_on_Corporate_Governance|for Corporate Governance top]], wey dey include affirmative action, transparency, performance evaluation, a code of ethics, professional risk management den sustainability reporting. De 1996 constitution strengthen de autonomy of municipalities. As a consequence, dem transfer de responsibility give rural water supply den sanitation from de national government, wey DWAF rep am, to municipalities. '''Private sector participation'''. Since 1994 sam municipalities involve de private sector for service provision insyd for various forms insyd, wey dey include contracts give specific services such as wastewater treatment, short-term management contracts den long-term concessions. '''Water Boards'''. De 13 government-owned Water Boards dey play a key role for de South African water sector insyd. Dem dey operate dams, bulk water supply infrastructure, sam retail infrastructure den sam wastewater systems. sam sanso dey provide technical assistance to municipalities. '''Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority'''. De Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) be a state-owned entity plus de mission to finance den implement bulk raw water infrastructure. Dem create am for 1986 insyd to develop de Lesotho Highland Water Project, a joint project between Lesotho den South Africa. As of 2012, TCTA already develop anaa dey develop six oda dam den bulk water supply projects thruout de country, wey dey include de [[:en:Berg_River_Dam|Berg River Dam]]. TCTA dey sell bulk water to de government, wey de Department of Water rep am as de owner of de Water Boards dat dey treat de water den dey sell am for to municipalities den mines top. TCTA dey use dem revenues mainly to repay de debt wey dem raise am to finance ein infrastructure, ein operating costs den to pay royalties to de government of Lesotho.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority |title=Home Page |url=https://www.tcta.co.za/ |access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> === Odas === '''Research, training''' '''den knowledge'''. South Africa get a fairly strong research den training infrastructure for de water sector insyd. De Water Research Commission (WRC) dey support water research den development as well as de building of a sustainable water research capacity for South Africa insyd. E dey serve as de country ein water-centred knowledge 'hub' wey e lead de creation, dissemination den application of water-centred knowledge, wey e focus for water resource management top, water-linked ecosystems, water use den waste management den water utilisation for agriculture insyd.<ref>[https://www.wrc.org.za/ Water Research Commission (WRC)]</ref> De Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA), a professional association, dey keep ein members abreast of de latest developments for water technology den research insyd thru ein national den international liaison, links den affiliations.<ref>Water Institute of Southern Africa:[http://www.wisa.org.za/Home/Home.htm About WISA]. Retrieved 24 October 2010</ref> '''Financiers''' '''den promoters'''. De [[:en:Development_Bank_of_Southern_Africa|Development Bank of Southern Africa]] (DBSA) be an important player for de water den sanitation sector insyd, both as a financier den as an advisor den project promoter. For 2005–2006 insyd about 29% of ein approved projects be give water supply (1,881 million Rand) den sanitation (165 million Rand).<ref>[http://www.dbsa.org/Research/Documents/DBSAActivitiesReport2005-2006.pdf Development Bank of Southern Africa Annual Report 2005–2006], p. 7</ref> Oda financing institutions for de sector insyd dey include de Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited, wey dey claim to be de only 100% privately owned infrastructure debt fund for de world insyd.<ref>[https://www.inca.co.za/ Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited INCA]</ref> '''Civil society'''. South Africa get a vibrant civil society, wey dey comprise a large nomba of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) plus very diverse goals, membership den methods. For de one hand top, civil society dey include militant so-called "new social movements" dat spring up after de end of Apartheid, such as de [[:en:Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign|Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign]] wey dem form for 2000 insyd den de shack dweller organisation [[:en:Abahlali_baseMjondolo|Abahlali baseMjondolo]] wey dem form for 2005 insyd. Dem dey fight water cut-offs give non-payment den dem engage for "mass popular appropriation" of water services insyd. Dem groups dey claim to rep de poorest den most oppressed pippoe for South Africa insyd. For de oda hand top, civil society for South Africa insyd dey include de Mvula trust wey disburse ova R300 million to water services programmes den projects den dem provide services to ova a million South Africans wey previously no dey get access to either water anaa sanitation services. Dem specialise am in implementing den supporting de delivery of water services for rural den peri-urban areas insyd thru community management, de establishment of community based water services providers den supporting local authorities to create an enabling environment give sustainability.<ref>[http://www.mvula.co.za/ Mvula Trust]</ref> == References == 8rx5760i8gz9kpr3en8am8wui7y53h6 0 27706 104044 103988 2026-06-19T14:21:38Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{short description|Water located beneath the ground surface}} [[File:Groundwater (aquifer, aquitard, 3 type wells).PNG|right|thumb|upright=1.5|An illustration showing groundwater insyd aquifers (insyd blue) (1, 5 den 6) below de water table (4), den three different wells (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach am.]] '''Groundwater''' be de [[water]] present beneath [[Earth]]'s surface insyd rock den soil pore spaces den insyd de fractures of rock formations . About 30 percent of all readily available fresh water insyd de world be groundwater.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Groundwater? {{!}} International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre |url=https://www.un-igrac.org/what-groundwater |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.un-igrac.org |language=en}}</ref> A unit of rock anaa an unconsolidated deposit be bell an ''aquifer'' wen e fit yield a usable quantity of water. De depth at wich soil pore spaces anaa fractures den voids insyd rock becam completely saturated plus water be bell de ''water table''. Groundwater be recharged from de surface; e may discharge from de surface naturally at springs den seeps, den fit form oases anaa wetlands. Groundwater be sanso often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, den industrial use by constructing den operating extraction wells. De study of de distribution den movement of groundwater be ''hydrogeology'', sanso bell groundwater hydrology. Typically, groundwater be thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, insyd de technical sense, e fit sansi contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water insyd very low permeability bedrock, den deep geothermal anaaoil formation water. Groundwater be hypothesized to provide lubrication dat fit possibly influence de movement of faults. E be likely dat much of [[Earth]]'s subsurface contains sum water, wich may be mixed plus oda fluids insyd sum instances. == References == 1z5he62ris16a6p2dqdf3pzhysjwoei 0 27708 104004 2026-06-19T12:50:52Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 104004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in Woleu-Ntem province, Gabon}} {{no Footnotes|date=June 2012}} {{Infobox river | name = Abanga River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Gabon | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in Gabon | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Gabon]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|0|18|32|S|10|28|45|E|dim:200000_region:GA_type:river_source:Google_Earth|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abanga River''' be a river of [[Gabon]]. E be one of de right tributaries of de Ogooué. E rises insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu. E be about 160km long. E joins de Ogooué river near de town of Bifoun. rke452coly1fdixjyv51k7j98fvsv21 104005 104004 2026-06-19T12:51:56Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in Woleu-Ntem province, Gabon}} {{no Footnotes|date=June 2012}} {{Infobox river | name = Abanga River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Gabon | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in Gabon | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Gabon]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|0|18|32|S|10|28|45|E|dim:200000_region:GA_type:river_source:Google_Earth|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abanga River''' be a river of [[Gabon]]. E be one of de right tributaries of de Ogooué. E rises insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu. E be about 160km long. E joins de Ogooué river near de town of Bifoun. [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] fo83owqu3iz0vyfj10fjng4x72750zc 104006 104005 2026-06-19T12:52:23Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in Woleu-Ntem province, Gabon}} {{no Footnotes|date=June 2012}} {{Infobox river | name = Abanga River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Gabon | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in Gabon | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Gabon]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|0|18|32|S|10|28|45|E|dim:200000_region:GA_type:river_source:Google_Earth|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abanga River''' be a river of [[Gabon]]. E be one of de right tributaries of de Ogooué. E rises insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu. E be about 160km long. E joins de Ogooué river near de town of Bifoun. [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:AWC2026]] pojddd9xjaaulxa4cquo0g2xhlr6yzy 104007 104006 2026-06-19T12:53:18Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 104007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|River in Woleu-Ntem province, Gabon}} {{no Footnotes|date=June 2012}} {{Infobox river | name = Abanga River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Gabon | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in Gabon | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Gabon]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|0|18|32|S|10|28|45|E|dim:200000_region:GA_type:river_source:Google_Earth|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abanga River''' be a river of [[Gabon]]. E be one of de right tributaries of de Ogooué. E rises insyd de Cristal Mountains, near Medouneu. E be about 160km long. E joins de Ogooué river near de town of Bifoun. [[Category:Rivers of Gabon]] [[Category:AWC2026]] hsukkfkwv7lwepvedlm9nmwjx7e5la2 0 27709 104008 2026-06-19T13:04:18Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 104008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == 3s9ap5x9e06nja2v213ztd8lhqw8w67 104009 104008 2026-06-19T13:05:14Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] radwoy6yzyfwdjr30l63nbjm1fwtbm5 104010 104009 2026-06-19T13:06:02Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Jonglei State]] kj7f7o73mhq7z337vvd0hl43lw14n5m 104011 104010 2026-06-19T13:06:40Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Jonglei State]] [[Category:Greater Upper Nile]] jtwcqgyd65bhacmzzg5stt1wrsh9bdb 104012 104011 2026-06-19T13:07:19Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Jonglei State]] [[Category:Greater Upper Nile]] [[Category:Nile basin]] iroe4ppxns0ku7ed7jxmqo15lqj0d5j 104013 104012 2026-06-19T13:07:47Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Jonglei State]] [[Category:Greater Upper Nile]] [[Category:Nile basin]] [[Category:AWC2026]] bxv7qnnsrkulbyhw6ezjnd734oc5tdq 104014 104013 2026-06-19T13:08:31Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 104014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{about|the river in [[South Sudan]]|the [[Nile]] tributary in [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]]|Atbarah River}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox river | name = Abara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth in South Sudan | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.45|33.2333|display=it|region:SD-04_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Abara River''', sanso known as '''Abara Khawr''', be a stream insyd Jonglei, [[South Sudan]]. E be a tributary of de Agwei River, wich be formed at de confluence of de Abara den de Kongkong River just east of Bongak. De stream be a ''wadi'', anaa ravine, dat may run dry during de dry season but quickly becomes a watercourse due to heavy rainfall during de wet season.<ref>{{Cite web|title = (SU26) Map - Sudan|url = http://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/(su26)/1/|website = www.getamap.net|accessdate = 2015-10-01}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Jonglei State]] [[Category:Greater Upper Nile]] [[Category:Nile basin]] [[Category:AWC2026]] 6b6kq4ziy9qzvsm69ybsoghmjqos46y 0 27710 104015 2026-06-19T13:23:28Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 104015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == References == 70kgnhv72j10s9odhd62gw4v3aadreb 104016 104015 2026-06-19T13:24:38Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> == References == 7da4oyoi8weskugd78m4vuurwnziiko 104017 104016 2026-06-19T13:31:19Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. == References == pxc716x76h1f50nq8o3zhubi5w9sgxi 104018 104017 2026-06-19T13:34:24Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. == References == lzpvis8uvi5r2wmw4qioabxuc8zbls1 104019 104018 2026-06-19T13:37:49Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == References == pis6rdpx78rq0i0vv0z80hvt96kohnz 104020 104019 2026-06-19T13:38:47Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == == References == pe38td66uhg3lrsi4cbw5feb9cjrm8h 104021 104020 2026-06-19T13:40:51Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == References == af7xgxqktehd834ksw8m1n1cz1kr26e 104022 104021 2026-06-19T13:41:35Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == == References == elh4jg3p9chycpv2ax5vzoz4n69zv98 104023 104022 2026-06-19T13:43:05Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == References == bk7o2l42s1kv1ss9llafi6bhnfmsiew 104024 104023 2026-06-19T13:44:09Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == == References == dfxqz1pcq81kqsj1f5rjy2ojnmkn3s1 104025 104024 2026-06-19T13:44:45Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === == References == 84fyg5hurj650jigx9gwo4e5fr4wsb7 104026 104025 2026-06-19T13:48:18Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == References == g3r4og8i2axlizf4qnbdy1k1wlncd9s 104027 104026 2026-06-19T13:49:11Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === == References == bl7bkb03umlt8lnc4q5naxoh0c8xsl1 104028 104027 2026-06-19T13:50:20Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == References == 9wtccs2a17v76gxgq02h89seyhbx1d1 104029 104028 2026-06-19T13:51:12Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == == References == 761zpa84nrot2fgx4watceky91qwby1 104030 104029 2026-06-19T13:52:48Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == References == 92v8prgwk47owhnyg35abfl7eqbcwvw 104031 104030 2026-06-19T13:53:42Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == == References == 6f478v6tj2xtsqdajilg2c9p9t88uv1 104032 104031 2026-06-19T13:54:45Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == References == g2lld2m0evgrvgxu8zks1h1jxrb3qzc 104033 104032 2026-06-19T13:55:37Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 104033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == == References == 3mvzl7cviy5hgocw7cc6non8w3ydh05 104034 104033 2026-06-19T13:59:01Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 104034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == 1llb2wkphrfxafp4qjpx4xmi3uli6c8 104035 104034 2026-06-19T13:59:55Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] dfmj5yym1r7i3392r6si0t3m75y7g1t 104036 104035 2026-06-19T14:00:24Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] ss7189im5arejv4z5vqpgo5hmi80ibg 104037 104036 2026-06-19T14:00:52Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]] pz3cnm9qppwf98m523eadun8x0e2gpy 104038 104037 2026-06-19T14:01:12Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 104038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]] [[Category:AWC2026]] eb3r5as2c6offvuw6npm0by2xdexkx0 104039 104038 2026-06-19T14:01:53Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 104039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|River in South Sudan and Uganda}} {{Infobox river | name = Achwa River | name_native = | name_other = Aswa River | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Rivers and lakes of Uganda.png | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Uganda]], [[South Sudan]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|434|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1944–1977){{cvt|3|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative">{{cite web|url=https://nilebasin.org/node/12596|title=Hydrology Regime in The Nile Basin – Nile Basin Initiative}}</ref> • (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|63.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3.7478|N|31.9237|E|format=dms|display=it|region:UG_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = | progression =[[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|31,604.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =Awero | tributaries_right =Agago, Pager, Nyimur | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} De '''Achwa River''' be a river of [[Uganda]]. E flows through de northern central part of de country, draining much of Uganda's northern plateau den northeastern highlands, before crossing de border into [[South Sudan]] wey e joins de [[White Nile]]. Insyd [[South Sudan]] e be known as de '''Aswa River'''. De river be a lifeline for communities along its path through offering fishing activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> De river be a source of livelihood to nearby communities despite being under degradation threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human activities threaten River Aswa |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_157135 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda’s Aswa Basin |url=https://africa.wetlands.org/en/news/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Wetlands International Africa |language=en-UK}}</ref> E be a protected area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet {{!}} Achwa River |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/315097 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Protected Planet}}</ref> De Achwa River be a major river insyd northeastern [[Uganda]] wich flows northwest into [[South Sudan]] wey e be get bell de Aswa River den joins de [[White Nile]]. De river begins insyd hills insyd de northwestern part of Katakwi Province den flows through Lira Province den becomes de border between de provinces of Pader den Gulu where de Agago River den then de Pager River flow into am. De Achwa River forms most of de border between de provinces of Atiak den Kitgum before crossing into Sudan east of de border town of Nimule den joining de White Nile about ten miles northwest of Nimule. Dat particular section of de White Nile be known as Bahr el Jebel anaa "River of de Mountain", anaa Mountain Nile. De Achwa drains much of de northeastern highland den northern plateau of Uganda. Like most rivers insyd de region de flow of de Achwa be strongly influenced by de season den weather. E be prone to flooding at times. Insyd 2000, e submerged de bridge connecting de cities of Gulu den Kitgum. De distance from de Achwa's headwaters to joining de White Nile be about 185 miles. De river flows through East Sudanian savanna wich encompasses much of northeastern Uganda. Dis hot, dry, wooded savanna composed mainly of Combretum den Terminalia shrub den tree species den tall elephant grass has been adversely affected by agricultural activities, fire, clearance for wood den charcoal, but large blocks of relatively intact habitat remain even outside protected areas. Populations of sum of de larger mammal species have been reduced by hunting, but good numbers of odas remain. <ref>http://www.visit-ug.nwtdemos.com/menu/category/where-to-go/lakes-and-rivers/achwa-river</ref> == Catchment den hydrology == De Aswa (Achwa) catchment be a transboundary basin between Uganda den [[South Sudan]], covering over 31,000 km2. Wetlands International reports dat de Aswa River Basin insyd northeastern Uganda drains about 27,677 km2 den contains extensive wetland systems (about 2,045 km2), plus de catchment delineated into eight tributaries anaa sub-catchments.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom">{{cite web |title=Rise of Okom: Restoring Uganda's Aswa Basin |url=https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/rise-of-okom-restoring-ugandas-aswa-basin/ |website=Wetlands International Africa |date=2021-08-27 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Average annual flow of de Aswa be reported at about 3.0 km3 per year (1940–1977). == Ecology == Large parts of de Achwa basin lie insyd savanna landscapes of northern Uganda den South Sudan. Wetland systems insyd de basin support water regulation den local livelihoods, including fishing den small-scale agriculture, den provide habitat for wetland-dependent biodiversity. == Human use == === Hydropower === De Achwa River supports run-of-river hydropower development insyd northern [[Uganda]]. De Achwa II project be a 42 MW hydropower plant wey dey locate on de Achwa River insyd de districts of Paper, Kitgum den Gulu. De project scope includes access den service roads den grid interconnection facilities.<ref name="dportal_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant |url=https://d-portal.org/q.html?aid=46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=d-portal |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref><ref name="AfDB_MapAfrica_AchwaII">{{cite web |title=Uganda - Achwa II Hydropower Plant (project page) |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-UG-FAB-007 |website=African Development Bank Group (MapAfrica) |date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> === Livelihoods === Communities insyd de basin depend on river den wetland resources for domestic water use, small-scale farming, livestock, den fishing, especially during dry seasons wen alternative sources are limited. == Conservation den threats == Parts of de Aswa basin have faced degradation pressures linked to wetland encroachment, land conversion, den declining freshwater ecosystem condition. Reporting insyd Uganda has linked basin degradation to reduced access to safe water for nearby communities.<ref name="Monitor_AswaDegradation">{{cite web |title=Aswa River basin degradation threatens access to safe water |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/aswa-river-basin-degradation-threatens-access-to-safe-water-4661494 |website=Daily Monitor (Nation.Africa) |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> Restoration work insyd de basin has included catchment management activities focused on wetlands den landscape recovery, as documented by Wetlands International’s “Rise of Okom” initiative.<ref name="WetlandsInternational_Okom" /> == Protected areas == Protected Planet lists “Achwa River” as a protected area site insyd Uganda (85.68 km2), designated insyd 1948.<ref name="ProtectedPlanet_Achwa">{{cite web |title=Achwa River (Protected Planet) |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/achwa-river |website=Protected Planet |access-date=2025-12-16}}</ref> == Spy sanso == * ''River Okot'' * ''River Semliki'' * ''River Sezibwa'' * Rutshuru River * River Reizi * Semliki River * Sezibwa River * Turkwel River * [[White Nile]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]] [[Category:Rivers of Uganda]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]] [[Category:AWC2026]] mbklfsjxq9y1paq76oswqo69ez8agqf 14 27711 104050 2026-06-19T18:53:21Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104050 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27712 104051 2026-06-19T18:53:34Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104051 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27713 104055 2026-06-19T19:37:48Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104055 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 27714 104064 2026-06-19T22:51:44Z DaSupremo 9 /* Translations */ new section 104064 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translations == Hello @[[User:Achiri Bitamsimli|Achiri Bitamsimli]], thanks for contributing on the Ghanaian Pidgin WIkipedia. I have realized most of your translations contain Nigerian Pidgin words. I have corrected most of your translations to the Ghanaian Pidgin. Kindly take note. Also, you do not have to translate the whole article. It makes patrolling difficult and hectic. Thanks for understanding [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:51, 19 June 2026 (GMT) g072mqslaputvxmvmap4h4q2ibe1lmj 14 27715 104094 2026-06-20T09:29:29Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104094 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27716 104095 2026-06-20T09:29:42Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104095 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27717 104096 2026-06-20T09:30:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104096 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27718 104097 2026-06-20T09:43:03Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104097 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27719 104098 2026-06-20T09:43:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 104098 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27720 104099 2026-06-20T10:44:19Z Donnarumma Jnr 6301 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314933027|Yellala Falls]]" 104099 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' or ''Chutes Yelala''; also spelled as ''Ielala'') be de series for waterfalls den rapids plus de [[Congo River]] just upstream plus Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest for ein long series den rapids plus render de river unnavigable, forcing colonial explorers go travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool 350 kilometres (220 mi) upstream.[1] De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water discharged, den de deepest insyd deworld.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De section of river Wey de end plus deYellala falls get over 300 species of fish, many found nowhere else.[3] ft6earweo8o9ij0iqlio0u9rzwzy77f 104102 104099 2026-06-20T10:52:39Z Donnarumma Jnr 6301 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314933027|Yellala Falls]]" 104102 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' or ''Chutes Yelala''; also spelled as ''Ielala'') be de series for waterfalls den rapids plus de [[Congo River]] just upstream plus Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest for ein long series den rapids plus render de river unnavigable, forcing colonial explorers go travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool 350 kilometres (220 mi) upstream.[1] De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water discharged, den de deepest insyd deworld.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De section of river Wey de end plus deYellala falls get over 300 species of fish, many found nowhere else.[3] De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4] aya8jfmu1mbupygkxrub6ydo85zbpx9 104109 104102 2026-06-20T11:11:05Z Donnarumma Jnr 6301 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314933027|Yellala Falls]]" 104109 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' or ''Chutes Yelala''; also spelled as ''Ielala'') be de series for waterfalls den rapids plus de [[Congo River]] just upstream plus Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest for ein long series den rapids plus render de river unnavigable, forcing colonial explorers go travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool 350 kilometres (220 mi) upstream.[1] De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water discharged, den de deepest insyd deworld.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De section of river Wey de end plus deYellala falls get over 300 species of fish, many found nowhere else.[3] De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4] De upper portion of de Lower Congo start with de steep Livingstone Falls just below Kinshasa den e continue for 133 kilometres (83 mi) through plenty small rapids. De central portion of about 129 kilometres (80 mi) be navigable, sometimes e be like lake den sometimes e narrow den as deep as 200 metres (660 ft). De lower portion of about 88 kilometres (55 mi) be de steepest, with huge rapids for de Inga Falls and again for de Yellala falls, after which de river be navigable go de ocean. About 1,250,000 cubic feet (35,000 m3) of water dey flow over de falls each second.[4][3] don3nrqo4eucl392jwrz6eg9bs839al 104110 104109 2026-06-20T11:16:29Z Donnarumma Jnr 6301 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314933027|Yellala Falls]]" 104110 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' or ''Chutes Yelala''; also spelled as ''Ielala'') be de series for waterfalls den rapids plus de [[Congo River]] just upstream plus Matadi insyd de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. De falls be de lowest for ein long series den rapids plus render de river unnavigable, forcing colonial explorers go travel by foot as far as de Stanley Pool 350 kilometres (220 mi) upstream.[1] De Congo be de second largest river insyd de world by volume of water discharged, den de deepest insyd deworld.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De section of river Wey de end plus deYellala falls get over 300 species of fish, many found nowhere else.[3] De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4] De upper portion of de Lower Congo start with de steep Livingstone Falls just below Kinshasa den e continue for 133 kilometres (83 mi) through plenty small rapids. De central portion of about 129 kilometres (80 mi) be navigable, sometimes e be like lake den sometimes e narrow den as deep as 200 metres (660 ft). De lower portion of about 88 kilometres (55 mi) be de steepest, with huge rapids for de Inga Falls and again for de Yellala falls, after which de river be navigable go de ocean. About 1,250,000 cubic feet (35,000 m3) of water dey flow over de falls each second.[4][3] De Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, when De Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão carry group of men go as far as the falls before disease force them turn back, probably malaria. For that place e set one padrão, wey be large stone cross-shaped marker, wey be customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wey dem no rediscover until 1911, carry de words: "Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei <nowiki>http://D.João</nowiki> II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa." ("Here arrived de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa".)[6] mn9gthimw7elbzwyt8xnkje0rhin9e2 104111 104110 2026-06-20T11:22:30Z Donnarumma Jnr 6301 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314933027|Yellala Falls]]" 104111 wikitext text/x-wiki De Yellala Falls (Rapides de Yelala or Chutes Yelala; also spelled as Ielala) be series of waterfalls and rapids for the Congo River just upstream from Matadi for de Democratic Republic of de Congo. De falls be de lowest of long series of rapids wey make de river unnavigable, wey force colonial explorers to waka by foot go as far as de Stanley Pool 350 kilometres (220 mi) upstream. De Congo be de second largest river for de world by volume of water wey e dey discharge, den de deepest for de world. De section of river wey end with de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, many wey you no go see anywhere else.[3] De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4] De upper portion of de Lower Congo start with de steep Livingstone Falls just below Kinshasa den e continue for 133 kilometres (83 mi) through plenty small rapids. De central portion of about 129 kilometres (80 mi) be navigable, sometimes e be like lake den sometimes e narrow den as deep as 200 metres (660 ft). De lower portion of about 88 kilometres (55 mi) be de steepest, with huge rapids for de Inga Falls and again for de Yellala falls, after which de river be navigable go de ocean. About 1,250,000 cubic feet (35,000 m3) of water dey flow over de falls each second.[4][3] De Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, when De Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão carry group of men go as far as the falls before disease force them turn back, probably malaria. For that place e set one padrão, wey be large stone cross-shaped marker, wey be customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wey dem no rediscover until 1911, carry de words: "Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei <nowiki>http://D.João</nowiki> II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa." ("Here arrived de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa".)[6] 9ebh7g86wh8e59nalac1b3b1mses2q0 104112 104111 2026-06-20T11:27:52Z Donnarumma Jnr 6301 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314933027|Yellala Falls]]" 104112 wikitext text/x-wiki De Yellala Falls (Rapides de Yelala or Chutes Yelala; also spelled as Ielala) be series of waterfalls and rapids for the Congo River just upstream from Matadi for de Democratic Republic of de Congo. De falls be de lowest of long series of rapids wey make de river unnavigable, wey force colonial explorers to waka by foot go as far as de Stanley Pool 350 kilometres (220 mi) upstream. De Congo be de second largest river for de world by volume of water wey e dey discharge, den de deepest for de world. De section of river wey end with de Yellala falls get over 300 species of fish, many wey you no go see anywhere else.[3] De region drained plus de Congo River de enter one eighth of Africa, including both tropical rain forest den savanna, much for be insyd de huge, shallow basin. De present system for rivers seems to date for Dey around five million years ago, not long ago plus de geological time scale. De time de Atlantic continental margin dem lifted up and formed de barrier between de basin den de sea. A large lake formed before de Congo River broke through ein barrier, running through a narrow, rocky channel about 350 kilometres (220 mi) long from Kinshasa to Matadi. De river be navigable both above den below ein stretch, called de lower Congo.[4] De upper portion of de Lower Congo start with de steep Livingstone Falls just below Kinshasa den e continue for 133 kilometres (83 mi) through plenty small rapids. De central portion of about 129 kilometres (80 mi) be navigable, sometimes e be like lake den sometimes e narrow den as deep as 200 metres (660 ft). De lower portion of about 88 kilometres (55 mi) be de steepest, with huge rapids for de Inga Falls and again for de Yellala falls, after which de river be navigable go de ocean. About 1,250,000 cubic feet (35,000 m3) of water dey flow over de falls each second.[3] De Yellala Falls be reached by Europeans as early as 1485, when De Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão carry group of men go as far as the falls before disease force them turn back, probably malaria. For that place e set one padrão, wey be large stone cross-shaped marker, wey be customary during de Portuguese Age of Discovery. De stone, wey dem no rediscover until 1911, carry de words: "Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei <nowiki>http://D.João</nowiki> II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa." ("Here arrived de ships of illustrious John II, King of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa".)[6] Captain James Hingston Tuckey visit in 1816. E talk say the local people think say the falls be the residence of one evil spirit, and say anybody wey see them go never see them again. E visit for dry season, e no too like the falls. E describe the site as say e get one large hill of syenite, wey be course-grained igneous rock, for the south side. The northern side, wey dem make with the same material, no be as high, but e steeper pass the south. E describe the river as say e don force e course and for the middle of the river one island of slate "still dey defy e power, and e dey break the current into two narrow channels; that one near the south side dey give vent to one great mass of water, over which the torrent dey rush with great fury and noise, as you fit easily conceive".[8] i78go12h1oe8pcr1nulve7dxneepmgg 0 27721 104100 2026-06-20T10:45:33Z Fafaligafola 6294 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 104100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of de two pontoon ferries where dey cross de Zambezi for Kazungula]] d1u2qv1nljtk30m0byyw090hp6xuy75 104103 104100 2026-06-20T10:53:01Z Fafaligafola 6294 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 104103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of de two pontoon ferries where dey cross de Zambezi for Kazungula]] De '''Kazungula Ferry''' be pontoon ferry across 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Ibe one of de largest ferries inside south-central Africa, wey get capacity of 70 tonnes (69 long tons; 77 short tons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> De service provided by two motorised pontoons den operated between border posts for Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana. jss725qvbqn0luxd7uxg4pugqwqtk2w 104104 104103 2026-06-20T10:59:00Z Fafaligafola 6294 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 104104 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of de two pontoon ferries where dey cross de Zambezi for Kazungula]] De '''Kazungula Ferry''' be pontoon ferry across 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Ibe one of de largest ferries inside south-central Africa, wey get capacity of 70 tonnes (69 long tons; 77 short tons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> De service provided by two motorised pontoons den operated between border posts for Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana. E dey link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway for Katima Mulilo den form part for de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway for Botswana throu Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den also to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road throu [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic for three countries whe dey directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) den for three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]). 1oqub6hdzfbyzs74yeof3gk7k3mgmn2 104106 104104 2026-06-20T11:07:07Z Fafaligafola 6294 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 104106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of de two pontoon ferries where dey cross de Zambezi for Kazungula]] De '''Kazungula Ferry''' be pontoon ferry across 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Ibe one of de largest ferries inside south-central Africa, wey get capacity of 70 tonnes (69 long tons; 77 short tons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> De service provided by two motorised pontoons den operated between border posts for Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana. E dey link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway for Katima Mulilo den form part for de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway for Botswana throu Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den also to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road throu [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic for three countries whe dey directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) den for three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]). Whether ebe Botswana den Zambia whe shared a common border, or whether ebe de ferry whe be illegally crossing inside [[Namibia|Namibian]] or Rhodesian territory, na de subject for dispute. Inside 1970, [[South Africa]] (whe at de time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that dey no common border between Botswana den Zambia, claiming dat a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed, the Kazungula Ferry, which links Botswana and Zambia at the quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was actually a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Ieuan Ll |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56 |title=The African Inheritance |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-01092-4 |page=56}}</ref> some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank the ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. 4rowz2s2ckkmqi9lky82h2jvkq25zg8 104107 104106 2026-06-20T11:07:24Z Fafaligafola 6294 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 104107 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of de two pontoon ferries where dey cross de Zambezi for Kazungula]] De '''Kazungula Ferry''' be pontoon ferry across 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Ibe one of de largest ferries inside south-central Africa, wey get capacity of 70 tonnes (69 long tons; 77 short tons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> De service provided by two motorised pontoons den operated between border posts for Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana. E dey link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway for Katima Mulilo den form part for de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway for Botswana throu Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den also to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road throu [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic for three countries whe dey directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) den for three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]). Whether ebe Botswana den Zambia whe shared a common border, or whether ebe de ferry whe be illegally crossing inside [[Namibia|Namibian]] or Rhodesian territory, na de subject for dispute. Inside 1970, [[South Africa]] (whe at de time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that dey no common border between Botswana den Zambia, claiming dat a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed, the Kazungula Ferry, which links Botswana and Zambia at the quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was actually a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Ieuan Ll |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56 |title=The African Inheritance |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-01092-4 |page=56}}</ref> some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank the ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. [[File:Kazungula_Bridge_Map.png|thumb|Map of the Kazungula Bridge in relation to the Kazungula, Botswana (southwest) and Kazungula, Zambia (northeast)]] d083ysoekdmat2zv5qj1bck3o1bbct6 104108 104107 2026-06-20T11:07:40Z Fafaligafola 6294 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348633987|Kazungula Ferry]]" 104108 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KazungulaFerry.jpg|thumb|200x200px|One of de two pontoon ferries where dey cross de Zambezi for Kazungula]] De '''Kazungula Ferry''' be pontoon ferry across 400-metre-wide (1,300 ft) [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]] between [[Botswana]] den [[Zambia]]. Ibe one of de largest ferries inside south-central Africa, wey get capacity of 70 tonnes (69 long tons; 77 short tons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazungula Ferry, Botswana |url=https://www.northstar-alliance.org/portfolio/kazungula-ferry-botswana/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=North Star Alliance |language=en-GB}}</ref> De service provided by two motorised pontoons den operated between border posts for Kazungula, Zambia den Kazungula, Botswana. E dey link de Livingstone-Sesheke road (M10 road; wey connect to de Trans–Caprivi Highway for Katima Mulilo den form part for de Walvis Bay Corridor) to de main north–south highway for Botswana throu Francistown den [[Gaborone]] to [[South Africa]], den also to de Kasane-[[Victoria Falls]] road throu [[Zimbabwe]]. E serve de international road traffic for three countries whe dey directly (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana) den for three more indirectly (Namibia, South Africa and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]). Whether ebe Botswana den Zambia whe shared a common border, or whether ebe de ferry whe be illegally crossing inside [[Namibia|Namibian]] or Rhodesian territory, na de subject for dispute. Inside 1970, [[South Africa]] (whe at de time occupied Namibia) informed Botswana that dey no common border between Botswana den Zambia, claiming dat a quadripoint existed. As a result, South Africa claimed, the Kazungula Ferry, which links Botswana and Zambia at the quadripoint, was illegal. Botswana firmly rejected both claims. There was actually a confrontation and shots were fired at the ferry;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Ieuan Ll |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7rFC8o9dmAC&pg=PA56 |title=The African Inheritance |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-01092-4 |page=56}}</ref> some years later, the Rhodesian Army attacked and sank the ferry, maintaining that it was serving military purposes. [[File:Zambezi_Bridge_construction_at_Kazungula.jpg|thumb|The bridge under construction, March 2019]] [[File:Kazungula_Bridge_Map.png|thumb|Map of the Kazungula Bridge in relation to the Kazungula, Botswana (southwest) and Kazungula, Zambia (northeast)]] irghlo36l45fslz2jukruqplfdwgfij 0 27722 104101 2026-06-20T10:51:10Z Darius Asiam 6303 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293384181|Chavuma Falls]]" 104101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chavuma Falls''' be small waterfall wey dey de [[Zambezi]] River for northwestern [[Zambia]] close to de town of Chavuma, lying immediately south of de border plus[[Angola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chavuma: A fast developing district – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/chavuma-fast-developing-district/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> During de wet season, de waterfalls re generally overwhelmed by de flow of de river wey become visible as de dry season progresses. De falls get a mean annual discharge of 555 m³/s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balek |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqfrZnMwXusC&dq=Chavuma+Falls&pg=PA108 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources in Tropical Africa |date=2011-08-30 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-086999-5 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> wey only a few meters high. For 2018, Zambia proposed to develop a hydroelectric power station wey dey Chavuma Falls to boost energy production and stimulate economic activities for de area. hq60xo9i2btlec1ab3fvzz8ggtw98sf 0 27723 104105 2026-06-20T11:00:36Z Osbornwrites 6523 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308089325|Ngonye Falls]]" 104105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ngonye_Falls.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ngonye Falls, western Zambia]] De '''Ngonye Falls''' anaa '''Sioma Falls''' be waterfall wey dey de [[Zambezi]] river top for Western province insyd [[Zambia]], wey dey near de town dem dey call Sioma . Edey hundred kilometres from [[Victoria Falls]]. Edey de southern part of Barotseland. De falls be a day ein journey by car from de capital, Lusaka. Demma inaccessibility dey make dem much less known dan Victoria Falls. De Ngonye Falls Community Partnership Park dey locate at de falls. [[File:Ngonye_falls_at_Zambezi_river,_Zambia_(aerial_view).jpg|thumb|299x299px|'''Main branch of de Zambezi River for Ngonye falls, Zambia''']] De falls be formed by de erosion of a hard sandstone layer make edey form de drop.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Money |first=N J |date=1972 |title=An outline of the geology of Western Zambia |journal=Record of the Geological Survey of Zambia |volume=12 |pages=103–123}}</ref> Demma height be only 10–25 meters (33–82 ft), but de width of de falls be impressive. Dem dey form a broad crescent, interrupted by rocky outcrops. [[File:Ngonye_falls_at_Zambezi_river,_Zambia_(panoramic_aerial_view).jpg|thumb|300x300px|'''panoramic aerial view of Ngonye falls for Zambezi river, Zambia''']] Upstream from de falls, de river be broad and shallow as edey flow for the Kalahari sands top, but below de falls, extensive white water rapids dey exist, as de river be hemmed in by gorges wey dey enter sandstone rock insyd. * List of waterfalls * List of waterfalls of Zambia {{Reflist}} 8votxq255o5rq84ktdza40da6cqqedv