Khiâng

Wikipedia hakwiki https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8u-Ya%CC%8Dp MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter 媒體特殊討論使用者使用者討論 Wikipedia Wikipedia討論檔案檔案討論 MediaWiki MediaWiki討論模板模板討論說明說明討論分類分類討論 TimedText TimedText talk 模組模組討論 Event Event talk Khiâng 0 1189 134497 125304 2026-08-17T22:22:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=Khiâng |enname=hydrogen |symbol=H |number=1 |left=– |right=[[hoi|helium]] |above=– |below=[[Lithium|Li]] |series=sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k |series comment=could be considered metalloid |group=1 |period=1 |block=s |series color= |appearance=colorless gas |image name=Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg |image size= |image name comment=Purple glow in its plasma state |image name 2=Hydrogen Spectra.jpg |image size 2= |image name 2 comment=Spectral lines of hydrogen |atomic mass=1.008 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="CIAAW">[http://www.ciaaw.org/pubs/TSAW2013_xls.xls Conventional Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment=(1.00784–1.00811)<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |electron configuration=1s1 |electrons per shell=1 |color=colorless |phase=hi-thí |phase comment= |density gplstp=0.08988 |density gpcm3nrt= |density gpcm3nrt 3= |density gpcm3mp=0.07 |density gpcm3mp comment=(solid: 0.0763 g·cm−3)<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vEwj1WZKThEC&pg=PA240|page=240|title=Inorganic chemistry|author=Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick|publisher=Academic Press|year=2001|isbn=0123526515}}</ref> |density gpcm3bp=0.07099 |melting point K=13.99 |melting point C=−259.16 |melting point F=−434.49 |sublimation point K= |sublimation point C= |sublimation point F= |boiling point K=20.271 |boiling point C=−252.879 |boiling point F=−423.182 |triple point K=13.8033 |triple point kPa=7.041 |critical point K=32.938 |critical point MPa=1.2858 |heat fusion=(H2) 0.117 |heat fusion 2= |heat vaporization=(H2) 0.904 |heat capacity=(H2) 28.836 |vapor pressure 1= |vapor pressure 10= |vapor pressure 100= |vapor pressure 1 k= |vapor pressure 10 k=15 |vapor pressure 100 k=20 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=hexagonal |oxidation states= '''−1''', '''+1''' |oxidation states comment=(an [[Amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide) |electronegativity=2.20 |number of ionization energies=1 |ionization energy 1=1312.0 |ionization energy 2= |ionization energy 3= |atomic radius= |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=31±5 |Van der Waals radius=120 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]<ref> {{cite book |chapter-url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf |chapter=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |edition=81st |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn= }}</ref> |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity=0.1805 |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25= |speed of sound=1310 |speed of sound comment=(gas, 27 °C) |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |tensile strength= |Young's modulus= |Shear modulus= |Bulk modulus= |Poisson ratio= |Mohs hardness= |Vickers hardness= |Brinell hardness= |CAS number=1333-74-0 | isotopes= {{Infobox element/isotopes stable| mn=1 | sym=H | na=99.9885% | n=0 |link=Hydrogen atom |firstlinks=yes}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable| mn=2 | sym=H | na=0.0115% | n=1 | link=Deuterium |firstlinks=no}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay| mn=3 | sym=H | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=12.32 [[years|y]] | dm=[[beta minus decay|β−]] | de=0.01861 | link1=helium-3 | pn=3 | ps=He | link=Tritium }} |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovered by=[[Henry Cavendish]]<ref name="Nostrand">{{cite encyclopedia| title=Hydrogen| encyclopedia=Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry| pages=797–799| publisher=Wylie-Interscience| year=2005| isbn=0-471-61525-0}}</ref><ref name="nbb">{{cite book| last=Emsley| first=John| title=Nature's Building Blocks| url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2001| location=Oxford| pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6/page/n198 183]–191| isbn=0-19-850341-5}}</ref> |discovery date=1766 |named by=[[Antoine Lavoisier]]<ref name="Stwertka">{{cite book| last=Stwertka| first=Albert| title=A Guide to the Elements| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1996| pages=16–21| isbn=0-19-508083-1}}</ref> |named date=1783 |history comment label= |history comment= }} [[檔案:Emissions Spectra.webm|縮圖|Khiâng]] '''Khiâng''' (氫, 輕), fe̍t-chá ham-cho '''súi-su''' (水素), he yit-tsúng [[fa-ho̍k]] [[ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''H''', ngièn-tsṳ́ su-muk he '''1''', tshai [[Ngièn-su Tsû-khì péu]] chûng thi-yit vi. Kì ngièn-tsṳ́ he só-yû [[Ngièn-tsṳ́]] chûng chui se-séu ke. Khiâng thûng-sòng ke tân-tsṳt hìn-thai he [[Khiâng-hi]]. Kì he mò-set mò-mi mò-tshu, khi̍t-khì yùng-yi sêu-tshiang lâu khi̍t yùng-yi pau-cha ke sûng ngièn-tsṳ́ ke [[Hi-thí]], Khiâng-hi he chui khiâng ke Hi-thí. Kì he [[yî-tshiu]] chûng hàm-liòng tsui-kô ke [[vu̍t-tsṳt]]. Khiâng ngièn-tsṳ́ tshùn-tshai yî [[súi]] fûn-tsṳ́ khi̍p só-yû [[yû-kî]] Fa-ho̍k-vu̍t lâu fa̍t-vu̍t chûng. thô-ngie̍t nèn-li̍t thi̍t-phe̍t khiòng-sṳn, kiên [[Yông]] fa-ha̍p sṳ̀n-vì súi. Tshôi làng ngiap-thu lâu yit-ke thai hi-ap ha, mî-tsak sṳ̂n Khiâng-hi tsṳ́-yû 0.09-khiet tshûng. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] t1jg8qu6k6j7l2ivyrsvr5jcb5dicpc Than 0 1194 134504 134486 2026-08-17T22:25:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox element |name=Than |enname=carbon |number=6 |symbol=C |left=[[phìn]] |right=[[Tham]] |above=– |below=[[Si̍t|Si]] |series=tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k |series comment=sometimes considered a [[metalloid]] |group=14 |period=2 |block=p |allotropes=graphite, diamond |appearance=graphite: black diamond: clear |image name=Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg |image name comment=Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon |image name 2=Carbon Spectra.jpg |image name 2 comment=Spectral lines of carbon |atomic mass=12.011 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="CIAAW">[http://www.ciaaw.org/pubs/TSAW2013_xls.xls Conventional Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2= |atomic mass comment=(12.0096–12.0116)<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |electron configuration=[[[Helium|He]]] 2s2 2p2 |electrons per shell=2, 4 |phase=ku-thí |density gpcm3nrt=amorphous: 1.8–2.1 |density gpcm3nrt ref=<ref name="CRC">{{cite book | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | url = https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_86ed | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5}}</ref> |density gpcm3nrt 2=graphite: 2.267 |density gpcm3nrt 3=diamond: 3.515 |sublimation point K=3915 |sublimation point C=3642 |sublimation point F=6588 |triple point K=4600 |triple point kPa=10,800 |triple point ref=<ref name=triple2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5|title=Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon|year=1976|author=Haaland, D|journal=Carbon|volume=14|pages=357|issue=6}}</ref><ref name=triple3>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027|title=Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_carbon_2005-05_43_6/page/n4|year=2005|author=Savvatimskiy, A|journal=Carbon|volume=43|pages=1115|issue=6}}</ref> |heat fusion=graphite: 117 |heat capacity=graphite: 8.517 |heat capacity 2=diamond: 6.155 |electronegativity=2.55 |number of ionization energies=6 |ionization energy 1=1086.5 |ionization energy 2=2352.6 |ionization energy 3=4620.5 |atomic radius= |atomic radius calculated= |covalent radius=sp3: 77 pm sp2: 73 pm sp: 69 |Van der Waals radius=170 |crystal structure=simple hexagonal |crystal structure prefix=graphite: |crystal structure comment=(black) |crystal structure 2=diamond cubic |crystal structure prefix 2=diamond: |crystal structure comment 2=(clear) |oxidation states='''+4''', +3,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216090126/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> +2, +1,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2008-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216090130/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Formaldehyde|0]], [[Carbide|−1]], [[Methanol|−2]], [[Ethane|−3]], '''−4'''<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html|title=Carbon: Binary compounds|accessdate=2007-12-06|archive-date=2007-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125044836/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |oxidation states comment=(a mildly acidic oxide) |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </ref> |electrical resistivity=graphite: 7.837 |electrical resistivity unit prefix=µ |electrical resistivity ref=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm |access-date=2016-06-12 |archive-date=2004-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040106090858/https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 20= |thermal conductivity=graphite: 119–165 |thermal conductivity 2=diamond: 900–2300 |thermal diffusivity= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion at 25=diamond: 0.8 |thermal expansion at 25 ref=<ref name=ioffe>[http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond Properties of diamond], Ioffe Institute Database</ref> |speed of sound= |speed of sound rod at 20=diamond: 18,350 |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |tensile strength= |Young's modulus=diamond: 1050 |Young's modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Shear modulus=diamond: 478 |Shear modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Bulk modulus=diamond: 442 |Bulk modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Poisson ratio=diamond: 0.1 |Poisson ratio ref=<ref name=ioffe/> |Mohs hardness=graphite: 1–2 |Mohs hardness 2=diamond: 10 |CAS number=7440-44-0 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-11 | mn=11 | sym=C | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=20 min | dm= [[Beta emission|β+]] | de=0.96 | link1=boron-11 | pn=11 | ps=B}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=carbon-12 | mn=12 | sym=C | na=98.9% | n=6 |firstlinks=yes}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=carbon-13 | mn=13 | sym=C | na=1.1% | n=7 |firstlinks=no}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-14 | mn=14 | sym=C | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=5730 y | dm=[[Beta emission|β−]] | de=0.156 |link1=nitrogen-14 | pn=14 | ps=N}} |predicted by= |prediction date= |discovered by=[[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and [[Sumer]]ians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |title=History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky |publisher=Caer.uky.edu |date= |accessdate=2008-09-12 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101085829/http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |discovery date=3750 BCE |first isolation by= |first isolation date= |history comment label=Recognized as an element by |history comment=[[Antoine Lavoisier]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Senese, Fred|date=2000-09-09|url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml|title=Who discovered carbon?|publisher=Frostburg State University|accessdate=2007-11-24|archive-date=2007-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207230348/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> (1789) }} [[檔案:Element 6.webm|縮圖|Than]] '''Than''' (炭, 碳), fe̍t-chá ham-cho '''than-su''' (炭素), he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k]] [[ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''C''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''6''', chhai [[ngièn-su chû-khì-péu]] chûng thi-liuk vi. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] k3g05uslye843bg0cpylcien98ghj0f Krypton 0 1219 134496 127745 2026-08-17T22:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |number=36 |symbol=Kr |name=Krypton |left=[[chhiu]] |right=[[rubidium]] |above=[[argon|Ar]] |below=[[xenon|Xe]] |series=hî-yù hi-thí |group=18 |period=4 |block=p |appearance=colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field |image name=Krypton discharge tube.jpg |image name comment=A krypton-filled [[Gas-filled tube|discharge]] tube glowing white |image name 2=Krypton Spectrum.jpg |image name 2 comment=Spectral lines of krypton |atomic mass=83.798 |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref> |atomic mass 2=2 |atomic mass comment= |electron configuration= [[[argon|Ar]]] 3d10 4s2 4p6 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 8 |phase=hi-thí |density gplstp=3.749 |density gpcm3bp=2.413 |density gpcm3bp ref=<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130729024240/http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?LanguageID=11&CountryID=19&Formula=&GasID=40&UNNumber=&EquivGasID=46&VolLiquideBox=&MasseLiquideBox=&VolGasBox=&MasseGasBox=&RD20=29&RD9=8&RD6=64&RD4=2&RD3=22&RD8=27&RD2=20&RD18=41&RD7=18&RD13=71&RD16=35&RD12=31&RD19=34&RD24=62&RD25=77&RD26=78&RD28=81&RD29=82 Krypton]. encyclopedia.airliquide.com</ref> |melting point K=115.78 |melting point C=−157.37 |melting point F=−251.27 |boiling point K=119.93 |boiling point C=−153.415 |boiling point F=−244.147 |triple point K=115.775 |triple point kPa=73.53 |triple point ref=<ref>{{cite book | title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition=85th | publisher=CRC Press | date=2005 | location=Boca Raton, Florida | chapter=Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements}}</ref><ref name=b92/> |critical point K=209.48 |critical point MPa=5.525 |critical point ref=<ref name=b92>{{RubberBible92nd|page=4.121}}</ref> |heat fusion=1.64 |heat vaporization=9.08 |heat capacity=20.95<ref>Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.</ref> |vapor pressure 1=59 |vapor pressure 10=65 |vapor pressure 100=74 |vapor pressure 1 k=84 |vapor pressure 10 k=99 |vapor pressure 100 k=120 |vapor pressure comment= |crystal structure=face-centered cubic |oxidation states=2, 1, '''0''' |oxidation states comment=(rarely more than 0; unknown [[oxide]]) |electronegativity=3.00 |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=1350.8 |ionization energy 2=2350.4 |ionization energy 3=3565 |covalent radius=116±4 |Van der Waals radius=202 |magnetic ordering= [[diamagnetic]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in {{cite book | editor=Lide, D. R. | title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_86ed | edition=86th | location=Boca Raton (FL) | publisher=CRC Press | year=2005 | isbn=0-8493-0486-5 }}</ref> |thermal conductivity=9.43×10−3  |speed of sound=(gas, 23 °C) 220 m·s−1 (liquid) 1120 |CAS number=7439-90-9 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay| mn=78 | sym=Kr | na=0.35% | hl=>1.1×1020 y | dm=([[double beta decay|β+β+]]) | de=2.846 |link1=selenium-78 | pn=78 | ps=Se}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay3 | mn=79 | sym=Kr | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=35.04 h | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=– |link1=bromine-79 | pn1=79 | ps1=Br | dm2=[[positron emission|β+]] | de2=0.604 | pn2=79 | ps2=Br | dm3=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de3=0.26, 0.39, 0.60 | pn3= | ps3=–}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=80 | sym=Kr | na=2.25% | n=44 |firstlinks=yes}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=81 | sym=Kr | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=2.29×105 y | dm1=ε | de1=– | link1=bromine-81 | pn1=81 | ps1=Br | dm2=γ | de2=0.281 | pn2= | ps2=–}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=82 | sym=Kr | na=11.6% | n=46 |firstlinks=no}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=83 | sym=Kr | na=11.5% | n=47 |firstlinks=no}} {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=84 | sym=Kr | na=57.0% | n=48 |firstlinks=no}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=krypton-85 | mn=85 | sym=Kr | na=syn | hl=10.756 y | dm=[[beta emission|β−]] | de=0.687 | link1=rubidium-85 | pn=85 | ps=Rb}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=86 | sym=Kr | na=17.3% | hl=– | dm=([[double beta decay|β−β−]]) | de=1.2556 | link1=strontium-86 | pn=86 | ps=Sr }} |isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed |discovery and first isolation by=[[William Ramsay]] and [[Morris Travers]] |discovery date=1898 }} '''Krypton''' ({{lang-zh|氪}} ''kè'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k]] [[ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Kr''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''36'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] t83myw6zkk4dtyys6ug1d77hr393zg6 Lawrencium 0 1267 134503 133110 2026-08-17T22:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |number=103 |symbol=Lr |name=Lawrencium |left=[[nobelium]] |right=[[rutherfordium]] |above=[[lutetium|Lu]] |below=(Upp) |series=actinium-hi |series comment=sometimes considered a [[transition metal]] |group=3 |period=7 |block=d |appearance=silvery ''(predicted)''<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4/page/278 278]–9}}</ref> |atomic mass=[266] |electron configuration=[[[radon|Rn]]] 5f14 7s2 7p1 |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3 |phase=ku-thí |phase comment=''(predicted)'' |density gpcm3nrt=~15.6–16.6 |density gpcm3nrt comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=density>{{cite journal |last=Fournier |first=Jean-Marc |date=1976 |title=Bonding and the electronic structure of the actinide metals |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(76)90167-0}}</ref><ref name=Penneman>{{cite journal |last=Penneman |first=R. A. |last2=Mann |first2=J. B. |date=1976 |title='Calculation chemistry' of the superheavy elements; comparison with elements of the 7th period |journal=Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium on the Chemistry of Transuranium Elements |pages=257–263 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-020638-7.50053-1 |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> |crystal structure=hexagonal close-packed |crystal structure comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=hcp>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104|title=First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals|year=2011|last1=Östlin|first1=A.|last2=Vitos|first2=L.|journal=Physical Review B|volume=84|issue=11|bibcode=2011PhRvB..84k3104O }}</ref> |melting point K=1900 |melting point C=1627 |melting point F=2961 |melting point comment=''(predicted)'' |oxidation states='''3''' |number of ionization energies=3 |ionization energy 1=478.6 |ionization energy 1 ref=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemsley |first=Jyllian |date=2025-01-21 |title=Lawrencium Ionization Energy Measured |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i15/Lawrencium-Ionization-Energy-Measured.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Chemical & Engineering News |language=en}}</ref> |ionization energy 2=1428.0 |ionization energy 2 comment = ''(predicted)'' |ionization energy 3=2219.1 |ionization energy 3 comment = ''(predicted)'' |CAS number=22537-19-5 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=266 | sym=Lr | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=11 h | dm=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de= | link1= | pn=| ps=}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=262 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=3.6 h | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de= | link1=nobelium-262 | pn=262 | ps=No}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=261 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=44 min | dm=SF/ε? | de= | pn= | ps=}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=260 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=2.7 min | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=8.04 | link1=mendelevium-256 | pn=256 | ps=Md}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=259 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=6.2 s | dm1=78% α | de1=8.44 | link1=mendelevium-255 | pn1=255 | ps1=Md | dm2=22% SF | de2= | pn2= | ps2=}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=256 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=27 s | dm=α | de=8.62,8.52,8.32... | link1=mendelevium-252 | pn=252 | ps=Md}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=255 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=21.5 s | dm=α | de=8.43,8.37 | link1=mendelevium-251 | pn=251 | ps=Md}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=254 | sym=Lr | na=syn | hl=13 s | dm1=78% α | de1=8.46,8.41 | link1=mendelevium-250 | pn1=250 | ps1=Md | dm2=22% ε | de2= | link2=nobelium-254 | pn2=254 | ps2=No}} |naming=after [[Ernest Lawrence]] |discovered by=[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] and [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] |discovery date=1961–1971 }} '''Lawrencium''' ({{lang-zh|鐒}} ''láo'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Lr''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''103'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] 25al7hfi9ko9ub1d4vshqqi5zide271 Yi-thai-li-ngî 0 1278 134501 129778 2026-08-17T22:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134501 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Linguistic map of the Italian language.svg|right|thumb|upright=2|Yi-thai-li-ngî]] '''Yi-thai-li-ngî''' (italiano) su̍k-yî [[Yin-Êu Ngî-ne]] ke [[Roman Ngî-chhu̍k]]. Hien-tshai yû thai-yok tshit-tshiên van ngìn ngit-sòng kóng Yi-thai-li-ngî, thai tô-su he [[Yi-thai-li]] kî-mìn. Ngi-sṳ̍p-kiú ke khì-thâ [[koet-kâ]] kî-mìn sṳ́-yung Yi-thai-li-ngî, khì-tsûng ńg-ke koet-kâ li̍p-hâ vi kôn-fông ngî-ngièn. Tsang-kûi Yi-thai-li-ngî he [[Toscana]] ke fông-ngièn, fat-yîm tshai-yî Yi-thai-li nàm-pan phu fông-ngièn tsṳ̂-kiên.<ref>[[#berloco2018|Berloco 2018]]</ref> Yi-thai-li-ngî lâu [[Lâ-tên-ngî]] yit-yong, yû tshòng-phú-yîm. Khì-thâ Lâ-tên Ngî-tshu̍k ke Ngî-ngièn, yì [[Sî-pân-ngà-ngî]] khi̍p [[Fap-ngî]] yí-kîn mò tshòng-phú-yîm. [[File:Corsivo- come scriverlo a mano in italiano, schede didattiche con alcuni esempi di Paolo Villa (prima edizione commons wikimedia org)-Letters-characters in italics-cursive- how to write it by hand in Italian.pdf|thumb|Chữ viết tay tiếng Ý được dạy trong các trường học của thế kỷ XX-XXI]] == Li̍t-sṳ́ == == Lui-phe̍t == == Thi-lî fûn-phu == == Fông-ngièn == == Ngî-yîm == == Vùn-fap == == Kî-pún Tshṳ̀-ki == == Tsu-sṳt == == Tshâm-siòng == == 參考資料 == <references/> * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=978-8894034813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=978-8815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} * {{cite book|last=Simone |first=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} == Ngoi-phu Lièn-kiet == {{InterWiki|code=it}} [[Category:Roman Ngî-chhu̍k]] [[Category:Yi-thai-li]] bb4zsma4daxr4rcomvlnqqp3muyxnox Hassium 0 4383 134499 127735 2026-08-17T22:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox element |number=108 |symbol=Hs |name=Hassium |left=[[bohrium]] |right=[[meitnerium]] |above=[[osmium|Os]] |below=(Uhn) |series=ko-thu kîm-su̍k |group=8 |period=7 |block=d |appearance=silvery ''(predicted)''<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4/page/215 215]–7}}</ref> |atomic mass=[269] |electron configuration=[[[radon|Rn]]] 5f14 6d6 7s2 |electron configuration comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=Haire/> |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 |electrons per shell comment=''(predicted)'' |phase=ku-thí |phase comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=hcp>Östlin, A.; Vitos, L. (2011). "First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals". Physical Review B. 84 (11).[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvB..84k3104O Bircode], [https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104 doi], 17/11/2018.</ref> |density gpcm3nrt=41 |density gpcm3nrt comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=Haire/> |crystal structure=hexagonal close-packed |crystal structure comment=''(predicted)''<ref name=hcp/> |oxidation states='''8''', ('''6'''), (5), (4), (3), ('''2''') |oxidation states ref=<ref name="emsley"/><ref name=Haire/><ref name=BFricke>{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=Burkhard |year=1975 |title=Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties |journal=Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry |volume=21 |pages=89–144 |doi=10.1007/BFb0116498 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225672062_Superheavy_elements_a_prediction_of_their_chemical_and_physical_properties |accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="hassocene">{{cite web |url=http://www-win.gsi.de/tasca08/contributions/TASCA08_Cont_Duellmann1.pdf |title=Investigation of group 8 metallocenes @ TASCA |last1=Düllmann |first1=Christoph E. |date=31 October 2008 |work=7th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry TASCA 08 |publisher=[[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] |accessdate=25 March 2013 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305105102/http://www-win.gsi.de/tasca08/contributions/TASCA08_Cont_Duellmann1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |oxidation states comment=(parenthesized oxidation states are predictions) |number of ionization energies=8 |ionization energy comment=''(all estimated)''<ref name=Haire>{{cite book| title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last=Morss|editor2-first=Norman M.| editor2-last=Edelstein| editor3-last=Fuger|editor3-first=Jean| last1=Hoffman|first1=Darleane C. |last2=Lee |first2=Diana M. |last3=Pershina |first3=Valeria |chapter=Transactinides and the future elements| publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]]| year=2006| isbn=1-4020-3555-1| location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition=3rd| ref=CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref>|ionization energy 1=733.3 |ionization energy 2=1756.0 |ionization energy 3=2827.0 |atomic radius=126 |atomic radius comment=''(estimated)''<ref name=Haire/> |covalent radius=134 |covalent radius comment=''(estimated)''<ref name=rsc>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/108/hassium |title=Chemical Data: Hassium |last1=Robertson |first1=Murray |date=2011 |work=Visual Elements Periodic Table |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref> |CAS number=54037-57-9 |isotopes= {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=277 | sym=Hs | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2 s | dm=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de= | pn= | ps=}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=277m | sym=Hs ? | na=syn | hl=~130 s? | dm=SF | de= | pn= | ps=}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=271 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=~4 s | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=9.27, 9.13 | | link1=seaborgium-267 | pn=267 | ps=Sg}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=270 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=3.6 s | dm=α | de=9.02, 8.88 | link1=seaborgium-266 | pn=266 | ps=Sg}} {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=269 | sym=Hs | na=syn | hl=9.7 s | dm=α | de=9.21, 9.10, 8.97 | link1=seaborgium-265 | pn=265 | ps=Sg}} |naming=after ''{{lang|la|Hassia}}'', Latin for [[Hesse]], Germany, where it was discovered<ref name="emsley"/> |discovered by=[[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] |discovery date=1984 }} '''Hassium''' ({{lang-zh|𨭆}} ''hēi'') he yit-chúng [[fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]], fa-ho̍k fù-ho vì '''Hs''', ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he '''108'''. ==Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau== {{reflist}} {{Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su]] goxk2ge1ajn64phh0hexlbrh1el5jf5 Hói-lî 0 9393 134498 127105 2026-08-17T22:23:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hói-lî''' (Nautical Mile), he yit-chúng yung-yî hòng hói fe̍t hòng-khûng ke chhòng-thu tân-vi, thûng-sòng tén-yî Koet-chi tân-vi chṳ 1.852 kûng-lî. Mò thúng-yit fù-ho. “Hói-lî” chhòn-thúng sông thin-ngi vì chṳ́ ńg-sien 1 kok fûn ke chhòng-thu (chṳ́ ńg sien he Thi-khiù péu-mien lièn-chiap nàm-pet lióng-khi̍t ke thai yèn sien sông ke pan yèn fû, tén-yî 180 thu. 1 thu tén-yî 60 kok fûn. Ku 1 hói lî ke chhòng-thu he chṳ́ ńg sien chhòng-thu ÷180÷60). Kì khó chhiùng hòng hói thù chûng, yî chṳ́ ńg sien sông ke vúi thu ke kói-pien lòi liòng-thu. Yù yî Thi-khiù pin fî phiêu-chún khiù thí, 1 thu ke khî-lì pin put vàn-chhiòn siông-tông, yîn-chhṳ́ hói lî ke chhòng-thu pin put ku-thin.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/42 42]}}</ref> [[Category:Tân-vi]] sjerzwknzhi7693d3vyqwnqb4h7ctji Chhṳ-chón Siên-yi̍t-kî 0 9401 134502 127379 2026-08-17T22:24:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ELA_cougar.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Chhṳ-chón Siên-yi̍t-kî.]] '''Chhṳ-chón Siên-yi̍t-kî''' (autogyro, gyroplane), he Siên-yi̍t hòng-khûng-hi ke yit-chúng, kie yî [[fî-kî]] lâu [[chhṳ̍t-sṳ̂n-kî]] chṳ̂-kiên. Siên-yi̍t-kî thai-tô yî mî-chiong thì-kiûng thûng-li̍t chhièn-chin, yung mî-thò khúng-chṳ fông-hiong. Kì ke siên-yi̍t mò-thûng-li̍t chông-tsì khi thûng, kiùn yî-kho chhièn chin sṳ̀ ke siông-tui hì liù chhôi thûng siên yi̍t chhṳ-chón yî sán-sâng sṳ̂n li̍t. Siên yi̍t kî put-nèn chhùi chhṳ̍t sông sṳ̂n fò hiên thìn, pit-sî chhiong fî-kî yit-ngióng va̍t phau kâ-suk chhòi-nèn hí fî, than hí lo̍k khî sṳ̍t-chi khiûn fû làng ke làng khî-lì hí<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/147 147]}}</ref> [[Category:Fî-kî]] as2mxd8zzrgy12yg8r68z1w26t7hq1x Hói-pha̍t 0 13884 134500 127106 2026-08-17T22:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28123 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 134500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vertical_distances.svg|right|thumb|350px|Hói-pha̍t.]] '''Hói-pha̍t''' (Altitude) he mêu thi lâu phìn-kiûn hói-phìn-mien ke kô-thu chhâ, tô-sú sṳ̀ -hèu yung [[mí]] lòi kie-son, yû-sṳ̀ fi yung [[Yîn-chhak]] lòi kie-son.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/34 34]}}</ref> {{reflist}} [[Category:Chhṳ-yèn Thi-lî-ho̍k]] 9kjkuvo9waav00mf9z3qo3btvqrnvxy Pet-kîn Thi-thiet 6-ho Sien 0 24828 134495 2026-08-17T13:05:33Z Sdf 14758 Khôi sîn ya̍p-mien "[[File:北京地铁六号线线路图.jpg|right|thumb|450px|Pet-kîn Thi-thiet 6-ho Sien.]] '''Pet-kîn Thi-thiet 6-ho Sien''' (北京地铁6号线, Line 6, lu-sien thoi-péu-set vì [[chûng-set]]) he [[Pet-kîn Thi-thiet]] yit-thiàu yàng-yun chûng ke kô-yun-liòng lu-sien. ==Chhâ-cham khói-yeu == ==Li-yung chhong-khóng == ==Chhâ-cham chû-piên == ==Li̍t-sṳ́ == ==Cham-kháu chṳ̂-liau == *{{Station|Kîm-ôn-khiâu}} *{{Station|Phìn-kó-yèn}} *{{…" 134495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:北京地铁六号线线路图.jpg|right|thumb|450px|Pet-kîn Thi-thiet 6-ho Sien.]] '''Pet-kîn Thi-thiet 6-ho Sien''' (北京地铁6号线, Line 6, lu-sien thoi-péu-set vì [[chûng-set]]) he [[Pet-kîn Thi-thiet]] yit-thiàu yàng-yun chûng ke kô-yun-liòng lu-sien. ==Chhâ-cham khói-yeu == ==Li-yung chhong-khóng == ==Chhâ-cham chû-piên == ==Li̍t-sṳ́ == ==Cham-kháu chṳ̂-liau == *{{Station|Kîm-ôn-khiâu}} *{{Station|Phìn-kó-yèn}} *{{Station|Yòng-chông}} *{{Station|Sî-vòng-chhûn}} *{{Station|Liàu-kûng-chông}} *{{Station|Thièn-chhûn}} *{{Station|Hói-thîn ńg-lu-kî}} *{{Station|Chhṳ̀-su-sṳ̀}} *{{Station|Fâ-yèn-khiâu}} *{{Station|Pha̍k-sa̍k-khiâu Nàm}} *{{Station|Ngi-lî-kieû}} *{{Station|Chhâ-kûng-chông Sî}} *{{Station|Chhâ-kûng-chông}} *{{Station|Phìn-ôn-lî}} *{{Station|Pet-hói Pet}} *{{Station|Nàm-lô-kú-hong}} *{{Station|Tûng-si}} *{{Station|Chêu-yòng-mùn}} *{{Station|Tûng-thai-khiâu}} *{{Station|Fû-kâ-leù}} *{{Station|Kîm-thòi-lu}} *{{Station|Sṳ̍p-lî-páu}} *{{Station|Chhiâng-ngièn-lu}} *{{Station|Ta̍p-lièn-po}} *{{Station|Vòng-khî}} *{{Station|Sòng-yàng}} *{{Station|Chhó-fòng}} *{{Station|Vu̍t-chṳ̂ Ho̍k-yen Lu}} *{{Station|Thûng-chû Pet-koân}} *{{Station|Thûng-yun-mùn}} *{{Station|Pet-yun-hò Sî}} *{{Station|Pet-yun-hò Tûng}} *{{Station|Khok-kâ-fú}} *{{Station|Tûng-ha-yèn}} *{{Station|Lu-sàng}} *{{Station|Lu-yòng}} ==Lìn-khiûn chhâ-cham == ==Ngoi-phu lièn-kiet == [[Category:Pet-kîn Thi-thiet]] 6mevkw72jv1tpbud235tkt8rxnuk4lz