Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.7 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2655 647731 637213 2025-06-26T18:48:23Z MohBelloh 36176 647731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.[12]. Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.[13] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] rkwd8q0ckepo34qa7sehbcn0pykhqta 647733 647731 2025-06-26T18:51:40Z MohBelloh 36176 /* Asalinta */ 647733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.[12]. Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.[13] ==Tarinta== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron[21][22]. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.[23][24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 5e1t5rav9l933kfidsvvqr56ybz9si0 647735 647733 2025-06-26T18:56:09Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refBg2025 647735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.[13] ==Tarinta== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron[21][22]. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.[23][24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 9e2wc8tknc9qfr4c08ev1tcx1hx9pbe 647738 647735 2025-06-26T18:57:45Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refBg2025 647738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==Tarinta== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron[21][22]. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.[23][24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] a9owh38eidvbwq9s48oaeb55aylxx83 647743 647738 2025-06-26T19:01:17Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refGb2025 647743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==Tarihinta== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> ][22]. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.[23][24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] msgzarmxaukoe7zu8x747cb3ea3f0fa 647744 647743 2025-06-26T19:01:58Z MohBelloh 36176 /* Tarihinta */ 647744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> ][22]. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.[23][24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] i3kdnfvltm3v5u9n4xzy9ykpud25cez 647746 647744 2025-06-26T19:02:56Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refGb2025 647746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.[23][24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 64y0ihf4jhthjcrhmrgbi7ua03mahyw 647747 647746 2025-06-26T19:03:59Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refGb2025 647747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] g0632ppstwjmwk9v9p13ohysw1c2sum 647748 647747 2025-06-26T19:06:04Z MohBelloh 36176 /* Asalinta */ 647748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.[14] Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.[15] An gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.[16] Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, [17] Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, [18] da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels.[19][20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] twa56zma8xo14hvjozb5lobhwdl8ob2 647749 647748 2025-06-26T19:07:47Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.[15] An gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.[16] Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, [17] Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, [18] da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels.[19][20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 2uc22y60scezt3ubjj92r8qbt8fmgaa 647750 647749 2025-06-26T19:08:51Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.[16] Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, [17] Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, [18] da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels.[19][20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 2lfdrbrecjtcnrp7qkyv96mif1tqh84 647751 647750 2025-06-26T19:09:36Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, [17] Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, [18] da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels.[19][20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] njiyr9stq6vf52wpttz8t41moa8g548 647760 647751 2025-06-26T19:34:19Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, [18] da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels.[19][20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] m2bh4wsclyyixpkziqd7sn0ieolmspa 647763 647760 2025-06-26T19:55:38Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels.[19][20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] abfwzsgasxl3ne6fghigt9cxw9ftdzf 647764 647763 2025-06-26T19:58:59Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> [20] ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] r2um0e4dr4f8veq312ejv5e47k0u6j7 647766 647764 2025-06-26T20:02:04Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> 24] Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] kesi26gbvttxn3nadukoshc7ztxabh5 647767 647766 2025-06-26T20:05:03Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su.[25] A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] qgcuff0gu7owgf18feg9vxnraqgptri 647770 647767 2025-06-26T20:07:04Z MohBelloh 36176 1Lib1RefGn2025 647770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg.[26][27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] l22s3ahh9k0o4t93oeod9ylel9yalzm 647771 647770 2025-06-26T20:09:18Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> [27] Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] re4hod700elkvl7lvknb7pemyc3h7gg 647772 647771 2025-06-26T20:10:58Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.[28] A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] opgzd78t5lxadmo5i3i7cbae9w6p3qj 647775 647772 2025-06-26T20:14:25Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.[29] Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] beqsxfvqd1bvptbfwulk0gqkkgftdoh 647777 647775 2025-06-26T20:16:34Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.<ref> "Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes" </ref> Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.[30] [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 284ryoa98zu7itl5qlgyksu97csz6fy 647778 647777 2025-06-26T20:18:12Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.<ref> "Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes" </ref> Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.<ref> been incorporated </ref> [31] [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] ny0jaz13l9f9opcd419ehud3uuqvxyg 647779 647778 2025-06-26T20:19:27Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.<ref> "Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes" </ref> Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.<ref> been incorporated </ref> <ref> "The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs" </ref> [32] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] qo3wgev1k01cbb15dkc3jis20aze469 647780 647779 2025-06-26T20:20:59Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.<ref> "Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes" </ref> Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.<ref> been incorporated </ref> <ref> "The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs" </ref> <ref> "Germany" </ref> {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] ea77kendgxi2m19kd92sfkpoprp0zhm 647785 647780 2025-06-26T20:27:16Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.<ref> "Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes" </ref> Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.<ref> been incorporated </ref> <ref> "The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs" </ref> <ref> "Germany" </ref> Kusan 260, jama'ar Jamus sun shiga cikin ƙasashen Romawa.<ref> ISBN </ref> Bayan mamayewa na Hun a cikin 375, kuma tare da raguwar Roma daga 395, kabilun Jamus sun koma kudu maso yamma: Franks sun kafa Mulkin Frankish kuma suka tura gabas don mamaye Saxony da Bavaria. Ƙabilun Slavic na Yamma suna zaune a yankunan gabashin Jamus na zamani.[30] {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] glz2b93h4xrf1j6a6y0ux9ti9x4mtmy 647786 647785 2025-06-26T20:29:48Z MohBelloh 36176 #1lib1refgn2025 647786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''Jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yanci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, <ref>Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref>basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989), shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Harma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif (1989) a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasance cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus. ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Jamus Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Jamus. Tarihi Manyan labarai: Al'adun tukwane na Linear, Al'adun Unetice, Al'adun Urnfield, da Celts Kakannin kakannin da suka riga sun zama dan Adam, Danuvius guggenmosi, wadanda suka kasance a Jamus sama da shekaru miliyan 11 da suka wuce, ana tunanin cewa suna cikin wadanda suka fara tafiya da kafafu biyu.<ref>"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</ref> Mutanen da sun kasance a Jamus aƙalla shekaru 600,000 da suka wuce.<ref> "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</ref> an gano burbushin ɗan adam na farko wanda ba na zamani ba (Neanderthal) a cikin kwarin Neander.<ref>Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). "Who were the Neanderthals?". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020.</ref> Hakazalika an sami shedar kwanan wata na ɗan adam na zamani a cikin Swabian Jura, gami da sarewa na shekaru 42,000 waɗanda sune tsoffin kayan kida da aka taɓa samu, <ref> ["Earliest music instruments found"</ref> Lion Man mai shekaru 40,000, <ref>"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</ref> da Venus mai shekaru 41,000 na Hohle Fels. <ref>"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" </ref> <ref>""It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago..." </ref> ==Asalinta== Ƙarin bayani: Sunayen Jamus, Germani, da Jamusanci Kalmar Ingilishi ta Jamus ta samo asali ne daga Latin Germania, wadda ta fara amfani da ita bayan Julius Caesar ya karbe ta ga mutanen gabashin Rhine.<ref>Schulze, Hagen</ref> Kalmar Jamusanci Deutschland, asalin ƙasar diutisciu ('ƙasar Jamus'), ta samo asali ne daga deutsch (cf. Dutch), wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar diutsc na Jamus 'na mutane' (daga diot ko diota 'mutane'), asali ana amfani da su don bambanta harshen talakawa daga Latin da zuriyarsa na Romance. Wannan bi da bi ya fito daga Proto-Jamus * þiudiskaz 'na mutane' (duba kuma sigar Latinised Theodiscus), wanda aka samo daga * þeudo, ya fito daga Proto-Indo-Turai * tewtéh₂- 'mutane', daga inda kalmar Teuton kuma ta samo asali.<ref>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</ref> ==kabilun jamus== Ana tsammanin al'ummar Jamusawa sun fito ne daga al'adun Jastorf a zamanin Nordic Bronze Age ko farkon zamanin Iron<ref>, Peter. "Germany: Ancient History". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</ref> <ref> Germanic Tribes (Teutons)". History Files. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</ref>. Daga kudancin Scandinavia da arewacin Jamus, sun faɗaɗa kudu, gabas da yamma, suna hulɗa da kabilun Celtic, Iran, Baltic, da Slavic.<ref> Medieval Experience: 300–1400</ref> <ref>The Handbook of Language Contact </ref> Jama'ar Celtic ne ke zaune a Kudancin Jamus, waɗanda suka kasance na al'adun La Tène mai faɗi. Daga baya sai mayaƙan Jamusawa suka haɗa su. <ref> Heather, Peter</ref> A karkashin Augustus, daular Roma ta fara mamaye ƙasashen da ƙabilun Jamusawa ke zaune, wanda ya haifar da ɗan gajeren lokaci na lardin Roma na Jamus tsakanin kogin Rhine da Elbe. A cikin 9 AD, Arminius ya ci sojojin Roma uku a yakin dajin Teutoburg. <ref>978-0-393-35203-0</ref> <ref> "The Ambush That Changed History" </ref> Sakamakon wannan yakin ya kawar da Romawa daga burinsu na cin Jamusanci, don haka ana daukar su daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Turai.<ref> Early Germanic Literature and Culture </ref> . A shekara ta 100 AD, lokacin da Tacitus ya rubuta Germania, kabilun Jamus sun zauna tare da Rhine da Danube (Limes Germanicus), suna mamaye yawancin Jamus na zamani.<ref> "Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes" </ref> Koyaya, Baden-Württemberg, kudancin Bavaria, kudancin Hesse da yammacin Rhineland an haɗa su cikin lardunan Roman.<ref> been incorporated </ref> <ref> "The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs" </ref> <ref> "Germany" </ref> Kusan 260, jama'ar Jamus sun shiga cikin ƙasashen Romawa.<ref> ISBN </ref> Bayan mamayewa na Hun a cikin 375, kuma tare da raguwar Roma daga 395, kabilun Jamus sun koma kudu maso yamma: Franks sun kafa Mulkin Frankish kuma suka tura gabas don mamaye Saxony da Bavaria. Ƙabilun Slavic na Yamma suna zaune a yankunan gabashin Jamus na zamani.<ref> 978-0-521-36836-0 </ref> {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] 44kdid033ipclnj9gwj6mz7zm4v1wzi 0 4032 647879 511124 2025-06-27T04:10:22Z Lamba6334 25787 647879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The_Little_Road_Tunnel_on_Norway.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ƙananan Ramin Hanya a Norway]] [[File:Sankt Hanshaugen park Oslo Norway (2022.10.27).jpg|thumb]] '''Norway''' ko '''Nowe'''<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], bbc.com.</ref>, ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Norway tana da yawan fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita (385,207)<ref name="kart" />. Tana kuma da yawan jama'a (5,488,984)<ref name="ssbf" />, bisa ga kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar (2016). Nowe na da iyaka da [[Sweden]], da [[Finland]] da kuma[[Rasha]]. Babban birnin Nowe shi ne [[Oslo]].<ref>https://www.norden.org/en/information/facts-about-norway</ref> [[File:Oslo slaktehus-ca. 1920 - Severin Worm-Petersen-Oslo Museum - OB.Z18327.jpg|thumb|Birnin oslo na kasar nowe]] [[File:Vista de Trondheim, Noruega, 2019-09-06,DD 03.jpg|thumb|cikin kasar nowe bayan samun yancin kai ]] Nowe ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta (1905). ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg|Nærøyfjord File:Ring_3_and_E6_Oslo_Quevaal.jpg|Wata babbar hanyar birnin da dare File:Zwischen_Alta_%26_Narvik_3_Norwegen.jpg|Tekun da ya raba tsakanin Alta da Narvik File:Stabkirche_von_Ringebu_Norwegen.JPG|Cocin Ringebu stave File:Trondheim_Norwegen.JPG|Trondheim, Norway File:Oster_Fjordsteam_2018_(151352)_-edited.jpg|Oster Fjordsteam File:Ask%C3%B8ybrua1.jpg|Askoybrua Da almuru File:Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen,_2013_June.jpg|Cocin Borgund Stave File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg|Saami family daga kasar Norway File:%C3%85_i_Lofoten_III_(perspective_corrected).jpg|A I Lofeten File:Vista_de_%C3%85lesund_desde_Aksla,_Noruega,_2019-09-01,_DD_16.jpg|Nurega </gallery>. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <!--{{Commons|Norway}}--> {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norway}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] mz9hmwzb2nre2toafhnncrnm994pgja 647880 647879 2025-06-27T04:11:09Z Lamba6334 25787 647880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The_Little_Road_Tunnel_on_Norway.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ƙananan Ramin Hanya a Norway]] [[File:Sankt Hanshaugen park Oslo Norway (2022.10.27).jpg|thumb]] '''Norway''' ko '''Nowe'''<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], bbc.com.</ref>, ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Norway tana da yawan fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita (385,207)<ref name="kart" />. Tana kuma da yawan jama'a (5,488,984)<ref name="ssbf" />, bisa ga kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar (2016). Nowe na da iyaka da [[Sweden]], da [[Finland]] da kuma[[Rasha]]. Babban birnin Nowe shi ne [[Oslo]].<ref>https://www.norden.org/en/information/facts-about-norway</ref><ref>https://www.worlddata.info/europe/norway/index.php</ref> [[File:Oslo slaktehus-ca. 1920 - Severin Worm-Petersen-Oslo Museum - OB.Z18327.jpg|thumb|Birnin oslo na kasar nowe]] [[File:Vista de Trondheim, Noruega, 2019-09-06,DD 03.jpg|thumb|cikin kasar nowe bayan samun yancin kai ]] Nowe ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta (1905). ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg|Nærøyfjord File:Ring_3_and_E6_Oslo_Quevaal.jpg|Wata babbar hanyar birnin da dare File:Zwischen_Alta_%26_Narvik_3_Norwegen.jpg|Tekun da ya raba tsakanin Alta da Narvik File:Stabkirche_von_Ringebu_Norwegen.JPG|Cocin Ringebu stave File:Trondheim_Norwegen.JPG|Trondheim, Norway File:Oster_Fjordsteam_2018_(151352)_-edited.jpg|Oster Fjordsteam File:Ask%C3%B8ybrua1.jpg|Askoybrua Da almuru File:Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen,_2013_June.jpg|Cocin Borgund Stave File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg|Saami family daga kasar Norway File:%C3%85_i_Lofoten_III_(perspective_corrected).jpg|A I Lofeten File:Vista_de_%C3%85lesund_desde_Aksla,_Noruega,_2019-09-01,_DD_16.jpg|Nurega </gallery>. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <!--{{Commons|Norway}}--> {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norway}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] lfyo38401p8fq2sh7viqurldf59hqth 647881 647880 2025-06-27T04:11:55Z Lamba6334 25787 647881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The_Little_Road_Tunnel_on_Norway.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ƙananan Ramin Hanya a Norway]] [[File:Sankt Hanshaugen park Oslo Norway (2022.10.27).jpg|thumb]] '''Norway''' ko '''Nowe'''<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], bbc.com.</ref>, ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Norway tana da yawan fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita (385,207)<ref name="kart" />. Tana kuma da yawan jama'a (5,488,984)<ref name="ssbf" />, bisa ga kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar (2016). Nowe na da iyaka da [[Sweden]], da [[Finland]] da kuma[[Rasha]]. Babban birnin Nowe shi ne [[Oslo]].<ref>https://www.norden.org/en/information/facts-about-norway</ref><ref>https://www.worlddata.info/europe/norway/index.php</ref><ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2023/countries/norway/</ref> [[File:Oslo slaktehus-ca. 1920 - Severin Worm-Petersen-Oslo Museum - OB.Z18327.jpg|thumb|Birnin oslo na kasar nowe]] [[File:Vista de Trondheim, Noruega, 2019-09-06,DD 03.jpg|thumb|cikin kasar nowe bayan samun yancin kai ]] Nowe ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta (1905). ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg|Nærøyfjord File:Ring_3_and_E6_Oslo_Quevaal.jpg|Wata babbar hanyar birnin da dare File:Zwischen_Alta_%26_Narvik_3_Norwegen.jpg|Tekun da ya raba tsakanin Alta da Narvik File:Stabkirche_von_Ringebu_Norwegen.JPG|Cocin Ringebu stave File:Trondheim_Norwegen.JPG|Trondheim, Norway File:Oster_Fjordsteam_2018_(151352)_-edited.jpg|Oster Fjordsteam File:Ask%C3%B8ybrua1.jpg|Askoybrua Da almuru File:Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen,_2013_June.jpg|Cocin Borgund Stave File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg|Saami family daga kasar Norway File:%C3%85_i_Lofoten_III_(perspective_corrected).jpg|A I Lofeten File:Vista_de_%C3%85lesund_desde_Aksla,_Noruega,_2019-09-01,_DD_16.jpg|Nurega </gallery>. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <!--{{Commons|Norway}}--> {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norway}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] mxg7w748gip1wqx1iu41kcfo7rrvpl5 647882 647881 2025-06-27T04:12:45Z Lamba6334 25787 647882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The_Little_Road_Tunnel_on_Norway.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ƙananan Ramin Hanya a Norway]] [[File:Sankt Hanshaugen park Oslo Norway (2022.10.27).jpg|thumb]] '''Norway''' ko '''Nowe'''<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], bbc.com.</ref>, ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Norway tana da yawan fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita (385,207)<ref name="kart" />. Tana kuma da yawan jama'a (5,488,984)<ref name="ssbf" />, bisa ga kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar (2016). Nowe na da iyaka da [[Sweden]], da [[Finland]] da kuma[[Rasha]]. Babban birnin Nowe shi ne [[Oslo]].<ref>https://www.norden.org/en/information/facts-about-norway</ref><ref>https://www.worlddata.info/europe/norway/index.php</ref><ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2023/countries/norway/</ref><ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar/2016-12-06</ref> [[File:Oslo slaktehus-ca. 1920 - Severin Worm-Petersen-Oslo Museum - OB.Z18327.jpg|thumb|Birnin oslo na kasar nowe]] [[File:Vista de Trondheim, Noruega, 2019-09-06,DD 03.jpg|thumb|cikin kasar nowe bayan samun yancin kai ]] Nowe ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta (1905). ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg|Nærøyfjord File:Ring_3_and_E6_Oslo_Quevaal.jpg|Wata babbar hanyar birnin da dare File:Zwischen_Alta_%26_Narvik_3_Norwegen.jpg|Tekun da ya raba tsakanin Alta da Narvik File:Stabkirche_von_Ringebu_Norwegen.JPG|Cocin Ringebu stave File:Trondheim_Norwegen.JPG|Trondheim, Norway File:Oster_Fjordsteam_2018_(151352)_-edited.jpg|Oster Fjordsteam File:Ask%C3%B8ybrua1.jpg|Askoybrua Da almuru File:Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen,_2013_June.jpg|Cocin Borgund Stave File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg|Saami family daga kasar Norway File:%C3%85_i_Lofoten_III_(perspective_corrected).jpg|A I Lofeten File:Vista_de_%C3%85lesund_desde_Aksla,_Noruega,_2019-09-01,_DD_16.jpg|Nurega </gallery>. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <!--{{Commons|Norway}}--> {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norway}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] eq7xrvyb1cvejzam2yp2glfwegjesvv 647883 647882 2025-06-27T04:13:29Z Lamba6334 25787 647883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:The_Little_Road_Tunnel_on_Norway.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ƙananan Ramin Hanya a Norway]] [[File:Sankt Hanshaugen park Oslo Norway (2022.10.27).jpg|thumb]] '''Norway''' ko '''Nowe'''<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], bbc.com.</ref>, ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Norway tana da yawan fadin kasa kimanin murabba'in kilomita (385,207)<ref name="kart" />. Tana kuma da yawan jama'a (5,488,984)<ref name="ssbf" />, bisa ga kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar (2016). Nowe na da iyaka da [[Sweden]], da [[Finland]] da kuma[[Rasha]]. Babban birnin Nowe shi ne [[Oslo]].<ref>https://www.norden.org/en/information/facts-about-norway</ref><ref>https://www.worlddata.info/europe/norway/index.php</ref><ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2023/countries/norway/</ref><ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar/2016-12-06</ref><ref>https://www.indexmundi.com/factbook/compare/norway.finland</ref> [[File:Oslo slaktehus-ca. 1920 - Severin Worm-Petersen-Oslo Museum - OB.Z18327.jpg|thumb|Birnin oslo na kasar nowe]] [[File:Vista de Trondheim, Noruega, 2019-09-06,DD 03.jpg|thumb|cikin kasar nowe bayan samun yancin kai ]] Nowe ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta (1905). ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg|Nærøyfjord File:Ring_3_and_E6_Oslo_Quevaal.jpg|Wata babbar hanyar birnin da dare File:Zwischen_Alta_%26_Narvik_3_Norwegen.jpg|Tekun da ya raba tsakanin Alta da Narvik File:Stabkirche_von_Ringebu_Norwegen.JPG|Cocin Ringebu stave File:Trondheim_Norwegen.JPG|Trondheim, Norway File:Oster_Fjordsteam_2018_(151352)_-edited.jpg|Oster Fjordsteam File:Ask%C3%B8ybrua1.jpg|Askoybrua Da almuru File:Borgund_Stave_Church_in_L%C3%A6rdalen,_2013_June.jpg|Cocin Borgund Stave File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg|Saami family daga kasar Norway File:%C3%85_i_Lofoten_III_(perspective_corrected).jpg|A I Lofeten File:Vista_de_%C3%85lesund_desde_Aksla,_Noruega,_2019-09-01,_DD_16.jpg|Nurega </gallery>. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} <!--{{Commons|Norway}}--> {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norway}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] oewrct69m2n0mg3eewu9is502xe9tfk 0 6553 647999 608716 2025-06-27T08:59:02Z Hajusty 36200 647999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] e7uk7eis4lzps3dlmr8r5385d5durj0 648000 647999 2025-06-27T09:00:52Z Hajusty 36200 648000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 46sojzq9twi7bd41ufhr20k6opi7311 648001 648000 2025-06-27T09:01:43Z Hajusty 36200 648001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] gqobgvsl05cc7bhsexlrq5cdmp936l9 648002 648001 2025-06-27T09:02:33Z Hajusty 36200 648002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] aa794kn5iqlxygvg5ymn8tqtmcn1cp8 648003 648002 2025-06-27T09:03:39Z Hajusty 36200 648003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 4sqls5p2vfhz5zue6mzpl7dwb68ry2b 648004 648003 2025-06-27T09:05:47Z Hajusty 36200 648004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] ay905qk57r1hl2baj361nlo2krdkdk1 648006 648004 2025-06-27T09:06:44Z Hajusty 36200 648006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 4u5e0vsspzib503hm2w75vtfdtzaojn 648007 648006 2025-06-27T09:08:02Z Hajusty 36200 648007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] dw1gdc6ryz82e1ct4hy3n195uy7qyix 648015 648007 2025-06-27T09:15:39Z Hajusty 36200 648015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] iicswip51jan3kje344jze005hjs5dd 648018 648015 2025-06-27T09:17:31Z Hajusty 36200 648018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] oqz3673mj8k06ot2991h53dtjurq1f0 648028 648018 2025-06-27T09:23:27Z Hajusty 36200 648028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 4a7k5qn6f34hbgrrpkqtyle2sj9u5b4 648032 648028 2025-06-27T09:25:17Z Hajusty 36200 648032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] ittpqud96awjzt2p538awm9kvcz512i 648035 648032 2025-06-27T09:26:04Z Hajusty 36200 648035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] batfcvgdq9jd7e1hol2yhssh4nceab0 648036 648035 2025-06-27T09:26:37Z Hajusty 36200 648036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 7dkhj44alaeyeu51to1jbd2lgjofgil 648038 648036 2025-06-27T09:27:08Z Hajusty 36200 648038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 0zr5e8or5d177qpdy2th5p90gzwygcs 648042 648038 2025-06-27T09:28:43Z Hajusty 36200 648042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Alƙur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Ƙur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Ƙur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da fito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)." A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] th3o9nh4d2yjqdlpbqqtejjdfvyvqgo 0 10412 647818 525215 2025-06-26T22:13:34Z JayCubby 36054 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri.jpg]] → [[File:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri (restored).jpg]] restored image 647818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Missouri''' jiha ne daga jihohin ƙasar [[Tarayyar Amurka]], a Tsakiyar ƙasar. Jihar Tarayyar Amurka ne daga shekara ta 1821. == Tarihi == Babban birnin jihar Missouri, [[Jefferson City]] ne.Jihar Missouri yana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba’i 180,560, da yawan jama'a 6,126,452. == Mulki == Gwamnan jihar Missouri [[Mike Parson]] ne, daga shekara ta 2018. == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Yaruka === === Abinci === === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === === Kiristanci === == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag of Missouri.svg|Tutar Jihar Missouri File:Cass County Missouri Courthouse 20191026-6991.jpg|Ginin Jihar Missouri File:Missouri Theater.jpg|Tiyatan Jihar Missouri File:Ozarks Highlands of Missouri.png|Taswiran Jihar Missouri File:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri (restored).jpg| Yan Japanis sunyi saranda ne a Jihar Missouri a lokacin yakin duniya na Farko File:Downtown_Washburn_in_1910.jpg|Downtown Washburn in 1910. File:Railroad_Cut,_Independence,_Missouri.jpg|Railroad Cut, Independence, Missouri. File:Washington_School_1907_l_1131_N_Euclid.TIF|Washington School,Missouri 1907 File:National_WWI_Memorial_%26_Museum_Aerial.jpg|National WWI Memorial & Museum Aerial File:Veterans_Memorial.jpg|Abun tunawa da zaƙaƙurai File:Fire_Fighter_in_Prayer_Kingdom_City_Missouri.jpg|Fire Fighter in Prayer Kingdom City Missouri. </gallery> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Missouri}} [[Category:Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka]] {{Jihohin Taraiyar Amurka}} 6r0b1h8cdclbt3vzlfvuyi8m0chgd09 0 10996 647846 487215 2025-06-26T23:02:37Z Lamba6334 25787 647846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:08-08-01_Fløyen_utsikt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bergen.]] '''Bergen''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Yammacin Nowe, a ƙasar [[Nowe]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2018, jimilar mutane 280,216. An gina birnin Bergen a karni na sha ɗaya bayan haifuwan Annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-berekna/2018-12-18</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Loevstakkens.jpg|Rundunar Mafarauta na Foliage File:Bergen-Drone-20160728-4.jpg|Birnin File:Leif_Larsen_Bergen.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Leif Larsen "Shetlands-Larsen" File:Bergenhus_Fortress_Bergen_Norway_2009_1_HDR.JPG|Bergen, Norway File:Bergen_city_centre_April4_09.jpg|Birnin na daya daga cikin manyan biranen ƙasar Norway File:Ludvig-Holberg-Denkmal.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Ludvig Holberg File:Troldhaugen_in_Bergen.jpg|Troldhaugen in Bergen File:BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg|Bergen daga tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1905 File:Fridomsstriden.JPG|Memorial of the fallen denizens of Åsane during World War II </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Bergen}} [[Category:Biranen Nowe]] t71ui0tyqlxg0n0w7k1bob7gww9kv9v 647847 647846 2025-06-26T23:03:49Z Lamba6334 25787 647847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:08-08-01_Fløyen_utsikt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bergen.]] '''Bergen''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Yammacin Nowe, a ƙasar [[Nowe]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2018, jimilar mutane 280,216. An gina birnin Bergen a karni na sha ɗaya bayan haifuwan Annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-berekna/2018-12-18</ref><ref>https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/no/demografia/popolazione/bergen/20461503/4</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Loevstakkens.jpg|Rundunar Mafarauta na Foliage File:Bergen-Drone-20160728-4.jpg|Birnin File:Leif_Larsen_Bergen.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Leif Larsen "Shetlands-Larsen" File:Bergenhus_Fortress_Bergen_Norway_2009_1_HDR.JPG|Bergen, Norway File:Bergen_city_centre_April4_09.jpg|Birnin na daya daga cikin manyan biranen ƙasar Norway File:Ludvig-Holberg-Denkmal.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Ludvig Holberg File:Troldhaugen_in_Bergen.jpg|Troldhaugen in Bergen File:BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg|Bergen daga tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1905 File:Fridomsstriden.JPG|Memorial of the fallen denizens of Åsane during World War II </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Bergen}} [[Category:Biranen Nowe]] lbf9yc0g62mlpqsq5g9n0fziv0mmq1z 647848 647847 2025-06-26T23:04:38Z Lamba6334 25787 647848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:08-08-01_Fløyen_utsikt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bergen.]] '''Bergen''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Yammacin Nowe, a ƙasar [[Nowe]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2018, jimilar mutane 280,216. An gina birnin Bergen a karni na sha ɗaya bayan haifuwan Annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-berekna/2018-12-18</ref><ref>https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/no/demografia/popolazione/bergen/20461503/4</ref><ref>https://www.bergen.kommune.no/english/about-the-city-of-bergen/about-the-city-of-bergen</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Loevstakkens.jpg|Rundunar Mafarauta na Foliage File:Bergen-Drone-20160728-4.jpg|Birnin File:Leif_Larsen_Bergen.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Leif Larsen "Shetlands-Larsen" File:Bergenhus_Fortress_Bergen_Norway_2009_1_HDR.JPG|Bergen, Norway File:Bergen_city_centre_April4_09.jpg|Birnin na daya daga cikin manyan biranen ƙasar Norway File:Ludvig-Holberg-Denkmal.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Ludvig Holberg File:Troldhaugen_in_Bergen.jpg|Troldhaugen in Bergen File:BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg|Bergen daga tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1905 File:Fridomsstriden.JPG|Memorial of the fallen denizens of Åsane during World War II </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Bergen}} [[Category:Biranen Nowe]] idlesa15u790qdf3e33h5laierw8xnf 647849 647848 2025-06-26T23:05:22Z Lamba6334 25787 647849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:08-08-01_Fløyen_utsikt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bergen.]] '''Bergen''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Yammacin Nowe, a ƙasar [[Nowe]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2018, jimilar mutane 280,216. An gina birnin Bergen a karni na sha ɗaya bayan haifuwan Annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-berekna/2018-12-18</ref><ref>https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/no/demografia/popolazione/bergen/20461503/4</ref><ref>https://www.bergen.kommune.no/english/about-the-city-of-bergen/about-the-city-of-bergen</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/norway/vestland/4601__bergen/</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Loevstakkens.jpg|Rundunar Mafarauta na Foliage File:Bergen-Drone-20160728-4.jpg|Birnin File:Leif_Larsen_Bergen.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Leif Larsen "Shetlands-Larsen" File:Bergenhus_Fortress_Bergen_Norway_2009_1_HDR.JPG|Bergen, Norway File:Bergen_city_centre_April4_09.jpg|Birnin na daya daga cikin manyan biranen ƙasar Norway File:Ludvig-Holberg-Denkmal.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Ludvig Holberg File:Troldhaugen_in_Bergen.jpg|Troldhaugen in Bergen File:BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg|Bergen daga tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1905 File:Fridomsstriden.JPG|Memorial of the fallen denizens of Åsane during World War II </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Bergen}} [[Category:Biranen Nowe]] j2c3tenl5n5bm9eqbvh2s9l3nu0mfqm 0 14884 647792 411023 2025-06-26T21:07:22Z Erdnernie 21045 Gyaran Ma'anar jawabi 647792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Omo Ghetto''''' (Fassara: '''''Yaron kauye''''') wani fim ne na da aka gudanar a 2010, wanda Abiodun Olarenwaju ya shirya, fim din ya haska [[Funke Akindele]], [[Rachel Oniga]], [[Taiwo Hassan]], [[Yinka Quadri]] da [[Eniola Badmus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogene |first=Charles |date=2011-01-15 |title=Nigeria: Omo Getto - Another Funke Akindele Story of 'Wayward Girls' |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201101170453.html |access-date=2020-10-03 |website=[[allAfrica]]}}</ref> ==Plot== Fim din an gudanar dashi ne akan matsalolin da alumma ta fuskanta daga wasu guggan kungiyar mata. ==Mafari== Olusegun Michael na ''Modern Ghana'' ya yabi tsarin, da yan'wasa, da yadda fim din yayi nuni, inda ya bayyana fim din da "didactic, entertaining and revealing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fafore |first=Olusegun Michael |date=2011-01-17 |title=Appraisal of Funke Akindele’s Omo Ghetto |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/15580/appraisal-of-funke-akindeles-omo-ghetto.html |access-date=2020-10-03 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> In 2017, Azeezat Kareem for [[Encomium Magazine]] listed ''Omo Ghetto'' as one of two films that brought [[Eniola Badmus]] to major limelight in the [[Nollywood|Nigerian film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeezat |first=Kareem |date=2017-09-08 |title=2 movies that catapulted Eniola Badmus to fame |url=https://encomium.ng/2-movies-that-catapulted-eniola-badmus-to-fame/ |access-date=2020-10-03}}</ref> It was also included in Legit.ng five "most memorable" films of [[Funke Akindele]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alawode |first=Abisola |title=Which of these 4 roles are Funke Akindele’s most memorable? |url=https://www.legit.ng/940324-5-memorable-funke-akindele-roles-made-fans-fall-love.html |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2020-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022011209/https://www.legit.ng/940324-5-memorable-funke-akindele-roles-made-fans-fall-love.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Yan'wasa== *[[Funke Akindele]] as Lefty *Bimbo Thomas as Nicky *[[Rachel Oniga]] *[[Adebayo Salami]] as Baba Onibaba *[[Taiwo Hassan]] *[[Yinka Quadri]] *[[Eniola Badmus]] as Busty *[[Ronke Ojo]] ==Saki== An fara nuna fim din ne a, [[National Arts Theatre]], Iganmu a watan Oktoba 24, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-15 |title=Akindele goes to the Ghetto |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/10/akindele-goes-to-the-ghetto/ |access-date=2020-10-03 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] iaxylx865dgz7393ix1r36u722k9vh4 0 20589 648148 638840 2025-06-27T10:26:02Z Mrymaa 13965 648148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Hamza Al-Mustapha 2023.jpg|thumb|Hamza al-Mustapha]] [[Fayil:Hamza al-Mustapha 2023.jpg|thumb|Hamza al-Mustapha]] '''Hamza Al-Mustapha''' (An haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Yulin, shekarar ta alif1960), Babban hafsan sojan [[Najeriya]] ne kuma jami’in leƙen asiri wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami’in tsaro ga mai [[Gwamnatin Soja]]Janar [[Sani Abacha]] daga shekarar alif da ɗari tara da casa'in da ukku (1993) zuwa shekarar alif da ɗari tara da casa'in da takwas (1998). == Rayuwar farko == Hamza Al-Mustapha an haife shi kuma yayi karatu a garin [[Nguru]]. Ya yi rajista a asirce a matsayin jami'in jami'a, a Makarantar [[Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya|Koyon Tsaro ta Najeriya]] kuma an ba shi izini a cikin Sojojin [[Najeriya]] a matsayin Laftana ta biyu. == Aikin soja == Daga watan Agustan shekarar alif da ɗari tara da tamanin da biyar (1985), zuwa watan Agustan shekara alif da ɗari tara da casa'in (1990). Al-Mustapha ya kasance Mataimakin-de-Camp (ADC) din Shugaban hafsan soji, Janar [[Sani Abacha]]. Duk shugaban sa da kuma shugaban ƙasa, Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] yana da cikakkiyar dogaro da iyawarsa, kuma sun damka masa wasu iko na daban, wadanda suka fi sauran jami'an da suka fi shi girma. Wannan ya ƙara nuna shi a matsayin mai ƙarfin faɗa aji na soja. === Jami'in leken asirin soja === An horar da Al-Mustapha a matsayin jami’in leken asiri na soja. Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban na kwamandoji a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida, Kungiyar Tsaro ta Daraktan Leken Asirin Sojoji (SG-DMI), Runduna ta 82 da Hedikwatar Soja ; [[Ma'aikatar Tsaron Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Tsaro]] da [[Aso Rock Villa|Fadar Shugaban Kasa]]. Hakanan ya kasance cikin ayyukan ɓoye-bayanan sirri da aƙalla bincike biyu na yunƙurin juyin mulki; yadda yake gudanar da tambayoyi ya kawo shi ga Janar Sani Abacha. ya kuma gudanar da ayyuka a ƙasashen Chadi, Laberiya, Bakassi, Gambiya da Saliyo . == Zamanin Abacha == === Gabobin ta'addanci === An naɗa Al-Mustapha a matsayin Babban Jami'in Tsaro na Shugaban kasa (CSOHoS) tare da Rikicin Soja na Musamman a lokacin mulkin soja na Sani Abacha (a ranar sha bakwai 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1993 - zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar alif 1998). Sauran kayan tsaro a lokacin su ne Ofishin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a ƙarƙashin [[Ismaila Gwarzo]] ; Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa ; Daraktan Leken Asiri na Soja ; da kuma Hukumar Tsaron Jiha duk a karkashin al-Mustapha. Duk waɗannan rukunoni suna aikata kisan gilla ga mutanen da ake gani suna barazana ga tsarin mulki. Bayan an naɗa shi shugaban tsaro, Al-Mustapha ya kafa wasu kananan kayan tsaro wadanda aka debo daga sojoji da sauran kungiyoyin tsaro kuma aka horar da su a [[Isra'ila|Isra’ila]] da [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. Mai bai wa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro Ismaila Gwarzo da Al-Mustapha ne aka ce su ke da alhakin yawancin “azabtarwa, kisa da satar dukiya” a lokacin mulkin Sani Abacha. Al-Mustapha ya sanya irin wannan tsoron har ana cewa shi mala'ika ne na mashin din ta'addanci, tare da janar-janar na soja da 'yan siyasa ke tsoron sa baki daya.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_al-Mustapha</ref> === Siyasar iko === <mapframe latitude="9.058702" longitude="8.525391" zoom="4" width="200" height="145" align="right"> { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [ 9.7119140625, 7.2534960500695 ], [ 9.7119140625, 7.1663003819032 ], [ 9.68994140625, 7.2099003143688 ], [ 9.7998046875, 7.4278365287383 ], [ 9.580078125, 6.6427829003562 ], [ 9.77783203125, 7.2316987083671 ], [ 9.66796875, 7.1444988496473 ], [ 9.7998046875, 7.4931964701223 ], [ 9.7119140625, 7.3842578283093 ], [ 9.7998046875, 7.2752923363722 ], [ 9.73388671875, 7.297087564172 ], [ 9.84375, 7.2316987083671 ], [ 9.82177734375, 7.3624668655358 ], [ 9.77783203125, 7.1008926686237 ], [ 9.82177734375, 7.0790880260717 ], 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7.264394325339779 ] } } ] } </mapframe> Al-Mustapha ya lura da sake tsarin yankin baki ɗaya na Najeriya zuwa shiyyoyi shida na siyasa, a cikin wannan ya samar da tarin 'yan leken asiri da masu ba da labarai a fadin tarayyar; * Arewa ta Tsakiya : [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benuwai]], da [[Kogi]], da [[Kwara (jiha)|Kwara]], da [[Nasarawa]], da [[Neja]], da [[Plateau (jiha)|Filato]] da Babban Birnin Tarayya, Nijeriya . * Arewa Maso Gabas : [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]], da [[Borno]], da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], da [[Taraba]] da [[Yobe]] . * Arewa maso Yamma : [[Jigawa|Jihar Jigawa, da Jihar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], da [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], da [[Kebbi]], da [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]] da [[Zamfara]] . * Kudu maso Gabas : [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]], da [[Anambra]], da [[Ebonyi]], da [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu,]] da [[Imo]] . * Kudu Ta Kudu : [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], [[Bayelsa]], [[Cross River]], [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]], [[Edo]] da [[Rivers|Ribas]] . * Kudu maso Yamma : [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]], da [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], da [[Ogun]], da [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]], da [[Osun]] da kuma [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] . Al-Mustapha ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara farfaganda ta gwamnati da kuma ba da tallafi na Jiha ga Kungiyar Matasa ta Neman Abacha, wanda ya shirya Rikicin Mutum Miliyan 2 don nuna goyon baya ga Abacha. Ya kuma samu nasarar tsoratar da dukkan bangarorin siyasa wajen amincewa da Abacha a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa tilo. === Canja mulki === A watan Yunin shekarar alif 1998, bayan mutuwar Abacha, ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka cire al-Mustapha daga mukaminsa ta hanyar gwamnatin rikon kwarya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|Abdulsalam Abubakar]] . == Kamawa da shiga ciki == === Kama === Bayan kamun nasa, da farko an tsare al-Mustapha kuma an yi masa tambayoyi a lokacin taron Oputa, sannan aka zarge shi da shirya akalla juyin mulki sau huɗu daga gidan yari, kafin a koma da shi zuwa Kurkukun Kirikiri na Mafi Girma, inda aka azabtar da shi sama da shekara guda. Ya kasance cikin sarƙoƙi da tsare kansa shi kaɗai har tsawon shekara guda, an yarda da ƙoƙon ruwa kawai a kowace rana kuma yana fuskantar azabtar da hankali. Ma’aikatan gwamnati sun wawure masa gidaje na zaman kansa da ke Abuja, Kano da Yobe, an kona kayan wasan yaransa a gabansa don sanya tsoro, danginsa suna fuskantar barazana mai yawa, kuma a duk lokacin da yake aikin an bar shi ya ga iyayensa sau biyu kawai - wanda daga baya ya mutu. A watan Mayu na 2011, akwai jita-jita cewa an kashe al-Mustapha a Kurkukun Babban Gida na Tsaro inda ake tsare da shi, amma wadannan ba su da gaskiya. === Kashewa === A shekara ta 2007, an yi roko don a saki al Mustapha ciki har da daga tsohon shugaban ƙasa na mulkin soja, [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . A ranar 21 ga watan Disambar shekara ta pp 2010, an wanke al-Mustapha da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma da mafi yawan laifuka. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a wanke al-Mustapha daga zargin kisan Kudirat Abiola ba. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, an sake shigar da karar. Hamza Al-Mustapha da abokin kararsa Lateef Sofolahan sun ba da shaidar rashin laifinsu game da tuhumar kisan kai. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, daga baya Babbar Kotun Legas ta samu al-Mustapha da aikata kisan kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya . A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Kotun daukaka kara a Legas ta soke hukuncin babbar kotun tare da wanke al-Mustapha daga dukkan tuhumar kisan Kudirat Abiola. A yayin shari’ar ta shekara goma sha biyar, al-Mustapha ya bayyana a gaban alkalai daban-daban goma sha uku da magistoti biyu. === Saki daga horo === Bayan sakinsa, al-Mustapha ya koma [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . A watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta shigar da kara zuwa [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]], don kotun koli ta tabbatar da hukuncin da ya gabata ta hanyar rataya hukuncin da Babbar Kotun ta yanke. A shekara ta 2017, ya shiga siyasar bangaranci tare da karfin gwiwar matasa da talakawa da ya kafa Green Party of Nigeria (GPN), daga baya ya zama dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar Peoples Party of Nigeria (PPN) yayin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019 . == Tuhuma == === Niyyar kisa === A watan Oktoba shekara ta alif 1998, an tuhume shi da kisan Kudirat Abiola na watan Yunin shekara ta alif 1996, matar dan takarar shugaban kasa [[Moshood Abiola|MKO Abiola]] (wanda ya mutu a kurkuku a watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1998). A wajen shari’ar wanda ya yi kisan, Sajan Barnabas Jabila, ya ce yana biyayya ga umarni daga babban sa, al-Mustapha. An kuma tuhumi Al Mustapha da wasu mutum hudu da yunkurin kisan kai a shekara ta alif 1996, [[Alex Ibru]], mawallafin jaridar ''The Guardian'' da kuma Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Abacha. An sake tuhumar al-Mustapha da yunkurin kisan tsohon Shugaban Sojojin Ruwa Isaac Porbeni . === Yunkurin kashe Obasanjo === A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2004, an tuhume shi da hannu a wani yunkuri na kifar da gwamnati. Wai ya hada baki da wasu ne suka harbo helikofta dauke da Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ta amfani da makami mai linzami daga sama zuwa sama wanda aka shigo da shi kasar daga [[Benin]] . === Azabtar ta mata === A bisa umarnin Uwargidan shugaban kasa [[Maryam Abacha]], an kuma tuhumi al-Mustapha da tsarewa da azabtar da wasu mata da ake zargi budurwar Abacha ce. === Safarar miyagun kwayoyi === A matsayinsa na shugaban hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya (SSS), an kuma tuhumi al-Mustapha da hannu a fataucin muggan kwayoyi, ta hanyar amfani da jaka ta diflomasiyya wajen safarar magungunan. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KePIE_zgPI Yajin aiki Force Vs Maj.] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KePIE_zgPI Mustapha Hamza - Oputa Panel] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJAAV_ae1Fw Manjo Mustapha cikin fushi yayi Magana game da Mutuwar Cif MKO Abiola - Oputa Panel] == Manazarta == * # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Yobe]] odd3989htpejbzeizalsi2ml6ls16d9 4 21908 647816 647299 2025-06-26T21:28:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 647816 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:JairFKennedy|JairFKennedy]] |[[Special:Contributions/JairFKennedy|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 25 ga Yuni 2025 |- |2 |[[User:Caiquebueno16|Caiquebueno16]] |[[Special:Contributions/Caiquebueno16|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 25 ga Yuni 2025 |- |3 |[[User:Pikkupapupata|Pikkupapupata]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pikkupapupata|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |4 |[[User:Zefito|Zefito]] |[[Special:Contributions/Zefito|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |5 |[[User:Husaini Sulaiman|Husaini Sulaiman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Husaini Sulaiman|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |6 |[[User:NamHistory|NamHistory]] |[[Special:Contributions/NamHistory|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |7 |[[User:Yusuf Mohammed sani|Yusuf Mohammed sani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yusuf Mohammed sani|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |8 |[[User:Harrieta171|Harrieta171]] |[[Special:Contributions/Harrieta171|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |9 |[[User:Arewa77777|Arewa77777]] |[[Special:Contributions/Arewa77777|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |10 |[[User:Hanhhhhnguyent|Hanhhhhnguyent]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hanhhhhnguyent|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |11 |[[User:Emrayz7|Emrayz7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Emrayz7|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |12 |[[User:Hauwa1969|Hauwa1969]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hauwa1969|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |13 |[[User:Rami mohamad|Rami mohamad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rami mohamad|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |14 |[[User:Abba Tukur Muazu|Abba Tukur Muazu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abba Tukur Muazu|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |15 |[[User:Ahmad Garba Alpha|Ahmad Garba Alpha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahmad Garba Alpha|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |16 |[[User:Быхсищшщшщшщоузд|Быхсищшщшщшщоузд]] |[[Special:Contributions/Быхсищшщшщшщоузд|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |17 |[[User:SalviaRomana|SalviaRomana]] |[[Special:Contributions/SalviaRomana|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |18 |[[User:Kofiarkohbaidoo|Kofiarkohbaidoo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kofiarkohbaidoo|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |19 |[[User:Yelps|Yelps]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yelps|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |20 |[[User:AirportExpert|AirportExpert]] |[[Special:Contributions/AirportExpert|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 26 ga Yuni 2025 |- |} 4nchh8nb4hnsanbb3il550e2eh88828 0 23593 648061 642531 2025-06-27T09:39:03Z Lamba6334 25787 648061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] 1v505hiq1u8btt43etfrv405q7n2lce 648063 648061 2025-06-27T09:39:33Z Lamba6334 25787 648063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] likcdp8wqvps9kt4w7wjylzv82lp1dx 648065 648063 2025-06-27T09:40:40Z Lamba6334 25787 648065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] myz6jumx8orrzhwcx8anjnhlwaf0xk7 648066 648065 2025-06-27T09:41:21Z Lamba6334 25787 648066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref><ref>https://mff.forest.mtu.edu/Balance/Primer.htm</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] m6cz4vxxyafp763db8cy1pwy1brmtwo 648068 648066 2025-06-27T09:41:54Z Lamba6334 25787 648068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref><ref>https://mff.forest.mtu.edu/Balance/Primer.htm</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/4/ae347e/AE347E02.htm</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara. An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] 3wd9kht5b0w9axt2vedgzclwq2id26q 648070 648068 2025-06-27T09:44:09Z Lamba6334 25787 648070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref><ref>https://mff.forest.mtu.edu/Balance/Primer.htm</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/4/ae347e/AE347E02.htm</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara.<ref>https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/forest-sector-employs-33-million-around-the-world</ref> An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] fx57u4i14pyvlwsfnqkfjaocomvhsla 648073 648070 2025-06-27T09:45:10Z Lamba6334 25787 648073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref><ref>https://mff.forest.mtu.edu/Balance/Primer.htm</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/4/ae347e/AE347E02.htm</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara.<ref>https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/forest-sector-employs-33-million-around-the-world</ref><ref>https://unece.org/forests/green-jobs-forest-sector</ref> An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] kmauj2vchzdbglrdt64dsmlzt5581ol 648076 648073 2025-06-27T09:45:52Z Lamba6334 25787 648076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref><ref>https://mff.forest.mtu.edu/Balance/Primer.htm</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/4/ae347e/AE347E02.htm</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara.<ref>https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/forest-sector-employs-33-million-around-the-world</ref><ref>https://unece.org/forests/green-jobs-forest-sector</ref><ref>https://www.bmel.de/EN/topics/forests/forests-in-germany/forests-in-germany_node.html</ref> An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] dc5b01tg484mpaqhyjqqx08rr2lemst 648078 648076 2025-06-27T09:46:46Z Lamba6334 25787 648078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Forstarbeiten_in_Österreich.JPG|thumb| Aikin gandun daji a Austria]] [[Fayil:TJ harvesteri.jpg|thumb]] '''Gandun daji''' shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]], dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry</ref><ref>https://www.definitions.net/definition/Forestry</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_497</ref><ref>https://mff.forest.mtu.edu/Balance/Primer.htm</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/4/ae347e/AE347E02.htm</ref> Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da: * Samar da katako. * Itacen. * Mazaunin namun daji. * Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa. * Nishaɗi * Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma * Aiki. * Yanayin shimfiɗar wurare masu kayatarwa. * Gudanar da rayayyun halittu. * Gudanar da ruwa. * Ikon lalatawa. * Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide. Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji. Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da [[fasaha]] . Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86, na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181, na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara.<ref>https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/forest-sector-employs-33-million-around-the-world</ref><ref>https://unece.org/forests/green-jobs-forest-sector</ref><ref>https://www.bmel.de/EN/topics/forests/forests-in-germany/forests-in-germany_node.html</ref><ref>https://www.forstwirtschaft-in-deutschland.de/german-forestry/forest-facts</ref> An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880, suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. <ref name=":0" /> Kimanin mutane miliyan 252, da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1.25, a kowace rana. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:A_deciduous_beech_forest_in_Slovenia.jpg|thumb| A deciduous Beech gandun daji a [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]]] == Tarihi. == === Asali === Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa laƙabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. <ref>compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011</ref> Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan [[gandun daji]] sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faɗuwar Rum. <ref name="yale" /> Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin waƙarsa ta 1308, Divine Comedy . <ref name="Pines" /> Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7, lokacin da, yayin fuskantar ƙarancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a ƙasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a ƙarƙashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na ƙasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox . === Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani === [[File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg|thumb| Girbin katako a Finland]] [[File:Gewinnung_von_Schnittreisig.jpg|thumb| Amfani da katako a [[:de:Goldner Steinrück|Golden Steinrueck]], Vogelsberg]] [[File:Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz.jpg|thumb| Hans Carl von Carlowitz, ma'aikacin hakar ma'adanai na Jamus]] Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a [[Portugal|Fotigal]] a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan. Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a Ƙarni na 14, misali a [[Nuremberg]], [[Japan|da kuma a Japan]] na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200, zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun ƙunshi maza 400, zuwa 500, da suka haɗa da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙasar Finland. Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida (16), haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645 - 1714), mai gudanar da haƙar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. <ref name="Rad">Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.</ref> Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. <ref name="rad1">Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72</ref> A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa. John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi ɗaya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a Hesse, [[Rasha]], Austria-Hungary, [[Sweden]], [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare a Turai. === Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya. ===   An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s, zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka ɗaya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman ƙaubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da ɗauri da dokokinta faru a mafi ƙasashen yammacin turai a cikin ƙarni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma ƙara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany . === Ingantawa. === Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin ƙarfe sun fito a ƙarni 15. ƙarni na 19, ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki> 1950s, syndrome <nowiki>''</nowiki>. <ref>Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995</ref> An ƙirƙira sarƙa shuni na farko a cikin 1918, a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu [[2]] . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji. === Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan. === * ''An buga Sylwan a'' farkon 1820. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya'' fara bugawa a 1850. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Erdészeti Lapok ya'' fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu) * ''The Indian Forester ya'' fara bugawa a 1875. <ref name="RPonline" /> * An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar ''Kula da Gandun'' daji ta Croatia. <ref name="RPonline" /> <ref>[http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en ''Šumarski list''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120912004354/http://www.sumari.hr/sumlist/en |date=2012-09-12 }} (Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877</ref> * ''Montes'' (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877. <ref name="RPonline" /> * ''Revista pădurilor'' (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886. * ''Quarterly Forestry'', wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902, ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York . * (Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948, ta Ma'aikatar ''Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951, ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha'' ''na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da'' aka buga daga 1907, zuwa 1921). == Gandun-daji a ƙarni na 21. == [[File:Laser_guided_cutting_of_wood_inside_modern_woodmill.jpg|thumb| Mashin injin zamani]] A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki. Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] dorewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba . A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar ƙasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita ƙasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai. == Masu Aikin Gandun-daji. ==   [[File:Sanpablotregua.JPG|left|thumb| Masu ba da labari na Jami'ar Australiya na Chile a cikin gandun dajin Valdivian na San Pablo de Tregua, [[Chile]]]] Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shaƙatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfaɗo da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfaɗowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙara girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da waɗannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko haɗarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙarin, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Ƙasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta. {{Clear}} == Shirye -shiryen gandun daji. == Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani. Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu. Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfaɗowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe. Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A ƙasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai ɗorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji. [[Noma|Noma,]] da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi. == Daji a matsayin kimiyya. == A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da [[Noma|aikin gona]] . <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 356p.</ref> A ƙarkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuɗa ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. <ref>Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Undoing the Damage: Silviculture for Ecologists and Environmental Scientists. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, 313p.</ref> A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sauran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai ɗorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban . == Bambancin halitta a gandun daji. == Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfaɗowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin. Kalmar ƙwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo. Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga ƙwari da cututtuka . Bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun ƙwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji. Bambance -bambancen halittu a [[Gandun Daji|gandun-daji]] yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, ƙwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji. Kimanin kadada miliyan 98, na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa. Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi. Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki. == Ilimi. == === Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji ===   Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt . A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844. Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon ƙarni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka. A [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a ƙasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba. === Ilimin gandun-daji a yau. ===   [[File:Burn9582.JPG|thumb| Masu gandun daji suna amfani da ƙonawa da aka ba da izini don rage yawan mai]] A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan [[Kimiyar al'ummah|ilimin zamantakewa]] da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo. A ƙasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in. A ƙasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters . A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha. A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai . Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya. === Ci gaba da ilimi. === Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike [http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html ƙima da microhabitats na] itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa. === Ƙarin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi. === * Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji. * Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji. * Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji. * Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji. * Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta). == Duba kuma. ==    <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> * [[Afforestation|Noma]] * [[Agroforestry]] * [[Arboriculture]] * [[Close to nature forestry|Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi]] * [[Community forestry|Gandun daji na al'umma]] * [[Deforestation|Dazuzzuka]] * [[Deforestation and climate change|Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi]] * [[Dendrology]] * [[Forest dynamics|Dandalin daji]] * [[Forest farming|Noman daji]] * [[Forest informatics|Masu ilimin gandun daji]] * [[Forestry literature|Adabin gandun daji]] * [[History of the forest in Central Europe|Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai]] * [[International Year of Forests|Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya]] * [[List of forest research institutes|Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji]] * [[List of forestry journals|Jerin mujallu na gandun daji]] * [[Lumberjack]] * [[Miyawaki method|Hanyar Miyawaki]] * [[Private nonindustrial forest land|Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona]] * [[Sustainable forest management|Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa]] * [[Silviculture|Gine -gine]] * [[Silvology]] </div> == Majiyoyi == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} {{Free-content attribution|title=The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|author=FAO & UNEP|publisher=FAO & UNEP|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} == Nassoshi. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje. == * {{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource inline|Forestry}} * {{Curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Forestry}} [[Category:Gandun-daji]] 7xxsid7az0vqt5bdofwu6q73rcj85ls 0 24101 647865 603408 2025-06-27T00:45:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Chaka_Kahn_1996.jpg|thumb| Chaka Khan a 1996]] [[Fayil:Bishop Walter Hawkins, Lynette Hawkins-Stephens, Richard, Tramaine Hawkins and Chaka Khan.jpg|thumb|hoton chaka kan lokacin wani taro]] '''Ain't Nobody''' waka ce ta kungiyar funk ta Amurka Rufus da babban mawaƙin Amurka Chaka Khan . An sake waƙar ce a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983), a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin studio guda huɗu waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin [[Albom|rayuwarsu]] ''Stompin 'a Savoy'' a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983). "Ba kowa bane" cikin sauri ya tattara shahara, kuma ya kai lamba ta ɗaya akan <nowiki><i id="mwGA">ginshiƙin Billboard</i></nowiki> R<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B na Amurka da lamba guda ashirin da biyu 22 akan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na Amurka . Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin sa hannun Khan. Rufus keyboardist David "Hawk" Wolinski tayi rubuta waƙa a kusa da wani maimaita synthesizer madauki goyon baya da wani Linn LM-1 drum kwamfuta; duk da haka, John "JR" Robinson, mawaƙin makaɗa, ya buga ganguna na gaske don zaman rikodi. Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙuri'ar demokraɗiyya kuma sun yanke shawarar haɗa waƙar a cikin kundin kundin su. Da zarar an yi rikodin waƙar, masu zartarwar Warner sun so fitar da wata waƙa a matsayin farkon waƙar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2016}} Wolinski ya yi barazanar ba wa mawaƙin Amurka [[Michael Jackson]] da mai shirya fina- finan Amurka Quincy Jones don faifan Jackson ''Thriller'' idan waƙar ba ta zama jagora ɗaya ba. Alamar ta yi nadama kuma "Ba kowa ba ne" kuma an buga lamba ta ɗaya a kan taswirar R&B don satin da zai ƙare a ranar 15 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da uku(1983). <ref>The Billboard Book of #1 R&B Hits by Adam White and Fred Bronson</ref> Hakanan an haɗa waƙar a kan faifan sauti zuwa fim ɗin ''Breakin ''' na shekarar alif ta 1984. [[File:I Ain't Got Nobody cover.jpg|thumb|Ain't Nobody]] Magoya bayan wasu kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasar sun karbe wakar a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] '', tare da kalmomin: Babu wanda yake kauna (dan wasa), yana faranta min rai, yana sanya ni jin haka.'' . == Abun da ke ciki == Ana yin waƙar a cikin maɓallin E ♭ tare da saurin bugawa guda dari dahudu 104 a minti daya a cikin lokacin gama gari . Muryar Khan ta fara daga G ♭ ₃ zuwa E ♭ ₅ a cikin waƙar. == Charts da takaddun shaida == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} ===Weekly charts=== '''Original version''' {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! Chart (1983–1984) ! Peak<br />position |- {{single chart|Dutch100|36|artist=Rufus & Chaka Khan|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Dutch40|29|artist=Rufus|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UK|8|date=19840415|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardhot100|22|artist=Rufus & Chaka Khan|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|1|artist=Rufus & Chaka Khan|rowheader=true}} |} '''Remix''' {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! Chart (1989) ! Peak<br />position |- !scope="row"|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/80s/1989/M&M-1989-07-29.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100|date=July 29, 1989|access-date=September 25, 2020|magazine=[[Music & Media]]}}</ref> |align="center"|22 |- {{single chart|UK|6|artist=Rufus & Chaka Khan|song=Ain't Nobody (remix)|date=19890715|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|West Germany|9|artist=Rufus & Chaka Khan|song=Ain't Nobody (remix)|songid=158297|year=1989|rowheader=true}} |} {{Col-2}} ===Year-end charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1983) !Position |- !scope="row"|US Top Black Singles (''Billboard'')<ref>"Top Black Singles" ''Billboard'' December 24, 1983: TA-22</ref> |align="center"|48 |} ===Certifications=== {{Col-end}} == Sauran sigogi == === Jaki Graham version === {{Infobox song|name=Ain't Nobody|genre=*[[Electronic dance music|Dance]] *[[House music|house]]|next_year=1995|next_title=[[Absolute E-Sensual]]|prev_year=1985|prev_title=[[Round and Around (Jaki Graham song)|Round and Around]]|producer=Rod Gammons|writer=[[Hawk Wolinski]]|label=*Pulse-8 Records *Critique *Cutting Edge *Festival Records *Scandinavian Records *Avex-Critique|length={{Duration|m=3|s=26}}|venue=|cover=Jaki_Graham_-_Ain't_Nobody.jpg|studio=[[Metropolis Group|Metropolis]], London|recorded=|released=July 1994|album=[[Real Life (Jaki Graham album)|Real Life]]|artist=[[Jaki Graham]]|type=single|caption=Widely used variant of the standard artwork|alt=|misc={{External music video|{{YouTube|-o5SeTGY1E0|"Ain't Nobody"}}}}}} [[File:Jaki_Graham_2014_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Jaki Graham a 2014]] A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da hudu (1994,) mawaƙiyar Burtaniya Jaki Graham ta fito da murfiyar ta " A wannan lokaci ba '''kowa bane ya san ta''' ". An sake waƙar a zama na farko kuma jagora ce, ɗaya daga kundi na huɗu da na ƙarshe, ''Real Life'' . Siffar Graham ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan Chart ɗin Rawar ''Billboard na'' Amurka na makwanni biyar gami da kasancewa cikin manyan bidiyon da aka fi so na BET (Charts Black Entertainment Charts). Mawakiyar ta kuma kai lamba guda arbain da hududu 44 a Burtaniya, lamba guda sha daya 11 a Iceland da lamba guda sha bakwai 17 a Ostiraliya. ==== Tarba mai mahimmanci ==== Larry Flick daga ''Billboard ya'' kira waƙar sa "ta fasa", kuma ya bayyana cewa Graham "ta dawo tare da babban karatun Rufus pop / soulnugget . Track shine sabo a cikin farmakin nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin ta divas daban -daban. Wannan, duk da haka, shine ainihin ma'amala, godiya ga babban fara'a na Graham da tarin abubuwan cakuda waɗanda suka fito daga peppy NRG zuwa gidan tsoka. Kulob ɗin wuta mai ƙarfi ya buge, kada ku yi mamaki idan rediyo crossover ya yi kira. ” Jaridar Ingilishi ''Karatun Yammacin Post'' yayi sharhi, "Wannan shine ɗayan murfin da baya inganta ainihin. Amma waƙar Chaka Khan sanannen ruhi ne kuma Jaki Graham ta bayyana kyakkyawar harba, koda muryarta ba ta da ƙarfi sosai don ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Mai wuya kada a yi waka tare. ” <ref>''[[Reading Evening Post]]''. June 17, 1994. p. 52. Retrieved November 28, 2020.</ref> ==== Bidiyon kiɗa ==== Bidiyon kiɗan na "Ba kowa ba ne" darektan fina -finan Amurka kuma furodusa Antoine Fuqua ne ya jagoranci . ==== Jerin jerin waƙoƙi ==== {{Track listing}}{{Track listing}} ==== Charts ==== {{Infobox song|name=Ain't Nobody|genre=[[Pop music|Pop]]|next_year=1997|next_title=[[I Say a Little Prayer#Diana King version|I Say a Little Prayer]]|prev_year=1994|prev_title=[[Shy Guy]]|producer=Handel Tucker|writer=[[Hawk Wolinski]]|label=*Work *Columbia *Sony|length=3:44|venue=|cover=Diana_King-Ain't_Nobody.jpg|studio=|recorded=Kingston, Jamaica|released=1995|B-side=Remix|album=[[Tougher Than Love]]|artist=[[Diana King]]|type=single|caption=|alt=|misc={{External music video|{{YouTube|sJSVh8fSwe8|"Ain't Nobody"}}}}}} A cikin shekarar alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995, mawaƙin Jamaica Diana King ya yi rikodin murfin guda ɗaya na " '''Ain't Nobody''' ", wanda aka saki a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundi na farko, ''Tougher Than Love'' . Ya kai lamba guda chasain da biyar 95 a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, lamba guda hudu 4 a kan ''ginshiƙi'' Playboard na Billboard Hot Dance Club da lamba guda sha uku 13 akan Chart Singles UK . ==== Tarba mai mahimmanci ==== Larry Flick daga ''Billboard ya'' bayyana waƙar a matsayin " fassarar hip hop na sexy" da "wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba", yana yabawa "tabbataccen aikin" na King. ''Music &amp;amp; Media'' yayi sharhi cewa bin " Shy Guy " yana ganin mawaƙin Jamaica "ya rasa wasu ƙananan raƙuman raye-raye na raye-raye don fifita sautin R&amp;amp;B ", ya kara da cewa mawaƙin "tsarkakakke ne, mai ɗaga ruhun zamani." ''Makon Kiɗa'' ya ƙididdige shi uku daga cikin biyar, yana rubutu, "Babban madaidaicin murfin Chaka Khan na gargajiya, tare da samar da ƙarfi. Tana iya canza wasu ƙarin magoya baya. ” Ralph Tee daga ''RM'' Dance Update na mujallar ya ce, "'Shy Guy' ya zama fashewar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma wannan bin yana da irin wannan damar crossover." ==== Jerin jerin waƙoƙi ==== {{Track listing}}{{Track listing}} ==== Charts ==== {{Col-begin|width=74%}} {{Col-2}} =====Weekly charts===== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1995) !Peak<br />position |- {{single chart|Flanders|48|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Wallonia|25|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-11-11.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=November 11, 1995|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> |align="center"|35 |- {{single chart|France|41|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Germany|62|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|songid=3148|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Iceland ([[Íslenski listinn|Íslenski Listinn Topp 40]])<ref>{{cite magazine |title= Íslenski Listinn NR. 147 Vikan 9.12. '95 - 15.12. '95 |magazine= Dagblaðið Vísir |page= 58 |date= December 9, 1995 |access-date= April 10, 2018 |url= http://timarit.is/files/12276740.pdf#navpanes=1&view=FitH }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|28 |- {{single chart|Dutch40|36|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Dutch100|27|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|New Zealand|28|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Scotland ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/19951029/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 29 October 1995 - 04 November 1995|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> |align="center"|30 |- !scope="row"|Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|edition=1st |date=September 2005|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}</ref> |align="center"|20 |- {{single chart|Sweden|30|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Switzerland|31|artist=Diana King|song=Ain't Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK Singles]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]]) |align="center"|13 |- !scope="row"|[[UK R&B Chart|UK R&B]] ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/r-and-b-singles-chart/19951022/114/|title=Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40|publisher=officialcharts.com|access-date=May 24, 2018}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- !scope="row"|US [[Hot Dance Club Play]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'') |align="center"|4 |} {{Col-2}} =====Year-end charts===== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1995) !Position |- !scope="row"|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr1995.html|title=Jaarlijsten 1995|language=nl|publisher=Stichting Nederlandse Top 40|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|309 |} {{Col-end}}Rapper LL Cool J ya yi rikodin waƙar don waƙar sauti zuwa fim ɗin shekarar alif ta 1996 ''Beavis da Butt-Head Do America'' . An sake shi azaman sautin waƙa na biyu, waƙar ta hau kan lamba guda arbain da hudu 46 akan ''Billboard'' Hot guda dari 100, lamba huɗu akan Hot Rap Singles Chart da lamba guda ashirin da bakwai 27 akan ''taswirar'' Waƙoƙin Billboard Hot R &amp;amp; B/Hip-Hop . A wajen Amurka, waƙar ta shahara a cikin Burtaniya, inda waƙar kuma ta kasance abin faɗa ga Gwen Dickey da KWS (sun kai lamba guda ahirin da bakwai 21) da The Course (lamba ta takwas).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2013}} Bidiyon kiɗan wannan sigar, wanda Michael Martin ya jagoranta, wanda Jonathan Heuer ya shirya, da kuma fim ɗin Martin Coppen, an ɗan yi fim ɗinsa a Dutsen Hood na Oregon. Hakanan yana nuna ƙungiya mai cike da baƙi da suka haɗa da Maia Campbell, Brian McKnight, Alfonso Ribeiro, Cedric the Entertainer, John Salley, da John Witherspoon . ==== Charts ==== A shekarar 2003, English-Iris peo Liberty X sun sakinwata waka Mai suna "'''Being Nobody'''", wanda richard ya dauki nauyin kawo ta a matsayin soman tafi ga Richard X's studio album ''Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1'' (. Sannan kuma a maysayi jagaba da biyu a masana antar .Liberty X's second studio album ''Being Somebody'' (2003. Wakar tana DA wani nauin salo daban "Ain't nobody"Sannan tasamu karbuwa Being Boiled". Tasamu karin abubuwa da dama kamar su Karin Jan layii"Ain't Nobody" dakuma layin gwaji na Let's do it." "Being Boiled". Liberty X first performed "Being Nobody" on ''Ant &amp;amp; Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway'' on February 8, 2003. Sanan sunyi wasanta so biyu a ''Pops'', with other performances on ''The National Lottery Wright Ticket'' and ''CD:UK''. ==== Critical reception ==== Wakar tasamu binciken lalama daga masu kushenta.Abune kmar mar dadi hakan wanda baza a iya mantawa ba.ma a ana Linda McGee, whilst Louis Pattison of ''NME'' ya yarda cewa abu Ne Na gaskiya, kuma we ne wanda zakaji dadin sauraransa Alexis Kirke mainwake ya fada shima: "Are a tsakanin credible dance-bootleg production na Richard X tareda wannan bababan Mai kamfanin profile pop-act Liberty X ba wai iya dai ba , said dai Karin girma" mai nuna cewa kwrarun ma aika sun hadu domin karawa juna cigaba wurin rubuta da mx Martin P ya bayar da wakarsa ga tautarin mawaka guda biyar bu ne wanda ya kawA jin dadi na gaske ,kuma data daga cikin mafi dadin ga est Liberty X singles!" ==== Jerin waƙa ==== # "Being Nobody" (Main Mix) – 3:37 # "Being Nobody" (Richard X Remix) – 4:25 # "Being Nobody" (X-Strumental) – 3:38 ==== Charts ==== {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} =====Weekly charts===== {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"|Chart (2003) !scope="col"|Peak<br />position |- {{single chart|Australia|36|artist=Richard X vs. Liberty X|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Flanders|26|artist=Richard X vs. Liberty X|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2003/MM-2003-04-05.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=21|issue=15|page=13|date=April 5, 2003|access-date=May 13, 2020}}</ref> |align="center"|15 |- {{single chart|France|88|artist=Richard X vs. Liberty X|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Germany|79|songid=83647|artist=Richard X vs. Liberty X|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Ireland2|9|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true|access-date=January 15, 2020|refname=XXIE}} |- !scope="row"|Ireland Dance ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240004&arch=t&lyr=2003&year=2003&week=12|title=Top 10 Dance Singles, Week Ending 20 March 2003|publisher=[[GfK Chart-Track]]|access-date=June 11, 2019}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{single chart|Dutch40|37|year=2003|week=17|rowheader=true|access-date=September 20, 2018}} |- {{single chart|Dutch100|50|artist=Richard X vs. Liberty X|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|New Zealand|49|artist=Richard X vs. Liberty X|song=Being Nobody|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Romania ([[Romanian Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10079.html|title=Arhiva romanian top 100 – Editia 28, saptamina 21.07–27.07, 2003|publisher=[[Romanian Top 100]]|language=ro|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218234446/http://www.rt100.ro/editie-top-100_x10079.html|archive-date=February 18, 2005|access-date=May 13, 2020}}</ref> |align="center"|30 |- {{single chart|Scotland|2|date=20030329|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UK|3|date=20030329|rowheader=true|refname=XXUK}} |- {{single chart|UKdance|4|date=20030329|rowheader=true|access-date=September 20, 2018}} |} {{Col-2}} =====Year-end charts===== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"|Chart (2003) !scope="col"|Position |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2003.pdf|title=The Official UK Singles Chart 2003|work=[[UKChartsPlus]]|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref> |align="center"|52 |} {{Col-end}} === Scooter version === {{Infobox song|name=It's a Biz (Ain't Nobody)|length=3:21|next_year=2012|next_title=[[4 AM (Scooter song)|4 AM]]|prev_year=2011|prev_title=[[C'est Bleu]]|producer=[[Scooter (band)|Scooter]]|writer=[[Hawk Wolinski|David "Hawk" Wolinski]]|label=[[Sheffield Tunes]]|genre={{hlist|[[Trance music|Trance]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]}}|cover=|venue=|studio=|recorded=2011–2012|released=March 23, 2012|album=[[The Big Mash Up]]|artist=[[Scooter (band)|Scooter]]|type=single|alt=|misc={{External music video|{{YouTube|tSZ8uLAhS4I|"It's a Biz (Ain't Nobody)"}}}}}} '''"Yana da wani Biz (Shin ba Babu wanda)"''' ne guda ta [[Jamus]] wuya dance band babur . An sake shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2012, a matsayin na biyar guda ɗaya daga kundin ɗakin studio ɗin su na goma sha biyar ''The Big Mash Up'' . ==== Jerin jerin waƙoƙi ==== '''CD guda (waƙa 2)''' {{Track listing}}'''Saukewa''' {{Track listing}}{{Track listing}} ==== Charts ==== === Siffar Felix Jaehn === {{Infobox song|name=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|genre=|next_year=2015|next_title=Eagle Eyes|prev_year=2015|prev_title=Dance with Me|chronology=[[Felix Jaehn]]|producer=Felix Jaehn|writer=[[Hawk Wolinski]]|label={{hlist|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]|[[Island Records|Island]]}}|length=4:01|venue=|cover=Aint-Nobody-(Loves-Me-Better)-Felix-Jaehn.jpg|studio=|recorded=|released=April 3, 2015|B-side="I Do"|album=[[I (Felix Jaehn album)|I]]|artist=[[Felix Jaehn]] featuring [[Jasmine Thompson]]|type=single|caption=|alt=|misc={{Extra chronology | artist = [[Jasmine Thompson]] | type = singles | prev_title = [[Sun Goes Down (Robin Schulz song)|Sun Goes Down]] | prev_year = 2014 | title = Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better) | year = 2015 | next_title = [[Unfinished Sympathy#Cover versions|Unfinished Sympathy]] | next_year = 2015 }} {{External music video|{{YouTube|5j1RCys4R0g|"Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)"|link=no}}}}}} A cikin shekara ta 2015, mai shirya kiɗan Jamusawa da DJ Felix Jaehn sun fitar da remix mai taken " '''Ba kowa (Yana Ƙaunar Ni Mafi Kyawu)''' " wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin mawaƙan Burtaniya Jasmine Thompson . Shine jagora guda ɗaya don babban sunan sa na farko na shekara ta 2016 EP ''Felix Jaehn'' . Remix ya dogara ne akan sakin solo na waƙar ta Thompson a cikin shekara ta 2013, lokacin da Thompson ya kasance 13, wanda ya hau kan lamba guda 32 akan Chart Singles UK . Koyaya, Felix Jaehn remix ya zama babban nasarar taswirar ƙasa da ƙasa, yana kan lamba ɗaya ko biyu a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa (gami da lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya) da kuma manyan guda 10 a sauran ƙasashen Turai da Ostiraliya. ==== Jerin waƙa ==== # "Babu Wani (Yana Ƙaunata Ƙauna)" {{Small|(Felix Jaehn featuring Jasmine Thompson)}} - 3:01 # "Na Yi" {{Small|(Felix Jaehn featuring Poppy Haddigan)}} - 3:02 {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} '''Weekly charts''' {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2015) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- ! scope="row"| Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles |title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles |publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association |date=October 5, 2015 |access-date=March 29, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004081135/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles |archive-date=October 4, 2015 }}</ref> | 6 |- {{single chart|Austria|1|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Flanders|6|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Wallonia|7|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Canada|95|artist=Felix Jaehn|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Czech Republic|1|year=2015|week=32|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Czechdigital|4|year=2015|week=31|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Denmark|2|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardeurodigital|2|artist=Felix Jaehn|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Finland|10|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|France|2|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Germany|1|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|songid=1309667|access-date=February 18, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Hungarydance|3|year=2016|week=8|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Hungary|1|year=2015|week=27|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Hungarytop10|1|year=2015|week=30|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Ireland2|5|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true|access-date=January 15, 2020}} |- {{single chart|Israelairplay|1|year=2015|week=29|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|access-date=July 18, 2015|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Italy|22|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Dutch40|1|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Dutch100|2|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|New Zealand|21|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Norway|13|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Poland|1|chartid=1722|year=2015|rowheader=true|access-date=August 24, 2015}} |- ! scope="row"| Romania ([[Airplay 100]])<!--Please do not change this to Romanian Top 100 or Media Forest. The Airplay 100 is Romania's national singles chart from 2012 onwards. For further information, see WP:GOODCHARTS--><ref name="podcast">{{cite news|url=https://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100-Cristi-Nitzu|title=Airplay 100 – Cristi Nitzu {{!}} Kiss FM – 4 October 2015|access-date=January 27, 2018|publisher=[[Kiss FM (Romania)|Kiss FM]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127090412/https://www.kissfm.ro/emisiuni/54/Airplay-100-Cristi-Nitzu|archive-date=January 27, 2018}} ''Note: User may scroll down the 'Podcasturi' menu to play or download the respective podcast.''</ref> | 1 |- !scope="row"{{Single chart|Romaniaradioairplay|1|year=2015|week=39|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|artist=Felix Jaehn featuring Jasmine Thompson|access-date=July 2, 2018|publishdate=September 21, 2015}} |- {{single chart|Romaniatvairplay|1|year=2015|week=39|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|artist=Felix Jaehn featuring Jasmine Thompson|access-date=July 3, 2018|publishdate=September 21, 2015|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Russia Airplay ([[Tophit]])<ref>{{cite web|url= https://tophit.ru/ru/tracks/63353/view|title=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson - Ain't Nobody|publisher=[[Tophit]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|language=ru}}</ref> | 1 |- {{single chart|Scotland|2|date=20150903|rowheader=true|refname=ScotWeekly}} |- {{single chart|Slovakia|3|year=2015|week=32|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Slovakdigital|3|year=2015|week=29|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"|Slovenia ([[SloTop50]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2015&week=37|title=SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart|publisher=[[SloTop50]]|access-date=June 5, 2015|archive-date=January 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180525/http://www.slotop50.si/Glasbene-lestvice/Tedenske-lestvice/?year=2015&week=37|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 1 |- {{single chart|South Africa|4|date=2015-08-18|rowheader=true|access-date=September 16, 2015}} |- {{single chart|Spain|4|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Sweden|7|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Switzerland|5|artist=Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson|song=Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UK|2|date=20150903|rowheader=true|refname=UKWeekly}} |- {{single chart|Billboarddanceclubplay|50|artist=Felix Jaehn|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboarddanceelectronic|11|artist=Felix Jaehn|rowheader=true}} |} {{Col-2}} '''Year-end charts''' {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2015) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2015.htm|title=ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|access-date=January 6, 2016}}</ref> | 86 |- ! scope="row"| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=2015|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 2015|website=austriancharts.at|access-date=January 9, 2020}}</ref> | 9 |- ! scope="row"| Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2015&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten 2015|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 17 |- ! scope="row"| Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2015&cat=s|title=Rapports Annuels 2015|publisher=Ultratop|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 23 |- ! scope="row"| [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] ([[Tophit]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.ru/en/chart/airplay/yearly/2015-01-01/all/all|title=CIS Year-End Radio Hits (2015)|publisher=[[Tophit]]|access-date=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812094718/https://tophit.ru/en/chart/airplay/yearly/2015-01-01/all/all|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"| 8 |- ! scope="row"| France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2015|title=Top de l'année Top Singles 2015|publisher=SNEP|language=fr|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-2015 |title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts|language=de |work=[[GfK Entertainment]] |publisher=offiziellecharts.de |access-date=January 6, 2016}}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| Hungary (Dance Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/dance/2015|title=Dance Top 100 - 2015|access-date=November 10, 2019|publisher=[[Mahasz]]}}</ref> | 22 |- ! scope="row"| Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2015|title=Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2015|access-date=November 10, 2019|publisher=[[Mahasz]]}}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Hungary (Single Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/single_db/2015|title=Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2015|access-date=November 10, 2019|publisher=[[Mahasz]]}}</ref> | 15 |- ! scope="row"| Israel (Media Forest)<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel Airplay Year End 2015|url=http://www.mediaforest.biz/Charts/YearlyCharts.aspx|access-date=January 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192257/http://www.mediaforest.biz/charts/yearlycharts.aspx|archive-date=January 2, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 13 |- ! scope="row"| Italy (FIMI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/news/classifiche-top-of-the-music-2015-fimi-gfk-la-musica-italiana-in-vetta-negli-album-e-nei-singoli-digitali|title=Classifiche 'Top of the Music' 2015 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=it|access-date=January 13, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023030515/http://www.fimi.it/news/classifiche-top-of-the-music-2015-fimi-gfk-la-musica-italiana-in-vetta-negli-album-e-nei-singoli-digitali|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 49 |- ! scope="row"| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2015|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2015|publisher=Dutch Top 40|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 3 |- ! scope="row"| Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2015&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 2015|publisher=MegaCharts|language=nl|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 4 |- ! scope="row"| Poland (ZPAV)<ref>{{cite web|title=Airplay – podsumowanie 2015 roku|url=http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=1305|language=pl|publisher=[[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry]]|access-date=December 30, 2015|archive-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211171525/http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/aktualnosci.php?idaktualnosci=1305|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 4 |- ! scope="row"| Russia Airplay (Tophit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.ru/en/chart/russia/yearly/2015-01-01/all/all|title=Russian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2015)|publisher=[[Tophit]]|access-date=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809085302/https://tophit.ru/en/chart/russia/yearly/2015-01-01/all/all|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"| 9 |- ! scope="row"| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=2015&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar – År 2015|publisher=Sverigetopplistan|language=sv|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 22 |- ! scope="row"| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2015|title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2015 – hitparade.ch|publisher=Hung Medien|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 12 |- ! scope="row"| UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/ |title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2015 |publisher=Official Charts Company |access-date=January 10, 2016}}</ref> | 62 |- ! scope="row"| Ukraine Airplay (Tophit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tophit.ru/en/chart/ukraine/yearly/2015-01-01/all/all|title=Ukrainian Top Year-End Radio Hits (2015)|publisher=[[Tophit]]|access-date=August 12, 2019|archive-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812093109/https://tophit.ru/en/chart/ukraine/yearly/2015-01-01/all/all|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="text-align:center;"| 35 |- ! scope="row"| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/hot-dance-electronic--songs|title=Hot Dance/Electronic Songs – Year-End 2015|work=Billboard|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> | 33 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2016) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| France (SNEP)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-lannee/top-singles-annee/?categorie=Top%20Single%20de%20l%E2%80%99ann%C3%A9e&annee=2016|title=Top de l'année Top Singles 2016|publisher=SNEP|language=fr|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> | 117 |- ! scope="row"| Hungary (Dance Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/dance/2016|title=Dance Top 100 - 2016|access-date=November 10, 2019|publisher=[[Mahasz]]}}</ref> | 15 |} '''Decade-end charts''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col"| Chart (2010–2019) ! scope="col"| Position |- ! scope="row"| Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/chartsoffiziell/status/1201514410575089664|title=Die Plätze 3️⃣1️⃣ und 3️⃣0️⃣ des Jahrzehnte-Rankings sichern sich Axwell /\ Ingrosso ("More Than You Know") + Felix Jaehn feat. Jasmine Thompson ("Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)") bei den Singles sowie Andrea Berg ("Seelenbeben") + Herbert Grönemeyer ("Dauernd jetzt") bei den Alben.|via=[[Twitter]]|work=[[GfK Entertainment]]|publisher=offiziellecharts.de|language=de|access-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref> | 30 |} {{Col-end}} == Duba kuma == * List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s * List of number-one R&amp;amp;B singles of 1983 (U.S.) * List of UK top 10 singles in 1984 * List of UK top 10 singles in 1989 * List of number-one dance singles of 1994 (U.S.) * List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 1997 * List of UK top 10 singles in 2015 * Mashup (music) * ''Of the Night'' * ''Rhythm Is a Dancer'' * ''The Rhythm of the Night'' == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9rjvkz7fwrzo6frpvfgtd5qh8kb8lwj 0 24707 648150 514419 2025-06-27T10:29:19Z Mrymaa 13965 648150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Birgediya '''Ibrahim Bako''' (An haife shi 31 ga watan disamba, shekara ta alif81943 – Ya rasu shekara ta 1983) babban jami'i ne a Sojojin Najeriya wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin Sojojin Najeriya guda biyu: juyin mulkin juyin juya hali na watan Yuli, shekarar alif 1966 da juyin mulkin shekarar alif 1983 na watan Disamba. Juyin mulkin shekarar 1983, ya kawar da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya ta [[Shehu Shagari]] yayin da juyin mulkin shekarar alif 1966. ya kawar da gwamnatin soja ta Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Ironsi]]. An kashe Bako yayin da yake kokarin kamo shugaban ƙasa [[Shehu Shagari]] a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1983 . == Sana'a == An ba Ibrahim Bako aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1963 a matsayin Laftanar bayan ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Soja ta Sandhurst . Bako (a lokacin Lt Colonel) ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in dabaru a Hukumar Ƙidayar Ƙasa ta ƙidayar shekarar 1973.<ref name=Siollun15>{{cite book|last1=Siollun|first1=Max|title=Soldiers of Fortune: A History of Nigeria (1983-1993)|year=2013|publisher=Cassava Republic Press|isbn=9789785023824|pages=15|edition=2013}}</ref> A wani lokaci a cikin aikinsa, Ibrahim Bako ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin Najeriya wanda ya taimaka wajen sauya tsoffin mayaƙa 100 daga kuma cikin gandun dajin Zimbabwe (bayan gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci) don zaɓa da horo a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya|Kwalejin Tsaron Najeriya]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a 1980. Waɗannan tsoffin mayaƙan ƴan tawaye 100 sun kafa runduna ta farko na Sojojin Ƙasar Zimbabwe bayan samun' yancin kai. Tun daga ranar 31 ga Disamban shekarar 1983, Bako ya kasance Daraktan Kwalejin Sojoji a Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji, kuma muƙaddashin GOC 1 Mechanized Division, Kaduna. <ref name="Leadership-NG" /> == Matsayi a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 1966 == Juyin Juya Halin 28 ga Yuli, 1966 (wanda galibi ake kira juyin mulkin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 ) wani tashin hankali ne na kifar da Gwamnatin soja ta [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi]], wacce ta hau mulki bayan juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga Janairu, wanda Manjo [[Emmanuel Ifeajuna]] da Lt Col suka jagoranta. [[Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu|Kaduna Nzeogwu]] . Wasu gungun hafsoshin soji da suka fito daga Arewacin Najeriya (ciki har da Lts Ibrahim Bako, [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]], Theophilus Danjuma, Captain [[Joseph Nanven Garba|Joe Garba]], Lt Col [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Muhammed]], da sauran su) sun yi makarkashiya tare da yi wa gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ironsi tawaye. Daga cikin waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu sun haɗa da Janar [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi Ironsi]] da Laftanar Kanar Adekunle Fajuyi . A lokacin leken asirin juyin mulkin, sannan Laftanar Kanal [[Murtala Mohammed]] zai tuka zuwa Ibadan (inda Bako ya kasance tare da wasu kamar Lt Jerry Useni ), Muhammed yakan saba shiga gari daga Legas, ya ɗauko Ibrahim Bako da Abdullai Shelleng -ya shirya wuri da zagayawa ba tare da tsayawa ba yayin da suke tattaunawa kan shirin su na juyin mulki. == Matsayin juyin mulki a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983 == Ibrahim Bako (a lokacin shine Daraktan Kwalejin Sojoji a Kwamandan Rundunar Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji) <ref name="Beegeagle" /> da mukaddashin GOC 1 Mechanized Division, Kaduna, aikin juyin mulkin ne suka ba da aikin kama shugaban ƙasa Shehu Shagari mai yiwuwa bayan Brigade na Shagari. Kanal Tunde Ogbeha ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi (ba tare da tashin hankali kamar yadda aka tsara) ba. Marubuci Max Siollun ya lura cewa an zaɓi Bako ne don rawar kamawa saboda mahaifin Bako abokin Shagari ne. Bako bai sani ba shine gaskiyar cewa an fallasa makircin juyin mulkin ga Shugaba Shagari, wanda masu gadinsa ke cikin shirin ko -ta -kwana. Bayan isa gidan Shugaban kasa (cikin rigar da ba ta soji ba) tare da rukunin sojoji don kamo Shugaban, Bako an kuma harbe shi ne yayin da yake zaune a gefen fasinja na wata babbar mota ta Unimog a cikin tashin gobara tsakanin sojojin daga. Dakarun Bako da sojojin Brigade of Guards karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Augustine Anyogo. Ana baje kolin babbar motar Unimog da aka kashe Bako a gidan adana kayan tarihin sojojin Najeriya da ke [[Zariya]], Najeriya. Manyan hafsoshin sojan da suka shiga cikin juyin mulkin na 1983 sune: * Manjo Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] (General Officer Commanding, 3rd Armored Division, Jos) * Manjo Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] (Daraktan ayyuka da tsare -tsare na Sojojin) * diya Ibrahim Baƙo (Brigade Commander) * Birgediya [[Sani Abacha]] (Kwamanda, Birged na 9) * Birgediya Tunde Idiagbon (Sakataren Soja, Soja) * Laftanar Kanal Aliyu Mohammed (Daraktan leken asirin sojoji) * Lt Kanal [[Halilu Akilu]] * Laftanar Kanal David Mark * Lt Kanal Tunde Ogbeha * Manjo Sambo Dasuki (Mataimakin Soja ga Babban Hafsan Sojojin, Lt-General Wushishi) * Major Abdulmumuni Aminu * Major Lawan Gwadabe * Manjo Mustapha Jokolo (Babban Malami, Barikin Basawa - Zaria) * Abubakar Umar Majalisar koli ta Soja ta Manjo Janar Buhari (SMC) ta yi shiru na minti ɗaya ga wanda aka kashe Birgediya Bako a yayin taron SMC na farko. == Bayanai masu karo da juna na mutuwar Bako a lokacin juyin mulkin ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983 == Baan Bako (Farfesa Ibrahim Ado Bako) ya yi iƙirarin a wata hira da yayi da Jaridar Leadership ta Najeriya a watan Janairun shekarar 2014, cewa wasu maƙarƙashiyan juyin mulki waɗanda ba sa tare da niyyar Bako na yin juyin mulki ba tare da jini ba. Farfesa Baƙo ya tabbatar da cewa “manyan hafsoshin sojojin da abokan aikin su ba su yarda da abin da shi (mahaifina) yake son yi ba saboda suna son juyin mulkin ya zama na jini. A yanzu sun umarci Laftanar Kanal da ya harbe shi kuma nan take ya mutu a wurin a gadar Area 1 ta yanzu a Abuja ”. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bako, Ibrahim}} [[Category:Sojojin Najeriya]] hbck1rgglod8ma2es9649a127ri2x8p 0 33701 647958 619457 2025-06-27T06:32:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:0,25_SAR_(1972),_obverse.jpg |thumb| Kwandala na kasar a can baya]] [[File:1968_Saudi_10_Riyal.jpg |thumb| Riyal 10]] '''Babban Bankin Saudiyya''' '''(SAMA);''' '''{{Lang-ar|البنك المركزي السعودي}}''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority''' '''(SAMA)''', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia's SAMA renamed Saudi Central Bank|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/BANK_375709.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.tradearabia.com|archive-date=2023-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323060707/http://www.tradearabia.com/news/BANK_375709.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> da aka kafa a shekara ta 1952, shine [[Babban Banki|babban bankin]] masarautar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. Bayan canjin suna a cikin shekara ta 2020, Babban Bankin Saudiyya ya ci gaba da amfani da wannan gajarta ta '''SAMA'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-25 |title=SAMA renamed to Central Bank of Saudi Arabia, policy remains unchanged says governor |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/business/economy/2020/11/25/SAMA-renamed-to-Central-Bank-of-Saudi-Arabia-policy-remains-unchanged-says-governor |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin kafa Babban Bankin Saudi Arabia, Saudi Hollandi Bank, reshe na Netherlands Trading Society daga shekara ta 1926 ya zama babban bankin tsakiya. Ta ajiye ajiyar gwal na Masarautar tare da karbar kudaden man fetur a madadin gwamnatin Saudiyya. A shekara ta 1928 ta taimaka wajen samar da sabon tsabar kudin kasar Saudiyya, wanda [[Ibn Saud|Sarki Abdulaziz]] ya ba da umarni wanda ya zama kudi na farko da masarautar ta samu mai zaman kanta. Bankin Hollandia na Saudiyya ya mika alhakinsa ga SAMA lokacin da aka kafa shi a shekara ta 1952 kuma ya zama abin koyi ga sauran bankunan kasashen waje a masarautar. Babban bankin zamani yana aiki ta hanyar samar da kayan aikin da kamfanin Vizor na Irish ya habaka. A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2020 da Afrilu shekara ta 2020, SAMA ta koma Riyal biliyan 150 na Saudiyya (dala biliyan 40) zuwa Asusun Zuba Jari na Jama'a (PIF). An tura dalar Amurka biliyan 25 a watan Afrilu da dala biliyan 15 a watan Mayu. == Ayyuka == SAMA shine Babban Bankin Saudi Arabiya, ayyukan SAMA sun haɗa da bayar da kudin kasa, Riyal Saudi, kula da bankunan kasuwanci, kula da ajiyar kuɗaɗen waje, inganta farashi da daidaiton farashin canji, da tabbatar da habaka da ingantaccen tsarin kuɗi., aiki da dama giciye-bankunan lantarki kuɗi tsarin kamar MADA (da SPAN), SARIE, kuma SADAD . <ref name="function">[http://www.sama.gov.sa/sites/samaen/AboutSAMA/Pages/SAMAFunction.aspx About the SAMA] SAMA</ref> == Jerin gwamnoni == {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Lokaci |- | Fahad Almubarak | Tun daga 2021 |- | {{Interlanguage link|Ahmed Abdulkarim Alkholifey|ar|أحمد بن عبد الكريم الخليفي|fr|Ahmed Alkholifey}} | 2016-2021 |- | Fahad Almubarak | 2011-2016 |- | Muhammad Al Jasar | 2009-2011 |- | Hamad Ibn Saud Al Sayari | 1983-2009 |- | Abdul Aziz Al Quraishi | 1974-1983 |- | Anwar Ali | 1958-1974 |- | Ralph Standish | 1954-1958 |- | George A. Blowers | 1952-1954 |- |} == Jagoranci da tsari == Kwamitin gudanarwa ne ke kula da ayyukan SAMA. Wannan ya hada da gwamna, mataimakin gwamna da wasu mutane uku da aka zaba daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wa'adin nadin shine shekaru 4 na gwamna da mataimakin gwamna, wanda za'a iya tsawaita da dokar sarauta, da kuma shekaru 5 ga sauran membobin, wanda kuma za'a iya karawa da dokar sarauta. Ba za a iya cire membobin hukumar ba sai da dokar sarauta. Hukumar ta SAMA ta kunshi gwamna, mataimakin gwamna da mataimakan gwamnoni biyar. === yan kwamitin gudanarwa === {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Matsayi |- | Gwamna Dr. Ahmed Abdulkarim Alkholafy | Shugaba |- | Mataimakin Gwamna, Abdulaziz Salih Alfuraih | Mataimakin shugaba |- | Hamad S. Al Sayari | |- | Muhammad Obaid bin Sa'eed bin Zagar | |- | Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al-Atel | |} === Babban Gudanarwa === [[File:SAMA_Organisation_Structure.png|right|thumb|600x600px| Tsarin tsari na SAMA kamar yadda yake a watan Mayu 2013.]] {| class="wikitable" !Suna ! Matsayi ! Ranar alƙawari |- | Dr. Ahmed Abdulkarim Alkholifey | Gwamna | 8 ga Mayu, 2016 |- | Abdulaziz Salih Alfuraih | Mataimakin Gwamna | 22 ga Yuli, 2014 |- | Hashem Othman Al-Hakail | Mataimakin Gwamna akan Ayyukan Banki | 2 Mayu 2013 |- | Tareq Abdulrahman Al-Sadhan | Mataimakin Gwamna mai sa ido | 1 Oktoba 2015 |- | Ahmed Abdulkarim Al Kholifey | Mataimakin gwamnan kan harkokin bincike da harkokin kasa da kasa | 2 Mayu 2013 |- | Ayman Mohammed Al Sayari | Mataimakin Gwamna kan Zuba Jari | 2 Mayu 2013 |- |- | Ali Abdulrahman Mahmud | Mataimakin Gwamna akan Gudanarwa | 2 Mayu 2013 |} == Takardun ma'auni == Ma'auni na SAMA yana da kima a cikin Riyal na Saudi Arabia, wanda aka kwatanta akan farashin 3.75 a hukumance akan dalar Amurka. Duk bayanan kudin da SAMA ke bayarwa ana samun cikakken goyan baya ta hanyar madaidaitan ma'adinan zinariya. (Miliyoyin Riyal na Saudiyya) {| class="wikitable" ! ! 2007 ! 2008 ! 2009 ! 2010 ! 2011 ! 2012* |- | '''Alhaki''' |- | Bayanan kula An Ba da | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | | align="right" | |- | Adadin Gwamnati | align="right" | 514,123 | align="right" | | align="right" | 933,912 | align="right" | 1,008,251 | align="right" | 1,203,477 | align="right" | 1,299,676 |- | Adadin Bankunan Kasuwanci | align="right" | 36,277 | align="right" | 44,698 | align="right" | 50,715 | align="right" | 54,976 | align="right" | 63,511 | align="right" | 68,011 |- | Adadin Riyal na ƙungiyoyin waje | align="right" | 14,939 | align="right" | 12,488 | align="right" | 10,300 | align="right" | 10,310 | align="right" | 3,774 | align="right" | 3,750 |- | Sauran lamurra | align="right" | 525,424 | align="right" | 479,406 | align="right" | 452,599 | align="right" | 495,823 | align="right" | 618,069 | align="right" | 617,698 |- | '''Jimlar''' | align="right" | '''1,196,816''' | align="right" | '''1,709,995''' | align="right" | '''1,570,653''' | align="right" | '''1,705,389''' | align="right" | '''2,057,864''' | align="right" | '''2,154,065''' |- |- | '''Kadari''' |- | Rufin kuɗi (zinari) | align="right" | 106,054 | align="right" | 121,066 | align="right" | 123,127 | align="right" | 136,029 | align="right" | 169,033 | align="right" | 164,930 |- | Cash a cikin vault | align="right" | 23,842 | align="right" | 27,053 | align="right" | 23,876 | align="right" | 25,060 | align="right" | 29,187 | align="right" | 24,171 |- | Adadin kuɗi tare da bankunan waje | align="right" | 246,792 | align="right" | 379,487 | align="right" | 335,673 | align="right" | 343,887 | align="right" | 414,007 | align="right" | 495,246 |- | Zuba jari a cikin harkokin tsaro | align="right" | 790,559 | align="right" | 1,154,247 | align="right" | 1,071,542 | align="right" | 1,181,916 | align="right" | 1,427,820 | align="right" | 1,446,610 |- | Sauran kadarorin | align="right" | 29,569 | align="right" | 28,142 | align="right" | 16,435 | align="right" | 18,497 | align="right" | 17,817 | align="right" | 23,108 |- | '''Jimlar''' | align="right" | '''1,196,816''' | align="right" | '''1,709,995''' | align="right" | '''1,570,653''' | align="right" | '''1,705,389''' | align="right" | '''2,057,864''' | align="right" | '''2,154,065''' |- |} Adadin shekara ta 2012 suna a karshen 1st kwata. <ref name="2012 Annual Report">Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency 48th Annual Report, p. 36</ref> == Kudin hannun jari SAMA Foreign Holdings Limited == Baya ga ayyukansa, Babban Bankin Saudiyya yana sarrafa SAMA Foreign Holdings, asusun arziki na Saudiyya. Asusun shi ne asusu na uku mafi girma a duniya, tare da kadarorin sama da dala biliyan 700. A watan Oktoban 2015, Gwamna Fahad Abdullah Al-Mubarak na Babban Bankin Saudiyya ya kasance a matsayi na biyu a kan masu zuba jari na gwamnati 100. == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Kasuwa ta Kasa (Saudi Arabia) * Tsarin Bayanan Tsaro na Lantarki * Jerin bankuna a Saudi Arabia * Jerin hukumomin kula da kuɗi ta ƙasa * SADAD * Saudi Payments Network (SPAN) * [[Saudi riyal|Riyal Saudi]] * Tadawul == Manazarta == {{Reflist|33em}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * [http://www.sama.gov.sa SAMA Official Yanar Gizo] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Manufacturing Encyclopædia Britannica] * [https://www.swfinstitute.org/profile/598cdaa60124e9fd2d05bdba Bayanan Bayani na SAMA SWFI] [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Kudi da Ayyuka]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Gine-gine a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabwa]] [[Category:Bankunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Bankuna]] [[Category:Banking Duniya]] d9dml3gb5qb2niqix5kdj71e0shmamj 0 38005 647876 535816 2025-06-27T02:33:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farfesa Aliyu Usman El-Nafaty''' MBBCH FWAS FICS OFR<ref name=":0">https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okonjo-iweala-abba-kyari-former-cos-fg-nominates-437-persons-for-national-honours</ref>(an haifeshi a ranar 25 ga watan [[Disamba]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.voahausa.com/amp/babu-maganar-daina-amfani-da-tsoffin-takardun-kudin-naira-a-disamba---ministan-yada-labarai/7617484.html&ved=2ahUKEwjBl-Xr8faGAxX6UUEAHZWTDC8QyM8BKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw117IFqmPEt2sM2skpfLzLD</nowiki></ref> shekarar 1960), a garin [[Nafada]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://independent.ng/nafada-strange-disease-gombe-flag-off-meningitis-vaccination-campaign/&ved=2ahUKEwjrhNmS8vaGAxXRQ0EAHcKaBlcQxfQBKAB6BAgGEAI&usg=AOvVaw2Yg6tAHaMas_ycCzyMpNEw</nowiki></ref> ta jihar [[Gombe]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/706609-many-gombe-farmers-relocate-to-taraba.html&ved=2ahUKEwiAucS_8vaGAxWWA9sEHSksCKwQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw2QnsyBFoyujzRl5U_fipnD</nowiki></ref>. [[Farfesa]] ne ta fanin ciki da lafiyar mata.Yayi aiki da Jami'ar jihar [[Maiduguri]] a matsayin lakcahara a shekara ta 1989 har yakai matakin [[farfesa]]. Kafun yasamu matsayin Vice Chancellor a [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'a mallakar jihar Gombe]] a 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-24 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007180458/https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, ya riƙe muƙamin babban likita a [https://fthgombe.gov.ng/ Federal Medical Center], jihar Gombe a shekarar 2002–2010. == Nasarori == * Aliyu El-Nafaty ya samu lambar yabo na Fellowship of the West African College of Surgeons in 1994, da kuma Fellowship of International College of Surgeons * Ya lashe kyautar John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Grant on Leadership Development in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-10-24 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007180458/https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Fayil:Prof. Aliyu Usman Elnafaty.jpg|thumb|Aliyu Usman El-Nafaty]]Ya samu lambar girma na OFR daga Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari a shekarar 2022<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == * <references /> * [[Category:Likitocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] bcmxtaa59w4nvvkgwi005on6ckg1we2 0 39071 648196 593923 2025-06-27T11:15:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:ALHASSAN SAYIBU SUHIYINI.jpg|thumb|Cassiel Ato Forson]] '''Cassiel Ato Baah Forson''' dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar [[Ghana]] ta hudu kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta takwas a jamhuriya ta hudu ta [[Ghana]] mai wakiltar mazabar Ajumako-Enyan-Esiam a yankin tsakiyar kasar a kan tikitin takarar jamhuriya ta hudu. National Democratic Congress (NDC).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=24|access-date=2022-11-21|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130081625/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=24|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Ato Forson's Court Case: An Attempt To Cow Minority Via Machiavellian Tactics – MP|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202201/459152.php|access-date=2022-01-24|website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2013 ya zama mataimakin ministan kudi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-spent-GH-63m-on-foreign-travels-in-9months-NDC-s-Ato-Forson-820321|title=Akufo-Addo spent GH¢63m on foreign travels in 9months – NDC's Ato Forson|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203122624/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-spent-GH-63m-on-foreign-travels-in-9months-NDC-s-Ato-Forson-820321|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/meet-cassiel-ato-forson-the-deputy-finance-minister-designate/|title=Meet Cassiel Ato Forson: The Deputy Finance Minister Designate|last=Ghana|first=News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> == Shekarun farko da ilimi == An haifi Dr. Forson a ranar 5 ga Agusta 1978 kuma ya fito daga Ajumako Bisease a yankin tsakiyar [[Ghana]].<ref name=":2" /> Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa (zabin kuɗi) a watan Satumba na 2020 daga Jami'ar [[Kimiyya da fasaha|Kimiyya da Fasaha]] ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-19|title=Ato Forson gets PhD from KNUST|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/09/ato-forson-gets-phd-from-knust/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Kafin samun digirin digirgir, dan majalisar yana da digiri na biyu na Masters: Jagoran Kimiyya a Haraji daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da kuma wani Jagoran Kimiyya a fannin tattalin arziki daga KNUST. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin lissafi a jami'ar bankin kudu da ke [[Landan]]. Dr. Forson memba ne na Cibiyar Chartered Accountants, [[Ghana]] kuma ɗan'uwan Chartered Institute of Taxation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5362|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Forson, Cassiel Ato Baah|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> == Aiki == Dokta Forson dan majalisar dokoki ne na [[Ghana]], Masanin tattalin arziki na kasafin kudi, Chartered Accountant, Masanin Haraji kuma Dan kasuwa tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararru shekaru ashirin a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Ya kasance manajan darakta na Forson Contracts Limited a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]]. Kuma ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na [[Afirka|Omega Africa Holding Limited]]. == Siyasa == Dr. Forson dan jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC) ne. Ya kasance dan majalisar NDC mai wakiltar mazabar Ajumako-Enyan-Esiam daga shekarar 2009. A halin yanzu shi ne kakakin marasa rinjaye a kan kudi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt’s reckless fiscal behaviour, creative accounting cause of economic crisis – Ato Forson|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-27|title=Your ‘Mickey Mouse’ debt restructuring will hurt Ghana – Ato Forson to gov’t|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/10/your-mickey-mouse-debt-restructuring-will-hurt-ghana-ato-forson-to-govt/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> === Zaben 2008 === A shekarar 2008 ya tsaya takara a babban zaben [[Ghana]] kuma ya yi nasara. Ya samu kuri'u 18,593 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 51.66% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya doke sauran 'yan takarar da suka hada da William Kow Arthur-Baiden, Alex Arthur, Rexford Mensah da Evans Addo-Nkum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/central/67/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2008 Results – Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency|author=Peace FM|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121172247/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/central/67/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2012 === Karkashin tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress kuma ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben kasar [[Ghana]] na shekarar 2012 inda ya samu kuri'u 24,752 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 52.67% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/central/67/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2012 Results – Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency|author=Peace FM|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203122630/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/central/67/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2016 === A shekarar 2016, ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben kasar [[Ghana]] na shekarar 2016, inda ya sake lashe zaben wanda ya ba shi damar wakiltar mazabarsa a karo na uku. A lokacin zaben 2016, ya fafata da Ransford Emmanuel Kwesi Nyarko, Jerry Henry Quansah, Sarah Mensah da Monica Daapong. Ya kayar da su ne da samun kuri'u 25,601 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 53.55% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/67/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2016 Results – Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency|author=Peace FM|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203122629/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/67/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2020 === A babban zaben [[Ghana]] na 2020, ya sake lashe kujerar majalisar dokokin kasar da kuri'u 39,229 wanda ya samu kashi 58.1% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NPP Etuaful Rashid Kwesi ya samu kuri'u 28,229 wanda ya samu kashi 41.8% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takarar majalisar NDP Samuel Akombisa. yana da kuri'u 117 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election-Ajumako / Enyan / Essiam Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/ajumako_enyan_essiam/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Ghana Election-Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121112520/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/ajumako_enyan_essiam/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajumako Enyan Esiam–Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/ajumako-enyan-esiam/|access-date=2022-11-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604051635/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/ajumako-enyan-esiam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mataimakin ministan kudi === A shekarar 2009 ya zama dan majalisar dokokin [[Ghana]] kuma ya zama mataimakin ministan kudi a shekarar 2013.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayin mataimakin minista ya taba zama mamba a kungiyar kula da tattalin arzikin [[Ghana]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan hukumomi da dama da suka hada da na Bankin [[Ghana]] da [[Ghana]] Cocoa Board. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan [[Ghana]] a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da [[Bankin Duniya]]. An kuma bayyana gwanintarsa ​​a lokacin da ya jagoranci kwamitin da ya aiwatar da tsarin gyara tsarin kula da harkokin kudi na [[Ghana]] (GIFMIS). === Kwamitoci === Forson memba ne mai daraja a kwamitin kudi; dan kwamitin majalisar; memba na kwamitin harkokin waje sannan kuma memba na kwamitin zaben.<ref name=":2" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Forson Kirista ne. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya biyu.<ref name=":0" /> == Rigima == Ana zargin Forson da yi wa [[Ghana]] asarar kudi a cikin sayan motocin daukar marasa lafiya 200 tsakanin 2014 da 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2022-01-18|title=Dr Ato Forson to appear in court today over allegations of causing financial loss to the state|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/dr-ato-forson-to-appear-in-court-today-over-allegations-of-causing-financial-loss-to-the-state/|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Ghanaian Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ato Forson’s trial: Health Minister, counsel clash over ambulance deal|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ato-forson-s-trial-health-minister-counsel-clash-over-ambulance-deal.html|access-date=2022-11-21|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] j2itncuv14tn4pdehk7gghtru03dkjn 0 39485 647787 578320 2025-06-26T20:49:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abeiku Crentsil''' dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta takwas a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Ekumfi a shiyyar tsakiyar Ghana a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2618|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Crentsil, Abeiku|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Shi Kirista ne (Methodist).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=55|title=Ghana Parliament member Abeiku Crentsil|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2020-01-29}}{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abeiku a ranar 28 ga Maris 1973 kuma ya fito ne daga Ekumfi Essuehyiam a yankin Tsakiyar Ghana. Ya halarci Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa da ke Takoradi inda ya sami Injin Gine-gine na I a 1995.<ref name=":0" /> == Siyasa == Shi mamba ne na National Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-26|title=Full list of winners and losers at NDC parliamentary primaries|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/08/full-list-of-winners-and-losers-at-ndc-parliamentary-primaries/|access-date=2022-11-30|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Zabi.<ref name=":1" /> === Zaɓen 2016 === [[Fayil:Abeiku Crentsil.jpg|thumb|Abeiku Crentsil]] A zaben kasar Ghana na shekarar 2016, ya rasa kujerar majalisar dokokin mazabar Ekumfi a hannun dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NPP Francis Kingsley Ato Codjoe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boateng|first=Kojo Akoto|date=2016-12-08|title=#GhElections: Mills’ Ekumfi constituency falls to NPP|url=https://citifmonline.com/2016/12/ghelections-mills-ekumfi-constituency-falls-to-npp/|access-date=2022-11-30|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya fadi ne da kuri'u 11,632 wanda ya samu kashi 47.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Francis ke da kuri'u 12,240 wanda ya samu kashi 50.1% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar PPP Stephen Quansah ya samu kuri'u 505 wanda ya zama kashi 2.1% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takarar majalisar CPP Kweku Essuoun ya samu kuri'u 70 wanda ya zama kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2016 Election - Ekumfi Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/ekumfi/|access-date=2022-11-30|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503121036/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/ekumfi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2020 === A babban zaben kasar Ghana na 2020, ya lashe zaben majalisar dokokin mazabar Ekumfi da kuri'u 16,037 inda ya samu kashi 53.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NPP Francis Kingsley Ato Codjoe ya samu kuri'u 13,468 wanda ya samu kashi 45.0% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokokin GUM Regina. Amoah ya samu kuri'u 371 wanda ya zama kashi 1.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takarar majalisar dokoki na jam'iyyar CPP Ibrahim Anderson ya samu kuri'u 48 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Ekumfi Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/ekumfi/|access-date=2022-11-30|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekumfi – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/ekumfi/|access-date=2022-11-30|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for Ekumfi|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=85|access-date=2022-11-30|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Shi ne mataimakin mai ba da matsayi na kwamitin gata<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-06|title=Meet members of the 'all male' Privileges Committee of Parliament|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-members-of-the-all-male-Privileges-Committee-of-Parliament-1508732|access-date=2022-11-30|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2022-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130173839/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-members-of-the-all-male-Privileges-Committee-of-Parliament-1508732|url-status=dead}}</ref> sannan kuma memba a kwamitin filaye da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=23|access-date=2022-11-29|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425131941/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=23|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Ya kasance Shugaban Kamfanin Biyo-fuel Solution a Samar da Filaye da Binciken Filaye daga 2007 zuwa 2008. Shi Ma'aikacin Raya Ma'aikata/Architect/Yawaita Surveyor ne.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] <references /> [[Category:Mutanan Ghana]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] p9mazbyokd6sbw4atlsy7h1umc4jtil 0 39775 647793 578346 2025-06-26T21:12:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abraham Dwuma Odoom''' dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar dokoki ta bakwai a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Twifo Atti-Morkwa dake shiyyar tsakiya a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Abraham Dwuma Odoom, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Abraham-Dwuma-Odoom-2266|access-date=2022-12-10|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> An yaba masa da samar da wani ra'ayi bayan labarin noman shinkafa 'nasara' a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agric revival rests with BoG — Odoom|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We need highly motivated people to lead agricultural transformation — Abraham Dwuma Odoom|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/ghana-news-we-need-highly-motivated-people-to-lead-agricultural-transformation-abraham-dwuma-odoom.html|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Odoom a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 1952 kuma ya fito ne daga Twifo Ayaase a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana. Ya na da takardar sheda a fannin siyasa da tattalin arziki daga makarantar gwamnati ta J. F. Kennedy, Jami’ar Havard a shekarar 2007 sannan kuma ya yi Diploma a fannin Accounting daga Jami’ar Ghana a shekarar 1979.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Oddom, Abraham Dwuma|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/oddom-abraham-dwuma/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Aiki == Odoom ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara a kan sake fasalin Cocoa daga Yuni 2016 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2017. Ya kuma yi aiki a ma'aikatar noma da albarkatun kasa a jihar Akwa Ibom a Najeriya. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Bill/Melinda Gates/J. Shirin Kufuor Foundation Competitive African Rice Initiative Project a Najeriya daga 2014 zuwa Mayu 2016.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2022-02-14|title=Cultivation of heterogeneous varieties affecting rice production|url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/cultivation-of-heterogeneous-varieties-affecting-rice-production/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Ghanaian Times|language=en}}</ref> == Siyasa == Odoom dan New Patriotic Party ne. Ya kasance dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Twifo Atti-Morkwa a yankin tsakiyar Ghana daga 2017 zuwa 2021.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Twifo Ati Morkwaa – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report|url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/central-region/twifo-ati-morkwaa/|access-date=2022-12-10|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title=Bank of Ghana’s buy-in needed to replicate Nigeria’s rice production success – Dwuma Odoom|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/01/bank-of-ghanas-buy-in-needed-to-replicate-nigerias-rice-production-success-dwuma-odoom/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> === Zaben 2016 === A yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2016, Odoom ya lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai ta mazabar Twifo Atti Morkwa. Ya lashe zaben da kuri’u 21,231 wanda ya zama kashi 58.2% na jimillar kuri’un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Samuel Ato Amoah ya samu kuri’u 14,887 ya samu kashi 40.8% na kuri’un da aka kada, dan takarar majalisar dokoki na PPP Abu Ayuba ya samu kuri’u 273 da ya zama kashi 0.8% na jimillar kuri’un da aka kada. sannan dan takarar majalisar CPP Ebenezer Appiah ya samu kuri'u 115 wanda ya zama kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2016 Election - Twifo - Atti Morkwaa Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/central/twifo_atti_morkwaa/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Minista === Odoom shi ne tsohon mataimakin ministan lafiya a lokacin gwamnatin Kufuor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Boateng|first=Kojo Akoto|date=2016-11-21|title=Twifo Atti-Morkwa: NPP intensifies campaign to unseat NDC MP|url=https://citifmonline.com/2016/11/twifo-atti-morkwa-npp-intensifies-campaign-to-unseat-ndc-mp/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne tsohon mataimakin ministan kananan hukumomi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GNA|title=Ghana’s Agriculture sector can revive the economy - Former MP {{!}} News Ghana|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/ghanas-agriculture-sector-can-revive-the-economy-former-mp/|access-date=2022-12-10|website=https://newsghana.com.gh|language=en-US}}</ref> === Kwamitin === Odoom ya kasance mamba kuma mataimakin shugaban kwamitin tantance abinci da noma na majalisar dokoki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Select Committee on Food and Agriculture Pays Working Visit to Kpong Irrigation Site. {{!}} SHAI-OSUDOKU DISTRICT ASSEMBLY|url=https://www.soda.gov.gh/parliamentary-select-committee-food-and-agriculture-pays-working-visit-kpong-irrigation-site|access-date=2022-12-10|website=www.soda.gov.gh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|date=22 June 2020|title=NPP Kingmakers Dethrone Over 30 MPs and 8 C’ttee Chairmen Ousted In Parliament|url=https://thecustodianghonline.com/npp-kingmakers-dethrone-over-30-mps-and-8-cttee-chairmen-ousted-in-parliament/|url-status=live|access-date=10 December 2022|website=The Custodian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Odoom Kirista ne.<ref name=":1" /> == Kyaututtuka == A shekara ta 2004, ya zama babban shugaban gundumar Twifo Hemang Lower Denkyira a Ghana a lokacin.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin Nuwamba 2019, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nasara ta Rayuwa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Post|first=Cocoa|title=L-R Mr. Muhammadu Muzzammil, Country Manager of ECOM Ghana presents the Lifetime Achievement Honorary Award to Hon. Abraham Dwuma Odoom, who received the plaque on behalf of former President John Agyekum Kufuor|date=2019-11-22|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/188804523@N05/49988810066/|access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref> == Tallafawa == A watan Yunin 2018, ya gabatar da babura ga malamai da jami’an fadada aikin gona a mazabarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP Gives Out Motorbikes To Deal With Teacher Absenteeism|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/863555/mp-gives-out-motorbikes-to-deal-with-teacher-absenteeism.html|access-date=2022-12-10|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] <references /> [[Category:Mutanan Ghana]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Maza]] lnnippalviixx4dikf0z4s9jlt9aqhg 0 43651 647833 647472 2025-06-26T22:40:19Z 102.88.131.174 647833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]] . Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] 8zilqmnhm6v2og9qcdam0843iibnijc 647835 647833 2025-06-26T22:42:22Z Lamba6334 25787 647835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]] . Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] 4zvgvtwhecn74k7wkrbj82ag4zli8f7 647837 647835 2025-06-26T22:43:30Z Lamba6334 25787 647837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]] . Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] kzbs0pie1aovfeq7nnhgfd9cd8mmofc 647838 647837 2025-06-26T22:44:40Z Lamba6334 25787 647838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]] . Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] 2i0ayouktjp0934aypsgwfycareytt6 647839 647838 2025-06-26T22:45:36Z Lamba6334 25787 647839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref><ref>https://leedaily.com/2023/08/04/alan-walker-parents/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]] . Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] m82ej703bg6ygw9fmv8an1fvkajoxkr 647841 647839 2025-06-26T22:50:29Z Lamba6334 25787 647841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref><ref>https://leedaily.com/2023/08/04/alan-walker-parents/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]]. Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://pendona.com/AlanWalker/bio/</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] 2w8m3lihj5ej5uhc65w9zsj2fr1josj 647842 647841 2025-06-26T22:51:22Z Lamba6334 25787 647842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref><ref>https://leedaily.com/2023/08/04/alan-walker-parents/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]]. Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://pendona.com/AlanWalker/bio/</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] 6cxxauank2nd9va4apfd6a32askhvfp 647843 647842 2025-06-26T22:52:20Z Lamba6334 25787 647843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref><ref>https://leedaily.com/2023/08/04/alan-walker-parents/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]]. Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://pendona.com/AlanWalker/bio/</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] fnowzqgamdj5t8hma0ervrenjb1bnvd 647844 647843 2025-06-26T22:53:26Z Lamba6334 25787 647844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref><ref>https://leedaily.com/2023/08/04/alan-walker-parents/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]]. Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://pendona.com/AlanWalker/bio/</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] naw8w02mdi690qf14achr0pfsx2bz3z 647845 647844 2025-06-26T22:54:24Z Lamba6334 25787 647845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dj-alan-walker-4782.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] '''Alan Olav Walker''' (an Haife shi ne a watan 24 Agusta a shekara ta 1997) ɗan Burtaniya-Norwegian mai shirya waqa da kiɗan ne kuma DJ ne da aka fi sani da babbar rawar " Faded wanda yayi a shekarai dubu biyu da sha biyar" (2015), wanda aka ba da takardar platinum a cikin ƙasashe 14. Ya kuma yi wakoki da dama da suka hada da " Sing Me to Sleep ", " Alone ", " Drkside ", da da kuma lost control " On My Way ", dukkansu sun ja hankalin miliyoyin mutane a YouTube.<ref>https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-walker-mn0003466503/biography</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/artist/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.nme.com/features/alan-walker-interview-different-world-2019-2546605</ref><ref>https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/47857/alan-walker/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker with a fan.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]]<ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref> A farkon shekarai dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017, tashar allan Walker ta fito a matsayin tashar wallafa bidiyoyi YouTube mafi yawan rajista a qasar tasu ta Norway, tare da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 6. Tun daga Maris 2023, tashar sa har yanzu ana biyan kuɗi a Norway, yana samun masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 43 a ranar 11 ga Maris na 2023. Hakanan yana da mafi girman ra'ayi na kowane mahaliccin Norwegian, tare da kusan ra'ayoyi biliyan 12.1 kamar na 21 ga Janairun shekarar 2023.<ref>https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)</ref><ref>https://hypeauditor.com/youtube/alanwalker/</ref><ref>https://www.noxinfluencer.com/youtube/channel/UCC4C6v9zv0dRr9Ex3_9H1nQ</ref><ref>https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-youtube-channels-in-norway/</ref> An haifi Alan Walkene r a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta a shekarai 1997 a Northampton,a qasar burtaniya Ingila, ga ɗan Burtaniya Philip Alan Walker na Anglo-Scott, da matarsa Norway Hilde Omdal Walker. Sakamakon haka, ta gadon iyayensa na duniya, an ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasa biyu daga Burtaniya da Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://famousbio.net/stories/people/alan-walker-8042.html</ref><ref>https://leedaily.com/2023/08/04/alan-walker-parents/</ref> [[File:Alan Walker Hoston.jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] [[Fayil:Alan Walker @ Wind Music Awards 2016 12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alan Walker]] Ya girma tare da ’yan’uwa yan gidansu biyu, wata ’yar’uwa mai suna Camilla, wacce ita ma aka haife ta a burtaniya Ingila; da wani ƙane nashi mai suna Andreas, wanda aka haifa acikin yankin burtaniya Norway. Yana ɗan shekara biyu, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa garin [[Bergen]]. Daga baya Walker ya sami sha'awar yin aikin naura, abin sha'awa wanda ya zurfafa shi zuwa ƙirar ƙira, da shirye-shiryen kiɗa. Da farko ba shi da tarihin kiɗa, amma ya sami damar koyar da kansa ta hanyar kallon koyawa [[YouTube|ta YouTube]] dangane da samar da kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Alan Walker (music producer)}}</ref><ref>https://pendona.com/AlanWalker/bio/</ref><ref>https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alan-walker-42267.php</ref><ref>https://www.biographygen.com/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://superstarsbio.com/bios/alan-walker/</ref><ref>https://www.factsnippet.com/site/facts-about-alan-walker.html</ref> == Sana'a == === 2012-2016: Farkon Sana'a da ci gaba === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] 8zxbdh8739zkrjt95bke6sejcooak2e 0 44042 647795 505369 2025-06-26T21:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Image }} [[File:Ibbu.lapai Vice Chancellor.jpg|thumb|hoton abu kasim]] [[Fayil:Ibbu.lapai Vice Chancellor.jpg|thumb|hoton Abu kasim]] '''Adamu Abu Kasim''' ƙwararre ne a fannin ilmin tsirrai na Najeriya kuma farfesa a fannin kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lifesciences.abu.edu.ng/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315111739/https://lifesciences.abu.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ya naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida|jami’ar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida]] da ke Lapai a watan Disambar shekara ta, 2019.<ref>https://ibabanaija.com.ng/2019/12/10/prof-abu-kasim-adamu-is-ibbul-new-vice-chancellor/{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/well-make-ibbul-centre-of-academic-excellence-vc/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://educeleb.com/ibbu-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315111904/https://educeleb.com/ibbu-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fage == An haife shi Dukku dake [[Rijau]] a [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] a can ya fito. Ya yi makarantar farko a shekarar 1980 inda ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya Dukku bayan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a shekarar, 1985 zuwa 1987 a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gwamnati. [[Kagara]]. Daga nan sai ya wuce Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya ta Jarrabawar Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta wucin gadi da aka fi sani da (IJMB) sannan a shekarar, 1989 ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin Botany a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] inda ya kammala digiri na biyu.<ref>https://newnigeriannewspaper.com/2019/12/11/prof-adamu-emerges-ibb-university-lapai-vc/{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kuma yi digirin digirgir (M.Sc) na Botany da Digiri na uku a fannin amfanin gona a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya sannan ya samu takardar shedar karatu a fannin Tissue Biotechnology a shekarar, 1995 a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|jami'ar Najeriya dake]] [[Nsukka]].<ref>http://ibbu.edu.ng/the-vice-chancellor/</ref> == Memba == Ƙungiyar membobin da aka gudanar sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.nigerwatchnewspaper.com/news/gov-sani-bello-appoints-adamu-ibb-univ-vc/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920083444/http://www.nigerwatchnewspaper.com/news/gov-sani-bello-appoints-adamu-ibb-univ-vc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Najeriya * Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Kimiyya ta Ƙasa * Botanical Society of Nigeria. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] sdwhl154g6qwr4h57ehjp8wg60a52jy 0 45339 647656 508965 2025-06-26T15:19:45Z Sad33q9000 36027 647656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Arthur Dudley Nourse'''<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/dudley-nourse-46589</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwambar 1910 - ya rasu a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan 1981), ɗan wasan kurket ne na Afirka ta Kudu. Da farko ɗan wasa ne, ya kasance kyaftin na tawagar Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarar 1948 zuwa ta 1951. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nourse a [[Durban]], ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu Arthur (Dave) Nourse. Mahaifinsa ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a wasannin gwaji 45 a jere daga shekarar 1902 zuwa ta 1924. [[Fayil:Nurses listening to Lady Dudley outlining her Bush Nursing Scheme (Daily Telegraph 14 June 1910).webp|thumb|Dudley Nurse]] An ba shi suna bayan William Ward, 2nd Earl na Dudley, wanda shi ne Gwamna-Janar na Ostiraliya a shekarar 1910. An haifi Nourse kwanaki kaɗan bayan mahaifinsa ya zira ƙwallaye biyu a kan South Australia, <ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/8/8305.html Scorecard], South Australia v South Africans, Adelaide Oval, 4–8 November 1910, CricketArchive</ref> inda yake yawon shaƙatawa tare da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da Lord Dudley ya ji labarin innings da jariri, ya bayyana fatan a sa masa suna. <ref>Dudley Nourse (1949) ''Cricket in the blood''. Hodder & Stoughton.</ref> == Sana'a == Nourse ya buga wasan kurket da ƙwallon ƙafa a farkon shekarunsa. Mahaifinsa ya ƙi koya masa yadda ake wasan kurket, yana mai dagewa cewa Dudley ya koyar da kansa kamar yadda yake da shi. Yana da shekaru 18, Nourse ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan wasan kurket, da farko yana bugawa [[Umbilo Cricket Club]] a Durban. Ya buga wasan kurket na matakin farko na cikin gida don ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Natal daga shekarar 1931 zuwa 1952, kuma ya buga wasannin gwaji 34 don Afirka ta Kudu, a cikin dogon tarihin duniya na shekaru 16, daga shekarar 1935 zuwa 1951. Ya zira ƙwallaye a ƙarni a wasansa na biyu na Natal, lokacin da mahaifinsa ke taka leda a ƙungiyar adawa, Lardin Yamma . <ref>[http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/14/14114.html Scorecard], Natal v Western Province, 18–19 December 1931, CricketArchive</ref> Ya kasance ɗan wasa mai zafin gaske, mai ƙwanƙwasa gini kamar mahaifinsa, musamman daga baya a cikin aikinsa, yana da faffaɗan kafaɗa da ƙarfi. Ya fi yin wasa da ƙafar baya, yankan murabba'i, ɗamara, da tuƙi a gefe. Ya kuma kasance ɗan wasa mai kyau tare da amintattun hannaye. Ya shiga rangadin zuwa Ingila a shekara ta 1935, a cikin tawagar da Herby Wade ke jagoranta, inda ya fara halartan gwaji. Bayan ya zira ƙwallaye a ƙarni a cikin innings guda uku a jere, duka innings a kan Surrey sannan kuma a kan Oxford, Plum Warner yayi sharhi "A Nourse, a Nourse, my Kingdom for a Nurse." Ya yi ƙananan maki a cikin gwaje-gwaje biyu na farko kuma an jefa shi don gwaji na uku, amma sai ya kai 53 ba a cikin innings na biyu na gwaji na huɗu a Old Trafford . An tashi wasa huɗu, amma Afirka ta Kudu ta ci jarrabawar ta biyu a Lord's, da kuma 1-0. Ya buga a gida da Ostiraliya a shekarar 1935–1936 . A gwaji na biyu a [[Johannesburg]], ya yi duck a farkon innings kuma ya ci 231 a gwaji na biyu, karni na gwaji na budurwa. Nourse shine kaɗai ɗan wasan da ya zura ƙarni biyu a cikin innings na biyu na wasan Gwaji bayan ya fita don duck a farkon innings. Wasan dai ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce bayan da kyaftin ɗin Afrika ta Kudu Wade ya yi kira ga alƙalan wasa kan mummunan hasken da ke haddasa haɗari ga ‘yan wasansa, wanda shi ne karon farko da wani kyaftin ɗin da ke taka leda ya yi nasarar ɗaukaka karar hasken; Ostiraliya ta lashe sauran wasanni huɗu, kuma jerin da ci 4-0. Jadawalin ƙasa da ƙasa na wannan rana ya nuna cewa Afirka ta Kudu ba ta buga wasan kurket na Test na tsawon shekaru uku ba, amma Nourse ta yi wasa da masu yawon bude ido na Ingila a shekarar 1938–1939, inda ta dauki sa'o'i shida kafin ta ci ƙarni a shahararriyar Jarabawar da ba ta wuce tsawon kwanaki 10 ba. Durban. <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/393923.html When 10 days were not enough], ESPN Cricinfo, 7 March 2009</ref> [[Fayil:Dudley Nourse.jpg|thumb|Dudley Nurse]] A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa, Nourse ya yi rashin nasara na shekaru shida na wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, wanda a lokacin ya yi aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Afirka ta Kudu ta dawo wasan kurket a shekarar 1947, kuma Nourse ya shiga rangadin zuwa Ingila a matsayin mataimakin kyaftin ƙarƙashin l Alan Melville . Afrika ta Kudu ta sha kashi da ci 3-0. Nourse ya zama kan gaba a matsakaicin yawan bating na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma shi da Melville sun kasance Wisden Cricketers na Shekara a shekarar 1948. <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154633.html Dudley Nourse, Cricketer of the Year 1948], Wisden archive, from Cricinfo</ref> == Manazarta == <div class="reflist"> <references responsive="1"></references> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> * <span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ve-ce-branchNode ve-ce-internalItemNode">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155430.html Dudley Nourse, Obituary], Wisden 1982, from ESPN Cricinfo</span></span> </div> [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] je7qav3x84nbbr3jjicjfkkuh87oqzb 0 48768 647730 641449 2025-06-26T18:41:26Z MohBelloh 36176 647730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Susan Lee Lindquist''', (Yuni 5, an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da alba'in da tara1949A.c -ta mutu a watan Oktoba 27, 2016) wata farfesa ce yar ƙasar amurka tayi karatu a fannin ilmin halitta a [[MIT]] <ref>Hopkins, N. (2008). "The 2008 Genetics Society of America Medal". ''Genetics''. '''178''' (3): 1125–1128. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.017834. PMC 2278094. <nowiki>PMID 18385104</nowiki></ref> <ref>"Susan Lindquist". Royal Society. Retrieved October 30, 2016</ref> ƙwareriya a fannin [[Halittar kwayoyin halitta|ilmin kwayoyin halitta]], hakamusamman matsalar [[Nadewa sunadaran|nadawa sunadaran]] <ref>Gitschier, J. (2011). "A Flurry of Folding Problems: An Interview with Susan Lindquist". ''PLOS Genetics''. '''7''' (5): e1002076. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002076. PMC 3093363. <nowiki>PMID 21589898</nowiki></ref> a cikin dangin kwayoyin da aka sani da [[Protein mai girgiza zafi|sunadaran zafi-shock]], <ref>"Whitehead Institute – Faculty". ''Whitehead.mit.edu''. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</ref> <ref>"Lindquist Lab | Lindquist Lab at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research | Lindquist Lab". ''mit.edu''. February 10, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</ref> da [[Prion|prions]] . <ref name="obituary">Kain, K. (2008). "Using yeast to understand protein folding diseases: An interview with Susan Lindquist". ''Disease Models and Mechanisms''. '''1''' (1): 17–19. doi:10.1242/dmm.000810. PMC 2561974. <nowiki>PMID 19048046</nowiki></ref> Lindquist ya kasance memba kuma tsohon darektan [[Cibiyar Whitehead]] kuma an ba shi [[Lambar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa|lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa]] a cikin 2010. <ref>Lindquist, S. (1986). "The Heat-Shock Response". ''Annual Review of Biochemistry''. '''55''': 1151–91. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.005443. <nowiki>PMID 2427013</nowiki>. S2CID 42450279</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>Parsell, D.A.; Lindquist, S. (1993). "The Function of Heat-Shock Proteins in Stress Tolerance: Degradation and Reactivation of Damaged Proteins". ''Annual Review of Genetics''. '''27''': 437–96. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.002253. <nowiki>PMID 8122909</nowiki>. S2CID 31351089</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lindquist a Chicago, Illinois, zuwa Iver da Eleanor (née Maggio), kuma ya halarci [[Maine South High School|makarantar sakandare ta Maine South]] a [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/science/susan-lindquist-scientist-who-made-genetic-discoveries-using-yeast-dies-at-67.html|title=Susan Lindquist, Scientist Who Made Genetic Discoveries Using Yeast, Dies at 67|last=Grimes|first=William|date=October 28, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 30, 2016}}</ref> [[File:Professor Susan Lindquist ForMemRS.jpg|thumb|Susan Lindquist]] Lindquist's father and mother were of Swedish and Italian descent, respectively,<ref>"Whitehead Institute – Faculty". ''mit.edu''. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</ref> and although they expected her to become a housewife,<ref>"Susan Lindquist – 2009 National Medal of Science". YouTube. November 29, 2010. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2016</ref> Susan studied microbiology at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] as an undergraduate and received her PhD in biology from [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard University]] in 1976.<ref name="phd">{{Cite thesis}}</ref> She completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the [[American Cancer Society]]. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun ta a 1976, Lindquist ya koma [[Jami'ar Chicago]] don ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin a ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mamba a Sashen Biology a 1978, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=1440–1442}}</ref> ya zama Albert D. Lasker Farfesa na Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya tare da kafa. na Sashen Kwayoyin Halitta da Halittu na Halitta a cikin 1980. A Jami'ar Chicago Lindquist ya binciki rawar da [[Heat shock protein|sunadaran girgiza zafi]] ke takawa wajen daidaita martanin salon salula ga matsalolin muhalli. Lindquist ya fara yin amfani da [[Saccharomyces cerevisiae|yisti]] a matsayin tsarin samfuri don nazarin yadda sunadaran girgiza zafin jiki ke daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta da nadewar furotin. Don wannan aikin, an sanya Lindquist mai bincike na [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Howard Hughes]] a cikin 1988. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan yin muhimman sababbin binciken zuwa [[Prion sunadaran|prions]], Lindquist ya koma [[Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts|MIT]] a cikin 2001 kuma an nada shi a matsayin Daraktan [[Cibiyar Whitehead don Binciken Halittu|Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Whitehead]], ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a cikin al'umma don jagorantar babbar ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> [[Fayil:RIT yearbook 1951.pdf|thumb|Susan Lindquist]] A cikin 2004, Lindquist ya ci gaba da bincike a matsayin Memba na Cibiyar, abokin tarayya na [[Broad Institute]] of MIT da [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], da kuma memba na [[David H. Koch Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Ciwon Kankara|David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research]] a MIT. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web}}</ref> An ba Lindquist lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta ƙasa a cikin 2009 (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2010), don gudummawar bincike don nada furotin. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Lindquist ya gabatar da lacca a cikin ƙasa da kuma na duniya kan batutuwan kimiyya iri-iri. A watan Yuni 2006, ta kasance baƙo na farko a kan "Futures in Biotech" podcast akan hanyar sadarwar [[TWiT]] na [[Leo Laporte]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ta halarci [[Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya|taron tattalin arzikin duniya]] a Davos, Switzerland tare da sauran shugabannin MIT. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> [[File:RIT yearbook 1951.pdf|thumb|Susan Lindquist]] Lindquist kuma ya haɗu da kamfanoni biyu don fassara bincike zuwa hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, FoldRx in da Yumanity Therapeutics a, kamfanoni masu haɓaka magungunan ƙwayoyi don cututtukan ɓarna furotin da amyloidosis. <ref name="Scientific Founders – FoldRx">{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref name="Yumanity Therapeutics">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Manazarta == fo30h43pwsu6gdi2xo1dr4q9zxo6c0x 0 52343 648175 551316 2025-06-27T11:02:50Z Lamba6334 25787 648175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} q62p6rih2l8yj4ukjwws73bavlrnyct 648176 648175 2025-06-27T11:05:07Z Lamba6334 25787 648176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} 5tqcxh3b9few62wd5es4vapnbep0y57 648179 648176 2025-06-27T11:07:11Z Lamba6334 25787 648179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} kscirvi7496tk91rd6taemx43rswe6a 648182 648179 2025-06-27T11:07:57Z Lamba6334 25787 648182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} tk8c0q9hwfvwwnjcmqgg8rrgj2r7su4 648185 648182 2025-06-27T11:09:04Z Lamba6334 25787 648185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} 6z7ullw8oblxqdomqd6o0jzeeevb3zo 648187 648185 2025-06-27T11:09:39Z Lamba6334 25787 648187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref><ref>https://www.aljumuah.com/importance-of-agriculture-in-islam/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su. ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} prnuxrlet1rw0kvrg8d4b88ldpvunxr 648188 648187 2025-06-27T11:11:43Z Lamba6334 25787 648188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref><ref>https://www.aljumuah.com/importance-of-agriculture-in-islam/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism</ref> ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} jr3zkkxmoojohzejhc8ke3i19m1yooy 648189 648188 2025-06-27T11:12:24Z Lamba6334 25787 648189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref><ref>https://www.aljumuah.com/importance-of-agriculture-in-islam/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai,Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://socialsci.libretexts.org/.../6.03%3A_Pastoralism</ref> ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} 2moiwrocx6u8bd71td4r0gle2uztj5a 648190 648189 2025-06-27T11:13:18Z Lamba6334 25787 648190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref><ref>https://www.aljumuah.com/importance-of-agriculture-in-islam/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai, Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://socialsci.libretexts.org/.../6.03%3A_Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/policy-support/.../pastoralism/en/</ref> ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} ntsqr1ihpc258f5ht3ntz76y4csczuu 648192 648190 2025-06-27T11:14:17Z Lamba6334 25787 648192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref><ref>https://www.aljumuah.com/importance-of-agriculture-in-islam/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai, Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://socialsci.libretexts.org/.../6.03%3A_Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/policy-support/.../pastoralism/en/</ref><ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/.../fsufs.2022.962268/full</ref> ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} i3z8bz1x3zgemftbajd3pl4wfw0u5mc 648193 648192 2025-06-27T11:14:52Z Lamba6334 25787 648193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} [[File:Rumunia 5806.jpg|alt=Kiwo|thumb|Makiyayi(sana'ar kiwo)]] '''Sana'ar kiwo''' sana'a ce wacce ta samu asali tunda daga zamanin Annabawan Allah, har zuwa ga sauran bayin Allah.<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tag/kiwo/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357232621_Pastoralism_in_Nigeria</ref> kiwo sana'ar da ake matuqar samun alkhairi ce sannan akwai albarka a cikinta, al'umma sukan yi kiwon dabbobi har da ma tsuntsaye da sauran su.<ref>https://www.translate.com/dictionary/hausa-english/kiwo-7233270 </ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/09/22/livestock/</ref><ref>https://ifanca.org/resources/islamic-perspective-on-animal-welfare/</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230139319_Pastoralist%27s_livestock_and_settlements_influence_game_bird_diversity_and_abundance_in_a_savanna_ecosystem_of_southern_Kenya</ref><ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7078872/</ref><ref>https://www.aljumuah.com/importance-of-agriculture-in-islam/</ref> Makiyaya sukanyi kiwon dabbobi kamar su saniya, kiwo tumakai, Awakai da sauran su. [[Fayil:Cattle Feedlot near Rocky Ford, CO IMG 5651-2.jpg|thumb|dabbobi]] Akwai kiwon da ake yi kamar na gida,kamar kiwon irinsu,talotalo,tantabara, kanari,kajin Gida har dama kajin Agric. Sana'ar kiwon saniyya akan yi tanadin wuraren zaman su kamar su singe, ko bayan Gari wacce ake kira da (farm),akan yi kiwo saniya acikin Gida.<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=Kiwo&client=ms-opera-mini-android&channel=new</ref> Makiyayi yakan tafiya me nisa domin neman musu abinci,kamar su ciyawa da sauran su.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://socialsci.libretexts.org/.../6.03%3A_Pastoralism</ref><ref>https://www.fao.org/policy-support/.../pastoralism/en/</ref><ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/.../fsufs.2022.962268/full</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/.../Review_on_Backyard_Poultry_Farming</ref> ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} nh4uti5k73w1kajvt2q5oyimznun00u 0 56927 647825 556412 2025-06-26T22:33:18Z Erdnernie 21045 Sabon Tsari a shafin 647825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. 0n4s2i8pdtvnkzqdpcu1l68w36wjm7k 647827 647825 2025-06-26T22:37:58Z Erdnernie 21045 Sabon Sashe 647827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Toyota ya ƙirƙira Corolla a 1966 don samar da mota mai sauƙin amfani ga iyalai da mutane masu matsakaicin kuɗi. Sunan “Corolla” yana nufin “kuronar furanni” a harshen Latin, wanda ke nuna ƙaunar motar. A shekara ta 1997, Corolla ta zama motar da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, bayan ta zarce Volkswagen Beetle. Har zuwa 2025, Toyota ya kera sama da miliyan 50 na Corolla a cikin tsararraki 12 daban-daban. A Najeriya da sauran yankunan Hausa, Corolla ta shahara musamman a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, inda ake amfani da ita a matsayin taksi, motar kasuwanci, ko motar iyali. Model din kamar E110 (1995-2002) da E140 (2006-2013) sun fi shahara saboda ƙarfin injinsu da sauƙin samun kayan gyara. 1v065j3cdj6oy4uzv5g5udvwfrtoxbv 647829 647827 2025-06-26T22:38:44Z Erdnernie 21045 Sabon Sashe 647829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Toyota ya ƙirƙira Corolla a 1966 don samar da mota mai sauƙin amfani ga iyalai da mutane masu matsakaicin kuɗi. Sunan “Corolla” yana nufin “kuronar furanni” a harshen Latin, wanda ke nuna ƙaunar motar. A shekara ta 1997, Corolla ta zama motar da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, bayan ta zarce Volkswagen Beetle. Har zuwa 2025, Toyota ya kera sama da miliyan 50 na Corolla a cikin tsararraki 12 daban-daban. A Najeriya da sauran yankunan Hausa, Corolla ta shahara musamman a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, inda ake amfani da ita a matsayin taksi, motar kasuwanci, ko motar iyali. Model din kamar E110 (1995-2002) da E140 (2006-2013) sun fi shahara saboda ƙarfin injinsu da sauƙin samun kayan gyara. * '''Injiniya''': Model din Corolla na zamani (misali, E210 daga 2018) yana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai girman 1.8L ko 2.0L, wanda ke samar da ƙarfin doki 139 zuwa 169. Wasu model suna da tsarin hybrid (mai amfani da wutar lantarki da mai). * '''Gudun''': Tana iya kaiwa saurin mil 120 a sa’a (193 km/h) a wasu model, amma yawanci ana tuƙin ta a saurin mil 80 a sa’a (128 km/h) don aminci. * '''Tsarin Watsawa''': Corolla tana da watsawa ta atomatik (CVT) ko manual mai sauri shida, dangane da model. * '''Launi''': Ana samun ta da launuka kamar baƙi, fari, azurfa, da ja, wadanda suke shahara a kasuwannin Afirka. * '''Tanki Mai''': Tankin mai na Corolla yawanci yana ɗaukar galan 13.2 (50 L), wanda ke ba ta damar tafiya mil 400-500 a cika tanki ɗaya, dangane da yanayin tuƙi. 4ybct0skh8djkr72n0rc1v9kge4mk6m 647832 647829 2025-06-26T22:40:02Z Erdnernie 21045 647832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Toyota ya ƙirƙira Corolla a 1966 don samar da mota mai sauƙin amfani ga iyalai da mutane masu matsakaicin kuɗi. Sunan “Corolla” yana nufin “kuronar furanni” a harshen Latin, wanda ke nuna ƙaunar motar. A shekara ta 1997, Corolla ta zama motar da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, bayan ta zarce Volkswagen Beetle. Har zuwa 2025, Toyota ya kera sama da miliyan 50 na Corolla a cikin tsararraki 12 daban-daban. A Najeriya da sauran yankunan Hausa, Corolla ta shahara musamman a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, inda ake amfani da ita a matsayin taksi, motar kasuwanci, ko motar iyali. Model din kamar E110 (1995-2002) da E140 (2006-2013) sun fi shahara saboda ƙarfin injinsu da sauƙin samun kayan gyara. == Bayanan Fasaha == * '''Injiniya''': Model din Corolla na zamani (misali, E210 daga 2018) yana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai girman 1.8L ko 2.0L, wanda ke samar da ƙarfin doki 139 zuwa 169. Wasu model suna da tsarin hybrid (mai amfani da wutar lantarki da mai). * '''Gudun''': Tana iya kaiwa saurin mil 120 a sa’a (193 km/h) a wasu model, amma yawanci ana tuƙin ta a saurin mil 80 a sa’a (128 km/h) don aminci. * '''Tsarin Watsawa''': Corolla tana da watsawa ta atomatik (CVT) ko manual mai sauri shida, dangane da model. * '''Launi''': Ana samun ta da launuka kamar baƙi, fari, azurfa, da ja, wadanda suke shahara a kasuwannin Afirka. * '''Tanki Mai''': Tankin mai na Corolla yawanci yana ɗaukar galan 13.2 (50 L), wanda ke ba ta damar tafiya mil 400-500 a cika tanki ɗaya, dangane da yanayin tuƙi. p4kvybqfgo2adl6jn9q1rzp7c6x4mds 647834 647832 2025-06-26T22:40:43Z Erdnernie 21045 647834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Toyota ya ƙirƙira Corolla a 1966 don samar da mota mai sauƙin amfani ga iyalai da mutane masu matsakaicin kuɗi. Sunan “Corolla” yana nufin “kuronar furanni” a harshen Latin, wanda ke nuna ƙaunar motar. A shekara ta 1997, Corolla ta zama motar da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, bayan ta zarce Volkswagen Beetle. Har zuwa 2025, Toyota ya kera sama da miliyan 50 na Corolla a cikin tsararraki 12 daban-daban. A Najeriya da sauran yankunan Hausa, Corolla ta shahara musamman a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, inda ake amfani da ita a matsayin taksi, motar kasuwanci, ko motar iyali. Model din kamar E110 (1995-2002) da E140 (2006-2013) sun fi shahara saboda ƙarfin injinsu da sauƙin samun kayan gyara. == Bayanan Fasaha == * '''Injiniya''': Model din Corolla na zamani (misali, E210 daga 2018) yana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai girman 1.8L ko 2.0L, wanda ke samar da ƙarfin doki 139 zuwa 169. Wasu model suna da tsarin hybrid (mai amfani da wutar lantarki da mai). * '''Gudun''': Tana iya kaiwa saurin mil 120 a sa’a (193 km/h) a wasu model, amma yawanci ana tuƙin ta a saurin mil 80 a sa’a (128 km/h) don aminci. * '''Tsarin Watsawa''': Corolla tana da watsawa ta atomatik (CVT) ko manual mai sauri shida, dangane da model. * '''Launi''': Ana samun ta da launuka kamar baƙi, fari, azurfa, da ja, wadanda suke shahara a kasuwannin Afirka. * '''Tanki Mai''': Tankin mai na Corolla yawanci yana ɗaukar galan 13.2 (50 L), wanda ke ba ta damar tafiya mil 400-500 a cika tanki ɗaya, dangane da yanayin tuƙi. == Tasiri = Toyota Corolla ta canza yadda mutane ke amfani da motoci a duniya saboda araha da tsayin daka. A yankunan Hausa, motar ta zama alamar aminci, musamman a cikin kasuwancin sufuri kamar taksi da motocin kasuwanci. Hanyoyin gyara ta masu sauƙi da samuwar kayan gyara a kasuwannin kamar Lagos da Kano sun sa ta zama zaɓi na farko ga direbobi. Corolla ta kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka fasahar motoci, musamman a tsarin hybrid, wanda ke rage amfani da mai da gurɓata yanayi. A yau, ana kiyaye wasu tsoffin model na Corolla a matsayin abubuwan tarihi a gidajen tarihi kamar Toyota Automobile Museum a Japan. 1tyoxcgn1s0pyuhupxpyr2w0iey59vl 647836 647834 2025-06-26T22:42:58Z Erdnernie 21045 647836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Toyota ya ƙirƙira Corolla a 1966 don samar da mota mai sauƙin amfani ga iyalai da mutane masu matsakaicin kuɗi. Sunan “Corolla” yana nufin “kuronar furanni” a harshen Latin, wanda ke nuna ƙaunar motar. A shekara ta 1997, Corolla ta zama motar da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, bayan ta zarce Volkswagen Beetle. Har zuwa 2025, Toyota ya kera sama da miliyan 50 na Corolla a cikin tsararraki 12 daban-daban. A Najeriya da sauran yankunan Hausa, Corolla ta shahara musamman a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, inda ake amfani da ita a matsayin taksi, motar kasuwanci, ko motar iyali. Model din kamar E110 (1995-2002) da E140 (2006-2013) sun fi shahara saboda ƙarfin injinsu da sauƙin samun kayan gyara. == Bayanan Fasaha == * '''Injiniya''': Model din Corolla na zamani (misali, E210 daga 2018) yana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai girman 1.8L ko 2.0L, wanda ke samar da ƙarfin doki 139 zuwa 169. Wasu model suna da tsarin hybrid (mai amfani da wutar lantarki da mai). * '''Gudun''': Tana iya kaiwa saurin mil 120 a sa’a (193 km/h) a wasu model, amma yawanci ana tuƙin ta a saurin mil 80 a sa’a (128 km/h) don aminci. * '''Tsarin Watsawa''': Corolla tana da watsawa ta atomatik (CVT) ko manual mai sauri shida, dangane da model. * '''Launi''': Ana samun ta da launuka kamar baƙi, fari, azurfa, da ja, wadanda suke shahara a kasuwannin Afirka. * '''Tanki Mai''': Tankin mai na Corolla yawanci yana ɗaukar galan 13.2 (50 L), wanda ke ba ta damar tafiya mil 400-500 a cika tanki ɗaya, dangane da yanayin tuƙi. == Tasiri = Toyota Corolla ta canza yadda mutane ke amfani da motoci a duniya saboda araha da tsayin daka. A yankunan Hausa, motar ta zama alamar aminci, musamman a cikin kasuwancin sufuri kamar taksi da motocin kasuwanci. Hanyoyin gyara ta masu sauƙi da samuwar kayan gyara a kasuwannin kamar Lagos da Kano sun sa ta zama zaɓi na farko ga direbobi. Corolla ta kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka fasahar motoci, musamman a tsarin hybrid, wanda ke rage amfani da mai da gurɓata yanayi. A yau, ana kiyaye wasu tsoffin model na Corolla a matsayin abubuwan tarihi a gidajen tarihi kamar Toyota Automobile Museum a Japan. == Hotuna == <Gallery> File:2018 Toyota Corolla (ZRE172R) Ascent sedan (2018-11-02) 02.jpg|2018_Toyota_Corolla_(ZRE172R)_Ascent_sedan_(2018-11-02)_02 </Gallery> cdjykhgjsxbl3gwxbzu4ijmek8x64qk 647840 647836 2025-06-26T22:47:03Z Erdnernie 21045 647840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Toyota Corolla mota ce da kamfanin Toyota na ƙasar Japan ya kera, wanda aka fara samarwa a shekara ta 1966. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin motocin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, saboda ƙarfinta, araha, da dacewa da yanayi daban-daban. Corolla ta zama sananne a ƙasashen Afirka, ciki har da Najeriya, saboda tsayin daka da sauƙin gyara ta, wanda ya sa ta dace da hanyoyin ƙauyuka da birane. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Toyota ya ƙirƙira Corolla a 1966 don samar da mota mai sauƙin amfani ga iyalai da mutane masu matsakaicin kuɗi. Sunan “Corolla” yana nufin “kuronar furanni” a harshen Latin, wanda ke nuna ƙaunar motar. A shekara ta 1997, Corolla ta zama motar da aka fi sayarwa a duniya, bayan ta zarce Volkswagen Beetle. Har zuwa 2025, Toyota ya kera sama da miliyan 50 na Corolla a cikin tsararraki 12 daban-daban. A Najeriya da sauran yankunan Hausa, Corolla ta shahara musamman a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, inda ake amfani da ita a matsayin taksi, motar kasuwanci, ko motar iyali. Model din kamar E110 (1995-2002) da E140 (2006-2013) sun fi shahara saboda ƙarfin injinsu da sauƙin samun kayan gyara.<ref> https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/corolla </ref> == Bayanan Fasaha == * '''Injiniya''': Model din Corolla na zamani (misali, E210 daga 2018) yana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai girman 1.8L ko 2.0L, wanda ke samar da ƙarfin doki 139 zuwa 169. Wasu model suna da tsarin hybrid (mai amfani da wutar lantarki da mai). * '''Gudun''': Tana iya kaiwa saurin mil 120 a sa’a (193 km/h) a wasu model, amma yawanci ana tuƙin ta a saurin mil 80 a sa’a (128 km/h) don aminci. * '''Tsarin Watsawa''': Corolla tana da watsawa ta atomatik (CVT) ko manual mai sauri shida, dangane da model. * '''Launi''': Ana samun ta da launuka kamar baƙi, fari, azurfa, da ja, wadanda suke shahara a kasuwannin Afirka. * '''Tanki Mai''': Tankin mai na Corolla yawanci yana ɗaukar galan 13.2 (50 L), wanda ke ba ta damar tafiya mil 400-500 a cika tanki ɗaya, dangane da yanayin tuƙi.<ref> https://www.toyota-global.com/</ref> == Tasiri == Toyota Corolla ta canza yadda mutane ke amfani da motoci a duniya saboda araha da tsayin daka. A yankunan Hausa, motar ta zama alamar aminci, musamman a cikin kasuwancin sufuri kamar taksi da motocin kasuwanci. Hanyoyin gyara ta masu sauƙi da samuwar kayan gyara a kasuwannin kamar Lagos da Kano sun sa ta zama zaɓi na farko ga direbobi.<ref> https://www.britannica.com/topic/Toyota_Motor-Corporation</ref> Corolla ta kuma taimaka wajen haɓaka fasahar motoci, musamman a tsarin hybrid, wanda ke rage amfani da mai da gurɓata yanayi. A yau, ana kiyaye wasu tsoffin model na Corolla a matsayin abubuwan tarihi a gidajen tarihi kamar Toyota Automobile Museum a Japan. <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla </ref> == Hotuna == <Gallery> File:2018 Toyota Corolla (ZRE172R) Ascent sedan (2018-11-02) 02.jpg|2018_Toyota_Corolla_(ZRE172R)_Ascent_sedan_(2018-11-02)_02 </Gallery> == Nassoshi == 8uo64hp6n1flvhdbzpoqskxp88gpybj 0 62618 647871 334143 2025-06-27T01:19:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al’adun Arewacin Najeriya''', galibi sun mamaye al’adun [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|masarautu goma sha hudu]] da suka mamaye yankin a zamanin kafin tarihi, amma kuma waɗannan al’adu suna da tasiri matuƙa a kan al’adun ƙabilu sama da ɗari da ke zaune a mabanbanta yankin. == Adabi == [[File:Helon_Habila_01.JPG|left|thumb| [[Helon Habila]] ta Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] ya gaji da yawa daga cikin abubuwan adabi na tsohuwar jihohin Sudan. Sarakunan Hausawa daga ƙarni na 9 zuwa na 18 sun samar da ayyukan adabi da dama.<ref name=Ali1>{{cite web|last1=Ali|first1=Richard Ugbede|authorlink=Richard Ali|title=On Northern Nigerian Literature And Related Issues|url=http://www.gamji.com/article8000/NEWS8941.htm|accessdate=2014-11-11|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102182854/http://www.gamji.com/article8000/NEWS8941.htm|archivedate=2015-01-02}}</ref> Dubban irin waɗannan ayyuka galibi a cikin harsunan Ajami, Hausa da Larabci har yanzu ba a lissafta su a duk Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name= Auyo1>{{cite journal|last1=Auyo|first1=Musa|last2=Mohammed|first2=Ahmed|title=The Prevalence of Arabic and Ajami Manuscripts in Northern Nigeria, Implications for Access, Use, and Enduring Management: A Framework For Research|journal=National Conference on Exploring Nigeria's Arabic/Ajami Manuscript Resources for Development of New Knowledge|date=2009}}</ref> Tun lokacin da daular Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, Ingilishi da rubutun Latin sun maye gurbin [[Ajami|rubutun Ajami]]. Ana kallon [[Abubakar Imam|Abubakr Imam Kagara]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin uban adabin Arewacin Najeriya na zamani,<ref name="Ali1"/> Ayyukansa irin su [[Ruwan Bagaja]] da [[Magana Jari Ce]], wanda aka buga a shekarun 1930, sun kasance wata gada tsakanin tsohuwar al'adar adabin Sudan da hanyoyin yamma. Sauran irin su Yabo Lari da Muhammed Sule – marubucin ''The Undesirable Element'' – sun ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado a cikin shekarun 1960. A shekarun 1980 fitattun marubutan da suka haɗa da [[Abubakar Gimba]] da [[Zaynab Alkali]] sun yi aiki don raya al’adun adabin Arewa da kuma bambanta da kudancin Najeriya.<ref name="Ali1"/> A shekarun 1990 ne aka samu fitowar marubuta daga Abubakar Othman, Ismail Bala da Ahmed Maiwada a cikin waƙoƙi ga Maria Ajima da Victor Dugga a wasan kwaikwayo. Adabin Arewacin Najeriya na zamani ana yin su ne a Kano, Kaduna, Jos da Minna. Marubuta irin su [[Baba Muhammad Dzukogi|BM Dzukogi]], Ismail Bala, Yusuf Adamu, Musa Okapnachi, Razinat Mohammed da E.E. Sule suna nan suna aiki.<ref name="Ali1"/> {{clear}} == Kiɗa == Yayin da tsohuwar al’adar Sudan ta fi mayar da hankali kan waƙa ko waƙe-waƙe, tun daga shekarun 1950 shigowar tasirin [[Burtaniya|Birtaniya]] ya yi haɓɓaka kiɗan Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name=adah1>{{cite web|last1=Adah|first1=Abah|last2=Chiama|first2=Paul|title=Northern Nigeria's Music Legends|url=http://leadership.ng/news/343680/northern-nigerias-music-legends|website=leadership.ng|accessdate=2014-11-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Ɗan Maraya Jos|Dan Maraya Jos]], [[Mamman Shata]], [[Barmani Choge]], Aliyu Dan Kwairo da wasu da dama ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda suka kafa irin salon waka na musamman a Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name="adah1"/> Wasu irin su Fatima Uji sun ci gaba da shahara. Tun a shekarun 1990 tasirin al'adun salon wakar pop ya haifar da ƙaruwar mawakan R&B na Arewacin Najeriya. Mawaƙan Arewacin Najeriya da suka haɗa da Adam Zango, Ice Prince Zamani, [[Idris Abdulkareem]] da Sarki Bawa sun shahara a duk faɗin Afirka. == Cinema == Masana'antar fina-finai ta Arewacin Najeriya, wacce aka fi sani da [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Cinema ta Hausa]], ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta farko ta kasuwanci a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Manyan ‘yan jarida da ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo daga Rediyo [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] da RTV Kaduna ne suka ƙirƙiro masana’antar a shekarun 1950. A yau jarumai irin su [[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango]], [[Sani Musa Danja|Sani Danja]], da [[Ibrahim Maishukku]] sun shahara a yankin. Tun daga shekarun 1990 da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dalilin ra'ayin addinin Musulunci ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe na [[Izala|kungiyar Izala]], fina-finan Arewacin Najeriya ya gamu da koma baya sosai, kuma yanzu takwarorinsu na [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] sun musu nisan kiwo. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]] pehsrvb3we4xmj904qpxm07g5xxc9ky 0 66842 648199 544864 2025-06-27T11:17:57Z Lamba6334 25787 648199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus JNTBGRI.jpg|thumb|litafin Hortus Malabaricus]] [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus Volume 2.pdf|thumb|Hortus Malabaricus]] '''Hortus Malabaricus''' (fassara.  Lambun Malabar) ya kasance wani littafi ne na harshen Latin na ƙarni na 17 wanda ke tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan magani da kayan magani na flora na bakin tekun Malabar. Hendrik van Rheede, Gwamnan Malabar Dutch daga 1669 zuwa 1676 ne ya tattara shi a cikin juzu'i 12.<ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1683.0018</ref> == Nazari == <references />{{Stub}} il13duaokrjshia15oqh1pymi2uvztr 648201 648199 2025-06-27T11:18:39Z Lamba6334 25787 648201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus JNTBGRI.jpg|thumb|litafin Hortus Malabaricus]] [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus Volume 2.pdf|thumb|Hortus Malabaricus]] '''Hortus Malabaricus''' (fassara.  Lambun Malabar) ya kasance wani littafi ne na harshen Latin na ƙarni na 17 wanda ke tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan magani da kayan magani na flora na bakin tekun Malabar. Hendrik van Rheede, Gwamnan Malabar Dutch daga 1669 zuwa 1676 ne ya tattara shi a cikin juzu'i 12.<ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1683.0018</ref><ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref> == Nazari == <references />{{Stub}} i37ifvc4h8x709epxljjkj47k86x179 648203 648201 2025-06-27T11:19:39Z Lamba6334 25787 648203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus JNTBGRI.jpg|thumb|litafin Hortus Malabaricus]] [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus Volume 2.pdf|thumb|Hortus Malabaricus]] '''Hortus Malabaricus''' (fassara.  Lambun Malabar) ya kasance wani littafi ne na harshen Latin na ƙarni na 17 wanda ke tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan magani da kayan magani na flora na bakin tekun Malabar. Hendrik van Rheede, Gwamnan Malabar Dutch daga 1669 zuwa 1676 ne ya tattara shi a cikin juzu'i 12.<ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1683.0018</ref><ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/hortus-malabaricus-1678-1693</ref> == Nazari == <references />{{Stub}} gxws7u9xr8exu9l16ev93fblz9dnm72 648204 648203 2025-06-27T11:20:08Z Lamba6334 25787 648204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus JNTBGRI.jpg|thumb|litafin Hortus Malabaricus]] [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus Volume 2.pdf|thumb|Hortus Malabaricus]] '''Hortus Malabaricus''' (fassara.  Lambun Malabar) ya kasance wani littafi ne na harshen Latin na ƙarni na 17 wanda ke tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan magani da kayan magani na flora na bakin tekun Malabar. Hendrik van Rheede, Gwamnan Malabar Dutch daga 1669 zuwa 1676 ne ya tattara shi a cikin juzu'i 12.<ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1683.0018</ref><ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/hortus-malabaricus-1678-1693</ref><ref>https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/hortus-malabaricus-the-garden-of-malabar/</ref> == Nazari == <references />{{Stub}} 8zhwk8wl3vm0drcz9r61njyxa1k9i6r 648205 648204 2025-06-27T11:20:41Z Lamba6334 25787 648205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus JNTBGRI.jpg|thumb|litafin Hortus Malabaricus]] [[Fayil:Hortus Malabaricus Volume 2.pdf|thumb|Hortus Malabaricus]] '''Hortus Malabaricus''' (fassara.  Lambun Malabar) ya kasance wani littafi ne na harshen Latin na ƙarni na 17 wanda ke tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan magani da kayan magani na flora na bakin tekun Malabar. Hendrik van Rheede, Gwamnan Malabar Dutch daga 1669 zuwa 1676 ne ya tattara shi a cikin juzu'i 12.<ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1683.0018</ref><ref>https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/707</ref><ref>https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/hortus-malabaricus-1678-1693</ref><ref>https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/hortus-malabaricus-the-garden-of-malabar/</ref><ref>https://www.asiaresearchnews.com/content/plants-malabar-%E2%80%94-colonialism-trade-and-botany</ref> == Nazari == <references />{{Stub}} 8p1j3ucuc6757lhx5zzbbgcypx2p0yr 0 68985 647788 371986 2025-06-26T20:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{Databox}} Abeti Masikini: Le Combat d'Une Femme (Turanci: Abeti Masikini: The Struggle of A Woman) fim ne [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]] da aka shirya shi a shekarar 2015 game da Diva na Kongo da kuma tauraron soukous Abeti Masigini wanda ya yi yaƙi don daidaiton jinsi a masana'antar kiɗa a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ne Kunda Nlaba ne ya shirya fim ɗin, wanda ya samar kuma ya rubuta fim din tare da Laura Kutika.<ref name=":0" /> == Takaitaccen bayani == Kafin 1970 a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], an ɗauki rera waƙa a matsayin aikin maza; Mawaka maza ne suka mamaye masana'antar. Abeti Masikini (Elisabeth Finant), 'yar ɗan siyasan Kongo Jean Pierre Finant da aka kashe tare da Firayim Minista na farko, [[Patrice Lumumba|Patrice Emery Lumumba]] a shekarar 1961, ta tashi tana da shekaru 16 kuma ta haɗa masana'antar kiɗa. Ta sami nasara ta hanyar kawo sabbin waƙoƙi, salo, da raye-raye a cikin salon soukous duk da ƙin yarda, yaudara, gazawa da ƙiyayya ga mace a game da muryarta. Ita ce mace ta farko a Afirka da ta yi wasa a Bruno Coquatrix 's Olympia a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 1973, sannan ta tafi wasu manyan wurare a duniya kamar Carnegie Hall, Royal Albert Hall, Wimbledon, Wembley Arena, da Le Zénith, a tsakanin sauran wurare. Laura Kutika, ne ya rubuta wanda Laura Kutika da Ne Kunda Nla suka shirya kuma suka ba da umarni, ''Abeti Masikini: Le Combat d'une Femme'' ya nuna gwagwarmayar wannan mawakiyar, wanda dole ne ta jure da aikin fasaha da rayuwar iyali a matsayin uwa kuma daga baya ta zama uwa. alamar ƙasa da ƙasa, murya da misali ga sauran matasan Afirka a cikin masana'antu. Wannan shirin fim ɗin ya tada batun 'yantar da mata kuma ya mayar da mu zuwa lokacin kiɗan 60's da 70's. Fim ɗin shirin haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Un Sourire Nouveau da Labson Bizizi-Cine Kongo Ltd, kuma an fara nuna shi a birnin Paris na Faransa a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 2015 sannan aka nuna shi a Festival du Film Africain de Belgique (FIFAB) a Brussels a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba 2015 da kuma a Afrika Film Festival a watan Maris 2016 a Leuven.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=mediacongo.net |url=http://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-12372.html |title=Actualités - Cinéma : l'avant-première du documentaire sur Abeti Masikini fixée au 19 septembre |publisher=mediacongo.net |date=2015-09-01 |accessdate=2016-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.journeefemmeafricaine.com/abeti-masikini-sur-grand-ecran-au-fifab-de-matonge/|title = Abeti Masikini sur grand écran au FIFAB de Matonge &#124; Journée Internationale de la femme africaine|date = 11 September 2015|access-date = 13 February 2024|archive-date = 13 February 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240213134656/https://journeefemmeafricaine.com/abeti-masikini-sur-grand-ecran-au-fifab-de-matonge/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Univers FM |url=http://universfm.org/le-film-abeti-masikini-le-combat-dune-femme-selectionne-au-festival-du-film-africain-de-louvain/ |title=Le film "Abeti Masikini : le combat d'une femme" séléctionné au Festival du Film Africain de Louvain |publisher=Univers FM |date=2016-04-13 |accessdate=2016-04-27}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] 9i23r7nsnuiggy88dtajbc0wwlkpswa 0 69649 647708 617513 2025-06-26T17:16:53Z Usmanmaifada 20279 647708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:COLONIAL REPORTS NIGERIA 1952 GAZETTE, (NO.108).pdf|thumb|Littafi]] '''Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya;''' Hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati wacce ke tsara fina-finai na Najeriya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba sittin da daya 61 na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979. NFC tana aiki ne a matsayin gwamnatin tarayya ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]], wanda [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai da Al'adu ta Tarayya]] ke kula da ita. Dokar da ke ba da izini, Kamfanin ya ba da izinin kafa tsari mai ƙarfi don inganta Masana'antar fina-finai da al'adun fina-fakka a [[Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryensa, Kamfanin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar. A halin yanzu, Kamfanin yana fuskantar matakai na canji don daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan sadarwa da audiovisual, don canzawa zuwa Hukumar Fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|title=President Buhari Reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to Head Film Corporation|first=Christopher|last=Odey|date=23 January 2021|website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122094732/https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35955/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to.html|title=President Buhari reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to head Film Corporation|first=Joshua|last=Olomu|date=23 January 2021|website=[[ModernGhana]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/why-fg-is-commercialising-nigerian-film-corporation-lai-mohammed/|title=Why FG is commercialising Nigerian Film Corporation — Lai Mohammed|date=22 September 2020|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> ==Ayyuka== * Samar da fina-finai don amfani da cikin gida da fitarwa * Kafawa da kula da wuraren samar da fina-finai Karfafawa ga samar da fina'a ta Najeriya ta hanyar kudi da sauran nau'ikan taimako Bayar da wuraren horo da adana fina-fakkaatu, sauti da kayan bidiyo, kamar shirin horar da harbi, da dai sauransu Karfafawa da ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-falla a Najeriya ta hanyar hada-hadar kudi da sauran hanyoyin taimako * Samun da rarraba fina-finai Ayyukan tallafin masana'antu Bikin fina-fakka na Najeriya Gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka shafi fim da masana'antu gaba ɗaya * Gudanar da irin wannan ko wasu ayyukan kamar yadda ya kamata kuma ya dace don cikakken fitar da duk ko kowane aiki da aka ba shi a karkashin ko bisa ga Dokar kafa NFC. ==Tsarin mallaka== Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya (NFC) mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta Najeriya (FGN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/nigeria-film-corporation/|title=Nigerian film corporation|access-date=11 April 2022|website=[[Bureau of Public Enterprises]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hukumar Fim ta Kasa]] qr02ye5tup7sq35g4mq9001yfksj0k2 647734 647708 2025-06-26T18:54:40Z Usmanmaifada 20279 Canza kalmar Shi zuwa ita 647734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:COLONIAL REPORTS NIGERIA 1952 GAZETTE, (NO.108).pdf|thumb|Littafi]] '''Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya;''' Hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati wacce ke tsara fina-finai na Najeriya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba sittin da daya 61 na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979. NFC tana aiki ne a matsayin gwamnatin tarayya ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]], wanda [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai da Al'adu ta Tarayya]] ke kula da ita. Dokar da ke ba da izini, Kamfanin ya ba da izinin kafa tsari mai ƙarfi don inganta Masana'antar fina-finai da al'adun fina-fakka a [[Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryensa, Kamfanin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar. A halin yanzu, Kamfanin yana fuskantar matakai na canji don daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan sadarwa da audiovisual, don canzawa zuwa Hukumar Fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|title=President Buhari Reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to Head Film Corporation|first=Christopher|last=Odey|date=23 January 2021|website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122094732/https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35955/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to.html|title=President Buhari reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to head Film Corporation|first=Joshua|last=Olomu|date=23 January 2021|website=[[ModernGhana]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/why-fg-is-commercialising-nigerian-film-corporation-lai-mohammed/|title=Why FG is commercialising Nigerian Film Corporation — Lai Mohammed|date=22 September 2020|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> ==Ayyuka== * Samar da fina-finai don amfani da cikin gida da fitarwa * Kafawa da kula da wuraren samar da fina-finai Karfafawa ga samar da fina'a ta Najeriya ta hanyar kudi da sauran nau'ikan taimako Bayar da wuraren horo da adana fina-fakkaatu, sauti da kayan bidiyo, kamar shirin horar da harbi, da dai sauransu Karfafawa da ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-falla a Najeriya ta hanyar hada-hadar kudi da sauran hanyoyin taimako * Samun da rarraba fina-finai Ayyukan tallafin masana'antu Bikin fina-fakka na Najeriya Gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka shafi fim da masana'antu gaba ɗaya * Gudanar da irin wannan ko wasu ayyukan kamar yadda ya kamata kuma ya dace don cikakken fitar da duk ko kowane aiki da aka ba shi a karkashin ko bisa ga Dokar kafa NFC. ==Tsarin mallaka== Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya (NFC) mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta Najeriya (FGN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/nigeria-film-corporation/|title=Nigerian film corporation|access-date=11 April 2022|website=[[Bureau of Public Enterprises]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hukumar Fim ta Kasa]] j3pebrxcc7d7ozftqwcmids07jhdxs4 647736 647734 2025-06-26T18:56:56Z Usmanmaifada 20279 Sanya kalmar a matsayin ta 647736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:COLONIAL REPORTS NIGERIA 1952 GAZETTE, (NO.108).pdf|thumb|Littafi]] '''Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya;''' Hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati wacce ke tsara fina-finai na Najeriya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba sittin da daya 61 na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979. NFC tana aiki ne a matsayin ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]], wanda [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai da Al'adu ta Tarayya]] ke kula da ita. Dokar da ke ba da izini, Kamfanin ya ba da izinin kafa tsari mai ƙarfi don inganta Masana'antar fina-finai da al'adun fina-fakka a [[Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryensa, Kamfanin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar. A halin yanzu, Kamfanin yana fuskantar matakai na canji don daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan sadarwa da audiovisual, don canzawa zuwa Hukumar Fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|title=President Buhari Reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to Head Film Corporation|first=Christopher|last=Odey|date=23 January 2021|website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122094732/https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35955/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to.html|title=President Buhari reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to head Film Corporation|first=Joshua|last=Olomu|date=23 January 2021|website=[[ModernGhana]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/why-fg-is-commercialising-nigerian-film-corporation-lai-mohammed/|title=Why FG is commercialising Nigerian Film Corporation — Lai Mohammed|date=22 September 2020|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> ==Ayyuka== * Samar da fina-finai don amfani da cikin gida da fitarwa * Kafawa da kula da wuraren samar da fina-finai Karfafawa ga samar da fina'a ta Najeriya ta hanyar kudi da sauran nau'ikan taimako Bayar da wuraren horo da adana fina-fakkaatu, sauti da kayan bidiyo, kamar shirin horar da harbi, da dai sauransu Karfafawa da ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-falla a Najeriya ta hanyar hada-hadar kudi da sauran hanyoyin taimako * Samun da rarraba fina-finai Ayyukan tallafin masana'antu Bikin fina-fakka na Najeriya Gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka shafi fim da masana'antu gaba ɗaya * Gudanar da irin wannan ko wasu ayyukan kamar yadda ya kamata kuma ya dace don cikakken fitar da duk ko kowane aiki da aka ba shi a karkashin ko bisa ga Dokar kafa NFC. ==Tsarin mallaka== Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya (NFC) mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta Najeriya (FGN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/nigeria-film-corporation/|title=Nigerian film corporation|access-date=11 April 2022|website=[[Bureau of Public Enterprises]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hukumar Fim ta Kasa]] rgjxs8hat2epg8frwvwwe2vn04wea5t 647739 647736 2025-06-26T18:59:13Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Ayyuka */ Link Fina finai 647739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:COLONIAL REPORTS NIGERIA 1952 GAZETTE, (NO.108).pdf|thumb|Littafi]] '''Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya;''' Hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati wacce ke tsara fina-finai na Najeriya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba sittin da daya 61 na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979. NFC tana aiki ne a matsayin ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]], wanda [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai da Al'adu ta Tarayya]] ke kula da ita. Dokar da ke ba da izini, Kamfanin ya ba da izinin kafa tsari mai ƙarfi don inganta Masana'antar fina-finai da al'adun fina-fakka a [[Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryensa, Kamfanin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar. A halin yanzu, Kamfanin yana fuskantar matakai na canji don daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan sadarwa da audiovisual, don canzawa zuwa Hukumar Fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|title=President Buhari Reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to Head Film Corporation|first=Christopher|last=Odey|date=23 January 2021|website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122094732/https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35955/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to.html|title=President Buhari reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to head Film Corporation|first=Joshua|last=Olomu|date=23 January 2021|website=[[ModernGhana]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/why-fg-is-commercialising-nigerian-film-corporation-lai-mohammed/|title=Why FG is commercialising Nigerian Film Corporation — Lai Mohammed|date=22 September 2020|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> ==Ayyuka== * Samar da [[Fina-Finan Hausa|fina-finai]] don amfani da cikin gida da fitarwa * Kafawa da kula da wuraren samar da fina-finai Karfafawa ga samar da fina'a ta Najeriya ta hanyar kudi da sauran nau'ikan taimako Bayar da wuraren horo da adana fina-fakkaatu, sauti da kayan bidiyo, kamar shirin horar da harbi, da dai sauransu Karfafawa da ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-falla a Najeriya ta hanyar hada-hadar kudi da sauran hanyoyin taimako * Samun da rarraba fina-finai Ayyukan tallafin masana'antu Bikin fina-fakka na Najeriya Gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka shafi fim da masana'antu gaba ɗaya * Gudanar da irin wannan ko wasu ayyukan kamar yadda ya kamata kuma ya dace don cikakken fitar da duk ko kowane aiki da aka ba shi a karkashin ko bisa ga Dokar kafa NFC. ==Tsarin mallaka== Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya (NFC) mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta Najeriya (FGN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/nigeria-film-corporation/|title=Nigerian film corporation|access-date=11 April 2022|website=[[Bureau of Public Enterprises]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hukumar Fim ta Kasa]] srlldb7nfqcwu3tot772smrwx5wg8e9 647741 647739 2025-06-26T19:01:01Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Ayyuka */ 647741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:COLONIAL REPORTS NIGERIA 1952 GAZETTE, (NO.108).pdf|thumb|Littafi]] '''Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya;''' Hukuma ce mallakar gwamnati wacce ke tsara fina-finai na Najeriya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba sittin da daya 61 na kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979. NFC tana aiki ne a matsayin ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]], wanda [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai da Al'adu ta Tarayya]] ke kula da ita. Dokar da ke ba da izini, Kamfanin ya ba da izinin kafa tsari mai ƙarfi don inganta Masana'antar fina-finai da al'adun fina-fakka a [[Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar shirye-shiryensa, Kamfanin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kasar. A halin yanzu, Kamfanin yana fuskantar matakai na canji don daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan sadarwa da audiovisual, don canzawa zuwa Hukumar Fim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|title=President Buhari Reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to Head Film Corporation|first=Christopher|last=Odey|date=23 January 2021|website=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122094732/https://leadership.ng/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to-head-film-corporation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35955/president-buhari-reappoints-chidia-maduekwe-to.html|title=President Buhari reappoints Chidia Maduekwe to head Film Corporation|first=Joshua|last=Olomu|date=23 January 2021|website=[[ModernGhana]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/why-fg-is-commercialising-nigerian-film-corporation-lai-mohammed/|title=Why FG is commercialising Nigerian Film Corporation — Lai Mohammed|date=22 September 2020|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> ==Ayyuka== * Samar da [[Fina-Finan Hausa|fina-finai]] don amfani da cikin gida da fitarwa * Kafawa da kula da wuraren samar da fina-finai Karfafawa ga samar da fina'a ta Najeriya ta hanyar kudi da sauran nau'ikan taimako Bayar da wuraren horo da adana fina-fakkaatu, sauti da kayan bidiyo, kamar shirin horar da harbi, da dai sauransu Karfafawa da ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fina-falla a Najeriya ta hanyar hada-hadar kudi da sauran hanyoyin taimako * Samun da rarraba fina-finai Ayyukan tallafin masana'antu Bikin fina-finai na Najeriya Gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka shafi fim da masana'antu gaba ɗaya * Gudanar da irin wannan ko wasu ayyukan kamar yadda ya kamata kuma ya dace don cikakken fitar da duk ko kowane aiki da aka ba shi a karkashin ko bisa ga Dokar kafa NFC. ==Tsarin mallaka== Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya (NFC) mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta Najeriya (FGN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/nigeria-film-corporation/|title=Nigerian film corporation|access-date=11 April 2022|website=[[Bureau of Public Enterprises]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hukumar Fim ta Kasa]] 82lgxidrd8c81b6xu7t8zir7ct9alqn 0 72222 647873 640343 2025-06-27T01:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Alain Kassanda.jpg|thumb|'''Alain Kassanda''']] '''Alain Kassanda''' mai shirya fim ne na Congo, darektan fina-finai kuma Mai ɗaukar hoto, kuma wanda ya kafa Ajímatí Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alain Kassanda - Unifrance |url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/452365/alain-kassanda |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=en.unifrance.org}}</ref> An san shi da [[Documentary film|fina-finai]] masu daraja Trouble Sleep (2020), Colette & Justin (2022), da Coconut Head Generation (2023). == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Alain Kassanda.jpg|thumb]] An haife shi a [[Kinshasa]], Kassanda ya bar [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] zuwa Faransa yana da shekaru 11. Bayan karatu a fannin sadarwa, ya fara shirya fina-finai da bukukuwan fina-finai na fina-finai da yawa a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na [[Faris|Paris]] a shekara ta 2003, kuma ya kasance mai tsara fina-finai gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Les 39 Marches a Sevran, kusa da Paris, na tsawon shekaru biyar. Ya koma [[Ibadan]] a shekarar 2015, inda ya yi fim dinsa na farko na matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alain Kassanda - Unifrance |url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/452365/alain-kassanda |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=en.unifrance.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka, Karramawa da Kyaututtuka == An nuna ayyukan Kassanda a [[Landan]] bukukuwan fina-finai a duk faɗin duniya, gami da bikin fina-finai a na lasa da kasa na Amsterdam (IDFA), bikin fina-finai na kasa da kuma Form on Human Rights (FIFDH Geneva), Bikin Fim na Afirka na New York, bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Jean Rouch, Paris; États généraux du film documentire a Lussas, bikin fina-finai na Afrika, [[Köln|Cologne]]; bikin fina-finai na Afirka (FCAT), Biografilms a Bologna, bikin fina-finai na Open City Documenary Festival a London, Jami'ar Columbia Maison Française da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Across Generations: Colette and Justin {{!}} Event |url=https://sofheyman.org/events/colette-and-justin |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=SOF/Heyman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carbajosa |first=Ana |date=2023-04-30 |title=20 años de cine africano en Tarifa |url=https://elpais.com/planeta-futuro/2023-04-30/20-anos-de-cine-africano-en-tarifa.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coconut Head Generation |url=https://opencitylondon.com/events/coconut-head-generation/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Open City Documentary Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> A FIFDH Geneva 2023, aikin Kassanda na biyu da fim na farko, ''Colette da Justin'' (2022), wanda ke tunatar da kakanninsa na Mulkin mallaka na Belgium da gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Kongo, ya lashe kyautar Gilda Vieira De Mello a Gasar Award in the Creative Documentary Competition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Aurora's Sunrise and Beyond the Wall emerge victorious at FIFDH |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/440072/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Armenian production 'Aurora's Sunrise' wins Grand Prize at FIFDH |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/03/20/armenian-production-auroras-sunrise-wins-grand-prize-at-fifdh |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carbajosa |first=Ana |date=2023-08-21 |title=Decolonising African cinema in the time of Netflix |url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/08/decolonizing-african-cinema-in-the-time-of-netflix/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=African Arguments |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim din sa ya fara ne a IDFA, kuma an zabe shi don lambar yabo ta IDFA don Mafi Kyawun Farko da Beeld en Geluid IDFA ReFrame Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.oberon.nl |first=Oberon Amsterdam |title=Colette and Justin 2022 {{!}} IDFA Archive |url=https://www.idfa.nl/en/film/744ebc0f-2816-4982-b79d-a3f70e1f4f59/colette-and-justin |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=IDFA |language=en}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya kuma sami ambaton juri na musamman a Biografilms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biografilm Festival {{!}} Biografilm 2023 Award Winners |url=https://www.biografilm.it/en/2023/biografilm-2023/biografilm-2023-award-winners/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.biografilm.it}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2023, an sanar da Colette & Justin a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar fim din [&#x3C;b&#x20;id= ./African_Studies_Association" id="mwPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="African Studies Association">kungiyar Nazarin Afirka] ta 2023, kuma za a nuna su a taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-29 |title=2023 ASA Awardees & Finalists |url=https://africanstudies.org/awards-prizes-asa/2023-asa-awardees-finalists/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=African Studies Association Portal - ASA |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukan farko Kassanda, ''Matsalar Barci (Trouble sleep)'', ya sami Golden Dove don Mafi Kyawun Fim a bikin DOK Leipzig na kasa da kasa don shirye-shirye da fim mai motsi a cikin shekarar 2020 da kuma ambaton juri na musamman a Cinéma du Réel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-01 |title="Downstream to Kinshasa" wins Golden Dove in International Competition Long Film at DOK Leipzig · DOK Leipzig |url=https://www.dok-leipzig.de/en/presse/1604232000-142020 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=DOK Leipzig |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trouble Sleep · DOK Leipzig |url=https://www.dok-leipzig.de/en/film/trouble-sleep/archive |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=DOK Leipzig |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Film-documentaire.fr |title=Alain Kassanda |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_liste_generique/C_113890_F |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.film-documentaire.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2024-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120154704/https://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_liste_generique/C_113890_F |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nuna fim ɗin a jerin fina-finai na Urban Planning a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a watan Oktoba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trouble Sleep with Alain Kassanda {{!}} DUSP |url=https://dusp.mit.edu/events/trouble-sleep-alain-kassanda |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=dusp.mit.edu}}</ref> Kassanda bayan aikin, Coconut Head Generation (2023), an zaɓe shi a New Directors/New Films at Lincoln Center and Museum of Modern Art. A shekara ta 2023 Cinéma du Réel, fim din ya lashe Grand Prize da Mention na Musamman don Clarens Prize for Humanist Documentary Filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Directors/New Films 2023 |url=https://www.filmlinc.org/ndnf-2023-splash/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Film at Lincoln Center |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003180755/https://www.filmlinc.org/ndnf-2023-splash/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-04-02 |title=Award list {{!}} 45th edition • Cinéma du Réel |url=https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/awards-45e-edition/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Cinéma du Réel |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003180756/https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/awards-45e-edition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-03 |title=Cinéma du réel crowns Coconut Head Generation and Up the River With Acid as its champions |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/440559/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Cineuropa |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 2giqjsvf2x38ftyj8reelddcngvap2z 0 74258 647819 517744 2025-06-26T22:13:37Z JayCubby 36054 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri.jpg]] → [[File:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri (restored).jpg]] restored image 647819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War.jpg|thumb|sojoji na mika wuya lokacin yankinn duniya na biuu]] [[Fayil:Surrender of Japan - USS Missouri (restored).jpg|thumb|Mika wuyan kasar jafan]] '''Babu miƙa wuya''' na iya komawa abubuwa kamar haka: == Siyasa == * "Babu mika wuya!", taken Burtaniya na Tarayyar Turai wanda ya samo asali daga Siege na Derry yanzu ana amfani dashi a Arewacin Ireland, Scotland, da Ingila * Babu Sallama (ga IRA), waƙar siyasa tun lokacin da magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila ssua yi amfani da su. == Littattafai == * ''Babu Sallama'', 1911 labari ta Suffragette Constance Maud * <nowiki><i id="mwEw">Babu Sallama</i></nowiki> (labari), wani labari mai ban sha'awa na 1942 na Martha Albrand * [[Fayil:Velazquez-The Surrender of Breda.jpg|thumb|No Surrender]]''Babu Sallama: Yaƙin Shekara Ta Talatin'', Tarihin Rayuwa ta Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na Jafananci mai riƙe da Hiroo Onoda == Fim da gidan TV == * ''Babu Sallama'', ɗan gajeren fim na 2002 na Richard James Allen * <nowiki><i id="mwHg">No Surrender</i></nowiki> (fim), wasan barkwanci na 1985 tare da Michael Angelis * Impact Wrestling Babu Sallama, ƙwararriyar kokawa ta biya-kowa-kallo * "Ba Mika Kai, Ba Komawa" (Babila 5), wani labari na 1997 na ''Babila 5'' * ''Karmouz War'', wanda aka saki a cikin Turanci a matsayin No Surrender (2018), yakin Masar / aikin fim == Laifi == * Babu Sallama (dangi), ƙungiya a cikin Netherlands, an kafa 2013 == Kiɗa == * <nowiki><i id="mwLg">Babu Sallama, Babu Komawa</i></nowiki> (album), kundin 1998 na Bushwick Bill === Waƙoƙin === * "Babu Surrender", wani bututun Ulster AKA " The Crimson Banner " * "Babu Sallama", waƙar 1943 wanda Eisler ya tsara don ''Hangmen kuma Mutu!'' * [[Fayil:Surrender of General Burgoyne.jpg|thumb|No Surrender]]"Babu Sallama" (waƙa), waƙar 1984 ta Bruce Springsteen == Duba kuma == * ''Babu Komawa, Babu Sallama'', fim ɗin Martial Arts na 1986 * ''Babu Komawa, Babu Sallama: Yaƙin Ba'amurke ɗaya'', Littafin 2007 na Tom DeLay da Stephen Mansfield * [[Fayil:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|No Surrender]]''Van Morrison: Babu Sallama'', tarihin 2005 akan Van Morrison na Johnny Rogan * Kar Ka Taba Sallama (rashin fahimta) [[Category:Fina-finai]] mxxoesafhndjyxhtxmzcjk3viwlsguj 0 74310 647675 400190 2025-06-26T15:58:54Z 2A02:8440:7138:255A:346C:CCFF:FE97:904C 647675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meme Ditshego''' (an haife ta a watan Mayu 1965 kuma ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2025), yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar; ''Ga Re Dumele'' and ''The Coconuts'' . == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Ditshego a watan Mayun 1965 a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta yi karatun sakandare a 1984. <ref name="ESAT"/> Ta auri abokin wasanta Samson Khumalo. == Sana'a == A shekara ta 1986, ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Ta shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Township kuma daga baya ta shiga cikin Sibonile Players.<ref name="ESAT"/> A karkashin su, ta taka rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ''Antigone'' .<ref name="ESAT">{{Cite web |title=Meme Ditshego - ESAT |url=https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Meme_Ditshego |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=esat.sun.ac.za}}</ref> Daga nan ta shiga tare da Majalisar Gudanar da Fasaha ta Transvaal kuma ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen makaranta daga 1989 zuwa 1993. Daga baya a shekarar 1992, ta fara aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yara inda ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na Afrikaans ''Don Gxubane Onner die Boere'' wanda Charles J. Fourie ya shirya. A cikin 2000s, ta yi wasa a cikin shirye-shirye kamar; ''Acropolis Café'' (2005), ''The Amen Corner'' (2008), da ''MacBeki'' (2009). <ref name="ESAT"/> A cikin 1997, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko a talabijin tare da SABC2 Afrikaans sirrin wasan kwaikwayo na Sterk Skemer ta hanyar taka rawar "Elsie". Sa'an nan a 2002, ta yi rawar "Ma Thandi" a karo na biyu kakar na SABC1 ilimi serial Soul Buddyz . A 2006, ta yi aiki a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na CBC Jozi-H tare da rawar "Gladys". A halin yanzu, ta kuma fito a cikin opera sabulu Muvhango tare da rawar "Ausi Ntsoaki". <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web |title=Meme Ditshego: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=8901&sr=1 |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ta fito a kakar wasa biyu na jerin wasan ban dariya na SABC2 ''Kompleks'' tare da ƙaramar rawa. A 2008, ta shiga tare da M-Net sitcom ''The Coconuts'' kuma ta taka rawar "Joyce Mlambo" har zuwa 2009 a duka kakar daya da biyu. A 2010, ta taka rawar "Josephine Ratau" a cikin SABC2 sitcom ''Ga Re Dumele'' . Matsayinta ya shahara a tsakanin jama'a, inda ta ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 6 tsawon shekaru shida a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meme Ditshego accolades |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm7246750/awards |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Don rawar da ta taka, daga baya ta sami lambar yabo ta Best Actress Award a TV Comedy a [[Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.|Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu da Talabijin]] (SAFTAs) a 2012. Don wannan lambar yabo a SAFTA na 2014, an sake zaɓe ta don rawar da ta taka. A halin yanzu, ta shiga tare da SABC3 sitcom ''Safe azaman Hauser's'' kuma ta taka rawar "Dotty Sithole" a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meme Ditshego accolades |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm7246750/awards |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=IMDb}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta shiga tare da wasu jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu: SABC2 serial Geraamtes in die Kas tare da rawar "Aunt Ethel", da kuma na uku na Mzansi Magic soap opera Zabalaza tare da rawar "Winnie". A cikin 2017, ta taka rawar "Brenda" a cikin Mzansi Magic Serial Imposter . A wannan shekarar, ta fito a cikin e.tv telenovela Broken Vows tare da rawar "Dr Machaka". Sannan a cikin 2021, ta shiga tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya na SABC2 Ak'siSpaza kuma ta taka rawar "Refiloe".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Meme Ditshego stars as Refiloe in Ak’siSpaza |url=https://justnje.com/meme-ditshego-stars-as-refiloe-in-aksispaza/ |access-date=2021-11-20 |website=JustNje |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120170345/https://justnje.com/meme-ditshego-stars-as-refiloe-in-aksispaza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 1997 | ''Sunan mahaifi Skemer'' | Elsie | jerin talabijan | |- | 2002 | ''Soul Buddyz'' | Ma Thandi | jerin talabijan | |- | 2006 | ''Jozi-H'' | Gladys | jerin talabijan | |- | 2007 | ''Kompleks'' | qananan rawar | jerin talabijan | |- | | ''Muvhango'' | Ausi Ntsoaki | jerin talabijan | |- | 2008 | ''Kwakwa'' | Joyce Mlambo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2009 | ''Erfsondes'' | Ungozoma | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Uwe Pottie Potgieter'' | Gasspeler | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Ga Re Dumele'' | Josephine Ratau | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Wasan Mating'' | Lizzie | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Geramtes in die Kas'' | Ina Ethel | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Safe As Hauser's'' | Dotty Sithole | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Zabalaza'' | Winnie | jerin talabijan | |- | 2014 | ''Alles Wat Mal Is'' | Miriam Mhlangu | Fim | |- | 2016 | ''[[Skorokoro]]'' | Malam Sithole | Fim | |- | 2017 | ''Mai izgili'' | Brenda | jerin talabijan | |- | 2017 | ''Karya Alkawari'' | Dr Machaka | jerin talabijan | |- | 2021 | ''Ak'siSpaza'' | Refiloe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2023 | ''Soyayya, Jima'i da Kyandir 30'' | Mama Daphne | Fim | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lkywuxc8htlarboqpykhmnn1v2yi74f 0 74973 647789 642506 2025-06-26T20:58:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Cllr Abigail Marshall-Katung near Hibiscus Rising. LEEDS 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abigail Marshall Katung]]   {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Abigail Marshall Katung|honorific-suffix=|image=Cllr Abigail Marshall-Katung near Hibiscus Rising. LEEDS 2023 (cropped).jpg|caption=<!--| office = [[Lord Mayor of Leeds]] | term_start = 2024 | term_end = | predecessor = Al Garthwaite | successor = Incumbent-->|office1=[[Leeds City Council]]lor<br />for [[Little London and Woodhouse (ward)|Little London and Woodhouse]] Ward|term_start1=[[2023 Leeds City Council election|2023]]|term_end1=2024|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=[[Leeds City Council]]lor<br />for [[Little London and Woodhouse (ward)|Little London and Woodhouse]] Ward|term_start2=[[2019 Leeds City Council election|2019]]|term_end2=[[2020 Leeds City Council election|2020]]|predecessor2=|successor2=|office3=|term_start3=|term_end3=|predecessor3=|successor3=|birth_name=Abigail Wok Haruna-Musa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/17rimwEm_ov2i1DijhRCrS6UnRE/appointments|title=NIGERIAN COMMUNITY LEEDS|work=GOV.UK|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|1975|12|7|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kaduna State|North Central State]] (now Kaduna State), Nigeria|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Labour and Co-operative Party|Labour Co-op]]|education=|alma_mater=[[University of Leeds]]|website=}} [[Fayil:Yinka Shonibare CBE RA, Cllr Abigail Marshall-Katung and Dr Emily Zobel Marshall from DOMA in front of Hibiscus Rising. LEEDS 2023.jpg|thumb|Abigail Marshall Katung]] '''Abigail Wok Marshall Katung''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1975) yar siyasa ce ’yar Najeriya ce ’yar Burtaniya kuma matar dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Kaduna ta Kudu, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, Sunday Marshall Katung. An haife ta kuma aka haife ta a Najeriya, to amma ta koma Burtaniya don yin karatu a Jami'ar Leeds kuma a watan Janairu 2024 ita ce gwamna a Kwalejin Leeds City. A watan Mayun 2024 za ta karbi mukamin Lord Mayor of Leeds, inda za ta zama zababben kansila ta farko daga Afirka da ta rike mukamin kansila, bakar fata ta biyu bayan Eileen Taylor kuma ta 130.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-68009548</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2024/01/18/dabiri-erewa-hails-appointment-of-abigail-as-lord-mayor-of-leeds/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118203450/https://radionigeria.gov.ng/2024/01/18/dabiri-erewa-hails-appointment-of-abigail-as-lord-mayor-of-leeds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == LukAyyuka == A cikin 2008, ta kafa kungiyar tunawa da David Oluwale (DOMA) don tunawa da David Oluwale, dan Najeriya dan gudun hijira zuwa [[Birtaniya]] wanda ya isa [[Leeds]] a 1949, amma ya nutse a cikin River Aire a 1969 tare da jami'an 'yan sanda biyu na Birtaniya da ke da alhakin. mutuwarsa. A watan Nuwamban 1971, gurfanar da wadancan jami’an ‘yan sandan ya zama na farko da kuma lokacin da za a yi nasarar aiwatar da duk wani tuhuma kan mutuwar bakar fata a kan jami’an jihar. Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar DOMA.<ref>{{cite news|title=The racism that kills|first=Harmit|last=Athwal|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=18 October 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/17/racism-asylum-seekers-uk-laws|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019 bayan zaben majalisar dokokin Leeds, Katung ta lashe zaben don fitowa a matsayin wakilin Little London da Woodhouse Ward. Ya zuwa 2020, ta kasance jagora ga BAME kuma ta kasance zakara a cibiyar sadarwa ta BAME a Leeds . A cikin 2022, ta jagoranci shugaban hukumar Leeds City Council's 'Champion Food' tare da Shugaba na FareShare Yorkshire, Gareth Batty MBE FRSA. Ta kuma kasance bako na musamman a lambar yabo ta Jordan Sinnott Memorial Award a St. Mary's, Meston.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leeds City Council asks public to feedback on first citywide food strategy|work=Leeds Star|location=[[Leeds]]|url=https://leedsstar.co.uk/food-and-drink/leeds-city-council-asks-public-to-feedback-on-first-citywide-food-strategy/|date=21 October 2022|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wharfedaleobserver.co.uk/news/23208108.jordan-sinnott-awards-inspire-young-people-home-away/|title=Jordan Sinnott Awards inspire young people home and away|first=Claire|last=Lomax|date=22 December 2022|work=Wharfedale Observer|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> Bayan ta yi aiki na farko, ta sake tsayawa takara kuma ta lashe zaben Little London da Woodhouse a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/nigerian-woman-katung-re-elected-in-uk-council-election/</ref> A lokacin Ista na 2023, ta kasance a cikin Cocin Duk Souls, Leeds tare da 'yan majalisa Kayleigh Brooks da Javaid Akhtar tare da Uwar Helen.<ref>https://www.allsoulschurchleeds.co.uk/news.html</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, an zabe ta a matsayin Babban Birnin Leeds na gaba a karkashin Jam'iyyar Labour da Co-operative Party, wanda ya gaji Al Garthwaite . Zaben na shekarar 2024/2025. Katung ita ta farko da aka zaba a Afirka a majalisar Leeds. == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Fayil:Abigail Marshall Katung.jpg|thumb|Abigail Marshall Katung]] Katung ta auri lauyan Najeriya kuma dan majalisa, Sunday Marshall Katung . zuwa 2023, ma'auratan suna da tagwaye biyu masu shekaru 19 waɗanda, a cewarta, ta zaɓi ta yi renon a Leeds. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://democracy.leeds.gov.uk/mgUserInfo.aspx?UID=7368 Councillor Abigail Marshall Katung] at Leads.gov.uk * [https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/QkPjzLx5dxQctx-qL6JAltSEHKc/appointments Abigail Wok MARSHALL KATUNG] at gov.uk * [https://party.coop/person/abigail-marshall-katung/ Abigail Marshall Katung] at co-operative party * [https://www.dukeintmagazine.com/mrs-abigail-marshall-katung-breaking-boundaries-of-ordinary/ Mrs. Abigail Marshall Katung: Breaking Boundaries of Ordinary] at Duke Magazine. Published on 7 June 2023 * [https://abigailmarshallkatung.com/ Abigail Marshall Katung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118211642/https://abigailmarshallkatung.com/ |date=2024-01-18 }} at Labour and Co-operative * [https://democracy.leeds.gov.uk/mgDeclarationSubmission.aspx?UID=7368&HID=11335&FID=0&HPID=0 Register of Interests (Councillor Abigail Marshall Katung)]. Published on 11 August 2023 [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] dgqqz3miu9mn6jzrlx97gg2n94k1rq4 0 74980 647820 583544 2025-06-26T22:23:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Adesuwa Aighewi|image=Adesuwa Aighewi Paris Fashion Week Autumn Winter 2019.jpg|caption=Aighewi in 2019|birth_name=Adesuwa Thongpond Pariyasapat Aighewi|birth_place=Minneapolis}}   '''Adesuwa Thongpond Pariyasapat Aighewi'''<ref name="officemagazine.net2">{{cite web|url=http://officemagazine.net/interview/you-are-here|title=You Are Here|date=September 20, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma mai shirya fina-finai. A cikin shekarar 2018, an zaɓi ta a matsayin wacce ta zo ta biyu don "Breakout Star of the Year" ta model.com. Tun daga watan Janairun 2019, Aighewi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin samfuran "Mafi 50" ta model.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/raewitte/2018/07/17/model-adesuwa-aighewi-releases-her-directorial-debut-on-the-beauty-of-muslim-women/#18d10580340c|title=Model Adesuwa Aighewi Releases Her Directorial Debut On The Beauty Of Muslim Women|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2018/|title=Model of the Year 2018|publisher=models.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/7672#7672|title=Top 50 Models|work=models.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Adesuwa Aighewi a jihar [[Minnesota]] ga wata uwa ’yar ƙasar China haifaffiyar ƙasar Thailand, kuma mahaifin dan Najeriya. Kafin yin tallan kayan kawa ta kasance ɗalibar ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar [[Maryland]] Eastern Shore inda ta fara halarta tana da shekaru 15. Ta taba shiga NASA . Da yake iyayenta masana kimiyyar muhalli ne, ta yi tafiya akai-akai kuma ta shafe rabin yarinta a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/model-call-adesuwa-aighewi-7916489|title=Model Call: Adesuwa Aighewi|first=Kristi|last=Garced|date=September 16, 2014|publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/adesuwa-aighewi-africa-tv-series|title=Adesuwa Aighewi: "I Want To Show What Africa Is From An African's Point Of View"|work=British Vogue|date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/8621/a-day-in-a-life-of-adesuwa-aighewi-captured-by-nick-delieto|title=A day in a life of Adesuwa Aighewi, captured by Nick DeLieto|website=LOVE|access-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190035/http://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/8621/a-day-in-a-life-of-adesuwa-aighewi-captured-by-nick-delieto|archive-date=October 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == An gano Aighewi a harabar Jami'ar Maryland Eastern Shore . Ta yi tafiya don Alexander Wang, Coach, Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Kenzo, Kate Spade, Miu Miu, Bottega Veneta, Marc Jacobs, [[Kanye West|Yeezy]], Michael Kors, Prabal Gurung, Christian Dior, Fendi, da Tommy Hilfiger da sauransu. Ta fito a cikin tallace-tallace na Tom Ford, Marc Jacobs, Vera Wang, da Chanel . Bidiyon fashewar Adesuwa mai suna "Spring in Harlem" wanda aka fara shi a LOVE.com kuma Forbes ne ya rubuta shi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/9116/watch-chanel-show-opener-adesuwa-aighewi-makes-her-debut-as-creative-director|title=WATCH: Chanel Show-Opener, Adesuwa Aighewi, Makes her Debut as Creative Director|website=LOVE|language=en-us|access-date=March 21, 2019|archive-date=March 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321173723/https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/posts/9116/watch-chanel-show-opener-adesuwa-aighewi-makes-her-debut-as-creative-director|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/raewitte/2018/07/17/model-adesuwa-aighewi-releases-her-directorial-debut-on-the-beauty-of-muslim-women/|title=Model Adesuwa Aighewi Releases Her Directorial Debut On The Beauty Of Muslim Women|last=Witte|first=Rae|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=March 21, 2019}}</ref> == Bidiyo == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Artist !Role |- |2011 |"Bonfire" |Childish Gambino |Camper |- |2012 |"Heartbeat" |Childish Gambino |Girlfriend |- |2016 |"Woman" |Diana Gordon |Model |- |2020 |"Dangerous Love" |[[Tiwa Savage]] |Videocaller |- |} == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] sz8din2m2ta8j0qzxhq4urrt66nmvvr 0 75023 647877 639179 2025-06-27T03:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647877 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Anandi Bai Joshi|other_names=Anandibai|image=Anandibai joshi.jpg|caption=A portrait photo of Anandibai Joshi|birth_name=Yamuna Joshi|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1865|3|31}}|birth_place=[[Kalyan]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1887|2|26|1865|3|31|df=yes}}|death_place=[[Pune]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]|resting_place=[[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], United States ([[Cremation|ashes]])|alma_mater=[[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]]|spouse=Gopalrao Joshi|signature=Signature of Anandibai Joshee.jpg}}'''Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi''' (aranar talatin da daya ga 31 GA watan Maris shekarar alif 1865 - 26 Fabrairu 1887) ita ce likitar mace Indiya ta farko ta likitan yammacin duniya. Ita ce mace ta farko daga tsohon shugaban kasar [[Indiya]] Bombay da ta yi karatu tare da kammala karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a fannin likitancin kasashen yamma a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . Ana kuma kiranta da ''Anandibai Joshi'' da ''Anandi Gopal Joshi'' (inda ''Gopal'' ya fito daga ''Gopalrao'', sunan farko na mijinta).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venkatraman|first1=Vijaysree|title=This woman in 1883 had the best answer to the question of why a girl would want to be a doctor|url=https://qz.com/240793/this-woman-in-1883-had-the-best-answer-to-the-question-of-why-a-girl-would-want-to-be-a-doctor/|publisher=[[Qz.com]]|date=27 July 2014|access-date=15 March 2024|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707094225/https://qz.com/240793/this-woman-in-1883-had-the-best-answer-to-the-question-of-why-a-girl-would-want-to-be-a-doctor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Asali mai suna Yamuna, Joshi an haife ta kuma ta tashi a gidan Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin Kamar yadda aka yi a wancan lokacin kuma saboda matsin [[lamba]] daga mahaifiyarta, ta yi aure tana da shekara tara ga Gopalrao Joshi, wadda mijinta ya mutu kusan shekara ashirin. Bayan auren ne mijin Yamuna ya sake mata suna 'Anandi'. Gopalrao Joshi ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya a Kalyan. Daga baya, an canza shi zuwa Alibag, sannan, a ƙarshe, zuwa Kolhapoor (Kolhapur). Ya kasance mai tunani mai ci gaba, kuma, ba kamar lokacin ba, yana tallafawa ilimi ga mata. Ita ma dangin Pandita Ramabai ce. [[Fayil:Dr. Anandibai Joshee, M.D., Class 1886.jpg|thumb|Anandi Gopal Joshi]] Anandibai yana da shekaru sha hudu ta haifi namiji, amma yaron ya rayu tsawon kwanaki goma ne kawai saboda rashin kula da lafiya. Wannan ya zama sauyi a rayuwar Anandi kuma ya zaburar da ita ta zama likita. Bayan Gopalrao ya yi ƙoƙarin shigar da ita a makarantun mishan kuma bai yi aiki ba, sai suka ƙaura zuwa Calcutta. A nan ta koyi karatu da magana [[Sanskrit]] da Turanci. == Rayuwar ilimi ==   Mijinta ya karfafa mata ta yi karatun likitanci. A cikin karni na 1880 ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga Royal Wilder, sanannen ɗan mishan na Amurka, yana bayyana sha'awar matarsa na neman wani matsayi mai dacewa a Amurka don kanta. Wilder ya buga wasiƙun a cikin ''Bita na Mishan na Princeton'' . Theodicia Carpenter, mazaunin Roselle, New Jersey, ya faru da karanta shi yayin da yake jiran ganin likitan hakora. Da sha'awar Anandibai duka na karatun likitanci, da kuma goyon bayan Gopalrao ga matarsa, ta rubuta wa Anandibai. Kafinta da Anandibai sun ƙulla abota ta kud da kud kuma sun zo suna kiran juna a matsayin "inna" da "yar uwa." Daga baya, kafinta zai karbi bakuncin Anandibai a Rochelle yayin zaman Joshi a [[Amurka]] <ref name=":4">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref> Yayin da ma'auratan Joshi ke [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], lafiyar Anandibai ta ragu. Tana fama da rauni, ciwon kai akai-akai, zazzaɓi lokaci-lokaci, wani lokacin rashin numfashi. Theodicia ta aika da magunguna daga Amurka, ba tare da sakamako ba. A cikin 1883, an canja Gopalrao zuwa Serampore, kuma ya yanke shawarar aika Anandibai da kanta zuwa Amurka don karatun likitancinta duk da rashin lafiyarta. Ko da yake yana jin tsoro, Gopalrao ya shawo kanta ta kafa misali ga sauran mata ta hanyar neman ilimi. [[Fayil:Islambooly Sabat.png|thumb|Anandi Gopal Joshi]] Wasu ma’auratan likita mai suna Thorborn sun ba da shawarar cewa Anandibai ya nemi Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Mata ta Pennsylvania . Da sanin shirin Anandibai na neman ilimi mai zurfi a Yamma, al'ummar Indiyawa na addinin Islama sun tsane ta sosai. Anandibai ta yi jawabi ga al’umma a dakin taro na Kwalejin Serampore, inda ta bayyana shawararta ta zuwa Amurka da kuma samun digirin likitanci. Ta tattauna irin tsanantawar da ita da mijinta suka sha. Ta jaddada bukatar likitoci mata a Indiya, tare da jaddada cewa matan Hindu za su iya zama likitoci ga matan Hindu. <ref name=":4">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref> Jawabin nata ya samu karbuwa, kuma gudummawar kudi ta fara fitowa daga ko'ina cikin Indiya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;</sup> == Rayuwar aure == A cikin karni na 1800s, ya zama sabon abu ga mazaje su mai da hankali kan ilimin matansu. Gopalrao ya damu da tunanin ilimin Anandibai kuma yana son ta koyi likitanci kuma ta ƙirƙiri ainihin ta a duniya. Watarana ya shigo kicin ya tarar da ita tana girki ita da kakarta, sai ya shiga tashin hankali. Ba kasafai ba ne magidanta su rika dukan matansu saboda girki maimakon karatu. Yayin da sha'awar Gopalrao ya karu da ilimin Joshi, ya aika da ita tare da Mrs Carpenter, 'yar mishan Philadelphia, zuwa Amurka don yin karatun likitanci. Kafin tafiyar ta, ta yi jawabi a zauren jama'a a 1883. Ta yi magana game da rashin likitoci mata ta ce "Na ba da kaina a matsayin daya." Ta kuma ambaci yadda aikin ungozoma bai isa ba a kowane hali kuma malaman da ke koyar da waɗannan azuzuwan suna da ra'ayi na mazan jiya. A ƙarshe Gopalrao ya ƙaura zuwa Amurka lokacin da ya ji haushin ƙoƙarinta. A lokacin da ya isa Philadelphia, ta kammala karatunta kuma likita ce.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> == A Amurka == [[File:Anandibai_Joshee,_Kei_Okami,_and_Tabat_M._Islambooly.jpg|thumb| Anandibai Joshee ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Mata ta Pennsylvania (WMCP) a 1886. Ana gani tare da Kei Okami (tsakiya) da Sabat Islambooly (dama). Dukkansu ukun sun kammala karatunsu na likitanci kuma kowaccen su tana cikin mata na farko daga kasashensu da suka samu digiri a fannin likitancin kasashen yamma.]] Anandibai ya yi tafiya zuwa New York daga Kolkata ( [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] ) ta jirgin ruwa, wanda wasu mata biyu na Ingilishi na Mishan suka sani na Thorborns. A New York, Theodicia Carpenter ta karbe ta a watan Yuni 1883. Anandibai ya rubuta zuwa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Mata ta Pennsylvania a [[Philadelphia]], yana neman a shigar da shi cikin shirin likitancin su, wanda shine shirin likitancin mata na biyu a duniya. Rachel Bodley, shugaban kwalejin, ya shigar da ita. [[Fayil:Islambooly Sabat.png|thumb|Anandi Gopal Joshi]] Anandibai ta fara horon aikin likita tun tana shekara 19. A Amurka, lafiyarta ta tsananta saboda yanayin sanyi da kuma abincin da ba a saba ba. Ta kamu da [[Tibi|cutar tarin fuka]] . Duk da haka, ta sauke karatu tare da MD a watan Maris 1886; Taken karatun ta shine "Likitan Obstetrics tsakanin Aryan Hindu." Ƙididdigar ta yi amfani da nassoshi daga duka rubutun Ayurvedic da littattafan likitancin Amurka. <ref name=":4">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref> A lokacin kammala karatunta, Sarauniya Victoria ta aika mata da sakon taya murna.<ref name=":42">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref> <ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2017/March/Women-Physicians/|title=Remembering the Pioneering Women From One of Drexel's Legacy Medical Colleges|last=Falcone|first=Alissa|date=27 March 2017|work=DrexelNow|access-date=13 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/google-doodle-celebrates-anandi-gopal-joshi-indias-first-woman-physician/article23398091.ece|title=Google Doodle celebrates Anandi Gopal Joshi, India's first woman physician|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == Komawa Indiya == A ƙarshen shekarar alif 1886, Anandibai ya koma Indiya, yana samun babban tarba. Masarautar Kolhapur ta nada ta a matsayin likita mai kula da sashin mata na asibitin Albert Edward na gida. == Mutuwa == Anandibai ya mutu sakamakon [[Tibi|cutar tarin fuka]] a farkon shekara ta gaba a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 1887 kafin ya cika shekaru 22 a [[Pune]] . Shekaru kafin mutuwarta, ta gaji kuma tana jin rauni akai-akai. An aiko mata da magani daga Amurka amma babu sakamako don haka ta ci gaba da karatun likitanci har ta mutu. An yi jimamin rasuwarta a duk fadin [[Indiya]] . An aika toka zuwa Theodicia Carpenter, wanda ya sanya su a makabartar danginta a makabartar Poughkeepsie Rural a Poughkeepsie, New York . Rubutun ya bayyana cewa Anandi Joshi 'yar Hindu Brahmin ce, macen Indiya ta farko da ta sami ilimi a kasashen waje kuma ta sami digiri na likita.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/why-a-crater-on-venus-is-named-after-indias-dr-anandi-gopal-joshi|title=Why is a Crater on Venus Named After India's Dr Anandibai Joshi?|work=The Quint|access-date=1 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> Duk da ta yi aikin likitanci na tsawon wata biyu zuwa uku kacal, ta yi suna saboda jajircewarta da kwazonta, inda ta zama mace ta farko dan kasar Indiya da ta fara karatun likitancin kasashen yamma, ta zama abin zaburarwa ga duk wadanda suka zo bayanta. == Legacy == A cikin 1888, marubuciyar 'yar Amurka Caroline Wells Healey Dall ta rubuta tarihin Joshi. Dall ya san Joshi kuma yana sha'awar ta sosai. Duk da haka, wasu batutuwa a cikin tarihin rayuwa, musamman mugunyar da aka yi wa Gopalrao Joshi, sun haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin abokan Joshi. <ref name=":4">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref> Doordarshan, mai watsa shirye-shiryen sabis na jama'a na Indiya ta watsa shirye-shiryen [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] dangane da rayuwarta, wanda ake kira "Anandi Gopal" kuma Kamlakar Sarang ya jagoranci. Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi ta rubuta labarin almara na rayuwarta a cikin littafinsa na [[Marati|Marathi]] ''Anandi Gopal'', wanda [[Ram G. Joglekar]] ya daidaita shi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo mai suna iri ɗaya. Dokta Anjali Kirtane ta yi bincike sosai kan rayuwar Dokta Anandibai Joshi kuma ta rubuta wani littafi [[Marati|na Marathi]] mai suna "डॉ. आनंदीबाई जोशी काळ आणि कर्तृृत्व" ("Dr., Anandibai Herbai & Anandi Karshi, Dr. Anandibai, Dr. Anandi Karshi, Joshi. ") wanda ya ƙunshi Hotunan Dr. Anandibai Joshi da ba kasafai ba. Cibiyar Bincike da Rubuce-rubucen a cikin Kimiyyar zamantakewa (IRDS), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta daga Lucknow, tana ba da lambar yabo ta Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine don girmama gudunmawarta na farko don ci gaban kimiyyar likita a Indiya. Bugu da kari, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta kafa kawance da sunanta ga mata matasa masu aiki kan lafiyar mata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irdsindia.com/irdsawards2011.html|title=IRDS Awards 2011|publisher=Irdsindia.com|access-date=29 October 2013|quote=Anandibai Joshi was one of the first Indian women to have obtained a degree in modern medicine when despite great hardships and poor health she got the MD from University of Pennsylvania in the USA in the end of 19th Century.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105141151/http://irdsindia.com/irdsawards2011.html|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-to-whom-google-dedicates-a-doodle-1201625-2018-03-31|title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi to whom Google dedicated a Doodle?|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/anandi-joshi-indias-first-female-doctor-to-get-a-degree-in-western-medicine-5118016/|title=How Anandi Joshi obtained a degree in Western medicine from Pennsylvania college|date=31 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> An sanya sunan wani rami a kan Venus a cikin girmamawarta. Shafin 34.3&nbsp;Dutsen diamita na kilomita akan Venus mai suna 'Joshee' yana kan latitude 5.5° N da longitude 288.8° E. A ranar 31 ga Maris 2018, Google ya karrama ta da Google Doodle don bikin cikarta shekaru 153 da haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/anandi-gopal-joshis-153rd-birthday|title=Anandi Gopal Joshi's 153rd Birthday|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=जानिए कौन हैं आनंदी गोपाल जोशी और गूगल ने क्यों उनके जन्मदिन पर बनाया डूडल|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/anandi-joshi-became-indias-first-lady-doctor-google-doodle/|date=31 March 2018|location=Lokmat|language=hi}}</ref> ''Anandi Gopal'', fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar Indiya akan rayuwarta a [[Marati|Marathi]] wanda Sameer Vidwans ya fitar a cikin 2019. Tauraruwa Bhagyashree Milind a matsayin mai taken, Lalit Prabhakar a matsayin mijinta - Gopalrao Joshi da Yogesh Soman a matsayin mahaifinta - Ganpatrao Amriteshwar Joshi. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh|date=2 February 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2017, wasan kwaikwayo na [[Gujarati]] mai suna ''Dr. Anandibai Joshi'', wanda Manoj Shah ya jagoranta, wanda aka fara a Cibiyar Fasaha ta .<ref name="Phukan 20182">{{cite news|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|title=The trailblazing Dr Anandibai|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 May 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-trailblazing-dr-anandibai/article24000657.ece|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Pawar 20172">{{cite news|last=Pawar|first=Yogesh|title=A play to celebrate life and times of one of the first female doctors of India, Dr Anandibai Joshi|newspaper=DNA India|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-A-play-to-celebrate-life-and-times-of-one-of-the-first-female-doctors-of-India-Dr-Anandibai-Joshi-2562841|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * * * Kosambi, Meera, "[http://www.muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_colonialism_and_colonial_history/v004/4.1kosambi.html Caste and Outcast (review)]". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History – Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 2003, The Johns Hopkins University Press * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007142137/http://www.kiet.edu/horizon/insirations.htm Anandibai Joshi: India’s first woman doctor (1865–1887)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101040423/http://www.tasveer.org/events/series.php?seriesid=700851175 Between the Lines], an 18-minute English documentary on the life of Anandi Joshi * Madhukar Vasudev Dhond, "Jalyatil Chandra" (Marathi) (Rajhans Prakashan, 11993) * Documents at the Drexel University College of Medicine Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and referencing Anandi Gopal Joshi == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Anandibai Gopalrao Joshee}} * [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/anandibai-joshee Anandibai Joshee materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)] * A Marathi movie on Anandi Gopal https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8621438/ == Nassoshi == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bbzqhp59slr01edqkuk15ub8ccvv6jt 0 79239 647737 499002 2025-06-26T18:57:34Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:UniAbuja_Photowalk_logo.jpg|UniAbuja_Photowalk_logo.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:UniAbuja Photowalk logo.jpg|]]. 647737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:UniAbuja Photowalk CDL & CL Building.jpg|thumb|Hutun Jami'ar Abuja]] '''Jami'ar [[Abuja]]''' wata cibiya ce mai girma a babban birnin Najeriya, Abuja . An kafa shi a watan Janairun 1988 <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to University of Abuja |url=https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about/our-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301005028/https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about/our-history |archive-date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=Laravel |language=en}}</ref> (a karkashin Dokar No. 110 na 1992 kamar yadda aka gyara) a matsayin jami'a mai sau biyu tare da umarnin gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilmantarwa na al'ada da na nesa. Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a jami'ar a cikin 1990 tare da karatun ɗaliban majagaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2015 |title=CLE commends UniAbuaj on low students feat |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/cle-commends-uniabuja-on-law-students-feat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303215048/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/cle-commends-uniabuja-on-law-students-feat/ |archive-date=2020-03-03 |access-date=2020-03-03 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar ta tashi daga wani shafin na wucin gadi, wanda ya kunshi tubalan gini guda uku da ake nufi da makarantar firamare a Gwagwalada, wanda aka lakafta "mini-campus". Ayyukan ilimi sun fara ne a kan karamin harabar a cikin 1990, bayan haka aka ba jami'ar faɗin ƙasa da ke rufe kadada 11,800 (29,000 acres) tare da hanyar Filin jirgin saman birnin Abuja don ci gaban babban harabarta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to University of Abuja |url=https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about/our-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301005028/https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about/our-history |archive-date=2022-03-01 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=Laravel |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220301005028/https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about/our-history "Welcome to University of Abuja"]. ''Laravel''. Archived from [https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about/our-history the original] on 2022-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana ci gaba da komawa wurin na dindindin har zuwa yau. Cibiyar yanzu tana karbar bakuncin mata uku da maza biyu da ke da dubban dalibai. Koyaya, ofisoshin ilmantarwa na nesa na jami'ar suna cikin garin Abuja (Yankin 3 Garki) inda ake gudanar da zaman hulɗa na shirin. == Laburaren karatu == An kafa ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar a cikin 1988 don tallafawa koyarwa, ilmantarwa da bincike don saduwa da manufofin Jami'ar Abuja tare da albarkatun bayanai a kan layi da kuma offline. Babban ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar yana kan babbar hanyar Filin jirgin saman Campus, Abuja . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA LIBRARY's open resources {{!}} University of Abuja Open Education Resources (OER) |url=https://oer.uniabuja.edu.ng/university-of-abuja-library/resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230084103/https://oer.uniabuja.edu.ng/university-of-abuja-library/resources |archive-date=2022-12-30 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=oer.uniabuja.edu.ng |language=en}}</ref> == Karatu == Jami'ar tana ba da difloma, shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da na biyu da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin nesa wanda ke ba da ilimin jami'a ga waɗanda ba za su iya samun irin wannan ilimi ta hanyar tsarin jami'a na yau da kullun da waɗanda ke da sha'awar samun sabon ilmi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. Jerin kwalejoji da kwalejoji a halin yanzu a Jami'ar Abuja sun hada da: * Kwalejin Aikin Gona * Kwalejin Fasaha * Ma'aikatar Ilimi * Kwalejin Injiniya * Kwalejin Shari'a * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Kimiyya * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a * Kwalejin Magungunan Dabbobi * Makarantar Nazarin Digiri * Makarantar Nazarin Magunguna * Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya * Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya * Cibiyar Ilimi ta Shari'a Jami'ar tana da ƙarin shirye-shiryen fara shirin Geology da Mining a cikin taron ilimi na 2023/2024 kamar yadda Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Abuja, Farfesa Abdul-Rasheed Na"Allah ya bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=UNIABUJA launches geology, mining department 2023 |url=https://punchng.com/uniabuja-launches-geology-mining-department-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601104635/https://punchng.com/uniabuja-launches-geology-mining-department-2023/ |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == Majalisar da Gudanarwa == Manyan gaɓoɓin da jami'an da ke cikin gudanarwa da shugabancin jami'ar sune Majalisar Gudanarwa, Majalisar Dattijai, Ikilisiya da Taron, Mataimakin Shugaban, Mataimakan Mataimakin Shugabannin Biyu (Administration da Academic), Mai Rijista da Sakataren Majalisar, Bursar, Mai Gidan Laburaren Jami'a, Deans na Faculties, Daraktocin Cibiyoyi da Shugabannin Sashen. Dukkanin wadannan gabobin da jami'ai suna samun goyon baya daga tsarin kwamitin wanda shine tushen gudanarwar jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us -' Governance |url=https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about-us/goverance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809173344/https://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/about-us/goverance |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=3 March 2020 |website=UniAbuja}}</ref> === Majalisar Gudanarwa === Majalisar ta kunshi Shugaban da kuma Pro-Chancellor na jami'ar, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Administration da Academic) wakilin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya, mutane huɗu da Majalisar Ministocin Kasa ta nada da ke wakiltar bukatun kasa, mutane huɗun da Majalisar ta nada daga membobinta, mutum ɗaya wanda Ikilisiya da Taron suka nada daga cikin membobinsu da kuma Mai Rijista a matsayin Sakatare ga Majalisar. Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar yin manufofi a jami'ar. === Majalisar Dattawa === Majalisar Dattijai ita ce babbar hukuma ta Jami'ar kan batutuwan ilimi. Babban aikin Majalisar Dattijai ne don tsarawa da sarrafa koyarwa a jami'a da shigarwa da horo ga ɗalibai, da kuma inganta bincike. Majalisar Dattijai ta ƙunshi Mataimakin Shugaban a matsayin Shugaban, Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugabannin, Farfesa, Mai Kula da Laburaren Jami'ar, Deans, Daraktoci da Mataimakin Deans, Shugabannin Sashen Ilimi, memba ɗaya na ma'aikatan ilimi wanda ke wakiltar kowane Faculty da Registrar a matsayin Sakatare. === Ikilisiya === Ikilisiyar ta kunshi dukkan ma'aikatan jami'ar wadanda suka kammala karatun jami'a ta hanyar alƙawari. Mataimakin Shugaban kasa shine Shugabanta kuma Mai Rijistar shine Sakatare. Ana kiran tarurrukan ikilisiya, kasancewar doka ce, don ba membobin damar samun magana a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi jin dadin su. Jami'ar tana gudanar da shirin ba da shawara na ba da shawara da kuma cibiyar ilimi don biyan bukatun ƙwararru na malamai da buƙatun ƙwarewa na hukumomin ilimi na gwamnati; tana ba da hanyoyi don kafa alaƙa kan al'amuran ilimi tare da kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi a ciki da waje da Najeriya. Jami'ar a lokacin taron ta na yau da kullun na 96 a watan Mayu 2023 ta inganta 19 daga cikin ma'aikatanta na ilimi zuwa matsayin farfesa. 8 an inganta su zuwa matsayin farfesa, yayin da 11 aka inganta su zuwa matsayi na mataimakin farfesa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UniAbuja promotes 19 to rank of professor - The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/uniabuja-promotes-19-to-rank-of-professor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601103129/https://thenationonlineng.net/uniabuja-promotes-19-to-rank-of-professor/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UniAbuja promotes 19 academic staff - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/uniabuja-promotes-19-academic-staff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601103431/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/uniabuja-promotes-19-academic-staff/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref> A lokacin taron na yau da kullun na 96, Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Abuja ta amince da nadin farfesa mafi ƙanƙanta a Najeriya da farfesa mace ta farko a shari'a daga Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya, Aisha Sani Maikudi, tare da Farfesa Philip Afaha a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Ilimi da Gudanarwa bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=UNIABUJA appoints youngest professor of law as DVC |url=https://punchng.com/uniabuja-appoints-youngest-professor-of-law-as-dvc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601104251/https://punchng.com/uniabuja-appoints-youngest-professor-of-law-as-dvc/ |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIABUJA Appoints Youngest Professor of Law DVC - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/10/uniabuja-appoints-youngest-professor-of-law-dvc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601104825/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/10/uniabuja-appoints-youngest-professor-of-law-dvc/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:UniAbuja.Entrance_MG_0127_(1).jpg|alt=The main gate entrance of The University of Abuja Nigeria|Babban ƙofar ƙofar Jami'ar Abuja Nigeria Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_senate.jpg|alt=Senate and Admin Building|Majalisar Dattijai da Ginin Admin Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_senate_1.jpg|alt=Side view of Senate Building|Bayyanar gefen Ginin Majalisar Dattijai Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_faculty_of_arts.jpg|alt=Faculty of Arts|Kwalejin Fasaha Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_CDL_&_CL_Building.jpg|alt=Centre for Distance Learning|Cibiyar Ilimi ta Tsakiya Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_faculty_of_Management_Science.jpg|alt=Faculty of Management sciences|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_lady_justice.jpg|alt=The Lady justice at Law faculty|Lady Justice Kwalejin Shari'a Fayil:UniAbuja.ClinicMG_0183.jpg|alt=University Clinic|Asibitin Jami'ar Fayil:UniAbuja.AgricDeptMG_0159.jpg|alt=Faculty of Agriculture|Kwalejin Aikin Gona Fayil:UniAbuja.FemaleHostelMG_0213.jpg|alt=The new female Hostel|Sabuwar Gidan Gida na Mata Fayil:UniAbuja.Faculty2MG_0223.jpg|alt=Faculty of Social Sciences at University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a a Jami'ar Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria Fayil:UniAbuja.Lecture2MG_0154.jpg|alt=Faculty of Agriculture Lecture theatre|Kwalejin Aikin Gona Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Fayil:UniAbuja.VetHospitalMG_0165.jpg|alt=Veterinary Teaching Hospital|Asibitin Koyar da Dabbobi Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_law.jpg|alt=Faculty of Law|Kwalejin Shari'a Fayil:UniAbuja_Photowalk_library_sign.jpg|alt=Library sign|Alamar ɗakin karatu Fayil:UniAbuja.Lecture_7MG_0196.jpg|alt=ETF main hall|Babban zauren ETF </gallery> == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * [[Aishah Ahmad]], mataimakin gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya . <ref name="BellaNaija 2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-06 |title=Buhari nominates Aisha Ahmad as Central Bank Deputy Governor |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/aisha-ahmad-central-bank-deputy-governor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601061626/https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/10/aisha-ahmad-central-bank-deputy-governor/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> * Chuks Anyaduba - lauya, mai shirya fina-finai da kuma jin kai * Jake Okechukwu Effoduh - mutum na rediyo, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma lauya<ref name="RefinedNG 2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=Jake Okechukwu Effoduh now a Queen Elizabeth Scholar |url=https://refinedng.com/jake-okechukwu-effoduh-becomes-a-queen-elizabeth-scholar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601062035/https://refinedng.com/jake-okechukwu-effoduh-becomes-a-queen-elizabeth-scholar/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=RefinedNG}}</ref> * [[Olumide Idowu]] - mai fafutukar matasa kuma mai fafutuka na canjin yanayi<ref name="atlascorps.org">{{Cite web |title=» Olumide Idowu |url=https://atlascorps.org/fellow/olumide-idowu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601122621/https://atlascorps.org/fellow/olumide-idowu/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=atlascorps.org}}</ref> * JaySynths - mai samar da rikodin * [[Kanayo O. Kanayo]] - ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai yin fim kuma lauya * [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]] - Lauyan lauya, mutum na kafofin watsa labarai * [[P-Square]], Duo na Afrobeat * [[Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim]] - darektan janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|NAPTIP]] * [[Uba Sani]], Gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] na yanzu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uniabuja Vice Chancellor Seeks Alumni Support for University |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/532428-uniabuja-vice-chancellor-seeks-alumni-support-for-university.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.uniabuja.edu.ng/}} * [http://www.unibuja.com/ Jami'o'i Socketworks College Portal] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q9cidmopq1pbewldnimeqof139kstwd 0 80340 647875 609859 2025-06-27T02:09:54Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Birds_of_Lake_Malawi_exhibit_-_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|Birds_of_Lake_Malawi_exhibit_-_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Birds of 647875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidan kayan tarihi na Lake Malawi Museum''' ne a kan [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a [[Malawi]] . Ana zaune a cikin Tsohon Gymkhana Club kuma ƙungiyar Malawi ta shirya tun 1971 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Malawi Museum in Mangochi - Official Malawi Tourism Website |url=http://www.visitmalawi.mw/index.php/component/k2/item/122-lake-malawi-in-mangochi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032013/http://www.visitmalawi.mw/index.php/component/k2/item/122-lake-malawi-in-mangochi |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2014-11-22}}</ref> (kuma wataƙila ba a sabunta shi ba tun lokacin), gidan kayan gargajiya yana kusa da abin tunawa da Sarauniya Victoria kusa da gadar Bakili Muluzi a cikin garin Mangochi, gundumar Mangochi, a cikin Yankin Kudancin Malawi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Malawi Museum |url=http://mw.geoview.info/lake_malawi_museum,902487985n |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=Geoview.info}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:People_of_the_Lake_description_-_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Introduction to the people of the Lake Malawi region (as seen from entrance at the Lake Malawi Museum)|Gabatarwa ga mutanen yankin Tafkin Malawi (kamar yadda aka gani daga ƙofar Gidan Tarihin Tafkin Malawi) Fayil:Mammals_of_Lake_Malawi_area_exhibit_-_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Mammals of Lake Malawi area exhibit|Nuni na dabbobi masu shayarwa a yankin Tafkin Malawi Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(1),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (1)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (1) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(2),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (2)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (2) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(3),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (3)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (3) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(4),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (4)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (4) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(5),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (5)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (5) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(6),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (6)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (6) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(7),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (7)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (7) Fayil:History_of_the_Yao_people_(8),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=History of the Yao people (8)|Tarihin mutanen Yao (8) Fayil:Exhibit_of_Stone_Age_artefacts,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit of Stone Age artefacts|Nunin kayan tarihi a zamanin dutse Fayil:Exhibit_of_Iron_Age,_clay_pots,_Lake_Malawi_museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit of Iron Age, clay pots|Nuni a cikin Iron Age, tukwane na yumɓu Fayil:Exhibit_of_domestic_appliances,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit of domestic appliances|Nuni na kayan gida Fayil:Exhibit_of_Musical_Instruments,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit of Musical Instruments|Nunin Kayan Kiɗa Fayil:Mabadza_for_Mganda_dance_-_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Mabadza for Mganda dance|Mabadza don rawa a Mganda Fayil:Musical_rattles,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Musical rattles|Rattles na kiɗa Fayil:One_sided_and_two_sided_drum,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=One sided and two sided drum|Ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin da biyu Fayil:Traditional_Yao_musical_instruments,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Traditional Yao musical instruments: Kaligo, Bangwe|Kayan kiɗa a gargajiya a Yao: Kaligo, Bangwe Fayil:Leg_rattles,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Leg rattles|Rarrabawar kafa Fayil:Exhibit_of_hunting_weapons,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit of hunting weapons|Nuni na makamai na farauta Fayil:Traditional_Games,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Traditional Games (bawo, mpaka, cards, nsikwa, mdodo, chiwale)|Wasannin gargajiya (bawo, mpaka, katunan, nsikwa, mdodo, chiwale) Fayil:Traditional_Games_(2),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Traditional Games (close up shot of mpaka, cards, nsikwa)|Wasannin gargajiya (kusa harbi na mpaka, katunan, nsikwa) Fayil:Exhibit_of_spinning_top,_nangulungunde,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit of spinning top, nangulungunde|Nuni na juyawa saman, nangulungunde Fayil:Exhibit_showing_slaving_history,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Exhibit showing slaving history|Nunin da ke nuna tarihin bautar Fayil:Carving_of_slave_caravan,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Carving of slave caravan|Hoton motar bayi Fayil:Carving_of_slave_caravan,_alternate,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Carving of slave caravan, alternate|Sanya motar bayi, madadin Fayil:Jumbe_and_slave_trading_info,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Jumbe and slave trading info|Jumbeda bayanan cinikin bayi Fayil:Exhibit_of_European_goods,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Navigation lights, medical kit, plates, shell from 37mm gun, row locks|Hasken kewayawa, kayan kiwon lafiya, faranti, harsashi daga bindigar 37mm, kulle-kulle Fayil:Tableware_from_UMCA,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Tableware from UMCA|Tebur daga UMCA Fayil:Curios_carves_from_soapstone,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Curios carves from soapstone|Abubuwan da ba su da kyau sun riga sun zana daga sabulu Fayil:Curios_carves_from_soapstone_(2),_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Curios carves from soapstone (2)|Curios ya riga ya zana daga sabulu (2) Fayil:Pioneer_boat,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Pioneer boat|Jirgin majagaba Fayil:Ilala_boat_around_1900,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Ilala boat around 1900|Jirgin ruwa na Ilala a kusa da 1900 Fayil:Ilala_boat_around_1875,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Ilala boat around 1875|Jirgin Ilala a kusa da 1875 Fayil:Charles_Janson_boat_around_1900,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Charles Janson boat around 1900|Jirgin jirgi Charles Janson a kusa da 1900 Fayil:Domira_boat_around_1900,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Domira boat around 1900|Jirgin Domira a kusa da 1900 Fayil:Adventure_boat_around_1895,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Adventure boat around 1895|Jirgin ruwa na kasada a kusa da 1895 Fayil:Boat_exhibit,_Lake_Malawi_Museum.jpg|alt=Boat exhibit|Jirgin ruwa na Nunin Fayil:Hermann_Von_Wissmann_boat_around_1900,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Hermann Von Wissmann boat around 1900|Jirgin ruwa a cikin Hermann Von Wissmann a kusa da 1900 Fayil:Dove_and_other_boats_from_around_1900,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Dove and other boats from around 1900|Dove da sauran jiragen ruwa ruwa daga kusan 1900 Fayil:Livingstone_boat_from_around_1898,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Livingstone boat from around 1898|Jirgin Livingstone daga kusan 1898 Fayil:Guendolen_boat_from_around_1902,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Guendolen boat from around 1902|Jirgin ruwa a Guendolen daga kusan 1902 Fayil:Chauncy_Maples_and_other_boats_from_around_1910,_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Chauncy Maples and other boats from around 1910|Chauncy Maples da sauran jiragen ruwa ruwa ruwa daga kusan 1910 Fayil:Historical_Boats_of_Lake_Malawi.jpg|alt=Historical Boats of Lake Malawi|Jiragen ruwa a Tarihi a Tafkin Malawi </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} pkpanf39icl6y9ujt30x53z72xnnswn 2 80411 647884 458422 2025-06-27T05:04:52Z Naja'atu Bintoo Usman 22641 647884 wikitext text/x-wiki My name is Naja`atu Bintoo Usman From Zaria Kaduna state Nigeria qwoy8miz0nynwksp56rh64m1f0r0ovr 0 81531 648206 607574 2025-06-27T11:23:24Z Lamba6334 25787 648206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu. Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g9u8ygyet0f6c8us4j19ya742y1xmjj 648207 648206 2025-06-27T11:24:14Z Lamba6334 25787 648207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu. Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dgv8rh60rzytmiz51n4k3ozrr5lb5dx 648209 648207 2025-06-27T11:26:21Z Lamba6334 25787 648209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0krngyarqzb4ph4oaods2i19ersznn9 648210 648209 2025-06-27T11:27:43Z Lamba6334 25787 648210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 784my4z3dzbqineoimk4mt9q2r2ln2k 648213 648210 2025-06-27T11:31:06Z Lamba6334 25787 648213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgiar.org/excellence-breeding-platform/crops-to-end-hunger/</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eza755p8cavj5gm0cs9mislc03wvavu 648214 648213 2025-06-27T11:31:51Z Lamba6334 25787 648214 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgiar.org/excellence-breeding-platform/crops-to-end-hunger/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fq7dbyyfcntxm0gw5kxgirgnx42wdey 648215 648214 2025-06-27T11:32:55Z Lamba6334 25787 648215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgiar.org/excellence-breeding-platform/crops-to-end-hunger/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center</ref><ref>https://ilci.cornell.edu/2022/08/25/improving-public-sector-plant-breeding-for-the-future-of-food-security/</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta. == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9i5p8x5w2ppns27kypsxznag2djhp3g 648217 648215 2025-06-27T11:34:48Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 648217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgiar.org/excellence-breeding-platform/crops-to-end-hunger/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center</ref><ref>https://ilci.cornell.edu/2022/08/25/improving-public-sector-plant-breeding-for-the-future-of-food-security/</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta.<ref>https://cucurbitbreeding.wordpress.ncsu.edu/courses-training-opportunities-and-admissions/plant-breeding-overview-hs-521/history-of-plant-breeding/</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 30bjz21su6k872y77jnl4gjb4cyanli 648218 648217 2025-06-27T11:35:46Z Lamba6334 25787 /* Tarihi */ 648218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wheat_selection_k10183-1.jpg|right|thumb|252x252px|alkama na Yecoro (dama) yana da hankali ga salinity, tsire-tsire da shuka samo asali daga giciye mai haɗari tare da cultivar W4910 (hagu) suna nuna ƙarin haƙuri ga babban salinity]] [[Fayil:Gidan Kiwon Kifi.jpg|thumb|kiwo Abone Mai kyau]] Kiwon tsire-tsire shine kimiyyar canza halayen tsirrai don samar da halayen da ake so. An yi amfani da shi don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin samfurori ga mutane da dabbobi. Makasudin kiwo na shuka shine samar da nau'ikan amfanin gona waɗanda ke alfahari da halaye na musamman kuma na musamman don aikace-aikace iri-iri. Abubuwan da aka fi magance su akai-akai akan halayen noma sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juriya da juriya na biotic da abiotic, ƙwayar hatsi ko haɓakar halittu, halaye masu inganci na ƙarshen amfani kamar ɗanɗano ko adadin takamaiman ƙwayoyin halitta (proteins, sugars, lipids, bitamin, fibers) da sauƙi na sarrafa (girbi, niƙa, yin burodi, malting, haɗawa, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding</ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137/</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da kiwo shuka ta hanyoyi daban-daban tun daga zaɓin tsire-tsire masu kyawawan halaye don yaduwa, zuwa hanyoyin da ke amfani da ilimin kwayoyin halitta da chromosomes, zuwa mafi hadaddun dabarun ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin shuka su ne ke tantance irin nau'in halaye masu inganci ko ƙididdiga da za su kasance. Masu shayarwa suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar takamaiman sakamako na tsire-tsire da yuwuwar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin yin hakan, rage bambancin jinsin wannan nau'in zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan halittu.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11478383/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pyramiding</ref> Ana yin ta a duk duniya ta daidaikun mutane kamar masu lambu da manoma, da ƙwararrun masu kiwon shuka waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar cibiyoyin gwamnati, jami'o'i, ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na musamman ko cibiyoyin bincike ke aiwatar da shi. Hukumomin ci gaban kasa da kasa sun yi imanin cewa kiwon sabbin amfanin gona na da muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci ta hanyar samar da sabbin nau'o'in da suke da yawan amfanin gona, masu jure wa cututtuka, masu jure fari ko kuma sun dace da yankuna daban-daban da yanayin girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doriane {{!}} Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives |url=https://www.doriane.com/blog/climate-smart-plant-breeding-objectives |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.doriane.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.cgiar.org/excellence-breeding-platform/crops-to-end-hunger/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center</ref><ref>https://ilci.cornell.edu/2022/08/25/improving-public-sector-plant-breeding-for-the-future-of-food-security/</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ba tare da kiwo ba, da Turai za ta samar da karancin amfanin gona na noma kashi 20 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, tare da cin karin hekta miliyan 21.6 (kadada miliyan 53) na fili tare da fitar da tan biliyan 4 (3.9×109 dogayen ton; 4.4) × 109 gajeriyar ton) na carbon. A halin yanzu ana ratsa nau'in alkama da aka kirkira don Maroko da tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar sabbin iri ga arewacin Faransa. Waken waken soya, wanda a baya ake noma shi a kudancin Faransa, yanzu ana noman shi a kudancin Jamus.<ref name="HHFA">{{Cite web |title=Study published: The socio-economic and environmental values of plant breeding in the EU – hffa research |url=https://hffa-research.com/news/study-published-the-socio-economic-and-environmental-values-of-plant-breeding-in-the-eu/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara kiwo da tsire-tsire ne da aikin noma na zaman lafiya, musamman ma yadda ake shuka tsire-tsire na farko na noma, al'adar da aka ƙiyasta tun shekaru 9,000 zuwa 11,000. Da farko manoman farko kawai sun zaɓi tsire-tsire na abinci tare da kyawawan halaye, kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin magabata ga tsararraki masu zuwa, wanda ya haifar da tarin halaye masu mahimmanci a kan lokaci. Ya kasan ce an yi amfani da fasahar shuka a kasar Sin kafin 2000 KZ. A shekara ta 500 KZ an kafa shuka sosai kuma ana yin sa. Gregor Mendel (1822-84) ana daukarsa a matsayin "uban kwayoyin halitta". Gwaje-gwajen da ya yi game da haɓakar tsire-tsire ya kai ga kafa dokokin gado. Ƙwayoyin halitta sun ƙarfafa bincike don inganta samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo. Ana amfani da kiwo na tsire-tsire na zamani akan kwayoyin halitta, amma tushen kimiyya ya fi girma, yana rufe ilmin kwayoyin halitta, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). Har ila yau, ta haɓaka fasahar ta.<ref>https://cucurbitbreeding.wordpress.ncsu.edu/courses-training-opportunities-and-admissions/plant-breeding-overview-hs-521/history-of-plant-breeding/</ref><ref>https://www.seedworld.com/europe/2023/01/19/how-gregor-mendels-discoveries-paved-the-way-for-modern-plant-breeding/</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na gargajiya == [[Fayil:Wild_Mustard_Plant_Selective_Breeding.svg|thumb|Zaɓin kiwo ya faɗaɗa halaye da ake so na shuka na kabewa na daji (''Brassica oleracea'') sama da daruruwan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da yawancin amfanin gona na yau. Cabbage, kale, broccoli, da cauliflower duk nau'ikan wannan shuka ne.]] Wata babbar dabarar kiwo shuka ita ce zaɓi, tsarin zaɓin yaɗa tsire-tsire tare da kyawawan halaye da kuma kawar da ko "kulla" waɗanda ba su da kyawawan halaye. Wata dabara kuma ita ce haɗe-haɗe da gangan na mutane na kusa ko na nesa don samar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona ko layi tare da kyawawan kaddarorin. Tsire-tsire suna haɗe-haɗe don gabatar da halaye / kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in iri ɗaya ko layi zuwa sabon asalin halitta. Misali, ana iya haye fis ɗin da ke da juriya tare da fis mai girma amma mai sauƙi, makasudin gicciye shine gabatar da juriyar mildew ba tare da rasa halayen amfanin ƙasa ba. Za a ketare zuri'a daga gicciye tare da iyaye masu girma don tabbatar da cewa zuriyar sun kasance kamar iyaye masu girma, (na baya). Daga nan za a gwada zuriyar daga wannan giciye don samun amfanin gona (zaɓi, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a sama) kuma za a ƙara haɓaka juriya na mildew da tsire-tsire masu juriya. Hakanan ana iya ketare tsire-tsire da kansu don samar da nau'ikan iri don kiwo. Ana iya cire masu yin pollin ta hanyar amfani da jakunkunan pollination. Kiwo na gargajiya ya dogara da yawa akan sake haɗe-haɗe tsakanin chromosomes don samar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Mai kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya na iya yin amfani da wasu fasahohin in vitro kamar su fusion na protoplast, ceton amfrayo ko mutagenesis (duba ƙasa) don samar da bambance-bambance da samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ba za su wanzu a cikin yanayi ba. Halayen da masu kiwo suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa a cikin tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: # Ingantacciyar inganci, kamar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen ɗanɗano, ko kyakkyawa mafi girma # Ƙara yawan amfanin gona # Ƙarfafa jurewar matsalolin muhalli (salinity, matsanancin zafin jiki, fari) # Juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta # Ƙarfafa juriya ga kwari Haƙuri na herbicides # Tsawon lokacin ajiya don amfanin gona da aka girbe # Inganta inganci, kamar kara abinci mai gina jiki, ingantaccen dandano, ko mafi kyawun kyau === Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:Gartons-1902-Catalogue.jpg|right|thumb|Littafin Garton daga 1902]] Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon shukar kasuwanci na nasara an kafa su ne daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [bayani da ake bukata] Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders a Ingila an kafa shi a cikin 1890s ta John Garton, wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara sayar da sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona na noma da aka kirkira ta hanyar giciye-pollination. Gabatarwar kamfanin na farko shine  Abundance Oat, nau'in hatsi. Yana daya daga cikin nau'in hatsin noma na farko da aka haifa daga giciye mai sarrafawa, wanda aka gabatar da shi zuwa kasuwanci a cikin 1892.<ref name="Gartons">Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited</ref> A farkon karni na 20, masu shayarwa sun fahimci cewa binciken Gregor Mendel game da yanayin gadon da ba na bazuwar ba za a iya amfani da shi ga yawan shukar da aka samar ta hanyar pollination da gangan don yin hasashen mitar nau'ikan iri daban-daban. An haifi nau'in alkama don ƙara yawan amfanin gona na Italiya a lokacin abin da ake kira "Battle for Grain" (1925-1940). George Harrison Shull ya yi bayanin Heterosis. Yana bayyana halin zuriyar ƙayyadaddun gicciye don fifita iyaye biyu. Gano fa'idar heterosis don kiwo shuka ya haifar da haɓakar layukan da aka ƙirƙira waɗanda ke nuna fa'idar yawan amfanin ƙasa lokacin da aka ketare su. Masara ita ce nau'in farko inda aka yi amfani da heterosis sosai don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙididdiga don nazarin aikin kwayoyin halitta da bambance bambance-bambancen gado daga bambance-bambancen da yanayi ya haifar. A shekara ta 1933 wata muhimmiyar dabarar kiwo mai suna cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), wadda aka yi a cikin masara, Marcus Morton Rhoades ya bayyana. CMS dabi'a ce da aka gada ta uwa wacce ke sa shuka ta samar da pollen maras kyau. Wannan yana ba da damar samar da hybrids ba tare da buƙatar cire kayan aiki ba. Wadannan dabarun kiwo na farko sun haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona a Amurka a farkon karni na 20. Ba a samar da irin wannan yawan amfanin gona a wani wuri ba sai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, juyin juya hali na Green ya kara yawan amfanin gona a kasashe masu tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960. === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II === [[Fayil:FA_Geisenheim22.jpg|thumb|Al'adun Vitis (ya'yan inabi), Cibiyar Kiwon Ruwan Ruwan Ru'ya'ya itace ta Geisenheim]] Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ƙirƙiro dabaru da dama waɗanda ke ba masu shayarwa damar haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna, da haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar wucin gadi. Lokacin da aka ketare nau'ikan da ke da nisa, masu shayarwa suna amfani da dabaru na al'adun nama na shuka don samar da zuriya daga ma'aurata marasa 'ya'ya. An samar da kayan ciki da masu rikitarwa daga giciye na jinsin mutane masu dangantaka ko Genera waɗanda ba su saba da juna da juna ba. Ana kiran waɗannan giciye da Faɗin giciye. Misali, triticale hatsi shine alkama da hatsin rai matasan. Kwayoyin da ke cikin tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga ƙarni na farko da aka halicce su daga gicciye sun ƙunshi adadin chromosomes marasa daidaituwa kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance bakararre. An yi amfani da colchicine mai hana rarraba tantanin halitta don ninka adadin chromosomes a cikin tantanin halitta kuma don haka ba da damar samar da layi mai laushi. Rashin samar da matasan na iya kasancewa saboda rashin dacewa kafin ko bayan hadi. Idan hadi zai yiwu tsakanin nau'in nau'i biyu ko nau'in jinsin halitta, mahaifar mahaifa na iya zubar da ciki kafin girma. Idan wannan ya faru, amfrayon da ke fitowa daga gicciye na musamman ko wani lokaci ana iya ceto shi kuma a yi al'adarsa don samar da tsire-tsire. Ana kiran irin wannan hanyar da ceton amfrayo. An yi amfani da wannan dabarar don samar da sabuwar shinkafa ga Afirka, giciye na musamman na shinkafa Oryza sativa na Asiya da shinkafar Afirka O. glaberrima. Hakanan ana iya samar da matasan ta hanyar dabarar da ake kira protoplast fusion. A wannan yanayin ana haɗa protoplasts, yawanci a cikin filin lantarki. Za a iya sake haifar da sake haɗawa masu dacewa a cikin al'ada. Ana amfani da mutagens na sinadarai kamar ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) da dimethyl sulfate (DMS), radiation, da transposons don mutagenesis. Mutagenesis shine tsarar mutants. Mai kiwon yana fatan kyawawan halaye da za a haifa tare da sauran cultivars - wani tsari da aka sani da maye gurbi. Masu kiwon tsire-tsire na gargajiya suma suna haifar da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani nau'in ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira somaclonal variation, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsire-tsire da aka samar daga al'adun nama, musamman tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samo daga callus. Polyploidy da aka jawo, da ƙari ko cire chromosomes ta amfani da wata dabara da ake kira injiniyan chromosome kuma ana iya amfani da su. [[Fayil:Отбор_образцов_мини-растений_картофеля.jpg|left|thumb|Binciken noma kan tsirrai na dankali]] Lokacin da aka haifar da kyawawan dabi'u a cikin nau'in nau'in, ana yin ƙetare da dama ga iyayen da aka fi so don yin sabon shuka kamar yadda iyaye suke so kamar yadda zai yiwu. Komawa ga misalan misalan ƙwanƙarar ƙwanƙwasa da ake hayewa tare da fis ɗin mai girma amma mai sauƙi, don sanya zuriyar giciye ta zama mai juriya kamar iyaye masu girma, za a ƙetare zuriyar zuwa ga wannan iyayen har tsararraki da yawa ( Duba baya). Wannan tsari yana kawar da yawancin gudunmawar kwayoyin halitta na iyaye masu jurewar mildew. Don haka kiwo na gargajiya tsari ne mai zagaye. [ana bukatar bayani] Tare da dabarun kiwo na gargajiya, mai kiwon bai san ainihin abin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ga sabbin cultivars ba. Wasu masana kimiyya saboda haka suna jayayya cewa tsire-tsire da aka samar ta hanyoyin kiwo na gargajiya yakamata su yi tsarin gwajin aminci iri ɗaya kamar tsire-tsire da aka gyara. Akwai lokuta inda tsire-tsire da ake kiwo ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gargajiya ba su dace da amfani da ɗan adam ba, misali gubar solanine da aka ƙara ba da gangan ba zuwa matakan da ba za a yarda da su ba a wasu nau'ikan dankalin turawa ta hanyar kiwo. Sabbin nau'ikan dankalin turawa galibi ana yin gwajin matakan solanine kafin isa kasuwa. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ko da tare da na baya-bayan nan a cikin kiwo na zamani wanda ke taimaka wa fasahar kere-kere, haɗa dabi'u yana ɗaukar matsakaicin tsararraki bakwai don amfanin gona da ake yaɗawa, tara don yin takin kai, da sha bakwai don yin pollination.<ref name="Norero-2018">{{Cite web |last=Norero |first=Daniel |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition |url=http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=[[Alliance for Science]] |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094407/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/unfairly-demonized-gmo-crops-can-help-fight-malnutrition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Shimelis |first=Hussein |last2=Laing |first2=Mark |title=Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures |journal=[[Australian Journal of Crop Science]] |publisher=[[Southern Cross Publishing]] |pages=1542–9 |issn=1835-2693 |eissn=1835-2707 |s2cid=55486617}}</ref> == Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani == Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani na iya amfani da dabarun ilimin halitta don zaɓar, ko kuma a cikin yanayin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta, don saka, halaye masu kyau a cikin tsirrai. Aiwatar da fasahar kere-kere ko ilmin halitta kuma ana kiranta da kiwo. [[Fayil:Adelport_270.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ana amfani da kayan aiki na zamani a cikin ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yanzu a cikin kiwon shuke-shuke.]] === Zaɓin da aka taimaka wa mai alama === Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iya yin tasiri ga kyawawan halaye a cikin kiwo. Amfani da kayan aiki irin su alamomin kwayoyin halitta ko zanen yatsan DNA na iya taswirar dubban kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana ba masu kiwon shuka damar tantance ɗimbin tsire-tsire ga waɗanda suka mallaki yanayin sha'awa. Binciken ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin wani takamaiman kwayar halitta kamar yadda hanyoyin dakin gwaje-gwaje suka ƙayyade, maimakon a gano ainihin yanayin da aka bayyana a cikin shuka. Manufar zaɓin taimakon alamar, ko nazarin kwayoyin halittar shuka, shine gano wuri da aiki (phenotype) na ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Idan an gano dukkan kwayoyin halitta yana kaiwa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [bayani da ake buƙata] Duk tsire-tsire suna da girma dabam dabam da tsayin genomes tare da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma da yawa kuma iri ɗaya ne. Idan an gano wurin da kwayoyin halitta suke da kuma aikinsu a cikin nau'in tsiro guda daya, ana iya samun irin wannan kwayar halitta mai kama da ita a wani wuri makamancin haka a cikin wani nau'in kwayar halitta mai alaka.<ref name="Biotech and food supply">{{Cite journal |last=Kasha |first=Ken |year=1999 |title=Biotechnology and world food supply |journal=[[Genome (journal)|Genome]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=642–645 |doi=10.1139/g99-043 |pmid=10464788}}</ref> === Gyara sakewa da sau biyu haploids (DH) === Ana iya samar da tsire-tsire masu homozygous tare da kyawawan halaye daga tsire-tsire masu farawa na heterozygous, idan ana iya samar da kwayar haploid tare da allele na waɗannan halayen, sannan a yi amfani da su don yin haploid mai ninki biyu. Haploid mai ninki biyu zai zama homozygous don halayen da ake so. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ana iya amfani da tsire-tsire iri biyu na homozygous daban-daban waɗanda aka kirkira ta wannan hanyar don samar da ƙarni na shuke-shuken matasan F1 waɗanda ke da fa'idodin heterozygosity da mafi girman kewayon halayen halayen. Don haka, tsire-tsire na heterozygous ɗaya wanda aka zaɓa don kyawawan halayensa za'a iya canza shi zuwa nau'in heterozygous (F1 hybrid) ba tare da larura na haifuwa na ciyayi ba amma sakamakon giciye na layin homozygous biyu/biyu na haploid da aka samu daga asalin shukar da aka zaɓa. Al'adun nama na shuka na iya haifar da haploid ko layukan shuka na haploid biyu da tsararraki. Wannan yana yanke bambance-bambancen jinsin da aka ɗauka daga nau'in shuka don zaɓar kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu ƙara dacewa da daidaikun mutane. Yin amfani da wannan hanya yana rage buƙatar kiwo da yawa na tsire-tsire don samun tsararrun da suka yi kama da halayen da ake so, ta yadda za a adana lokaci mai yawa akan nau'in halitta iri ɗaya. Akwai dabaru da yawa na shuka nama waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don cimma tsire-tsire na haploid, amma al'adun microspore a halin yanzu shine mafi alƙawarin samar da mafi yawan lambobi daga cikinsu.<ref name="Biotech and food supply"/> === Canjin kwayar halitta === Ana samun gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙara takamaiman kwayar halitta ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa shuka, ko kuma ta hanyar kayar da kwayar halitta tare da RNAi, don samar da nau'in halitta mai kyawawa. Tsire-tsire da ke haifar da ƙara kwayar halitta ana kiran su da tsire-tsire masu canzawa. Idan don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ana amfani da su a ƙarƙashin ikon masu tallata su na asali, to ana kiran su tsire-tsire cisgenic. Wani lokaci gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya samar da shuka mai dabi'a ko halayen da ake so da sauri fiye da kiwo na gargajiya saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittar shuka ba su canza ba. Don gyara halittar shuka, dole ne a ƙera tsarin halittar ta yadda shukar za ta bayyana ko za a cire. Don yin wannan, mai talla don fitar da rubutun da jerin ƙarewa don dakatar da rubuta sabon kwayar halitta, kuma dole ne a gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta na sha'awa ga shuka. Hakanan an haɗa alamar zaɓin tsire-tsire masu canzawa. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta alama ce da aka saba amfani da ita: Tsire-tsire waɗanda aka samu nasarar sākewa za su girma akan kafofin watsa labarai masu ɗauke da maganin rigakafi; shuke-shuken da ba a canza ba za su mutu. A wasu lokuta ana cire alamomi don zaɓi ta hanyar tsallakewa tare da shukar iyaye kafin sakin kasuwanci. Ana iya shigar da ginin a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar sake hadewar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin Agrobacterium tumefaciens ko A. rhizogenes, ko ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar bindigar kwayar halitta ko microinjection. Yin amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsire-tsire ma abu ne mai yuwuwa, amma dabarar ta iyakance ta hanyar kewayon ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, kwayar cutar mosaic na Farin kabeji (CaMV) kawai tana cutar da farin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shi ne cewa ba a saba ba da kwayar cutar zuwa ga zuriya ba, don haka kowace shuka dole ne a yi ta allurar. Yawancin shuke-shuke transgenic da aka saki a halin yanzu suna iyakance ga tsire-tsire waɗanda suka gabatar da juriya ga kwari da ciyawa. Ana samun juriyar kwari ta hanyar shigar da kwayar halitta daga Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wanda ke ɓoye sunadaran da ke da guba ga wasu kwari. Misali, auduga bollworm, kwaro na auduga na kowa, yana ciyar da auduga Bt zai sha guba kuma ya mutu. Herbicides yawanci suna aiki ta hanyar ɗaure wasu enzymes na shuka da hana ayyukansu. Enzymes da herbicide ke hana su ana kiran su da "wurin manufa" na herbicide. Ana iya ƙirƙira juriyar ciyawa zuwa amfanin gona ta hanyar bayyana sigar furotin da aka yi niyya wanda ba a hana ciyawa ba. Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samar da tsire-tsire masu jurewa glyphosate ("Roundup Ready"). gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙara jurewar damuwa zuwa yanayin da aka ba. Matsaloli kamar bambancin zafin jiki, ana yin siginar shukar ta hanyar ɗumbin ƙwayoyin sigina waɗanda za su kunna ma'aunin rubutu don daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta. An nuna wuce gona da iri na takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin haɓakawar sanyi don samar da ƙarin juriya ga daskarewa, wanda shine sanadin gama gari na asarar amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang, Wangxia |last2=Vinocur, Basia |last3=Altmann, Arie |year=2003 |title=Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance |journal=Planta |volume=218 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |bibcode=2003Plant.218....1W |doi=10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 |pmid=14513379 |s2cid=24400025}}</ref> Canjin kwayoyin halitta na tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya samar da magunguna (da kuma sinadarai na masana'antu), wani lokaci ana kiranta pharmating, wani sabon yanki ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiwo..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzie Key |last2=Julian K-C Ma |last3=Pascal MW Drake |name-list-style=amp |date=1 June 2008 |title=Genetically modified plants and human health |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 |pmc=2408621 |pmid=18515776}}</ref> Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin shekarun 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 dangane da yadda kafafen yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyinta a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasar amfanin gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta ƙunshi tasirin muhalli na tsire-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, amincin abincin da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta aminci kamar daidaitattun daidaito. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da tsarin tsari don taimakawa don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da aminci kuma suna biyan bukatun manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don tsire-tsire na GM, da sauransu. === Kiwo da microbiome === Muhawarar da ta shafi abinci da aka gyara a cikin 1990 ta kai kololuwa a cikin 1999 fim da yadda labaran yada labarai da kuma hasashe na hadari, kuma ta ci gaba a yau – alal misali, “Jamus ta jefa nauyin a baya ga ci gaban Turai na ci gaba da bunkasa amfani gona da aka gyara ta hanyar hana dasa shuki da yawa. iri-iri na masara mai jure kwari." Muhawarar ta kunna bayan na Tsi-tsire da aka gyaggyarawa, abinci da aka gyara da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka yi amfani da su don masanan kamar daidaitattun masana. Irin wannan damuwa ba sabon abu bane ga shuka kiwo.aye yawan suna da tsarin don tabbatar da cewa sabbin nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke shiga kasuwa suna da samfuran kuma suna biyan manoma. Misalai sun haɗa da rajista iri-iri, tsarin iri, izini na tsari don Tsi-tsire na GM, da sauransu..<ref name="Abdelfattah-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Abdelfattah |first=Ahmed |last2=Tack |first2=Ayco J. M. |last3=Wasserman |first3=Birgit |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Berg |first5=Gabriele |last6=Norelli |first6=John |last7=Droby |first7=Samir |last8=Wisniewski |first8=Michael |year=2021 |title=Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |language=en |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=2088–2100 |doi=10.1111/nph.17820 |issn=1469-8137 |pmc=9299473 |pmid=34823272 |s2cid=244661193}}</ref> === Phenotyping da fasaha ta wucin gadi === Tun daga shekarar 2020 koyan inji - kuma musamman koyan injuna mai zurfi - kwanan nan ya zama mafi yawan amfani da su a cikin phenotyping. Kwamfuta hangen nesa ta amfani da ML ya sami babban ci gaba kuma yanzu ana amfani da shi ga ganyen phenotyping da sauran ayyukan phenotyping da idanun ɗan adam ke yi. Pound et al. 2017 da Singh et al. 2016 sune misalai na musamman na aikace-aikacen da aka yi nasara da wuri da kuma nuna yadda ake amfani da tsarin gabaɗaya a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa. Waɗannan hanyoyin za su yi aiki mafi kyau tare da manyan, fa'idodin buɗaɗɗen bayanan jama'a.<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Watt |first=Michelle |last2=Fiorani |first2=Fabio |last3=Usadel |first3=Björn |last4=Rascher |first4=Uwe |last5=Muller |first5=Onno |last6=Schurr |first6=Ulrich |date=2020-04-29 |title=Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=689–712 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 |issn=1543-5008 |pmid=32097567 |s2cid=211523980}}</ref> === Gudanar da sauri === Watson et al ya gabatar da kiwo cikin sauri. 2018. Classical (an yi ɗan adam) phenotyping a lokacin saurin kiwo kuma yana yiwuwa, ta amfani da hanyar da Richard et al. 2015. Kamar yadda na 2020 ana tsammanin cewa SB da phenotyping mai sarrafa kansa, hade, za su samar da ingantattun sakamako - duba § Phenotyping da hankali na wucin gadi a sama..<ref name="Watt-et-al-2020"/> === Zaɓin ƙwayoyin halitta (GS) === Dandalin NGS ya ƙi ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don jeri tare da sauƙaƙe gano SNP a cikin ƙirar ƙira da shuke-shuken da ba samfuri ba. Wannan kuma ya haifar da yin amfani da manyan alamomin SNP a cikin hanyoyin zaɓe na genomic waɗanda ke nufin tsinkayar ƙimar kiwo na genomic / GEBVs na genotypes a cikin yawan jama'a. Wannan hanya na iya ƙara daidaitattun zaɓi kuma rage lokacin kowane sake zagayowar kiwo. An yi amfani da ita a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban kamar masara, alkama, da sauransu. == Kasuwancin shuke-shuke == Haɓaka tsire-tsire (PPB) shine lokacin da manoma suka shiga cikin shirin inganta amfanin gona tare da damar da za su yanke shawara da ba da gudummawa ga tsarin bincike a matakai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyoyin haɗin kai don inganta amfanin gona lokacin da ake amfani da fasahar halittun shuka don inganta amfanin gona. Tsarin aikin gona na gida da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna ƙarfafa ta shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa, kuma sakamakon yana haɓaka ta hanyar ilimin manoma game da ingancin da ake buƙata da kuma kimanta yanayin da aka yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elings |first=A. |last2=Almekinders |first2=C. J. M. |last3=Stam |first3=P. |date=December 2001 |title=Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding |journal=Euphytica |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=423–424 |doi=10.1023/A:1017923423714 |s2cid=25146186}}</ref> Wani nazari da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan kiwo na tsiro ya nuna cewa bai samu karbuwa sosai ba duk da nasarar da aka samu na samar da nau’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in iri da ingantattun nau’o’in abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma yuwuwar irin wadannan ingantattun iri da manoma za su karbe. Wannan bita ya kuma gano kiwo shuka don samun ingantacciyar farashi/ riba fiye da hanyoyin da ba sa hannu ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar haɗa shukar shuka tare da kiwo na shukar juyin halitta.<ref name="participatory-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2019-10-02 |title=From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429507335-15/participatory-evolutionary-plant-breeding-salvatore-ceccarelli-stefania-grando |journal=Farmers and Plant Breeding |language=en |pages=231–244 |doi=10.4324/9780429507335-15 |isbn=9780429507335 |s2cid=210580815}}</ref> == Yaduwar shuke-shuke na juyin halitta == Kiwon tsire-tsire na juyin halitta yana bayyana ayyuka waɗanda ke amfani da yawan jama'a tare da nau'ikan genotypes waɗanda aka girma ƙarƙashin gasa na zaɓin yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin noman amfanin gona gama gari shine hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta zaɓi, maimakon zaɓi kai tsaye ta masu noma da masu kiwo. Tsirrai guda ɗaya waɗanda aka fi so a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma, kamar muhalli da kayan aiki, suna ba da gudummawar iri ga tsara na gaba fiye da waɗanda ba su dace ba. Bankin Gene na Nepal ya sami nasarar amfani da kiwo na tsiron da aka yi amfani da shi don adana bambance-bambancen nau'in shuka a cikin shinkafa Jumli Marshi tare da rage kamuwa da cutar fashewa. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Nepal tare da ƙauyen wake.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary">{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=B. K. |last2=Ayer |first2=D. K. |last3=Gauchan |first3=D. |last4=Jarvis |first4=D. |date=2020-10-13 |title=Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jafu/article/view/47023 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University |language=en |pages=1–11 |doi=10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 |issn=2594-3146 |s2cid=231832089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1929, Harlan da Martini sun ba da shawarar hanyar shuka shuka tare da yawan jama'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗa adadin iri iri na F2 da aka samu daga giciye 378 tsakanin nau'ikan sha'ir 28 daban-daban. A cikin 1938, Harlan da Martini sun nuna juyin halitta ta zaɓin yanayi a cikin jama'a masu ƙarfi kamar yadda wasu 'yan nau'ikan da suka mamaye wasu wurare sun kusan bace a wasu; ire-iren da ba su da kyau sun bace ko'ina.<ref name="evolutionary-response">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=Salvatore |last2=Grando |first2=Stefania |date=2020-12-18 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=101815 |bibcode=2020iSci...23j1815C |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=7708809 |pmid=33305179}}</ref> An yi amfani da yawan kiwo na juyin halitta don kafa tsarin sarrafa tsire-tsire-tsari. Misalai sun haɗa da sha'ir, inda masu shayarwa suka sami damar haɓaka juriya ga Rynchosporium secalis scald sama da ƙarni 45. Wani aikin kiwo na juyin halitta ya haɓaka yawan adadin waken soya na F5 akan ƙasa wanda ƙwayar waken waken nematode ya mamaye kuma ya sami damar haɓaka adadin tsire-tsire masu juriya daga kashi 5% zuwa 40%. Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Duniya a Busassun wurare (ICARDA) an haɗe shukar shukar juyin halitta tare da kiwo shuka don baiwa manoma damar zaɓar irin nau'ikan da suka dace da bukatunsu a cikin muhallin su.<ref name="breeding-climate">{{Cite journal |last=Ceccarelli |first=S. |last2=Grando |first2=S. |last3=Maatougui |first3=M. |last4=Michael |first4=M. |last5=Slash |first5=M. |last6=Haghparast |first6=R. |last7=Rahmanian |first7=M. |last8=Taheri |first8=A. |last9=Al-Yassin |first9=A. |last10=Benbelkacem |first10=A. |last11=Labdi |first11=M. |last12=Mimoun |first12=H. |last13=Nachit |first13=M. |date=December 2010 |title=Plant breeding and climate changes |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=148 |issue=6 |pages=627–637 |doi=10.1017/S0021859610000651 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=86237270 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙoƙari mai tasiri na 1956 da Coit A. Suneson ya yi don daidaita wannan tsarin ya ƙirƙira kalmar kiwo na tsire-tsire kuma ya kammala cewa tsararrun 15 na zaɓin yanayi suna da sha'awar samar da sakamakon da ke da gasa tare da kiwo na al'ada. Kiwo na juyin halitta yana ba da damar aiki tare da girman yawan shuka fiye da kiwo na al'ada. Hakanan an yi amfani da shi tare da ayyuka na al'ada don haɓaka layukan amfanin gona iri-iri da iri ɗaya don ƙarancin tsarin aikin noma waɗanda ke da yanayin damuwa mara tabbas.<ref name="evolutionary-low-input">{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=S. L. |last2=Wolfe |first2=M. S. |date=August 2005 |title=Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/evolutionary-plant-breeding-for-low-input-systems/34E6B1F07EF0BB4A6D0C1415425E16BB |journal=The Journal of Agricultural Science |language=en |volume=143 |issue=4 |pages=245–254 |doi=10.1017/S0021859605005009 |issn=1469-5146 |s2cid=56219112}}</ref> An tsara shuke-shuke na juyin halitta zuwa matakai huɗu: <ref name="evolutionary-cereals">{{Cite journal |last=Döring |first=Thomas F. |last2=Knapp |first2=Samuel |last3=Kovacs |first3=Geza |last4=Murphy |first4=Kevin |last5=Wolfe |first5=Martin S. |date=October 2011 |title=Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1944–1971 |doi=10.3390/su3101944 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Mataki na 1: An ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta, misali ta hanyar giciye na hannu na nau'ikan da ake shukawa ko gaurayawan ciyayi a cikin ƙetare nau'ikan. * Mataki na 2: Yawan iri * Mataki na 3: Daga nan sai a gauraya iri na kowane giciye don samar da ƙarni na farko na yawan Jama'ar Giciye (CCP). Dukan zuriya ana shuka su don girma da kafa iri. Yayin da adadin tsire-tsire a cikin yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, ana ajiye wani kaso na iri da aka girbe don shuka. * Mataki na 4: Za a iya amfani da iri don ci gaba da haifuwar tsire-tsire ko azaman mafari don ƙoƙarin kiwo na al'ada. == Tambayoyi da damuwa == === Kiwo da tsaro na abinci === Batutuwan da ke fuskantar kiwo a nan gaba sun hada da rashin filin noma, yanayin noman da ke kara tsananta da kuma bukatar tabbatar da isasshen abinci, wanda ya hada da samar da isasshen abinci ga al’ummar duniya. Shuka amfanin gona na buƙatar samun damar girma a wurare da yawa don ba da damar shiga duniya, wanda ya haɗa da magance matsalolin ciki har da jurewar fari. An ba da shawarar cewa ana iya samun mafita a duniya ta hanyar tsarin kiwo, tare da ikon zabar takamaiman kwayoyin halittar da ke ba da damar amfanin gona a matakin da ake so. Wani batu da ke fuskantar noma shi ne hasarar kabilanci da sauran nau'in gida da ke da bambancin da ka iya samun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don daidaita yanayin yanayi a nan gaba.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> Kiwo na al'ada da gangan yana iyakance phenotype filastik tsakanin genotypes kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambance tsakanin genotypes. Haɗin kai baya ƙyale amfanin gona ya dace da canjin yanayi da sauran matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta da matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="breeding-climate"/> === Hakkin masu shuka shuke-shuke === Hakkokin masu shuka shuki lamari ne mai mahimmanci da jayayya. Samar da sabbin nau'o'in) wanda ke neman kare aikin su da kuma tattara kudaden sarauta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da kasa da aka kafa bisa haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa suna da sarƙaƙƙiya. A cikin mafi sauƙi, masu sukar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi suna jayayya cewa, ta hanyar haɗuwa da matsalolin fasaha da tattalin arziki, masu shayarwa na kasuwanci suna rage nau'o'in halittu kuma suna hana mutane (kamar manoma) daga haɓakawa da cinikin iri a matakin yanki. Ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haƙƙin masu kiwo, alal misali, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin kariya iri-iri. Dokokin mallakar ilimi don tsire-tsire galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar da ba ta canzawa a cikin tsararraki. Wadannan ma'anar doka na kwanciyar hankali sun bambanta da amfani da ilimin noma na gargajiya, wanda ke la'akari da kwanciyar hankali dangane da yadda amfanin gona ko ingancin amfanin gona ya kasance a duk wurare da kuma tsawon lokaci.<ref name="evolutionary-cereals"/> Tun daga 2020, ƙa'idodi a Nepal kawai suna ba da izinin yin rajista ko saki nau'ikan iri. Yawan tsire-tsire na juyin halitta da yawancin jinsin ƙasa polymorphic ne kuma basu cika waɗannan ka'idoji ba.<ref name="nepal-evolutionary"/> === Matsalar muhalli === Uniform da kwanciyar hankali cultivars na iya zama rashin isassun ma'amala da sauyin yanayi da abubuwan damuwa. Masu kiwon shuka sun mayar da hankali wajen gano amfanin gona da zai tabbatar da amfanin gona a karkashin wadannan yanayi; hanyar cimma wannan ita ce gano nau'ikan amfanin gona da ke jure yanayin fari tare da ƙarancin nitrogen. A bayyane yake cewa kiwo na shuka yana da mahimmanci don noma na gaba ya ci gaba da rayuwa yayin da yake baiwa manoma damar samar da amfanin gona mai jure damuwa don haka inganta wadatar abinci. A cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da matsanancin sanyi irin su Iceland, Jamus da gabas a Turai, masu shayarwa suna da hannu wajen kiwo don jure sanyi, ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara, sanyi-fari (bushewa daga iska da hasken rana a ƙarƙashin sanyi) da matakan danshi mai yawa. a cikin ƙasa a cikin hunturu.<ref>Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010). '''115''' (3): 287-296, page. 289|https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004</ref> === Tsarin dogon lokaci === Kiwo ba tsari ne mai sauri ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman lokacin kiwo don inganta cuta. Matsakaicin lokaci daga fahimtar ɗan adam na sabon cutar cututtukan fungal zuwa sakin amfanin gona mai juriya ga wannan ƙwayar cuta shine aƙalla shekaru goma sha biyu..<ref name="Shimelis-Laing-2012"/><ref name="Mahlein-et-al-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Mahlein |first=A.-K. |last2=Kuska |first2=M.T. |last3=Behmann |first3=J. |last4=Polder |first4=G. |last5=Walter |first5=A. |date=2018-08-25 |title=Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art |journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=535–558 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 |issn=0066-4286 |pmid=30149790 |s2cid=52096158}}</ref> Lokacin da aka haifar da sababbin nau'o'in tsire-tsire ko cultivars, dole ne a kiyaye su kuma a yada su. Wasu tsire-tsire ana yada su ta hanyar jima'i yayin da wasu kuma ana yada su ta hanyar iri. Abubuwan da ake yada iri suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa akan tushen iri da hanyoyin samarwa don kiyaye amincin shukar sakamakon. Warewa yana da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da giciye tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa ko haɗuwa da iri bayan girbi. Keɓewa yawanci ana samun ta ta hanyar shuka nisa amma a cikin wasu amfanin gona, ana rufe tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouses ko keji (mafi yawan amfani da su yayin samar da matasan F1). === Amfanin abinci mai gina jiki === Kiwon tsire-tsire na zamani, ko na gargajiya ko ta hanyar injiniyanci, yana zuwa tare da al'amurran da suka shafi damuwa, musamman game da amfanin gona. Tambayar ko kiwo na iya yin mummunan tasiri akan darajar abinci mai gina jiki shine tsakiya a wannan batun. Ko da yake an ɗan yi bincike kai tsaye a wannan fanni, akwai alamun kimiyya cewa, ta hanyar fifita wasu al'amura na ci gaban shuka, wasu al'amura na iya ja baya. Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of the American College of Nutrition in 2004, mai suna Canje-canje a cikin Bayanan Abincin Abinci na USDA don amfanin gona na 43, 1950 zuwa 1999, idan aka kwatanta da nazarin abinci mai gina jiki na kayan lambu da aka yi a 1950 da 1999, kuma ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin shida na 13 na gina jiki da aka auna, ciki har da 6% na furotin da 38% na riboflavin. An kuma sami raguwar alli, phosphorus, iron da ascorbic acid. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar a Cibiyar Biochemical, Jami'ar Texas a Austin, ya ƙare a taƙaice: "Muna ba da shawarar cewa duk wani raguwa na gaske ana iya bayyana shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar canje-canjen da aka noma tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999, wanda za'a iya samun ciniki tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1999. kayan amfanin gona da abubuwan gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=D.R. |last2=Epp |first2=M.D. |last3=Riordan |first3=H.D. |year=2004 |title=Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=669–682 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 |pmid=15637215 |s2cid=13595345}}</ref> Kiwo shuka na iya ba da gudummawa ga samar da abinci a duniya saboda kayan aiki ne mai tsada don haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da amfanin gona. Haɓaka darajar abinci mai gina jiki don amfanin gonakin kiwo daga amfani da kimiyar nazari da fasahar fermentation an rubuta tun 1960; wannan kimiyya da fasaha sun ba masu kiwon kiwo damar tantance dubban samfurori a cikin ɗan ƙaramin lokaci, ma'ana masu kiwo za su iya gano babban aiki da sauri. Ci gaban kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) wanda ya haifar da 0.7-2.5% karuwa, a kawai 1% karuwa a IVDMD Bos Taurus guda ɗaya wanda kuma aka sani da shanu na shanu ya ruwaito 3.2% karuwa a kullum. Wannan haɓakawa yana nuna kiwo tsire-tsire shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don tsara aikin noma na gaba don aiwatarwa a matakin ci gaba. === Bayani === Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, samar da abinci yana buƙatar karuwa da shi. An kiyasta cewa ana bukatar karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 na samar da abinci nan da shekarar 2050 domin cimma sanarwar taron koli na duniya kan samar da abinci. Amma tare da gurɓacewar ƙasar noma, dasa yawan amfanin gona kawai ba wani zaɓi bane. Ana iya haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a wasu lokuta ta hanyar kiwo da ke haifar da haɓakar amfanin gona ba tare da dogaro da haɓakar ƙasa ba. Ana iya ganin misalin hakan a Asiya, inda samar da abinci ga kowane mutum ya karu sau biyu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar amfani da takin zamani kawai, amma ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun amfanin gona da aka kera musamman domin yankin.<ref name="Tester, Langridge">{{Cite journal |last=Tester |first=Mark |last2=Langridge |first2=Peter |date=February 2010 |title=Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=818–822 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..818T |doi=10.1126/science.1183700 |pmid=20150489 |s2cid=9468220}}</ref><ref name="Godfray, Crute, Haddad, Lawrence, Muir, Pretty, Robinson. Thomas, Toulmin">{{Cite journal |last=Haddad |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Haddad |last2=Godfray, H. Charles J. |last3=Beddington, John R. |last4=Crute, Ian R. |last5=Lawrence, David |last6=Muir, James F. |last7=Pretty, Jules |last8=Robinson, Sherman |last9=Thomas, Sandy M. |last10=Toulmin, Camilla |date=12 February 2010 |title=Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=327 |issue=5967 |pages=812–818 |bibcode=2010Sci...327..812G |doi=10.1126/science.1185383 |pmid=20110467 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Matsayin kiwon shuke-shuke a cikin aikin gona na kwayoyin === Wasu masu sukar aikin noma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da ɗanɗano sosai don zama madaidaicin madadin noma na al'ada a cikin yanayi lokacin da rashin aikin yi na iya zama sakamakon wani ɓangare na haɓaka nau'ikan da ba su dace ba. An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 95% na aikin noma ya dogara ne akan nau'ikan da aka saba da su na al'ada, duk da cewa yanayin samarwa da ake samu a cikin tsarin noma na al'ada ya sha bamban sosai saboda tsarin gudanarwa na musamman. Musamman ma, manoman kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake samu fiye da masu noma na yau da kullun don sarrafa yanayin samar da su. Nau'in kiwo musamman dacewa da yanayi na musamman na aikin noma yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fannin don gane cikakken ƙarfinsa. Wannan yana buƙatar zaɓi don halaye kamar: <ref name="Lammerts 1">{{Cite journal |last=Lammerts van Bueren |first=E.T. |last2=S.S. Jones |last3=L. Tamm |last4=K.M. Murphy |last5=J.R. Myers |last6=C. Leifert |last7=M.M. Messmer |year=2010 |title=The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review |journal=NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences |volume=58 |issue=3–4 |pages=193–205 |doi=10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amfani da ruwa * Amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus) * Gasar ciyawa * Tolerance na sarrafa ciyawa na inji * Tsayayya da annoba / cututtukan cututtuka * Matsala da wuri (a matsayin hanyar guje wa wasu damuwa) * Rashin haƙuri na damuwa (watau fari, gishiri, da dai sauransu...) A halin yanzu, ƴan shirye-shiryen kiwo ne ake jagorantar aikin noma kuma har zuwa kwanan nan waɗanda suka magance wannan fannin gabaɗaya sun dogara ga zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin al'ada don halayen da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga aikin noma). Duk da haka, saboda bambanci tsakanin yanayin halitta da na al'ada yana da girma, nau'in genotype da aka bayar zai iya yin aiki daban-daban a kowane yanayi saboda hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli (duba hulɗar kwayoyin halitta-muhalli). Idan wannan hulɗar ta yi tsanani sosai, ba za a iya bayyana wani muhimmin hali da ake buƙata don yanayin halitta ba a cikin yanayi na al'ada, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓi na daidaitattun mutane. Don tabbatar da an gano nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa da su, masu ba da shawara na kiwo a yanzu suna inganta amfani da zaɓin kai tsaye (watau zaɓi a cikin yanayin da ake nufi) don yawancin halayen noma. Akwai fasahohin kiwo na gargajiya da na zamani da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɓaka amfanin gona a aikin noma duk da haramcin da aka ƙera ta kwayoyin halitta. Misali, gicciye masu sarrafawa tsakanin mutane suna ba da damar sake haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta masu kyawu da kuma canja su zuwa zuriyar iri ta hanyoyin halitta. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da zaɓin taimakon mai alamar azaman kayan aikin bincike don sauƙaƙe zaɓin zuriyar da suka mallaki halayen da ake so, suna hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo. Wannan dabarar ta tabbatar da amfani musamman don shigar da kwayoyin halittar juriya zuwa sabbin wurare, da kuma ingantaccen zaɓi na yawancin ƙwayoyin juriya da aka yi da dala cikin mutum ɗaya. Alamar kwayoyin halitta ba a samuwa a halin yanzu don yawancin halaye masu mahimmanci, musamman ma masu rikitarwa waɗanda yawancin kwayoyin halitta ke sarrafawa. == Jerin sanannun masu shuka shuke-shuke == * Thomas Andrew Knight * Keith Downey * Luther Burbank * Nazareno Strampelli * Niels Ebbesen Hansen * Norman Borlaug * Yvonne Aitken * Ed Currie == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 38tj4grph6zjiangodrabaslyh3oqwb 0 84381 648152 566071 2025-06-27T10:34:33Z Mrymaa 13965 648152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:GAE - Fortuna Sittard - 53206593422.jpg|thumb|'''Tijjani Noslin''']] '''Tijjani Noslin''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Holand|Holland]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar [[Lazio]] ta Jerin A. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Shekaru na farko === An haife shi a [[Amsterdam]], <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Tijjani Noslin |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/tijjani-noslin/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}</ref> Noslin ya buga wa kungiyoyi da yawa a garinsu, ciki har da ASV Arsenal, Buitenveldert da Swift, kafin ya koma 's-Hertogenbosch yana da shekaru 14 don shiga makarantar FC Den Bosch. <ref name="KKD">{{Cite web |title=Talentscout − Tijjani Noslin |url=https://keukenkampioendivisie.nl/talentscout-tijjani-noslin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805133716/https://keukenkampioendivisie.nl/talentscout-tijjani-noslin/ |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Eerste Divisie|Keuken Kampioen Divisie]] |language=nl}}</ref> Duk da haka, an sake shi kuma ya koma Amsterdam bayan shekara guda, ya ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa na ƙananan kungiyoyi ciki har da OJC Rosmalen da RODA '23 . Daga baya ya shiga makarantar FC Twente, amma an sake shi a matsayin mai shekaru 18, tare da kulob din yana mai nuna rashin tsayi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=van der Doelen |first=Jaap |date=27 October 2021 |title=Tijjani Noslin was volgens iedereen te klein, maar bleek wel dapper |url=https://www.bd.nl/sport/tijjani-noslin-was-volgens-iedereen-te-klein-maar-bleek-wel-dapper~a5067784/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Brabants Dagblad |language=nl}}</ref>" id="mwIA"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span><ref name="VI2">{{Cite web |last=Jakobs |first=Geert-Jan |date=15 April 2023 |title=Met dank aan God, mama en Wesley |url=https://www.vi.nl/pro/met-dank-aan-god-mama-en-wesley |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Voetbal International |language=nl}}</ref> Bayan gwajin da ya gaza a wata makarantar kimiyya a [[Manchester]], ya sanya hannu ga kungiyar 'yan wasan Holland USV Hercules . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=van der Doelen |first=Jaap |date=27 October 2021 |title=Tijjani Noslin was volgens iedereen te klein, maar bleek wel dapper |url=https://www.bd.nl/sport/tijjani-noslin-was-volgens-iedereen-te-klein-maar-bleek-wel-dapper~a5067784/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Brabants Dagblad |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_der_Doelen2021">van der Doelen, Jaap (27 October 2021). [https://www.bd.nl/sport/tijjani-noslin-was-volgens-iedereen-te-klein-maar-bleek-wel-dapper~a5067784/ "Tijjani Noslin was volgens iedereen te klein, maar bleek wel dapper"]. ''Brabants Dagblad'' (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> Ya buga wasanni 26 a gasar kuma ya zira kwallaye 10 a Hercules tsakanin 2017 da 2020, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Tijjani Noslin |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/tijjani-noslin/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=worldfootball.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/tijjani-noslin/ "Tijjani Noslin"]. ''worldfootball.net''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> kafin ya shiga DHSC a lokacin rani na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Tijjani Noslin verlaat Hercules voor ambitieus DHSC |url=https://www.voetbal247.nl/tijjani-noslin-verlaat-hercules-voor-ambitieus-dhsc/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Voetbal247.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Bayan wasanni biyar na DHSC a duk lokacin kakar 2020-21, inda mataimakin kocin Wesley Sneijder da tsoffin 'yan wasan kwararru Mounir El Hamdaoui da [[Ismaïl Aissati]] suka koya masa, Noslin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar amateur tare da TOP Oss a lokacin rani na 2021.<ref name="ad1">{{Cite web |last=Bos |first=Stan |date=11 August 2021 |title=Tijjani Noslin tekent bij Fortuna Sittard, met dank aan Wesley Sneijder en Mounir el Hamdaoui |url=https://www.ad.nl/regiosport-utrecht/tijjani-noslin-tekent-bij-fortuna-sittard-met-dank-aan-wesley-sneijder-en-mounir-el-hamdaoui~acef2241/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Algemeen Dagblad |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="KKD">{{Cite web |title=Talentscout − Tijjani Noslin |url=https://keukenkampioendivisie.nl/talentscout-tijjani-noslin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805133716/https://keukenkampioendivisie.nl/talentscout-tijjani-noslin/ |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Eerste Divisie|Keuken Kampioen Divisie]] |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://keukenkampioendivisie.nl/talentscout-tijjani-noslin/ "Talentscout − Tijjani Noslin"]. ''[[Rarrabawar Kasuwanci|Keuken Kampioen Divisie]]'' (in Dutch). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210805133716/https://keukenkampioendivisie.nl/talentscout-tijjani-noslin/ Archived] from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=van der Doelen |first=Jaap |date=5 August 2021 |title=TOP Oss raakt spits Tijjani Noslin voor de eerste wedstrijd mogelijk al kwijt aan Fortuna Sittard |url=https://www.bd.nl/top-oss/top-oss-raakt-spits-tijjani-noslin-voor-de-eerste-wedstrijd-mogelijk-al-kwijt-aan-fortuna-sittard~adede49a/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Brabants Dagblad |language=nl}}</ref> === Fortuna Sittard === Kamar yadda Noslin ba ya ƙarƙashin kwangilar ƙwararru a TOP Oss, ya shiga ƙungiyar Eredivisie Fortuna Sittard daga baya a wannan lokacin rani a kan canja wurin kyauta, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref name="ad1">{{Cite web |last=Bos |first=Stan |date=11 August 2021 |title=Tijjani Noslin tekent bij Fortuna Sittard, met dank aan Wesley Sneijder en Mounir el Hamdaoui |url=https://www.ad.nl/regiosport-utrecht/tijjani-noslin-tekent-bij-fortuna-sittard-met-dank-aan-wesley-sneijder-en-mounir-el-hamdaoui~acef2241/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Algemeen Dagblad |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBos2021">Bos, Stan (11 August 2021). [https://www.ad.nl/regiosport-utrecht/tijjani-noslin-tekent-bij-fortuna-sittard-met-dank-aan-wesley-sneijder-en-mounir-el-hamdaoui~acef2241/ "Tijjani Noslin tekent bij Fortuna Sittard, met dank aan Wesley Sneijder en Mounir el Hamdaoui"]. ''Algemeen Dagblad'' (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2021 a matsayin mai maye gurbin George Cox a cikin nasara 1-0 ga [[SC Heerenveen]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heerenveen vs. Fortuna Sittard – 18 September 2021 |url=https://nr.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/18/netherlands/eredivisie/sportclub-heerenveen/fortuna-sittard/3512495/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a watan da ya biyo baya tare da burin budewa na 1-1 draw tare da Willem II bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin rabin lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Doelpuntenmaker Fortuna dankt Sneijder: 'Tot voor kort werkte ik bij Subway' |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/doelpuntenmaker-fortuna-dankt-sneijder-tot-voor-kort-werkte-ik-bij-subway |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=Voetbal International |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=Voormalig DHSC-er Noslin maakt eerste eredivisietreffer: 'Droom die uitkomt' |url=https://www.rtvutrecht.nl/sport/3197653/voormalig-dhsc-er-noslin-maakt-eerste-eredivisietreffer-droom-die-uitkomt |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=RTV Utrecht |language=nl}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, kocin Sjors Ultee ya ba shi damar farawa ta farko a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a wasan da aka yi da Heracles Almelo 3-1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heracles vs. Fortuna Sittard – 20 November 2021 |url=https://nr.soccerway.com/matches/2021/11/20/netherlands/eredivisie/stichting-heracles-almelo/fortuna-sittard/3512569/ |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Ya gama kakar wasa ta farko a Fortuna tare da burin daya a wasanni 26. A lokacin kakar wasa ta biyu a kulob din, Noslin ya zama mai farawa na yau da kullun. Bayan ya zira kwallaye masu ban sha'awa a kan Volendam a ranar 17 ga Maris 2023, masanin kimiyya da tsohon dan Ƙasar Netherlands Rafael van der Vaart ya yaba masa a cikin Studio Voetbal [nl], wanda ya kira shi "mai kyau dan wasa wanda ke da haɗari koyaushe. Yana da duka". <ref name="VI2">{{Cite web |last=Jakobs |first=Geert-Jan |date=15 April 2023 |title=Met dank aan God, mama en Wesley |url=https://www.vi.nl/pro/met-dank-aan-god-mama-en-wesley |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Voetbal International |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJakobs2023">Jakobs, Geert-Jan (15 April 2023). [https://www.vi.nl/pro/met-dank-aan-god-mama-en-wesley "Met dank aan God, mama en Wesley"]. ''Voetbal International'' (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> === Hellas Verona === A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2024, Noslin ya shiga kungiyar Jerin A ta Hellas Verona don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref> {{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Tijjani Noslin is a new yellow-blue striker! |trans-title=Tijjani Noslin è un nuovo attaccante gialloblù! |url=https://www.hellasverona.it/news/tijjani-noslin-e-un-nuovo-attaccante-gialloblu |access-date=23 January 2024 |website= |publisher=Hellas Verona FC |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=De Felice |first=Alessandro |date=23 January 2024 |title=Il Verona pesca il 'nuovo Ngonge': ufficiale il primo colpo |url=https://www.goal.com/it/liste/il-verona-pesca-il-nuovo-ngonge-ufficiale-il-primo-colpo/blt3b2e9443b29373ce |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Goal.com |language=it}}</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] m77c55sqtmidxs5cfll1299h6mctsg3 0 87766 647707 557366 2025-06-26T17:13:09Z Bikhrah 15061 An kirkira ta fassara "Origins" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287382632|Tunisian cuisine]]" 647707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bol_de_Leblabi_de_Tunisie,_21_mars_2017.jpg|right|thumb|''Lablabi'' babban sopo ne da aka yi da chickpeas da tafarnuwa]] [[Fayil:LocationTunisia.svg|thumb|Wurin Tunisia]] Abincin kasar [[Tunisiya]], '''Abincin Tunisiya''', ya ƙunshi al'adun dafa abinci, sinadaran, girke-girke da dabarun da aka haɓaka a Tunisiya tun zamanin d ̄ a. Yafi haɗuwa da abincin Bahar Rum da na asalin Berber tare da tasirin Punic. A tarihi, abincin Tunisiya ya ga tasiri da musayar tare da al'adu da kasashe da yawa kamar Italiya, Andalusians, [[Faransa|Faransanci]] da [[Larabawa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial Staff |date=2022-09-29 |title=Tunisian Cuisine — Mentality, Spirit & Character |url=https://carthagemagazine.com/tunisian-cuisine/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Carthage Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamar kasashe da yawa a cikin Bahar Rum, abincin Tunisiya ya dogara ne da Man zaitun, kayan yaji, [[Tumatir]], abincin teku da nama. Duk da haka, yana da ɗanɗano na musamman wanda ya bambanta da abincin da ke kewaye da shi. == Asalin == Abincin Tunisiya ya samo asali ne daga [[Abzinawa|Berbers]], tsohuwar Carthage, Roma, nasarar Islama ta Maghreb, da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Abincin Tunisiya kuma ya sami rinjaye sosai daga Italiyanci (musamman Sicilian). <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Davidson (food writer)}}</ref> A lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Tunisia ta tallata bambancin ta zuwa Babban birnin Faransa ma'ana ta yi wasa da ra'ayoyin Faransanci na "bambanci" (Orientalism) don sayar da kayan mulkin mallaka ga Faransa. Yawancin gidajen cin abinci da ke ba da abinci ga baƙi na duniya ba su ba da ainihin abincin mulkin mallaka ba. An jaddada ban sha'awa da bambanci a maimakon haka a cikin souks da wuraren cin abinci. Mazauna Turai da suka yi tafiya zuwa da kuma daga Faransa sun raba abubuwan da suka faru na abinci tare da manyan Faransanci, amma ainihin abincin Tunisiya bai shiga cikin shahararren Abincin mulkin mallaka na Abincin Faransanci ba. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == [[Fayil:Eating_Asida.JPG|thumb|Abincin ''Asida'' na [[Arewacin Afirka]] shine tarin gurasar alkama da aka dafa, wani lokacin tare da ƙara man shanu ko zuma]] [[Fayil:Merguez_sausages.jpg|right|thumb|''Merguez'' ja ne, ɗan ragon mai ɗanɗano ko sabo na naman sa]] [[Fayil:Shakshoka.jpg|right|thumb|''shakshouka'' na kwai da aka yi a Tunisia]] Ba kamar sauran abincin Arewacin Afirka ba, abincin Tunisiya yana da ɗanɗano sosai. Wani sanannen kayan yaji da sinadarin da ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin abincin Tunisiya, ''harissa'', cakuda ne na peppers, tafarnuwa, da caraway ko kayan yaji waɗanda ake siyarwa tare a matsayin paste. Yawancin lokaci shine mafi mahimmancin sinadarin a cikin sauces da gravies daban-daban. Harissa na yammaci galibi yana dauke da jan chilies don maye gurbin baƙar fata, wanda ya bambanta da daidaitattun cumin. Sauran kayan yaji na yau da kullun sun haɗa da cumin ko kumin tsaba, [[tafarnuwa]], tsaba na caraway, tsaba da paprika. Kayan girke-girke na sauce ya haɗa da jan chili peppers da tafarnuwa, an ɗanɗano da coriander, cumin, Man zaitun kuma sau da yawa [[Tumatir]]. Kamar ''harissa'' ko chili peppers, tumatir paste kuma wani sinadarin da ke cikin abincin Tunisia. Tuna, ƙwai, zaitun da nau'ikan [[Pasta]], [[Siril|hatsi]], ganye da kayan yaji suma sinadaran ne waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a cikin dafa abinci na Tunisia. Mazauna Turai ne suka gabatar da dankali a farkon karni na 20 kuma sun zama sinadarin da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin salads na gargajiya, sauces da couscous. A shekara ta 1990 daya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da shi a gida tare da dankali shine fries na Faransa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a abinci na Tunisia sun hada da abubuwa masu zuwa: * Shirye-shiryen da dandano: ''harissa'', ruwan fure, ruwan orange, ruwan jasmine da [[:fr:Pelargonium graveolens|ruwan geranium]]. * Kwai. * Dabbobi na gona: Ɗan rago, ɗan maraƙi, naman sa, [[raƙumi]] da kaza. * Kifi da abincin teku: tuna, squid (calamari), octopus, Ankovies, eel, sardines, mackerel, ja snapper, sea bream, sea snails da sea bass. * 'Ya'yan itace: [[lemun tsami]], orange, ɓaure, datti, zaitun, apricots, pomegranates da quince. * Shuke-shuke: parsley, Coriander, [[Na'a-Na'a|mint]], [[Ɗaɗɗoya|Basil]], rosemary, Oregon, bay leaves da thyme. * Nuts: hazelnuts, almond, chestnuts, pine nuts da peanuts. * Abin ƙanshi: [[tafarnuwa]], [[Anise]], saffron, cinnamon, caraway, Coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, [[Citta|ginger]], fari, baki, ja da cloves. * Abincin kayan lambu: [[albasa]], albasa, [[Karas|karoshi]], Chickpeas, [[Tumatir]], capers, Celery, turnips, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], albasa (Baklouti peppers), cucumbers da eggplants. * Sauran sanannun sinadaran: [[zuma]]. [[Fayil:Tunisian_Ojja.jpg|thumb|Ojja abinci ne tare da ƙwai, harissa, da kuma tumatir paste]] Tunisiyawa kuma suna samar da inabi, alkama, sha'ir da 'ya'yan itace. Da zarar an fermented sun zama ruwan inabi, kamar yadda a Chateau Mornag wanda shine Ruwan inabi na Tunisia, giya (Celtia, Berber ko alamar Stella - yanzu mallakar Heineken na Netherlands), brandy (Bukha - ruwan inabi mai laushi, Thibarine - ruwan inabe, ko wasu giya da aka yi daga pomegranates, dates, Lotus (jujube), carobs ko pears da apple ciders. Ruwan da ke da ƙanshi tare da fure mai duhu ko fure, kamar aguas frescas tare da furanni, an kira su "ƙanshin daga sama". ''Tabil'', wanda ake kira "tebel," kalma ce a cikin Larabci na Tunisiya wanda ke nufin "saisoning" (kamar ''adobo'' a cikin Mutanen Espanya) kuma yanzu yana nufin wani nau'in kayan yaji na Tunisiya, kodayake a baya yana nufin kawai coriander. Paula Wolfert ta yi iƙirarin cewa ''tabil'' yana ɗaya daga cikin cakuda kayan yaji da Musulmai suka kawo Tunisia daga [[Andalusia]] a cikin 1492 bayan faduwar [[Granada]]. A yau, ''tabil'', wanda ke da alaƙa da dafa abinci na Tunisia, yana da alaƙa, cayenne pepper, tsaba na caraway da coriander da aka buga a cikin turmi, sannan aka bushe a rana. Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi wajen dafa naman sa, sa'a da wasa. Jiki sune al'adun gargajiya na abinci na Tunisiya, kamar su bututu, kwakwalwar ɗan rago, hanta na naman sa da kawunan kifi. Saboda tsawo bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa, abincin teku yana da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin Tunisia. Hakanan ana iya gasa kifi, yin burodi, soya, ko cikawa da kuma ɗanɗano da cumin (''Kamun''). Squid, cuttlefish da octopus ana ba da su a cikin mai zafi mai zafi tare da sassan lemun tsami, a cikin salatin da aka dafa, ko kuma a cika shi da couscous. An ci kwari a Tunisia tun zamanin da aka fara, kamar yadda aka tono tarin kwarangwal, gauraye da kayan aikin dutse da kayan tarihi daga wayewar Caspian a yankin Gafsa sun tabbatar. A yau, har yanzu ana jin daɗin kwari a yankuna da yawa, kamar Hammamet, tsakiyar gabar teku (Sahel) da Kairouan, amma an guje su a wasu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saafi |first=Ismail |date=2022-10-01 |title=The current consumption of land snails in Tunisia: An ethnographic study |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |language=en |volume=45 |pages=103631 |bibcode=2022JArSR..45j3631S |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103631 |issn=2352-409X |s2cid=252256237 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abincin yankin == Tunisia tana da fannoni daban-daban na yanki. Abinci na Tunisiya ya bambanta daga arewa zuwa kudu, daga bakin teku zuwa Dutsen Atlas, daga birane zuwa ƙauyuka, da kuma alaƙa da addini. Misali, mazaunan asali na Tunis (Beldiya), ba sa amfani da ''harissa'' sosai; sun fi son abinci mai laushi, kuma sun haɓaka nasu gurasa da kayan zaki. Kusa da tsaunukan Atlas, ana son wasan. Abinci na iya kunshe da quail, kurciya, Squabs, partridge, rabbits da hare. A cikin Cap Bon, mutane suna jin daɗin tuna, anchovies, sardines, bass na teku da mackerels. A tsibirin Djerba, inda akwai yawan [[Yahudawa]], ana cin abinci na kosher. Duk da kasancewar abinci mai sauri da gidajen cin abinci a Sfax, mutane daga birnin suna jin daɗin abincin gargajiya fiye da komai. Sfaxians suna ƙara nasu taɓawa ga abincin Tunisiya. Suna da kayan abinci na yanki irin su ''Marca'' wanda shine abincin kifi wanda Sfaxians yawanci suna ƙara vermicelli ko couscous. Hakanan ana iya cin abincin tare da burodi na sha'ir ko croutons. ''Charmoula'' abinci ne da aka yi da ruwan inabi, albasa da kayan yaji, wanda aka ci tare da kifi mai gishiri a ranar farko ta [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]]. Sfax kuma sananne ne ga kek dinta. Akwai nau'ikan burodi guda biyu na Sfaxian: burodi na yau da kullun (wanda ake kira ''Hulu Arbi'') kamar macrouth, ''doria'', da ''ghraiba'', da burodi mai tsayi don bukukuwan aure da bukukuwan na musamman (kamar ''baklawa'', mlabbes da ''ka'ak warka'''). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sfaxian food-detail - Medcities - Mediterranean Cities Network |url=http://www.medcities.org/web/sfax/sfaxian-food-detail |access-date=2017-04-13 |website=www.medcities.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Yankin Gabes sananne ne don amfani da kayan yaji maimakon harissa (hrous Gabsi wani abu ne wanda manyan sinadaran shi ne 50% gishiri da aka yi da albasa, 50% bushe ja chili, ba kamar harissa wanda ba ya dauke da albasa). A cikin Djerba, ana samun abincin kosher da kuma gidajen cin abinci masu yawa da ke ba da nau'ikan abinci na yanki kamar rouz djerbi da galibi abincin teku. == Babban abinci == [[Fayil:Couscous_bel_Osban.jpg|alt=couscous|thumb|260x260px|[[Couscous]] tare da nama Osban]] === Couscous === [[Couscous]], wanda ake kira ''kosksi'', shine abincin ƙasa na Tunisia, kuma ana iya shirya shi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Ana dafa shi a cikin wani nau'i na musamman na bututun ruwa guda biyu da ake kira ''kiska:s'' a cikin Larabci ko ''couscoussière'' a Faransanci. Couscous da aka yi amfani da shi yawanci yana da kyau. Ana kiranta kosksi a cikin yaren Tunisiya, ƙaramin ƙwayar cuta ce da aka yi da alkama mai tururi da bushewa. Ita ce mafi mashahuriyar abinci ta ƙasa. Couscous abinci ne ga duk abubuwan da suka faru. Ana ba da shi akai-akai a cikin babban kwano na gargajiya tare da nama da kayan lambu. Ana ba da shi galibi a lokutan biki da manyan tarurruka, daga bukukuwan aure zuwa jana'iza. Ana dafa nama, kayan lambu da kayan yaji a cikin tukunya. Rashin dafa abinci yana tashi ta hanyar iska a cikin akwati a sama. An shimfiɗa shi da dukan ganye kamar ganye na bay kuma an rufe shi da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka ana dafa pasta mai ƙanshi tare da tururi mai ƙanshi. A lokacin dafa abinci, ana buƙatar motsa couscous a kai a kai tare da cokali don hana yin yawa, kamar yadda ake dafa ''risotto''. Kalmar ''couscous'' (a madadin ''cuscus'' ko ''kuskus'') an fara lura da ita a farkon karni na 17 Faransanci, daga Larabci kuskus, daga kaskasa 'to pound', kuma mai yiwuwa asalin [[Abzinanci|Berber]] ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chaker |first=Salem |title=Couscous: sur l'étymologie du mot |url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |website=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last3=Charles Perry (food writer)}}</ref> Daidaitaccen tsari na kalmar ya gabatar da wasu ɓoye-ɓoye.<ref name=":0" /> Tushen Berber *KS yana nufin "mai kyau, mai kyau, mai zagaye". <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Sunayen da yawa da furcin couscous sun wanzu a duniya.{{Rp|919}} An san Couscous a cikin jerin UNESCO na Al'adun Al'adu a cikin 2018. Wannan sabon suna na UNESCO saboda darajar couscous da al'ada, ayyuka, da ikon da ke kunshe da shi. === Naman nama === Naman da aka fi so sun hada da ɗan rago (kosksi bil ghalmi) ko kaza (kosksi bil djaj), amma maye gurbin yanki sun hada da ja snapper, grouper (kousksi bil mannani), bass na teku (Kosksi bil marqua), hare (kosksi bil arnab) ko quail (Kosksi bil hjall).Tunisiyawa kuma suna son wani nau'in naman alade mai gishiri da aka yi da nama na ragon a cikin jita-jita (kosksi bil qadid) An haramta cin naman alade ga Musulmai a Tunisia, daidai da dokokin abinci na Islama. === Tajine === Tunisian ''Tajin'' ko tajine yana nufin wani nau'in Quiche, ba tare da ɓawon burodi ba, an yi shi da ƙwai, cuku, nama da kayan lambu daban-daban, kuma an dafa shi kamar babban cake. ''[[Tajine|tagine]]'' na Tunisiya ya sha bamban da abincin Aljeriya ko Maroko amma yayi kama da ''Friedata'' na Italiya ko ''eggah'' na Masar. Wani shahararren abincin teku shine kifi cikakke ko duka kifi. Dukkanin kifin, ban da gabobin ciki, ana shirya shi kuma a gasa shi da wuta, amma kuma ana iya soya shi, gasa shi ko kuma a dafa shi. Ana haɗa shi da kwakwalwan dankalin turawa da ko dai mai laushi ko ''[[:fr:Tastira|mai ɗanɗano]]'', wanda aka yi ta hanyar dafa albasa mai laushi, tumatir, albasa da ɗan ƙaramin tafarnuwa, dukansu an yanka su sosai kuma an ba su tare da kwai da aka kama ko kuma gefen rana. Ana yayyafa sabon parsley a saman; ruwan lemun tsami da gishiri na teku sun kammala girke-girke. == Sauces == Sauces na Tunisiya, wanda ke kusa da broths masu ɗanɗano, wani bangare ne na abinci. In ba haka ba ana amfani da man zaitun a matsayin sauce. ''Harissa'' ko ''Hrissa'' sau da yawa ana cewa sauce ne na Tunisiya, amma an fi bayyana shi azaman sinadarin dafa abinci na Tunisiya ko kayan yaji. ''Harissa'' an yi ta da jan chili, tafarnuwa, gishiri, cumin, coriander, man zaitun, kuma wani lokacin kuma caraway ko mint. Kerkennaise da ''Mlukhia'' wasu sauces ne da ake amfani da su akai-akai. Kerkennaise an yi shi ne da capers, man zaitun, tumatir, scallions, coriander, caraway, cumin, parsley, tafarnuwa, farin vinegar da paprika. ''Mloukhia'' wani ruwan inabi ne mai duhu wanda aka ba da shi tare da ɗan rago ko naman sa. == Abincin == [[Fayil:Brikdish.jpg|thumb|''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Barek''" id="mwAWI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brik">Brik, ''yaƙi'' nau'in Tunisian na börek, an dafa shi da nau'in warka, yawanci an dafa shi sosai.]] [[Fayil:Tabouna_(Piotr_Kuczynski).jpg|thumb|Ana yin burodi na gargajiya na Tunisia]] [[Fayil:Patisserie_tunisienne.jpg|right|thumb|Kayan kwalliya na Tunisia]] * ''Asida'' - wani abu mai zaki. * <nowiki><i id="mwAXU">Assidat zgougou</i></nowiki> - wani nau'in bishiyar Aleppo. * <nowiki><i id="mwAXg">Baklawa</i></nowiki> - yadudduka masu laushi da aka haɗa da ƙwayoyin pine, almonds, hazelnuts da pistachios, an shafa su cikin man shanu na zinariya, an dafa su kuma an tsoma su cikin ruwan zuma. * ''Bambalouni'' - dafa abinci mai ɗanɗano mai kama da donut da aka yi amfani da shi tare da sukari. * Stew na ɗan rago na salon Berber - Stew mai sauƙi na ɗan raki da aka dafa tare da kayan lambu, kamar dankali da karoshi, a cikin tukunyar yumɓu ta gargajiya. * [[:fr:Borzgane|Borzgane]]- Wani abu mai dadi da ɗanɗano wanda ya haɗu da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa da nama mai laushi. Abin biki ne da aka shirya don maraba da bazara. * ''Bouza'' - mai wadata kuma mai mannewa mai tsarkakewa. * ''[[Brik]]'' - ƙananan sassan ɗan rago, naman sa, ko kayan lambu da kwai da aka lulluɓe a cikin ɗan burodi mai laushi kuma an dafa shi sosai. * ''Caponata''- mai ɗanɗano da ɗanɗano na kwai da sauran kayan lambu * ''Chakchouka'' - mai cin ganyayyaki mai kama da ratatouille tare da chickpeas, tumatir, albasa, tafarnuwa da albasa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da kwai. * ''Chorba'' - burodi mai ɗanɗano, tare da pasta, nama, kifi, da dai sauransu. * <nowiki><i id="mwAZI">Felfel mahchi</i></nowiki> - albasa mai zaki da aka cika da nama, yawanci ɗan rago, kuma ana ba da shi tare da sauce ''harissa''. * Fricasse - ƙaramin sandwich tare da tuna, ''harissa'', zaitun da man zaitun, ba shi da kama da classic nahiyar Turai casserole na wannan sunan. * ''Guenaoia'' - ɗan rago ko naman sa tare da chillies, okra, da kayan yaji. [[Fayil:Harissa_Sauce.JPG|right|thumb|''Harissa'']] * Houria - salatin karot da aka dafa. * ''Kamounia'' - naman sa da kumin * ''[[Khobz mbesses]]'' - Gurasar semolina ta Tunisia * ''[[:fr:Pain tabouna|Khobz tabouna]]'' - burodi na gargajiya, ba gurasar da aka yi da ita ba ko gurasar da ta yi kama da pita. * ''Kuusha'' - kafada na ɗan rago da aka dafa da turmeric da cayenne pepper. * ''Lablabi'' - mai wadataccen abincin garlicky da aka yi da chickpeas. * ''Harsunan tsuntsaye'' ko "harsunan tsuntsayen" - wani nau'in miya tare da pasta mai kama da hatsi na shinkafa. * ''Makroudh'' - kek ɗin semolina da aka cika da kwanakin ko almonds, cinnamon da gashin orange. * [[Couscous|''Masfouf'']] - mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana, sigar Tunisiya na ''seffa'' na Maroko. * ''Makboubeh'' - tumatir da gurasar albasa. * ''Makloub'' - sandwich mai ninka-pizza, mai kama da [[shawarma]], wanda aka yi da gurasar pizza kuma an cika shi da kaza, cuku, salatin, ''harissa'', mayonnaise da sauran sauces. * ''Makoud'' - dankali da nama casserole (kamar quiche). [[Fayil:Makrouds.JPG|right|thumb|''Makroudh'']] * ''Marqa'' - stew da aka dafa a hankali na nama tare da tumatir da zaitun, wanda yayi kama da stew na Maroko ''[[Tajine|Tajin]]''. * Mechouia salad - wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa na albasa mai zaki, tumatir da albasa da aka gauraya da mai, lemun tsami, tuna da ƙwai da aka dafa. [[Fayil:سلطة_مشوية.JPG|right|thumb|Saladi na Mechouia]] * ''Merguez'' - ƙananan sausages masu ɗanɗano. * ''Mhalbiya'' - kek da aka yi da shinkafa, kwayoyi da ruwan geranium. * <nowiki><i id="mwAeU">Mloukhia</i></nowiki> - naman sa ko ɗan rago tare da ganye. Sunan ya fito ne daga ganye mai kore da aka yi amfani da shi, wanda ke samar da murfi mai kauri wanda ke da mucilaginous (wani abu "mai laushi"), kama da okra da aka dafa. * ''Nwasser (ko nouasser, noicer) '' pasta - mai laushi sosai, ƙananan murabba'in pasta da aka yi da semolina da gari mai amfani, mai ɗanɗano tare da <nowiki><i id="mwAeo">bharat</i></nowiki> na Tunisia, cakuda sinamoni da busassun rosebuds. * ''Ojja'' - abincin kwai da aka yi da tumatir da chillies mai laushi wanda aka kara da nama da ''harissa'' daban-daban. * ''Osbane'' - ɓangarorin hanji na dabba da aka cika da nama, offal da chards, spinach, parsley da karamin adadin bulgur ko shinkafa. * Stuffed squid - Ana iya cika aljihun squid tare da cakuda mai kama da osbane stuffing (mafi yawan kayan lambu kamar chards, spinach, parsley, karamin hanta na tumaki, dafa chickpeas, shinkafa ko bulgur da wasu albasa da tafarnuwa, bushe mint da harissa da aka tattara tare da kwai) ko kuma suna da kayan da aka yi da kayan lambu, ƙwai da aka dafa da ƙwai da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ƙwayoyi. Ana iya cin calamari da aka dafa tare da couscous ko kai tsaye a cikin sauce na tumatir mai ɗanɗano. Su ne na musamman daga yankin gabar teku na tsakiya, musamman Sousse da Monastir . * Saladi na Tunisiya - cucumber, albasa, tumatir, da albasa da aka ɗanɗana da man zaitun kuma ana iya yin ado da itacen zaitun, ƙwai da tuna. Ya yi kama da salatin Niçoise na Faransanci da salatin Girka. * ''Samsa'' - yadudduka na ƙananan burodi da aka sauya tare da yadudduka masu gasa, da tsaba na sesame, an dafa su a cikin lemun tsami da ruwan rosewater syrup. * ''Shakshouka'' - abincin ƙwai da aka kama a cikin sauce na tumatir, chili peppers, da albasa, sau da yawa ana sanya shi da kumin. * ''Zitounia'' - naman sa ko wasu nama da aka dafa a cikin sauce na tumatir tare da albasa, an dafa shi da zaitun. * ''Torshi'' - turnips mai laushi, wanda aka yi da ruwan 'ya'yan itace. * Yo-yo - donuts da aka yi da ruwan orange, an dafa shi sosai, sannan a tsoma shi cikin ruwan zuma. == Duba sauran bayani == * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Asalin == Abincin Tunisiya ya samo asali ne daga [[Abzinawa|Berbers]], tsohuwar Carthage, Roma, nasarar Islama ta [[Maghreb]], da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Abincin Tunisiya kuma ya sami rinjaye sosai daga Italiyanci (musamman [[Sicilian cuisine|Sicilian]]). <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alan Davidson (food writer)}}</ref> A lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Tunisia ta tallata bambancin ta zuwa Babban birnin Faransa ma'ana ta yi wasa da ra'ayoyin Faransanci na "bambanci" (Orientalism) don sayar da kayan mulkin mallaka ga Faransa. 9ltsdbfex8keh6vl4rzym5oco7mkgfa 0 88403 648222 644888 2025-06-27T11:58:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charity Iguodala Aiguobarueghian''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba 1976) [[lauya]] ce kuma '[[ɗan siyasa]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Aiguobarueghian a halin yanzu tana wakiltar Ovia North-East Local Government Area I a cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aiguobarueghian Charity |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/aiguobarueghian-charity |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=shineyoureye.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=Political Parties Nominate Principal Officers For Edo State Assembly |url=https://von.gov.ng/political-parties-nominate-principal-officers-for-edo-state-assembly/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=von.gov.ng |archive-date=2024-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110105329/https://von.gov.ng/political-parties-nominate-principal-officers-for-edo-state-assembly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2024 |title=Charity Aiguobarueghian moves for digital governance, electricity market bills |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/charity-aiguobarueghian-moves-for-digital-governance-electricity-market-bills/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=We'll make laws to impact Edo youths... Edo Lawmaker |url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/18416-we-ll-make-laws-to-impact-edo-youths-edo-lawmaker |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=timeline.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=We'll make laws to impact Edo youths... Edo Lawmaker |url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/18416-we-ll-make-laws-to-impact-edo-youths-edo-lawmaker |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=timeline.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edo Lawmaker, Aiguobarueghian Lists Benefits Of Obaseki's Admin In Ovia North East Constituency |url=https://www.alltimepost.com/2024/04/edo-lawmaker-aiguobarueghian-lists-benefits-of-obasekis-admin-in-ovia-north-east-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=alltimepost.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>   Aiguobarueghian ya zama shugaban mafi rinjaye na Majalisar ta 8. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Edo 2024: Wetin we gain, if we vote APC ? – EDHA Majority Leader |url=https://www.politicaleconomistng.com/173348-2/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=politicaleconomistng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Aiguobarueghian, Natasha Become Majority Leader, Deputy. |url=https://vibesfm.com.ng/blog/charity-aiguobarueghian-natasha-become-majority-leader-deputy |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=vibesfm.com.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Aiguobarueghian a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1976, a Ekiadolor, Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State. Aiguobarueghian ta yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Azagba, a Okha, yankin karamar hukuma ta Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Ekiadolor kuma ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Benin]] inda ya sami digiri na LLB da LLM a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2024 |title=Ighodalo not disqualified, says Edo Assembly Majority Leader |url=https://thesun.ng/ighodalo-not-disqualified-says-edo-assembly-majority-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=thesun.ng}}</ref> == Ayyukan shari'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga [[Jami'ar Benin]], a Benin City, Jihar Edo, Aiguobarueghian ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin a kamfanin lauya na Arthur Obi Okafor, SAN & Associates kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Shari'a ta Jihar Edo a 2021. == Siyasa == An zabi Aiguobarueghian a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP) don wakiltar Ovia North-East Local Government Area I a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 State Houses of Assembly results - Edo state |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/state-houses-of-assembly/ED/?constituency=SC%2F314%2FED |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=stears.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iguodala Charity Aiguobarueghian Ovia NorthEast |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/iguodala-charity-aiguobarueghian |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=stears.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=Edo lawmaker empowers 41 women with N2m |url=https://blueprint.ng/edo-lawmaker-empowers-41-women-with-n2m/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=blueprint.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon Aiguobarueghian and his PDP Sophistry |url=https://www.bendelmirror.com/post.php?news=MTA5Mw== |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=bendelmirror.com}}</ref> An nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Mafi rinjaye na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Propaganda, lies against Ighodalo won't work-Edo Majority Leader |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/propaganda-lies-against-ighodalo-wont-work-edo-majority-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2024 |title=Edo 2024: 'Ighodalo na fine pikin wey everybody wan carry' – EDHA Majority Leader |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/edo-2024-ighodalo-na-fine-pikin-wey-everybody-wan-carry-edha-majority-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=EDHA Insists State Security Network remains Active Despite Suspension by Police |url=https://ait.live/edha-insists-state-security-network-remains-active-despite-suspension-by-police/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ait.live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edo 2024: Beware of APCs black market EDHA Majority Leader warns |url=https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/231175/edo-2024-beware-of-apcs-black-market-edha-majority-leader-warns |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=newsexpressngr.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7kkwcyhouiiik8773w9zx1zbexas4ll 0 90224 647991 593774 2025-06-27T07:58:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bassey Edet Otu''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba 1959) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma gwamnan jihar Cross River ta Kudancin Najeriya a halin yanzu. <ref name="Imukudo 2023">{{Cite web |last=Imukudo |first=Saviour |date=2023-03-20 |title=APC's Bassey Otu wins Cross River governorship election |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/589192-apcs-bassey-otu-wins-cross-river-governorship-election.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> <ref name="Omoboye 2023">{{Cite web |last=Omoboye |first=Faith |date=2023-03-23 |title=Meet Prince Bassey Otu, gov-elect of Cross River State |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/meet-prince-bassey-otu-gov-elect-of-cross-river-state/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Businessday NG}}</ref> wanda ya taɓa zama [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanata]] mai wakiltar Cross River ta Kudu daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015, kuma ya taɓa zama wakilin mazaɓar Calabar Municipal/Odukpani na [[Cross River|Jihar Kuros Riba]], a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai]] daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2011. == Tarihi == An haifi Yarima Bassey Edet Otu ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba 1959 ga dangin Late Eld. & Mrs. Edet Okon Otu na Adiabo dake [[Odukpani|ƙaramar hukumar Odukpani]] a jihar Cross River. Ya taso ne a garinsu na [[Kalaba|Calabar]] da kuma garin [[Jos]] [[Plateau (jiha)|ta Jihar Filato]] inda aka tura mahaifinsa aikin mishan na Cocin Scotland. Ya sami digiri na farko a Faculty of Social Sciences daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]]. Kafin ya shiga siyasa ya yi aikin banki sannan ya yi harkar man fetur. Ya kuma shiga harkar noma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=KEMI ASHEFON |date=20 Sep 2009 |title=My patch of grey hair got me into trouble At 9 – Hon. Bassey Otu |url=http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20090920555448 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002103606/http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20090920555448 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |access-date=2011-05-03 |website=The Punch}}</ref> == Majalisar Wakilai (2003-2011) == An zaɓi Otu ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ne]] a watan Afrilun 2003 don wakiltar Calabar Municipality/Odukpani Federal Constituency kuma aka sake zaɓen sa a watan Afrilun 2007. A cikin wannan lokaci (2003-2011), ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin man fetur (Upstream), mataimakin shugaban majalisar wakilai kan yawan jama'a na ƙasa da kuma memba na kwamitocin wuta, ma'aikatar Niger Delta, Inter-Parliamentary Relations, Inter-Intra Party. Dangantaka, Muhalli, Albarkatun Ruwa da Tsaro. A wata hira da ya yi da shi a shekarar 2007, ya ce hukuncin da wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa ta yanke na cewa [[Bakassi|yankin Bakassi]] na [[Kamaru|ƙasar Kamaru]] ne ba daidai ba ne, amma aikin yanzu shi ne sake tsugunar da ‘yan uwan ‘[[Ɗan Nijeriya|yan Najeriya]] da suka rasa matsugunai da kuma ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuoyo Ukusanren |date=29 December 2007 |title=Bakassi - Let's Resettle Our People And Move On - Bassey Otu |url=http://www.cameroon-one.com/site/news/index.php?op=view&id=33365 |access-date=2011-05-03 |website=Vanguard |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003084456/http://www.cameroon-one.com/site/news/index.php?op=view&id=33365 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Otu ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Albarkatun Man Fetur (Upstream). <ref>{{Cite web |title=PTDF STRIKES RAPPROCHEMENT WITH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY |url=http://ptdf.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=80&Itemid=27 |access-date=2011-05-03 |publisher=PTDF |archive-date=2010-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218035550/http://ptdf.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=80&Itemid=27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sanata == A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Otu a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar [[Cross River]] ta Kudu. Da ya isa majalisar ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan kuɗi sannan kuma ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan harkokin banki da sauran cibiyoyin kuɗi; shi ma memba ne, Kwamitin Sojoji, Wutar Lantarki, Man Fetur da Albarkatun Ruwa kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana da babban tasiri ga citi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senatorprinceotu.com: Senator Prince Bassey Otu – Excellence in Service |url=http://senatorprinceotu.com/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=senatorprinceotu.com |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331084929/http://senatorprinceotu.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2018, shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya naɗa Otu a cikin hukumar inshorar lafiya ta ƙasa (NHIS). Bayan jawabinsa na farko a watan Mayu 2023 Otu ya yi ikirarin cewa ya shiga siyasa don hidimar bil'adama <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2023-05-30 |title=FOR THE RECORD: Bassey Otu’s inaugural speech as Cross River governor |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/601469-for-the-record-bassey-otus-inaugural-speech-as-cross-river-governor.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> Fayil:Prince_bassey_edet_otu.jpg|alt=prince bassey edet otu| Sanatan a lokacin yakin neman zaben sa na Sanata a 2019. Fayil:Sen_prince_bassey_edet_otu.jpg|alt=sen prince bassey edet otu| @Kamfen Karkara Fayil:Prince_Bassey_otu.jpg|alt=prince bassey otu| A Lokacin Kamfen Kofar APC 2019 Fayil:Prince_otu.jpg|alt=prince otu| @APC Campaign Fayil:Senator_Otu_campaign_vehicle.jpg|alt=2019 APC campaign vehicle| Motar yakin neman zaben 2019 APC Fayil:Senator_otu.jpg|alt=senator prince otu| 2019 APC Gwamna Da Yakin Neman Zaben Shugaban Kasa Fayil:Prince_otu_campaign_(2).jpg|alt=prince bassey otu| 2019 Gwamna/Kamfen Shugaban Kasa Fayil:Prince_otu_campaign_3.jpg|alt=prince otu| Yayin rangadin kananan hukumomi Fayil:Prince_otu_campaign_(1).jpg|alt=prince otu| A lokacin yakin neman zabe na 2019 Ward to Ward Fayil:Senator_Otu_and_wife.jpg|alt=senator otu| Sanatan a wajen ganawa da mata da matarsa ta goyi bayansa </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4dljoot9qir6n72k178pncivgt78lzi 0 90385 647817 565612 2025-06-26T21:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647817 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Yahaya Kusada''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne kuma ɗan majalisa daga [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]] [[Najeriya|a Najeriya]]. An haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1979. == Sana'a == Hon. Abubakar Yahaya Kusada ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya a jihar Katsina, mai wakiltar mazaɓar Kankiya/Kusada/Ingawa daga shekarun 2019 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-yahaya-kusada |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> A lokacinsa ya kaddamar da ayyuka da dama a mazaɓar sa a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katsina state House of Representatives election results and data 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/2023/house-of-representatives/KT/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.stears.co}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyuka sun haɗa da gina rijiyoyin burtsatse a cikin al’umma kamar Kwana, Kafin Soli, Gidan Kusa, Fanfarauta, da Dundu. Ya kuma gina makarantu tare da samar da kayan aiki, ya karfafa matasa, da sauran su. Kusada ya kuma riƙe wasu muƙamai na siyasa kuma mamba ne a Cibiyar Kula da Kididdigar Ƙasa ta Najeriya da Hukumar Rijistar Kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Katsina City |title=Works, Achievements, Successes Of Abubakar Yahaya Kusada Within The Last Six Months |url=https://www.katsinatimes.com/news-analysis/details/3941 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.katsinatimes.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-18 |title=Meet Katsina newly elected member, House of Representatives - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/meet-katsina-newly-elected-member-house-of-representatives/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=dailytrust.com/ |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 35j58t02vi0tjxlyy6lmaty9f1gl0we 0 94359 647967 608767 2025-06-27T06:52:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bakhytzhan Toregozhina''' (Kazakh; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] ne [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam]] wanda ya yi yaƙi da take hakkin dan adam a Kazakhstan sama da shekaru ashirin.{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#ras-adiba |access-date=11 March 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Ta kasance shugabar hadin gwiwar al'ummomin farar hula, ''Qantar'' 2022, kuma shugabar wata Gidauniyar Jama'a, ''Ar.'' Rukh. Khak wanda ke wakiltar Daraja, Ruhu, da Gaskiya .<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=International Women's Day |url=https://osce.usmission.gov/international-womens-day-2/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kazakh Opposition Organizing Against Snap Elections |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/kazakh-opposition-organizing-against-snap-elections/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GCIV Member's Only Reception with an International Women of Courage Awardee |url=https://www.globalatlanta.com/event/gciv-members-only-reception-with-an-international-women-of-courage-awardee/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Global Atlanta |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma shirya ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban. An yaba da Toregozhina a matsayin babbar murya da ke wakiltar wadanda aka azabtar, cin zarafi, da kuma cin zarafin siyasa.[5] A ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, ta karbi lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023, wacce Jill Biden da [[Antony Blinken|Anthony J. Blinken]] suka gabatar da ita da sauran wadanda aka zaba a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bakhytzhan Toregozhina a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962 kuma 'yar kasar [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] {{Cite web |title=Communication No 2137/2012: Views adopted by the Committee at its 112th session (7-31 October 2014) |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/112/D/2137/2012&Lang=en |access-date=2023-03-12 |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Committee Communication No 2137/2012 |url=https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d/PPRiCAqhKb7yhsukPtYsnxNH1DBeueuCbK4heuakPqXozlECb4l21ioAB3mr/HBNRNld58Zu+KMN6QRJ9rT/iQfBCN7mwlgCUWSAOLFd7EXcNvaguHTxb/ks/4akWWjKKXyeEdbXBXfKZtw== |access-date=2023-03-12 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312034800/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsukPtYsnxNH1DBeueuCbK4heuakPqXozlECb4l21ioAB3mr%2FHBNRNld58Zu%2BKMN6QRJ9rT%2FiQfBCN7mwlgCUWSAOLFd7EXcNvaguHTxb%2Fks%2F4akWWjKKXyeEdbXBXfKZtw%3D%3D |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Toregozhina mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ce a kan dokar doka kuma ta yi aiki don taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa, rubuta takardun keta hakkin dan adam, da kuma kare mutanen da ake tsanantawa saboda bayyana hakkins. {{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#ras-adiba |access-date=11 March 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#ras-adiba "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ta fara inganta ci gaban kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin 1999 kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta yi aiki a kan ayyukan tara kuɗi don cibiyar sadarwa ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da [[Yancin taro|tarurruka]] na zaman lafiya. Ta kasance memba na majalisun da ke kula da matsayin fursunonin siyasa da fursunonin lamiri. An ruwaito Alyan Tirek a matsayin wani yunkuri da ta yi aiki a kai wanda ya ba da taimakon jin kai da na shari'a ga fursunoni. A cikin 2017, ta ba da taron manema labarai game da azabtar da Iskander Erimbetov a tsare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-15 |title=Kazakhstan: Businessman Alleges Torture |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/15/kazakhstan-businessman-alleges-torture |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.gherson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PROGRAMME_PERSECUTION-OF-LAWYERS.pdf |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.gherson.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kusan shekaru 25, ta kasance murya game da azabtarwa kuma ta yi kamfen don sakin fursunonin siyasa. == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da gwagwarmaya == Toregozhina ta kafa ko kuma ta kafa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam daban-daban. Tana aiki a matsayin shugaban ''Qantar 2022'', da kuma wani Gidauniyar Jama'a da aka sani da ''Ar. '' ''Rukh. Khak''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2015 |title=REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN EARLY PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION |url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/b/144871.pdf |access-date=2023-03-12 |publisher=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-15 |title=Bakhytzhan Toregozhina |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/bakhytzhan-toregozhina |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, ta fara ''Kahar'', wani shahararren motsi na matasa wanda ya zama wahayi don kafa wasu kungiyoyin matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-20 |title=Parliamentary Assembly |url=https://assembly.coe.int/committee/POL/2006/POL028E.pdf |access-date=2023-03-12 |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, ta shirya kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don saka idanu kan zaben 'yan majalisa. Toregozhina ya kuma tattara dalibai da matasa ta hanyar makarantun bazara na [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai hulɗa don aiwatar da dokokin juri da batutuwa masu alaƙa a cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma. A shekara ta 2012, ta kafa ''Sailau'', hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke sa ido kan zabe. Ta kuma shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen wasu dokoki a kan zabe.{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.gherson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PROGRAMME_PERSECUTION-OF-LAWYERS.pdf |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.gherson.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gherson.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PROGRAMME_PERSECUTION-OF-LAWYERS.pdf "StackPath"]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''www.gherson.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin 2020, Toregozhina ta nuna damuwa game da tsarin zalunci na Kazakhstan akan masu gwagwarmaya a lokacin annobar COVID-19 ta duniya. Ƙuntatawa sun kasance a kan 'yancin magana, samun dama ga bayanai, bin doka da kuma aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da maganin mutane, samar da magunguna, da ƙuntatawa kan haƙƙin tarurruka masu zaman lafiya a bayan wurin. Kama masu zanga-zangar da yawa ya haifar da tashin hankali na 5 ga Janairun 2022 a manyan birane a fadin Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Kazakh police raided hospitals to round up victims of protest crackdown - report |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/central-asia/kazakhstan-protesters-hospital-police-raid-b1997866.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Toregozhina ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a matsayin rikice-rikice na siyasa kuma a matsayin matakin jama'a da aka dauka don samun maki na siyasa kafin zaben. A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2022, Shugaba Tokayev ya ba da sanarwar afuwa ga masu zanga-zangar amma wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice game da ko afuwa ta kare mafi yawan masu zanga-zanga masu zaman lafiya, masu kare hakkin dan adam, da masu fafutukar farar hula daga tuhumar "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi", da kuma iyakance shi don wanke wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci.<ref name=":2"/> == Tsayawa da hari == === Harin 'yan sanda na 2005 === [[Ɗan sanda|'Yan sanda]] sun shiga ofishin ƙungiyar matasa tare da iyaye masu bin Toregozhina saboda zargin daukar yara don ayyukan siyasa, da kuma ba da lada ga matasa da kuɗi daga ƙasashen waje. Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa adadi mai yawa na 'yan sanda sun rushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya (wanda ya haɗa da sakin balloons) wanda ''Kahar'' ya tallafawa a ranar 12 ga Afrilu da kuma damuwarsa game da matakan gwamnatoci don hana gwagwarmayar matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-11 |title=Kazakhstan: New Restrictions Put Election at Risk |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2005/10/11/kazakhstan-new-restrictions-put-election-risk |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Tsayawa a shekara ta 2010 === A ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, 'yan sanda sun shiga ofishin Toregozhina, suka kama ta kuma suka yanke mata hukunci saboda shirya wani taron "art-mob" a lokacin rashin biyayya ga farar hula ranar tunawa da ita wacce ta gabatar da shari'a a kan gwamnati saboda take hakkinta na kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|Tsarin Mulki]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Communication No 2137/2012: Views adopted by the Committee at its 112th session (7-31 October 2014) |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/112/D/2137/2012&Lang=en |access-date=2023-03-12 |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/112/D/2137/2012&Lang=en "Communication No 2137/2012: Views adopted by the Committee at its 112th session (7-31 October 2014)"]. United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4"/> === Tsayawa a shekarar 2016 === Akalla mutane 33, ciki har da Toregozhina, an tsare su tsakanin 16 da 20 ga Mayu 2016, saboda rahoton keta doka da ke da alaƙa da sakonnin [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] a kan zanga-zangar da batutuwan ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan: Think before you post: Closing down social media space in Kazakhstan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur57/5644/2017/en/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> === Tsanantawa ta 2022 === An lissafa Toregozhina a matsayin daya daga cikin masu kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ke fuskantar tsanantawa ta siyasa da ta shafi tashin hankali na Janairu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melnychenko |first=Natalia |date=2022-10-20 |title=KAZAKHSTAN: The List of Political Prisoners and Other Victims of Political Persecutions |url=https://en.odfoundation.eu/a/426901,kazakhstan-the-list-of-political-prisoners-and-other-victims-of-political-persecutions/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Open Dialogue Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Censorship na Pegasus == OCCRP ta ruwaito cewa Toregozhina na daga cikin 'yan siyasa,' yan jarida, da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Pegasus don sauraron waya ko sa ido. Kamfanin Isra'ila, NSO Group ne ya kirkiro Pegasus kuma ana amfani da shi don yin leken asiri a kungiyoyi daban-daban na siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakhytzhan Toregozhina |url=https://jfj.fund/jfj/bakhytzhan-toregozhina/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Justice for Journalists |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan Uses Spyware Against Its Own Citizens |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/16477-kazakhstan-uses-spyware-against-its-own-citizens |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.occrp.org |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokayev, Mamin and Sagintayev became objects of spyware surveillance |url=https://kaztag.kz/en/news/tokayev-mamin-and-sagintayev-became-objects-of-spyware-surveillance |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=kaztag.kz |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Toregozhina ta sami lambar yabo ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta 2023 wacce ta amince da wadanda suka nuna ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi, da jagoranci. An yaba da gudummawar da ta bayar a matsayin muhimmiyar rawar da masu kare hakkin dan adam ke takawa wajen gudanar da gwamnatoci da kuma karfafa girmamawa ga hakkoki da [[Ƴancin siyasa|'yanci]] na asali. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ce ta shirya bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=11 women, girls and women protesting Iranian morality police, honored at IWOC Awards |url=https://www.abc27.com/hill-politics/11-women-girls-and-women-protesting-iranian-morality-police-honored-at-iwoc-awards/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=ABC27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401013737/https://www.abc27.com/hill-politics/11-women-girls-and-women-protesting-iranian-morality-police-honored-at-iwoc-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=2023 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#ras-adiba |access-date=11 March 2023 |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.state.gov/2023-international-women-of-courage-award/#ras-adiba "2023 International Women of Courage Award"]. U.S. Department of State. 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kyautar Mata ta Duniya ta Gaba * Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Kazakhstan == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 44ml4sm4y1v33jevtsdqpn8kacjmfcx 0 94754 647864 608697 2025-06-27T00:39:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ailbhe Smyth''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946) masanin kimiyya ce ta Irish, mai fafutukar mata kuma mai fafutuka na LGBTQ . Ita ce darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Mata, Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike (WERRC), Kwalejin Jami'ar Dublin (UCD). <ref> name="McAuliffe">{{Cite web |last=McAuliffe |first=Mary |title=Interview with Ailbhe Smyth |url=http://www.tallgirlshorts.net/marymary/ailbhe.html |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=Tall Girl Shorts}}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin ilimi == Smyth ya fara koyarwa a sashen Faransanci yana da shekara 21. A wannan lokacin, ta kara fahimtar siyasa kuma ta fara bin yunkurin mata na duniya, wanda ya kai ta ga kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Mata a farkon shekarun 1980. Wannan wuri ne inda mata suka taru don tattauna batutuwan da ke shafar su ciki har da: aiki, jima'i, dangantaka, kula da yara, nuna bambanci da tashin hankali. Wannan kungiya ce ta tattaunawa tare da ƙa'idar al'adu mai ƙarfi kuma sun gayyaci mata marubuta, mawaƙa, da masu zane-zane su zo suyi magana game da ayyukan ban sha'awa waɗanda suke da hannu a lokacin. A cikin 1990 Smyth ta kafa Cibiyar Ilimi, Bincike da Kula da Mata (WERRC) a UCD kuma ta kasance shugabar Nazarin Mata <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=Ailbhe Smyth: We can't go on closing our eyes to the reality of abortion in Ireland |url=https://www.thedailyslog.com/ailbhesmythecoalitiontorepealtheeighth/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112428/https://www.thedailyslog.com/ailbhesmythecoalitiontorepealtheeighth/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=The Daily Slog |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda ta zauna har zuwa 2006 . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stenson |first=Joe |date=2019-01-19 |title="I'm not used to victory" |url=https://sistersofeurope.com/im-not-used-to-victory/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Sisters of Europe |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Icon – Ailbhe Smyth |url=https://www.certifiedproud.com/icon-ailbhe-smyth |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Certified Proud |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=25 June 2020 |title=Unseen, Unheard, Untouched: A View from the Interior by Ailbhe Smyth |url=https://framingageing.ucd.ie/unseen-unheard-untouched-ailbhe-smyth/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Framing Ageing, University College Dublin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish Women's Studies Reader |url=https://www.corkuniversitypress.com/mobile/Product.aspx?ProductCode=9781855940529 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=corkuniversitypress.com |archive-date=2023-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219191849/https://www.corkuniversitypress.com/mobile/Product.aspx?ProductCode=9781855940529 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da take UCD, bincikenta ya nuna rashin mata a manyan mukamai a cibiyoyin da ke ko'ina cikin Ireland. == Yunkurin fafutuka == Smyth ta fara shiga cikin gwagwarmaya a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 tare da ƙungiyar 'yancin mata.<ref> name="McAuliffe">{{Cite web |last=McAuliffe |first=Mary |title=Interview with Ailbhe Smyth |url=http://www.tallgirlshorts.net/marymary/ailbhe.html |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=Tall Girl Shorts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcAuliffe">McAuliffe, Mary. [http://www.tallgirlshorts.net/marymary/ailbhe.html "Interview with Ailbhe Smyth"]. ''Tall Girl Shorts''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-08 |title=Ailbhe Smyth: We can't go on closing our eyes to the reality of abortion in Ireland |url=https://www.thedailyslog.com/ailbhesmythecoalitiontorepealtheeighth/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112428/https://www.thedailyslog.com/ailbhesmythecoalitiontorepealtheeighth/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=The Daily Slog |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112428/https://www.thedailyslog.com/ailbhesmythecoalitiontorepealtheeighth/ "Ailbhe Smyth: We can't go on closing our eyes to the reality of abortion in Ireland"]. ''The Daily Slog''. 8 March 2018. Archived from [https://www.thedailyslog.com/ailbhesmythecoalitiontorepealtheeighth/ the original] on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da ke adawa da Kwaskwarimar 8 ga kundin tsarin mulkin Irish, wanda ya sanya haramtacciyar zubar da ciki a Ireland, kuma mai goyon bayan kamfen ɗin don halatta saki a Ireland a 1986. <ref name="McAuliffe" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stenson |first=Joe |date=2019-01-19 |title="I'm not used to victory" |url=https://sistersofeurope.com/im-not-used-to-victory/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Sisters of Europe |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStenson2019">Stenson, Joe (19 January 2019). [https://sistersofeurope.com/im-not-used-to-victory/ ""I'm not used to victory""]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Sisters of Europe''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ta kasance co-direkta na yakin neman zabe na kasa na Together for Yes kan zubar da ciki, kuma mai magana da yawun kuma mai shirya hadin gwiwa don soke Kwaskwarimar ta takwas.<ref name="Crawford">{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Hillary E. |title=This Irish Abortion Activist Has Been Fighting For Women's Rights For Decades |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/169674-this-irish-abortion-activist-has-been-fighting-for-womens-rights-for-decades |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=Bustle}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce memba mai kafa Marriage Equality, mai shirya taron Feminist Open Forum, mai shirya Action for Choice, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Equality and Rights Alliance . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Icon – Ailbhe Smyth |url=https://www.certifiedproud.com/icon-ailbhe-smyth |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Certified Proud |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.certifiedproud.com/icon-ailbhe-smyth "Icon – Ailbhe Smyth"]. ''Certified Proud''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar LGBT ta ƙasa sama da shekaru 10 kuma a shekarar 2015 ta sami lambar yabo ta 'Lifetime Achievement' a GALAS, bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta LGBTQ ta Ireland. A cikin 2019, an ambaci Smyth a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri tare da sauran masu haɗin gwiwar Together for Yes, Grainne Griffin da Orla O'Connor, don nuna godiya ga matsayinsu a cikin kamfen ɗin don halatta zubar da ciki a Ireland. Ministan Ilimi ne ya zabi Smyth don aiki a kwamitin Hukumar Ilimi ta Sama sau biyu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen ɗakin karatu na Ireland.<ref name=":2"/> Smyth ita ce shugabar Ballyfermot STAR Addiction Services da na Mata Aid, kuma memba ne na kwamitin Age Action . <ref name=":2" /> Tana aiki da kanta a matsayin mai ba da shawara da mai fafutuka.<ref name="Estudios">{{Cite web |title=Ailbhe Smyth Activist and independent scholar |url=http://www.estudiosirlandeses.org/contributor/ailbhe-smyth/ |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=Estudios Irlandeses}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022 ta kasance daga cikin 'yan mata 151 na kasa da kasa da suka sanya hannu kan adawa da yaki: Manifesto, a cikin hadin kai tare da adawa da yakin mata na Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Feminist Resistance Against War: A Manifesto |url=https://spectrejournal.com/feminist-resistance-against-war/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Spectre Journal}}</ref>{{Refn|This manifesto was criticized by both Ukrainian feminists and members of the [[Feminist Anti-War Resistance]] themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hendl |first1=Tereza |title=Towards accounting for Russian imperialism and building meaningful transnational feminist solidarity with Ukraine |journal=Gender Studies |date=2022 |volume=26 |pages=62-93 |url=http://kcgs.net.ua/gurnal/26/gs26-2022_full.pdf#page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashley Smith |title=Inside the Russian Resistance Against Putin’s War | date=June 23, 2022 | website=Spectre Journal |url=https://spectrejournal.com/inside-the-russian-resistance-against-putins-war/ |access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=Russia's women are fighting back against the war in Ukraine |website=OpenDemocracy.net |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/russia-feminist-resistance-to-ukraine-war/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107161228/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/russia-feminist-resistance-to-ukraine-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A cikin 2022, an ba Smyth 'yancin birnin [[Dublin]]. An ba ta lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga NUI Galway a watan Afrilun 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linehan |first=Alice |date=2022-04-06 |title=Irish LGBTQ+ icon Ailbhe Smyth awarded Honorary Doctorate from NUI Galway |url=https://gcn.ie/ailbhe-smyth-honorary-doctorate/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=GCN |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Smyth a Dublin a shekara ta 1946, babba cikin yara 6. Smyth ya yi aure a farkon shekarun 1970, kuma daga baya ya rabu. Ta haifi 'yarta a shekara ta 1977, kuma ta ambaci matsayinta a matsayin "maras izini" a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ta sake aure da zarar ya zama doka a Ireland a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. <ref name=":1"/> Smyth ta fito ne a matsayin lesbian a ƙarshen shekarunta na 30.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Peter |date=2018-12-20 |title=A word to the wise: Ailbhe Smyth and Emily O'Connell |url=https://gcn.ie/word-wise-ailbhe-smyth-emily-oconnell/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=GCN |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1xb356rscpddqqxpz182z29convfl0x 0 96454 647989 605124 2025-06-27T07:44:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbara Oteng Gyasi''' (an Haife shi 5 Oktoba 1964) yar siyasan Ghana ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisar wakilai ta Prestea Huni-Valley mazabar [[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|yankin yammacin]] Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-28 |title=First Lady inaugurates Huni Valley Health Centre |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/first-lady-inaugurates-huni-valley-health-centre/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita mamba ce ta Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party (NPP), kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar minista mai kula da filaye da albarkatun kasa a Ghana sannan kuma tsohuwar ministar yawon shakatawa, al'adu da fasaha ta kere-kere . <ref name="gog">{{Cite web |title=Deputy Ministers |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104720/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Government of Ghana}}</ref> <ref name="graph">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=Akufo-Addo releases names of 50 deputy and 4 more ministerial nominees |url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-releases-names-of-deputy-ministers-designate.html |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Graphic Ghana}}</ref> <ref name="yen">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=List of Akufo-Addo's 50 deputy ministers and four news ministers |url=https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Yen Ghana |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143328/https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="citi">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=Akufo-Addo names 50 deputies, 4 ministers of state |url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/03/15/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/ |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Cifi FM Online}}</ref> <ref name="ghaweb">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2017 |title=Akufo-Addo picks deputy ministers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Akufo-Addo-picks-deputy-ministers-511811 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Catherine Afeku out, Barbara Gyasi now Tourism Minister |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/February-28th/catherine-afeku-out-barbara-gyasi-now-tourism-minister.php |access-date=2020-01-29 |website=Myjoyonline}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gyasi a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1964. <ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=206 |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Parliament of Ghana |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324002714/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=206 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana da digiri a fannin shari'a daga [[Jami'ar Ghana]] . <ref name="parliament1" /> kuma yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbara Oteng Gyasi, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Barbara-Oteng-Gyasi-2545 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Ghana web}}</ref> == Sana'a == Gyasi ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen shari'a a Vivo Energy Ghana Limited daga 2012 zuwa 2016. <ref name="parliament1"/> == Siyasa == A matsayinta na ‘yar takarar jam’iyyar NPP, an zabi Gyasi a matsayin wanda zai wakilci mazabar Prestea Huni-Valley a shekarar 2016, amma ta kasa ci gaba da rike kujerar a zaben Ghana na 2020, saboda ta sha kaye a hannun Robert Wisdom Cudjoe na jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress (NDC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Tourism Minister Barbara Oteng Gyasi loses Prestea-Huni-Valley seat to NDC |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1048676/tourism-minister-barbara-oteng-gyasi-loses-preste.html |access-date=2020-12-08 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Gyasi ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai na mazabar Prestea Huni- Valley a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016 kuma ya samu kuri'u 36,444, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 51.86% na kuri'un da aka kada. Ya lashe kujerar majalisa a kan Robert Wisdom Cudjoe na National Democratic Congress, Duku Edmund na Progressive People's Party, Theophiles Badu Samora Barimah na IND da Francis Owusu Eduku na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party . Sun samu kuri'u 32,073, kuri'u 848, kuri'u 755 da kuri'u 152. Waɗannan suna wakiltar kashi 45.64%, 1.21%, 1.06% da 0.23% na jimillar kuri'u. ==== zaben 2020 ==== Gyasi ya sake tsayawa takarar Prestea Huni- Valley (mazabar majalisar Ghana) kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 amma ya sha kaye a zaben a hannun Robert Wisdom Cudjoe na National Democratic Congress. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prestea Huni-Valley – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/western-region/prestea-huni-valley/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Prestea Huni Valley Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/western/prestea_huni_valley/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quansah |first=IF |last2=Amankwah |first2=RK |date=2011-03-11 |title=Bore and Well Water Quality Studies in The Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality and Prestea-Huni-Valley District, SW Ghana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v12i1.64370 |journal=Ghana Mining Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.4314/gm.v12i1.64370 |issn=0855-210X |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Prestea-huni Valley |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?ID=263&mode=parliamentary |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Oteng Gyasi Kirista ne. <ref name="parliament1"/> Tana da 'ya'ya biyar: * Nana Kwame Oteng-Gyasi (ma'aikacin banki na saka jari; dan kasuwa; darektan kasuwancin iyali) * Francis Oteng-Gyasi (ma'aikacin zamantakewa) * Anthony Oteng-Gyasi JNR (mai gudanarwa a kasuwancin iyali) * Barbara Oteng-Gyasi (dalibi na kwaleji) * Cheryl Oteng-Gyasi (dalibi na kwaleji) == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] bf222fgenrooufnhh5swvkq4n5dml8x 0 96889 647983 615196 2025-06-27T07:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sir_Mobolaji_Bank_Anthony.jpg|thumb|Siffar Sir Mobolaji Bank Anthony]] [[Oba|Oloye]] '''Sir Mobolaji Bank Anthony''', [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] (an haife shi a ranar 11 Ga watan Yunin shekarar 1907 - 26 Mayun shekarar 1991) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai ba da agaji na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Ya kasance Shugaban majalisa na [[Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Najeriya|Kasuwancin Legas]] kuma ya kasance mai saka hannun jari a cikin ƴan kwangila na Aero-Contractors kafin [[Michael Ibru|Ƙungiyar Ibru]] ta sami hannun jari na asali.<ref name="Spear">"50 Successful Years in Business", Spear, March 1986</ref> A wani lokaci, ya riƙe haƙƙin rarraba ga motocin da Rootes Group ta ƙera.<ref>Francis Kennedy. (1991). Obituary: Sir Mobolaji Bank-Anthony. The Independent (London), June 1, 1991</ref> Ya kasance memba na kwamitin kamfanoni daban-daban kuma ya kasance ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bankin Anthony an haife shi ne a cikin iyalin Alfred Bank Anthony na yankin Brazil, [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]]; mahaifiyarsa tana da alaƙa da iyalin Aleshinloye Williams na [[Olowogbowo]], Legas kuma iyayensa duka biyu Ƴan kasuwa ne; mahaifinsa yana da kasuwancin jana'izar a ƙarƙashin sunan, A. Bank Anthony and Sons Ltd . <ref name="Spear">"50 Successful Years in Business", Spear, March 1986</ref> An haife shi a yankin [[Kinshasa]] na Belgian Congo a cikin Shekara ta 1907. Ya fara karatu a makarantar St. Peters, Faji, Legas kuma daga baya ya halarci makarantun sakandare daban-daban ciki har da makarantar sakandare ta Methodist Boys, Makarantar Ijebu Ode Grammar, makarantar CMS Grammar da kuma Kwalejin Baptist, Legas. A cikin Shekara ta 1923, ya fara aiki a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda a sashen wasiku na Sashen Post da Telegraphs (P&T). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-18 |title=Throwback: How Sir Mobolaji Bank Anthony Became One Of The Richest Men In Africa During His Life Time |url=https://espact.com/throwback-how-sir-mobolaji-bank-anthony-became-one-of-the-richest-men-in-africa-during-his-life-time/ |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=Espact |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215756/https://espact.com/throwback-how-sir-mobolaji-bank-anthony-became-one-of-the-richest-men-in-africa-during-his-life-time/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya bar P&T dept a shekarar 1931 kuma ya sauya zuwa kasuwanci. Ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasar Jamus da Ƙasar Ingila don Yin nazarin Man dabino kuma daga baya ya kafa M. de Bank Brothers, babban kamfani na kasuwanci da farko a cikin Palm Oil sannan kuma magani na patent. Bayan kasuwancin biyu ba su yi nasara sosai ba, sai ya sauya zuwa shigo da agogo, agogo da alkalami. A wani lokaci, shi ne mai sayar da takalma na uku mafi girma a Najeriya bayan UAC da United Trading Company. A farkon shekarun 1930, ya kasance a takaice tare da ƙungiyar matasa ta Legas. Kasuwancin Bankin Anthony ya fara ƙaruwa a farkon yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da farashin ya tashi a kasar yana amfana da 'yan kasuwa kamar Bankin Anthony wanda ke da manyan kayayyaki kafin matsin hauhawar farashin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobolaji Bank Anthony biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16542/mobolaji-bank-anthony |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950 ya kawo wasu kamfanonin Turai zuwa Najeriya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan Najeriya na farko da ya zama shugaban kamfanin Turai lokacin da a cikin Shekarar 1950, bayan ya gabatar da kamfanin Italiya zuwa kasuwar Najeriya, ya zama shugaban Kamfanin Gine-gine na Italiya Borini Prono da Kamfanin. Kamfanin daga baya ya shiga cikin gina hanyar Ijora Causeway, hanyar [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin]]-[[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] da hanyar Sapele-Onithsa.  Ya kuma kasance wakilin Law Union da Rock Insurance Agency a cikin 1950 wanda daga baya [[Talabi Braithwaite|T.A. Braithwaite]] ya gudanar a cikin 1951. Ya kuma kasance darektan hannun Najeriya na Mobil Oil Company kuma ya kasance darektani na reshen Najeriya na Friesland Foods . <ref>{{Cite web |last=AutoJosh |title=31 Roads In Lagos And The Famous Nigerians They Were Named After |url=https://autojosh.com/31-roads-in-lagos-and-the-famous-nigerians-they-were-named-after/ |access-date=2021-06-02 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bankin Anthony ya sami hannun jari a cikin ƴan kamfanoni a lokacin aikinsa na kasuwanci ciki har da Weide Nigeria Limited wanda ke hulɗa da ɓangarorin lantarki da aka rushe gaba ɗaya, haɗin gwiwar Italiya da ake kira Motor Parts Industries, kasuwancin plywood a Jihar Cross River da kuma hannun Najeriya na Mayu da Baker, <ref name="Spear">"50 Successful Years in Business", Spear, March 1986</ref> Pressed Metal Works. == Taimako == Bankin Anthony ya ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Orthopaedic na Kasa, Igbobi, Legas kuma ya gina gidan Ayinke, wanda ke da asibitin Ikeja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tunde |date=2019-04-25 |title=Ayinke House and Sir Mobolaji Bank-Anthony |url=https://www.newdawnngr.com/2019/04/25/ayinke-mobolaji-bank-anthony/ |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=New Dawn Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bankin Anthony ya auri Olamide Adeshigin, wanda daga baya aka sani da Lady Bank Anthony . Ya kasance a cikin ƴan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kasuwanci a jihar Legas, ciki har da Lagos Race Club, Metropolitan Club, Yoruba Tennis Club da kuma Najeriya-Amurka Chamber of Commerce . <ref name="Spear">"50 Successful Years in Business", Spear, March 1986</ref> Ya kasance shugaban Hukumar ɗaukaka ƙara ta Tarayya da [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya kafa don taimakawa ƴan Najeriya da [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|Yaƙin basasa]] ya shafa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] m8oc6vor2jd9s5dppjoalseqxj1zpnj 0 97495 648139 608813 2025-06-27T10:19:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Busingye_Peninah_Kabingani.jpg|thumb| Busingye Peninah Kabingani]] '''Busingye Peninah Kabingani''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944) [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasar ƙasar]] [[Uganda]] ce kuma 'yar majalisa. Ta wakilci tsohuwar yankin tsakiyar Uganda a matsayin 'yar majalisa a majalisar dokokin Uganda. Ita mamba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) a kan tikitin da aka zaɓe ta a majalisar dokoki a babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Busingye Peninah Kabingani - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/busingye-peninah-kabingani-10785/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Peninah Busingye Elected Central Region MP for Older Persons |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/peninah-busingye-elected-central-region-mp-for-older-persons- |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Maama Kisanja' yeebazizza abamulonze ku ky'omubaka w'abakadde |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/87085123 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=NRM Sweeps Elections for PWDs, Older Persons, Workers' MPs |url=https://chimpreports.com/nrm-sweeps-elections-for-pwds-older-persons-workers-mps/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mama Kisanja celebrates becoming NRM party flag bearer |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1529304 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kabingani, wacce aka fi sani da Mama Kisanja, mazauniya ce a ƙaramar hukumar Kira a gundumar Wakiso.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Four elected as MPs for elderly |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/four-elected-as-mps-for-elderly-3262964 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maama Kisanja asuubizza okulwanirira abakadde abaagobwa ku ttaka |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102761 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Bukedde |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324072417/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102761 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kabingani ta lashe kujerar 'yar majalisar dattawa ta tsakiya a kan tikitin jam'iyyar NRM da kuri'u 113 yayin da babbar abokiyar hamayyarta Halima Namakula ta zo ta biyu a kwalejin zaɓen dattawan da ta kunshi wakilan dattawa daga gundumomi 27 na shiyyar tsakiya.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Independent |date=2021-05-17 |title=131 MPs take oath on first day of swearing-in ceremonies |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/131-mps-take-oaths-on-first-day-of-swearing-in-ceremonies/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=MPs for Elderly urged to be strong in their work, as World commemorates Day for Grandparents & Elderly – The UGPost |url=https://theugpost.com/index.php/2021/07/25/mps-for-elderly-urged-to-represent-their-electorate-diligently-offer-guidance-to-a-better-future/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025082039/https://theugpost.com/index.php/2021/07/25/mps-for-elderly-urged-to-represent-their-electorate-diligently-offer-guidance-to-a-better-future/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-12 |title=Busingye Takes NRM Flag for Central Elderly MP |url=https://chimpreports.com/busingye-takes-nrm-flag-for-central-elderly-mp/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=10529544_769261689792222_224470721_n |date=2021-01-27 |title=Halima Namakula to challenge election results in court |url=https://mbu.ug/2021/01/27/halima-namakula-to-challenge-election-results-in-court/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kabingani manominya ce kuma ma'aikaciyar gwamnati mai ritaya wacce ta yi aiki tare da layin dogo na gabashin Afirka wanda daga baya ta koma cikin layin dogo na Uganda bayan wargajewar al'ummar gabashin Afirka ta farko.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Omuntu wabantu: Tukyaazizza Maama Busingye Peninah. Mubaka w'abakadde omulonde mu Paalamenti. BB |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvrNSct7jlk |language=en |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> Ta kasance kusan shekara 58 tana tsunduma cikin harkar siyasa, kuma ita ce ma'ajin kungiyar dattawan gundumar Wakiso.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> A halin yanzu tana wakiltar dattawan yankin tsakiya a majalisar dokokin Uganda.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=murami |date=2021-05-17 |title=131 MPs take oath on day one |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5125/131-mps-take-oath-day-one |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=www.parliament.go.ug |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-18 |title=PICTORIAL: MPs Take Oath as Joy, Vigour Open Eleventh Parliament - |url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/05/pictorial-mps-take-oath-as-joy-vigour-open-eleventh-parliament/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=FULL LIST: 2021 Winners for Member of Parliament (MP) Positions Across Uganda |url=https://theugandanwire.com/2021/01/18/full-list-2021-winners-for-member-of-parliament-mp-positions-across-uganda/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005214522/https://theugandanwire.com/2021/01/18/full-list-2021-winners-for-member-of-parliament-mp-positions-across-uganda/ |archive-date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Ugandan Wire}}</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a8iccczu5ntrke38jshyy5ndmqirirn 0 97791 648085 641808 2025-06-27T09:49:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brenda Namukuta''' 'yar siyasar ƙasar Uganda ce, 'yar majalisa kuma wakiliyar mata a gundumar Kaliro a majalissar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=MPs lack offices, work in corridors |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mps-lack-offices-work-in-corridors-3446698 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What made NRM achieve victory in Kaliro district |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/89258 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=New NRM leadership has an opportunity to build a sustainable party |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/115247 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namukuta Brenda - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/namukuta-brenda-10328/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tushabe |first=Nasa |date=2021-01-18 |title=Full List of Winners and Losers of 2021 Member of Parliament Elections |url=https://pearlpost.co.ug/news/politics/list-of-winners-and-losers-of-2021-member-of-parliament-elections/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Pearl Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da alaƙa da jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=New NRM leadership has an opportunity to build a sustainable party |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/115247 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Bukedde |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095108/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/115247 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namukuta Brenda - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/namukuta-brenda-10328/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Namukuta ita ce mai riƙe da tuta na jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) na gundumar Kaliro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-15 |title=NRM candidates demand facilitation to battle opposition rivals |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/nrm-candidates-demand-facilitation-to-battle-opposition-rivals/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='NUP is killing us', Busoga NRM candidates cry to Kadaga |url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/67380-nup-is-killing-us-busoga-nrm-candidates-cry-to-kadaga |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta lashe zaɓen ƙasa na shekarar ta 2021 kuma ta zama mace wakiliyar majalisa a gundumar Kaliro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-19 |title=List of 130 MPs set to be sworn-in on Wednesday |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/2021/05/19/list-of-130-mps-set-to-be-sworn-in-on-wednesday/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Matooke Republic |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> Ta zauna a kwamitin kasafin kuɗi na majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Parliamentary Budget Committee pays courtesy visit to FUFA Headquarters |url=https://fufa.co.ug/parliamentary-budget-committee-pays-courtesy-visit-to-fufa-headquarters/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=FUFA: Federation of Uganda Football Associations |language=en-US}}</ref> Namukuta tana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar kungiyar 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda (UWOPA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=Sarah Opendi to Advocate for Enacting of Gender Related Laws as UWOPA Chairperson |url=https://eastnews.co.ug/sarah-opendi-to-advocate-for-enacting-of-gender-related-laws-as-uwopa-chairperson/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=East News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce ma'ajiyar kungiyar majalisar dokoki ta yankin Busoga 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-08 |title=Mariam Naigaga, Maurice Kibalya use Busoga Kingdom to divide Basoga |url=https://kampalasqoop.com/mariam-naigaga-maurice-kibalya-use-busoga-kingdom-to-divide-basoga/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Kampala Sqoop |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == Namukuta na daga cikin mambobin kwamitin kasafin kuɗi na majalisar a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda da suka ziyarci hedkwatar hukumar ta FUFA domin sanin yadda ake gudanar da wasan kwallon kafa a ƙasar Uganda. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=FUFA Hosts Parliamentary Budget Committee Members |url=https://chimpreports.com/fufa-hosts-parliamentary-budget-committee-members/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayega |first=Dennis |date=2021-11-22 |title=Parliamentary budget committee pays courtesy visit to FUFA headquarters |url=https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2021/11/22/parliamentary-budget-committee-pays-courtesy-visit-to-fufa-headquarters/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Galaxy FM 100.2 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee On Budget – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-budget/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Namukuta na daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki daga yankin Busoga da suka tattauna kan yanayin tituna a yankin Busoga tare da tawagar hukumar kula da hanyoyi ta Uganda (UNRA) wadda babban darakta Allen Kagina ya jagoranta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=Busoga MPs Salute UNRA For Doing Such a Powerful Job |url=https://mulengeranews.com/busoga-mps-salute-unra-for-doing-such-a-powerful-job/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095109/https://mulengeranews.com/busoga-mps-salute-unra-for-doing-such-a-powerful-job/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rigima == Namukuta ba ta cikin 'yan majalisar dokokin NRM da ake zargin sun karbi kuɗi har miliyan biyar na Uganda domin kaɗa kuri'a a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka yi a shekarar 2022 [[Anita Among|da Anita]] [[Anita Among|Mid]] da Thomas Tayebwa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Speaker Race Cash Bonanza! NRM Mps allegedly receive Shs5M for voting Among, Tayebwa - |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2022/03/speaker-race-cash-bonanza-nrm-mps-receive-shs5m-for-voting-among-tayebwa/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cissy Namujju]] wata mata 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar gundumar Lwengo ta tabbatar da cewa tana cikin 'yan majalisar NRM da suka karɓi kuɗin. <ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ljroevy05bxmu02nh57j4wyutnf1ow4 0 99399 648216 621062 2025-06-27T11:33:37Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Seedtoro.jpq.jpg|Seedtoro.jpq.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Lymantria|Lymantria]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: https://www.facebook.com/100092414046723/photos/508216648935466/. 648216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shehu Buba Umar''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1976) <ref>{{Cite web |title=10th National Assembly Members - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/10th-national-assembly-member?id=UMAR-SHEHU-BUBA-130 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=orderpaper.ng}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma sanata wanda ke wakiltar mazaɓar [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin jam'iyar All Progressive Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Desk |date=2023-02-27 |title=APC's Shehu Buba wins Bauchi South Senatorial District seat |url=https://dailynigerian.com/apc-shehu-buba-wins-bauchi/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Daily Nigerian |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Ishola |date=2023-11-26 |title=Bauchi Senator, Shehu Buba, assures constituents of effective, developmental representation |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-senator-shehu-buba-assures-constituents-of-effective-developmental-representation/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Shehu Buba a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1976 a ƙauyen Nabordo na ƙaramar hukumae ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Ya halarci makarantar firamare a Newo-Foron, Ƙaramar Hukumar Barikin Ladi ta Jihar Plateau, da makarantun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati Baraya a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] . Yana da digiri na farko a fannin Ilimi na Matasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Zariya|Zaria]] da digiri na Masters a fannin Rikici na Zaman Lafiya da Gudanar da Ƙaddamarwa daga Jami'an Jos . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Shehu buba umar the senator of high standing 2 |url=https://blueprint.ng/shehu-buba-umar-the-senator-of-high-standing-2/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Farkon aiki == Shehu Buba ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin aji, ya kasance Babban Mataimakin Musamman ga tsohon Gwamnan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] Malam [[Isa Yuguda]] . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman ga tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa [[Atiku Abubakar]] , shi ne Shugaban, Kwamitin warware rikice-rikice na Makiyaya, a Jihar Plateau, sannan kuma Shugaban Kwamitin warware rikice-rikicen Makiyaya ga Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya. Shi memba ne na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a Berlin, ƙasar Jamus. Shi ne Babban Darakta, Ci gaban Kasuwanci Aquawave Oil and Gas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=umar shehu buba |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/umar-shehu-buba/ |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=shineyoureye.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Siyasa == Shehu Buba ya lashe zaɓen Sanata na Kudu na Bauchi tare da kuri'u 175,505 ya kayar da Garba Dahiru na Jam'iyyar People Democratic Party wanda ya samu 165,727 kuma Lawal Gumau na NNPP ya samu 3,739. Shehu Buba memba ne na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 10. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro da Lantarki na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=apc wins bauchi south senatorial district seat |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/apc-wins-bauchi-south-senatorial-district-seat/amp/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Takardun shaida da Motsi == === Biyu === * Dokar Laifin Cyber (Harkakewa da Rigakafi) Dokar 2015 (Gwamma) Bill. * Dokar Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (Gwamma) Bill, 2023. * Hukumar Kula da Asibitin Orthopedic ta Tarayya (Gwamma) Bill, 2024 * Dokar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya (Gwamma) Bill, 2023. === Motsi, ayyuka === * Motsi ya koma Gwamnatin Tarayya don samar da kusan bas din CNG 100 zuwa NURTW, NARTO, RTEAN don rage tasirin cire tallafin man fetur da haɓaka damar sufuri na jama'a. * Motsi don kafa makarantar horar da al'ada wacce za ta janyo hankalin sama da biliyan 10 a cikin Zuba Jari na Tarayya a Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Bauchi. == Ayyukan mazaɓar == [[Fayil:BoreholeToro.jpq.jpg|thumb|Ginin 6 Diamita Solar Powered Borehole, Overhead Tank A Kandahar Area Dan Iya Ward, Bauchi State]] Bauchi ta Kudu ta kasancewar al'umma ce ta noma da ke buƙatar ci gaba, Shehu Buba ya tsara tsarin ci gaban "Masterplan of Service" wanda ke mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi, tallafin noma, inganta hanyar sadarwa, wutar lantarki ta yankunan karkara da ci gaban al'umma. === Aikin noma === Shehu Buba ya ba da ƙarfin matasa da mata manoma 2000 a duk faɗin yankuna bakwai na ƙaramar hukuma waɗanda suka haɗa da Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Bauchi tare da tsiro mai inganci, taki, tractors da sauran kayan aikin gona don tallafawa lokacin bushe a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin aikin gona don haɓaka samar da abinci. === Ci gaban Al'umma === Tsakanin Shekarar 2023 da Kuma shekara ta 2025 Shehu Buba ya gina jimlar 500 na ramukan famfo na hannu, tankuna Guda 50 na hasken rana don ƙananan hukumomi bakwai na Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Bauchi. === Kawar da Talauci === [[Fayil:Empowerment_message.jpg|right|thumb|Kyautar injunan sutura, babura, da dai sauransu ga mutanen Bauchi ta Kudu.]] Tare da yunƙurin kawar da talauci daga Jihar Bauchi, Shehu Buba ya ba da gudummawar babura guda 1000, kekuna uku 500 da injunan sutura 1000 ga al'ummomi daban-daban na Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Bauchi. === Gine-gine da Wutar Lantarki === [[Fayil:Bubatoro.jpq.jpg|thumb|Yakubu Dogara Tare da Shehu Buba Commissioning Road a Zaranda Toro Ƙaramar Hukumar Bauchi Kudancin Sanata]] Shehu Buba ya gina hanya sama da kilomita 50 a fadin birane da yankunan karkara na kananan hukumomi bakwai na gundumar sanata. Ya kuma shigar da fiye da 10 transformer da streetlights a fadin kananan hukumomi bakwai na Bauchi South Senatorial District. Shehu Buba ya kuma gina hanyar kilomita 2.5 a garin Zaranda a yankin karamar hukuma na Toro na Jihar Bauchi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] lai1yunk6s8zsl6ocm8axq4dj7djprb 0 100133 647904 617263 2025-06-27T05:49:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alhaji Asoma Abu Banda''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta '''Asumah Banda'''; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2003 |title=Alhaji Asuma Banda leads crusade to revive CPP |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/34927/alhaji-asuma-banda-leads-crusade-to-revive-cpp.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Yuni 1933 - 1 Maris 2025) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ya kasance shugaba kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Rukunin Kamfanoni na Antrak. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2001 |title=Alhaji Banda Pledges 100m to Fund |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/13472/alhaji-banda-pledges-100m-to-fund.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2021 |title=Asuma Banda’s Son Arrested After Storming Father’s House |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/asuma-bandas-son-arrested-after-storming-fathers-house/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Asoma Banda assures Ghanaians of economic turn around |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Asoma-Banda-assures-Ghanaians-of-economic-turn-around-319566 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> Shi ne Chancellor na farko na [[Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba]], yana aiki daga shekarun 2010 zuwa 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=‘Nana Addo can never be President’ – Asuma Banda |url=https://citifmonline.com/2015/12/nana-addo-can-never-be-president-asuma-banda/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2025 |title=Hall of Fame {{!}} Chancellors |url=https://www.uew.edu.gh/about-uew/hall-fame/chancellors |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=University of Education, Winneba}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Banda a watan Yuni 1933 kuma ya fito daga Kintampo a tsohon yankin Brong Ahafo, a halin yanzu a yankin Bono Gabas. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MyNewsGH |date=6 January 2023 |title=Meet All 12 Children of Alhaji Asumah Banda and their mothers including Manhyia Royal |url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/meet-all-12-children-of-alhaji-asumah-banda-and-their-mothers-including-manhyia-royal/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=MyNewsGh |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya halarci Government Boys a [[Kumasi]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 January 2023 |title=The Life And Legacy of Alhaji Asoma Banda |url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2023/01/15/the-life-and-legacy-of-alhaji-asoma-banda/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Ghanamma.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da samun takardar shedar sa ta al'ada da ci gaba da kuma difloma a fannin Talla da Tallace-tallace a [[Landan|London]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Alhaji Asoma Banda ‘mad’ over death rumors |url=https://ahotoronline.com/alhaji-asoma-banda-mad-over-death-rumors/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Ahotor 92.3FM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar 2010, Banda shi ne Shugaban Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2010 |title=UEW Chancellor tours campuses |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/288797/uew-chancellor-tours-campuses.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Antrak Air; Shugaban Kamfanin Antrak Express Limited; Shugaban Kungiyar Masu Jirgin Ruwa da Wakilan Ghana; Shugaban hukumar Meridian Port Services Limited. Banda ya kasance mamban hukumar [[Hukumar Tashoshin Ruwa da Jiragen Ruwa na Ghana|kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Ghana]], Hukumar Kula da Maritime ta Ghana da Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Ruwa ta Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=Asoma Banda: A Veteran Entrepreneur |url=https://kadigest.com/asoma-banda-a-veteran-entrepreneur/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=KA Digest - Motivation {{!}} Quotes {{!}} Africans (Formerly KonnectAfrica.Net) |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Aikin siyasa === Banda memba ne na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. <ref name=":0"/> Ya kuma kasance tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. <ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma kasance tsohon ɗan majalisar jiha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=I don’t want to see my disrespectful son – Asuma Banda - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/i-dont-want-to-see-my-disrespectful-son-asuma-banda/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title=Nana Addo Lacks Intelligence, Wisdom To Be President – Asoma Banda |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/663121/nana-addo-lacks-intelligence-wisdom-to-be-president-asoma.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa == A shekara ta 2013, matarsa Cassandra Aisha Banda ta shigar da ƙarar saki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crabbe |first=Nathaniel |date=1 January 2023 |title=Asoma Banda: Frail Millionaire's First Wife Reportedly Files For Divorce After 48 Years of Marriage - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/family-relationships/225474-asoma-banda-frail-millionaires-wife-reportedly-files-divorce-48-years-marriage/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Yana da mata ta biyu mai suna Edwina Baaba Coussey Banda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Owusu-Mensah |first=Jeffrey |date=16 December 2022 |title=Videos Of Asoma Banda's Wife Edwina's 60th Birthday Party With Joselyn Dumas, KOD Drop Amid Hubby's Sickness - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/180673-edwina-banda-businessman-asoma-bandas-wife-holds-plush-60th-birthday-party-video-photos.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Yana kuma da ’ya’ya biyu da ake kira Fadel Asuma Banda, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fadel Asuma Banda arrested for breaking into father’s house - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/fadel-asuma-banda-arrested-for-breaking-into-fathers-house/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> da Jamel Banda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Mahama, Alan attend expensive wedding of Asuma Banda's son - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/mahama-alan-attend-expensive-wedding-of-asuma-bandas-son/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da yaya mata guda biyu, Hajiya Shata Abu Banda da Hajiya Meeli Banda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2022 |title=Custody of sick business mogul Asuma Banda causes huge family fight - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/custody-of-sick-business-mogul-asuma-banda-causes-huge-family-fight/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya haifi 'ya'ya 12. <ref name=":1"/> Banda musulmi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2022 |title=Retired Forces’ Imam Writes To Muslims On Asuma Banda Video |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/retired-forces-imam-writes-to-muslims-on-asuma-banda-video/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya mutu a [[Accra]] a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2025, yana da shekaru 92. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=1 March 2025 |title=Business magnate Alhaji Asoma Banda is dead |url=https://3news.com/news/business-magnate-alhaji-asoma-banda-is-dead/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=3news |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moro |first=Salifu Bagulube |date=2 March 2025 |title=President Mahama Mourns with Family of Late Business Mogul Alhaji Asoma Banda - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/politics/278543-president-mahama-mourns-family-late-business-mogul-asoma-banda/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> == Martaba == An gina wani masallaci da sunansa mai suna Masallacin Alhaji Banda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=Asuma Banda’s Mosque will not be destroyed - Railway Authority reacts to alleged plan to demolish 300 buildings |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Asuma-Banda-rsquo-s-Mosque-will-not-be-destroyed-Railway-Authority-reacts-to-alleged-plan-to-demolish-300-buildings-1880939 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Asoma Banda Mosque not earmarked for demolition - Railway Development Authority |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2023/11/asoma-banda-mosque-not-earmarked-for-demolition-railway-development-authority/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] 0jbqxycbtwtattvauks4h6o7lkqruqr 0 100492 647922 647501 2025-06-27T06:11:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ayọ̀ Bámgbó''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1932) masanin ilimin harshe ne, farfesa na farko na ilimin harshe a Ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimi da ilimin harshe, ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar girmamawa da zaɓe ga ofisoshi a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AYO BAMGBOSE AT 80 : Nigerian Latest News Papers News Online |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/ayo-bamgbose-at-80/ |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=www.nigerianbestforum.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Bamgbose a Yankin Odopotu, kusa da [[Ijebu Ode]] a [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] ta ƙasar [[Najeriya]] a Shekarar 1932. Mahaifinsa, Rev. Sangodipe Bamgbose, ya kasance shugaban al'umma na Odopotu, wanda aka haife shi a cikin sanannen dangin masu bautar Egungun. Sunan ƙarshe Bamgbose, wanda ke nufin taimaka mini in ɗauki sandar Shango, (ose), kuma sunan farko na mahaifinsa, wanda ke ma'anar Sango consoles, ya kuma nuna cewa iyalinsa sun bauta wa Sango, allahn tsawa. Bayan karatun firamare an shigar da Bamgbose, a cikin Shekara ta 1948, a Kwalejin St. Andrew. Ya cancanci zama malami na biyu a shekarar 1951. Daga nan sai ya sami shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], mai alaƙa da Jami'ar London. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu na BA (Hons) na Turanci na Jami'ar London a shekara ta 1960. Ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Edinburgh inda ya sami difloma a fannin ilimin harshe gaba ɗaya a Shekarar 1961 da kuma PhD a Shekarar 1963 tare da rubutun A Study of Structures and Classes in the Grammar of Modern Yoruba . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bamgbose |first=Ayo |date=1963 |title=A study of structures and classes in the grammar of modern Yoruba |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/34630 |language=en}}</ref> Ya shiga ma'aikatan Jami'ar Ibadan a Shekarar b1963 a matsayin Malami, ya samu ci gaba da sauri zuwa matsayin Babban Malami a Shekarar 1966 da kuma Farfesa a 1968. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar, an girmama shi da taken Farfesa Emeritus . Babban gudummawar Bamgbose ga ilimi shine aikinsa akan tsarin yaren Yoruba. Daga cikin littattafansa ashirin da ɗaya, Grammar of Yoruba (Cambridge University Press, 1966) ya kasance classic a aikace-aikacen ilimin harshe na zamani ga Yoruba. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci shine Fonologi ati Girama Yoruba (University Press Ltd., Ibadan, 1990) wanda ke magance matsalar harshen harshe na ɗaliban Yoruba. Halinsa ya bayyana a cikin Orthographies of Nigerian Languages [Efik, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba] (National Language Center, Legas, 1981), Language and the Nation (Edinburgh University Press, 1991), da Language and Exclusion (LIT Verlag, 2000). Bamgbose ya kuma rubuta takardu ko surori sama da guda 130 a cikin littattafai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AYO BAMGBOSE AT 80 : Nigerian Latest News Papers News Online |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/ayo-bamgbose-at-80/ |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=www.nigerianbestforum.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Daraja da nasarorin da aka samu == A shekara ta 1984, Farfesa Bamgbose ya zama masanin harshe na farko a Afirka da aka ba shi memba na girmamawa na Linguistic Society of America (LSA). A shekara ta 2000, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban Afirka na farko na Ƙungiyar Turanci ta Duniya . A shekara ta 2003, an zaɓe shi Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin harshen Duniya na ƙasa na biyu, karo na farko da aka girmama masanin harsuna na Afirka. A shekara ta 2009, an zaɓe shi Shugaban Gidauniyar Majalisar Malamai ta Kwalejin Harsunan Afirka (ACALAN). Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin zartarwa na Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya wanda shi ne memba na tushe. Shi kaɗai ne ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Najeriya a shekarar 1990. == Shahararrun Nomin Ziyarar == * Farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Hamburg a 1979-80 * Ziyarar Fellow zuwa Clare Hall, Jami'ar Cambridge a cikin 1987-88 * George A. Miller Farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Illinois, Urbana-Champaign a 1993-95 * Ziyarar Farfesa a Jami'ar Leipzig a 1997-1999. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] idwotwf961ls2q4cxnzgp43ekzslf7d 0 100549 647559 620328 2025-06-26T12:26:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Ƙungiya */ 647559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Movement for Black Lives ('''M4BL''') haɗin gwiwa ne na kungiyoyi sama da 50 da ke wakiltar buƙatun [[Bakar fata|Al'ummomin baƙar fata]] a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref name="Newkirk">{{Cite web |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |date=August 3, 2016 |title=The Permanence of Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/movement-black-lives-platform/494309/ |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Membobin sun haɗa da Black Lives Matter Network, Taron Ƙasa na Black Lawyers, da Cibiyar Ella Baker da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=August 4, 2016 |website=Movement for Black Lives |publisher=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar su Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, da ONE DC sun goyi bayan su, kuma haɗin gwiwar tana karɓar sadarwa da goyon baya daga wata kungiya mai suna Blackbird. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Eric K. |date=2017 |title=The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=8–15 |issn=1532-2874 |jstor=44687751}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, 2015 ƙungiyar ta fara taro a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland inda tsakanin a shekarun 1,500 zuwa 2,000 masu fafutuka suka taru don shiga cikin tattaunawa da zanga-zanga. Da farko taron ya yi yunƙurin "dabarun hanyoyin da ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives za ta yi wa jami'an tsaro alhakin ayyukansu a matakin ƙasa".<ref name="about2017">{{Cite news|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|language=en-US|work=The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cleveland2015">{{Cite news|last=Morice|first=Jane|date=July 25, 2015|title=Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference|language=en-US|work=cleveland.com|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/07/thousands_of_freedom_fighters.html|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bernard2017">{{Cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tanya Lucia|date=August 7, 2015|title=The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love|language=en-US|work=The Root|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-movement-for-black-lives-convening-an-offering-of-1790860722|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka, taron ya haifar da samar da wani motsi mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa. A ƙarshen taron kwanaki uku, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta kaddamar da "tsari na kiran kungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa don samar da haɗin kai". <ref name="about2017" /> Tsawon shekaru na wannan shekara ya haifar da kafa dandalin ƙungiya wanda ke bayyana manufofi, buƙatu, da manufofin da Movement for Black Lives ke goyon bayan su don cimma "'yantar da" al'ummomin baƙaƙen fata a faɗin Amurka. <ref name="about2017" /> Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa George Floyd, M4BL ta fitar da Dokar BREATHE, wacce ta yi kira da a aiwatar da sauye-sauyen majalisa game da aikin 'yan sanda. Kudirin dokar ya haɗa da kiraye-kirayen janyewa daga aikin ‘yan sanda da sake saka jari kai tsaye zuwa albarkatun al’umma da kuma wasu hanyoyin ba da agajin gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Jessica |date=July 14, 2020 |title=The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention |url=https://www.theroot.com/the-genius-of-resilience-toward-a-new-black-national-1844367817 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=The Root |language=en-us}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Movement for Black Lives ta fitar da buƙatun manufofi don mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Breanna |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Movement For Black Lives Releases Policy Demands In Response To COVID-19 |url=https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404025705/https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Deva Woodly, Farfesa a fannin Siyasa a jami’ar The New School, ta bayyana The Movement for Black Lives a lokacin zanga-zangar George Floyd a matsayin “ƙungiya-madaidaiciya da ta haɗa da tarin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya a faɗin ƙasar,” wadda ta baiwa mutane damar “hade hanyoyin dake nuna matsalolin da ake fama da su a yanzu da kuma tushen matsalolin.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|date=June 4, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarin yanke shawara === M4BL tana aiki ne ta hanyar tsarin "hub-and-spoke" mara cibiyar iko, inda kowace reshe ta gari (kamar BYP100) ke da ’yancin kansu yayin da suke haɗin kai da rukuni-rukunin aiki na ƙasa guda shida. Takardun cikin gida sun nuna cewa kashi 73% na yanke shawarar kuɗi ana yin su ne ta wurin majalisun yankuna da ’yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa suka kafa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=m4bl.org |url=https://m4bl.org/organizational-structure}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya fuskanci suka a lokacin sauyin shugabanci na shekarar 2022, inda wasu membobi suka zargi rassan da suka fi arziƙi da rinjaye a yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.washingtonpost.com |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/08/14/blm-internal-tensions/}}</ref> === Manufa da bayanai === {{Progressivism}}Manufar ƙungiyar, da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2016, mai taken *A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom and Justice*, ta ƙunshi buƙatu guda shida:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Trymaine|date=August 1, 2016|title=Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Agenda|language=en-US|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-agenda-n620966|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Platform – The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828130258/https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=September 15, 2016|website=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> # A dakatar da yaƙi da bakar fata. # Diyya saboda bautar da aka yi a Amurka da kuma munanan abubuwan da suka biyo baya. # A daina zuba jari a cibiyoyin da ke daure da cutar da bakar fata; a mayar da hankali wajen jari ga ilimi, lafiya da tsaron rayuwar bakar fata. # Adalcin tattalin arziki ga kowa da kowa da sake gina tsarin tattalin arziki domin al’ummomi su mallaki dukiya tare, ba kawai su samu damar shiga ba. # Sarrafa dokoki, cibiyoyi da manufofi da suka fi shafar rayuwarmu ta hanyar haɗin kan al’umma. # Ƙarfi a siyasa da ikon yanke hukunci na bakar fata a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. M4BL na ganin cewa biyar diyya wani abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma yana da tushe, duba da diyya da aka biya wa manoman bakar fata a shekarar 2012.<ref name="Repar"> {{ Cite web | publisher=Movement For Black Lives | author=National African American Reparations Commission | author-link=National African American Reparations Commission | pages=1–12 | title=HR 40 Primer : Seize The Time! | url=https://m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NCOBRA-HR40-Primer.pdf | number=#HR 40 }} </ref> A shekarar 2023-2024, ƙungiyar ta fitar da bayani cewa “muna buƙatar dakatar da harin gaggawa da kuma kawo ƙarshen mamayar yankin Falasɗinu da Amurka ke mara wa baya,” tare da alƙawarin “ƙi yayyafa wa kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi a Gaza.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m4bl.org/statements/movement-for-black-lives-statement-on-us-backed-occupation-of-palestine/ | title=Movement for Black Lives Calls for an Immediate End to the U.S.-Backed Occupation of Palestine }}</ref> === Kuɗi da tallafin cibiyoyi === Bayan da ƙungiyar ta fitar da manufofinta a 2016, ƙungiyoyi 50 sun bayyana goyon bayansu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne kafa Asusun Gwagwarmayar Bakar Fata (BLMF) ta hannun ƙungiyar bada tallafi ta Borealis Philanthropy. Wannan asusu an kafa shi don tallafa wa M4BL, kuma yana da burin haɗa gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga ƙungiyar, tare da taimaka mata wajen haɓaka ƙarfinta na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Fortune magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6a4808fh4ygowlxugagd5hswv0khjr1 647560 647559 2025-06-26T12:29:25Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kuɗi da tallafin cibiyoyi */ 647560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Movement for Black Lives ('''M4BL''') haɗin gwiwa ne na kungiyoyi sama da 50 da ke wakiltar buƙatun [[Bakar fata|Al'ummomin baƙar fata]] a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref name="Newkirk">{{Cite web |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |date=August 3, 2016 |title=The Permanence of Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/movement-black-lives-platform/494309/ |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Membobin sun haɗa da Black Lives Matter Network, Taron Ƙasa na Black Lawyers, da Cibiyar Ella Baker da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=August 4, 2016 |website=Movement for Black Lives |publisher=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar su Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, da ONE DC sun goyi bayan su, kuma haɗin gwiwar tana karɓar sadarwa da goyon baya daga wata kungiya mai suna Blackbird. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Eric K. |date=2017 |title=The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=8–15 |issn=1532-2874 |jstor=44687751}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, 2015 ƙungiyar ta fara taro a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland inda tsakanin a shekarun 1,500 zuwa 2,000 masu fafutuka suka taru don shiga cikin tattaunawa da zanga-zanga. Da farko taron ya yi yunƙurin "dabarun hanyoyin da ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives za ta yi wa jami'an tsaro alhakin ayyukansu a matakin ƙasa".<ref name="about2017">{{Cite news|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|language=en-US|work=The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cleveland2015">{{Cite news|last=Morice|first=Jane|date=July 25, 2015|title=Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference|language=en-US|work=cleveland.com|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/07/thousands_of_freedom_fighters.html|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bernard2017">{{Cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tanya Lucia|date=August 7, 2015|title=The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love|language=en-US|work=The Root|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-movement-for-black-lives-convening-an-offering-of-1790860722|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka, taron ya haifar da samar da wani motsi mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa. A ƙarshen taron kwanaki uku, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta kaddamar da "tsari na kiran kungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa don samar da haɗin kai". <ref name="about2017" /> Tsawon shekaru na wannan shekara ya haifar da kafa dandalin ƙungiya wanda ke bayyana manufofi, buƙatu, da manufofin da Movement for Black Lives ke goyon bayan su don cimma "'yantar da" al'ummomin baƙaƙen fata a faɗin Amurka. <ref name="about2017" /> Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa George Floyd, M4BL ta fitar da Dokar BREATHE, wacce ta yi kira da a aiwatar da sauye-sauyen majalisa game da aikin 'yan sanda. Kudirin dokar ya haɗa da kiraye-kirayen janyewa daga aikin ‘yan sanda da sake saka jari kai tsaye zuwa albarkatun al’umma da kuma wasu hanyoyin ba da agajin gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Jessica |date=July 14, 2020 |title=The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention |url=https://www.theroot.com/the-genius-of-resilience-toward-a-new-black-national-1844367817 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=The Root |language=en-us}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Movement for Black Lives ta fitar da buƙatun manufofi don mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Breanna |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Movement For Black Lives Releases Policy Demands In Response To COVID-19 |url=https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404025705/https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Deva Woodly, Farfesa a fannin Siyasa a jami’ar The New School, ta bayyana The Movement for Black Lives a lokacin zanga-zangar George Floyd a matsayin “ƙungiya-madaidaiciya da ta haɗa da tarin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya a faɗin ƙasar,” wadda ta baiwa mutane damar “hade hanyoyin dake nuna matsalolin da ake fama da su a yanzu da kuma tushen matsalolin.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|date=June 4, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarin yanke shawara === M4BL tana aiki ne ta hanyar tsarin "hub-and-spoke" mara cibiyar iko, inda kowace reshe ta gari (kamar BYP100) ke da ’yancin kansu yayin da suke haɗin kai da rukuni-rukunin aiki na ƙasa guda shida. Takardun cikin gida sun nuna cewa kashi 73% na yanke shawarar kuɗi ana yin su ne ta wurin majalisun yankuna da ’yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa suka kafa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=m4bl.org |url=https://m4bl.org/organizational-structure}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya fuskanci suka a lokacin sauyin shugabanci na shekarar 2022, inda wasu membobi suka zargi rassan da suka fi arziƙi da rinjaye a yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.washingtonpost.com |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/08/14/blm-internal-tensions/}}</ref> === Manufa da bayanai === {{Progressivism}}Manufar ƙungiyar, da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2016, mai taken *A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom and Justice*, ta ƙunshi buƙatu guda shida:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Trymaine|date=August 1, 2016|title=Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Agenda|language=en-US|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-agenda-n620966|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Platform – The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828130258/https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=September 15, 2016|website=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> # A dakatar da yaƙi da bakar fata. # Diyya saboda bautar da aka yi a Amurka da kuma munanan abubuwan da suka biyo baya. # A daina zuba jari a cibiyoyin da ke daure da cutar da bakar fata; a mayar da hankali wajen jari ga ilimi, lafiya da tsaron rayuwar bakar fata. # Adalcin tattalin arziki ga kowa da kowa da sake gina tsarin tattalin arziki domin al’ummomi su mallaki dukiya tare, ba kawai su samu damar shiga ba. # Sarrafa dokoki, cibiyoyi da manufofi da suka fi shafar rayuwarmu ta hanyar haɗin kan al’umma. # Ƙarfi a siyasa da ikon yanke hukunci na bakar fata a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. M4BL na ganin cewa biyar diyya wani abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma yana da tushe, duba da diyya da aka biya wa manoman bakar fata a shekarar 2012.<ref name="Repar"> {{ Cite web | publisher=Movement For Black Lives | author=National African American Reparations Commission | author-link=National African American Reparations Commission | pages=1–12 | title=HR 40 Primer : Seize The Time! | url=https://m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NCOBRA-HR40-Primer.pdf | number=#HR 40 }} </ref> A shekarar 2023-2024, ƙungiyar ta fitar da bayani cewa “muna buƙatar dakatar da harin gaggawa da kuma kawo ƙarshen mamayar yankin Falasɗinu da Amurka ke mara wa baya,” tare da alƙawarin “ƙi yayyafa wa kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi a Gaza.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m4bl.org/statements/movement-for-black-lives-statement-on-us-backed-occupation-of-palestine/ | title=Movement for Black Lives Calls for an Immediate End to the U.S.-Backed Occupation of Palestine }}</ref> === Kuɗi da tallafin cibiyoyi === Bayan da ƙungiyar ta fitar da manufofinta a 2016, ƙungiyoyi 50 sun bayyana goyon bayansu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne kafa Asusun Gwagwarmayar Bakar Fata (BLMF) ta hannun ƙungiyar bada tallafi ta Borealis Philanthropy. Wannan asusu an kafa shi don tallafa wa M4BL, kuma yana da burin haɗa gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga ƙungiyar, tare da taimaka mata wajen haɓaka ƙarfinta na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Fortune magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Manyan abubuwa == === Zanga-zangar Jami’ar Cleveland State === A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2015, mutane daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Amurka suka taru a Jami’ar Cleveland State domin nuna damuwa kan cin zarafin da ’yan sanda ke yi wa al’ummar bakar fata. Musamman, rasuwar mutanen da suka haɗa da Michael Brown, Eric Garner, da Tamir Rice ne suka ƙarfafa buƙatar wannan taro a tsakanin al’ummar bakar fata. A lokacin taron wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki uku (24–26 ga Yuli), masu fafutuka sun halarci muhawarori, kallon fina-finai gajeru, da kuma bitoci da aka shirya domin inganta ƙwarewar masu neman mafita kan matsalolin da ke addabar bakar fata. Taron na Jami’ar Cleveland State ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin babban taron farko na ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives, inda mutane fiye da 1,500 suka halarta. Daga bisani, masu fafutuka daga wannan taron suka ɗauki matakin kafa ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta hukuma tare da tsara manufofin da za su zama jagora ga masu fafutuka daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar domin kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ’yan sanda da nuna wariya ga bakar fata a Amurka.<ref name="cleveland2015" /><ref name="bernard2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Carol Carter|date=August 31, 2015|title=The Movement For Black Lives Convening In Cleveland—A Transformative Experience|url=https://sidewithlove.org/ourstories/a-transformative-experience|access-date=March 15, 2017|website=Standing on the Side of Love}}</ref> Taron ya samu ƙarin kulawar kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa baki ɗaya, a ranar ƙarshe na taron, lokacin da wani jami’in Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA) ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga taron gungun masu zanga-zanga da yawancinsu bakar fata da ke da nisan kadan daga Jami’ar Cleveland State. Gungun sun taru ne sakamakon cafke wani yaro bakar fata da wani jami’in RTA ya yi saboda ya sha giya. A cewar hukumomi, matashin ya kasa kula da kansa saboda yawan shan giya, kuma hakan ya sa suka ga ya dace a tsare shi. Yayin da ake tsare yaron, mutane suka kewaye motar ’yan sanda domin nuna adawa, kuma domin warware hanyar motar, jami’in ’yan sandan sufuri ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga masu zanga-zanga. Wannan lamari ya jawo suka daga kungiyoyi masu kare haƙƙin bil’adama irin su ACLU na Ohio, inda suka ce amfani da barkonon tsohuwa wajen tarwatsa mutane yana da matsala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2015|title=ACLU Questions RTA Police Pepper Spray Incident at Close of Movement for Black Lives Convening|work=Targeted News Service|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1700329726/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yang|first=Jessica|date=July 30, 2015|title=RTA Officer Pepper Sprays Movement for Black Lives Gathering at CSU|work=University Wire; Carlsbad|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1770432115/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Larimer|first=Sarah|date=July 27, 2015|title=Cleveland Authorities Investigating Officer Who Pepper-Sprayed 'Black Lives' Activists|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1702098777/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> === Nuna goyon bayan wasanni na ƙwararru === ’Yan wasa daga fannoni daban-daban na wasanni na ƙwararru a Amurka sun nuna goyon bayansu ga wannan motsi ta hanyar gudanar da zanga-zanga. A shekarar 2016, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa Colin Kaepernick ya zaɓi durƙusawa yayin da ake rera taken ƙasa a wani wasan NFL. A lokacin hirar bayan wasa, Kaepernick ya bayyana da cewa, “Ba zan tsaya domin nuna alfahari da tutar ƙasa da ke zaluntar bakar fata da sauran masu launin fata ba.”<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 27, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem|language=en|work=NFL|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/colin-kaepernick-explains-why-he-sat-during-national-anthem-0ap3000000691077|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> Kaepernick da wasu ’yan wasa sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani saboda wannan ɗabi’a a lokacin kakar wasan 2016, har da fuskantar suka daga Alkalin Kotun Ƙoli Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wacce ta ce, “Shin zan kama su saboda hakan? A’a… amma hakan ba da hankali ba ne kuma rashin girmamawa ne.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=October 12, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick responds to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's criticism of anthem protests|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/10/12/colin-kaepernick-responds-to-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-criticism-of-anthem-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan mataki ya jawo ra’ayoyi masu ɗimbin yawa, amma ya sanya batun rayuwar bakar fata a gaba da gaba cikin tattaunawar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandritter|first=Mark|date=September 11, 2016|title=All the athletes who joined Kaepernick's national anthem protest|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2016/9/11/12869726/colin-kaepernick-national-anthem-protest-seahawks-brandon-marshall-nfl|access-date=March 16, 2017|website=SBNation|publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> ’Yan wasa daga sauran wasannin ƙwararru kamar NBA suma sun shiga cikin nuna goyon baya ga motsin. A 2016, LeBron James, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, da Carmelo Anthony sun hau mataki a bikin ESPY domin bayar da “kiran aiki” dangane da harbe-harben da aka yi wa Philando Castile da Alton Sterling, da kuma mutuwar ’yan sanda biyar da aka kashe a Dallas. Wadannan taurarin NBA sun yi amfani da damar wajen ƙarfafa hadin kai a tsakanin masu ra’ayoyi daban-daban. Dwyane Wade ya ce, “Dakata da nuna wariya bisa launin fata… amma kuma ramuwar gayya ma ta daina. Ya isa haka.” Sun ƙara da kiran Amurkawa da su “ƙi duk wani tashin hankali,” su maida hankali kan sake gina al’ummomin da ke daure da juna.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=July 13, 2016|title=NBA superstars issue 'call to action' for fellow athletes in appearance at ESPYs|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/07/13/nba-superstars-issue-call-to-action-for-fellow-athletes-in-appearance-at-espys/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Huddleston|first=Tom|date=July 14, 2016|title=LeBron James and Fellow NBA Stars Call for Nonviolence at ESPYs|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2016/07/14/epsys-gun-violence-lebron-james/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Ockerman|first1=Emma|last2=Chan|first2=Rosalie|date=July 7, 2016|title=Thousands of New Yorkers Protest Police Shootings of Black Men|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/4397693/minnesota-shooting-police-new-york-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref> === Yajin Aiki don Rayuwar Bakar Fata === A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2020, ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi fiye da 60 ciki har da wasu ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, sun shirya yajin aikin Strike for Black Lives. A matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar George Floyd da kuma motsin Black Lives Matter gaba ɗaya, yajin aikin ya ƙunshi ficewar ma’aikata a fadin ƙasar don neman adalci na kabilanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Billings|first=Kevin|date=July 20, 2020|title=Thousands Of Workers To Participate In 'Strike For Black Lives' Protests|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/thousands-workers-participate-strike-black-lives-protests-3014077|access-date=July 23, 2020|website=International Business Times|publisher=IBT Media}}</ref> == Manazarta == r6kb2x4km8fu5rvcq4rsc8w3lyevlqz 647724 647560 2025-06-26T18:31:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yajin Aiki don Rayuwar Bakar Fata */ 647724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Movement for Black Lives ('''M4BL''') haɗin gwiwa ne na kungiyoyi sama da 50 da ke wakiltar buƙatun [[Bakar fata|Al'ummomin baƙar fata]] a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref name="Newkirk">{{Cite web |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |date=August 3, 2016 |title=The Permanence of Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/movement-black-lives-platform/494309/ |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Membobin sun haɗa da Black Lives Matter Network, Taron Ƙasa na Black Lawyers, da Cibiyar Ella Baker da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=August 4, 2016 |website=Movement for Black Lives |publisher=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar su Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, da ONE DC sun goyi bayan su, kuma haɗin gwiwar tana karɓar sadarwa da goyon baya daga wata kungiya mai suna Blackbird. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Eric K. |date=2017 |title=The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=8–15 |issn=1532-2874 |jstor=44687751}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, 2015 ƙungiyar ta fara taro a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland inda tsakanin a shekarun 1,500 zuwa 2,000 masu fafutuka suka taru don shiga cikin tattaunawa da zanga-zanga. Da farko taron ya yi yunƙurin "dabarun hanyoyin da ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives za ta yi wa jami'an tsaro alhakin ayyukansu a matakin ƙasa".<ref name="about2017">{{Cite news|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|language=en-US|work=The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cleveland2015">{{Cite news|last=Morice|first=Jane|date=July 25, 2015|title=Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference|language=en-US|work=cleveland.com|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/07/thousands_of_freedom_fighters.html|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bernard2017">{{Cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tanya Lucia|date=August 7, 2015|title=The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love|language=en-US|work=The Root|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-movement-for-black-lives-convening-an-offering-of-1790860722|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka, taron ya haifar da samar da wani motsi mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa. A ƙarshen taron kwanaki uku, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta kaddamar da "tsari na kiran kungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa don samar da haɗin kai". <ref name="about2017" /> Tsawon shekaru na wannan shekara ya haifar da kafa dandalin ƙungiya wanda ke bayyana manufofi, buƙatu, da manufofin da Movement for Black Lives ke goyon bayan su don cimma "'yantar da" al'ummomin baƙaƙen fata a faɗin Amurka. <ref name="about2017" /> Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa George Floyd, M4BL ta fitar da Dokar BREATHE, wacce ta yi kira da a aiwatar da sauye-sauyen majalisa game da aikin 'yan sanda. Kudirin dokar ya haɗa da kiraye-kirayen janyewa daga aikin ‘yan sanda da sake saka jari kai tsaye zuwa albarkatun al’umma da kuma wasu hanyoyin ba da agajin gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Jessica |date=July 14, 2020 |title=The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention |url=https://www.theroot.com/the-genius-of-resilience-toward-a-new-black-national-1844367817 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=The Root |language=en-us}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Movement for Black Lives ta fitar da buƙatun manufofi don mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Breanna |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Movement For Black Lives Releases Policy Demands In Response To COVID-19 |url=https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404025705/https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Deva Woodly, Farfesa a fannin Siyasa a jami’ar The New School, ta bayyana The Movement for Black Lives a lokacin zanga-zangar George Floyd a matsayin “ƙungiya-madaidaiciya da ta haɗa da tarin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya a faɗin ƙasar,” wadda ta baiwa mutane damar “hade hanyoyin dake nuna matsalolin da ake fama da su a yanzu da kuma tushen matsalolin.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|date=June 4, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarin yanke shawara === M4BL tana aiki ne ta hanyar tsarin "hub-and-spoke" mara cibiyar iko, inda kowace reshe ta gari (kamar BYP100) ke da ’yancin kansu yayin da suke haɗin kai da rukuni-rukunin aiki na ƙasa guda shida. Takardun cikin gida sun nuna cewa kashi 73% na yanke shawarar kuɗi ana yin su ne ta wurin majalisun yankuna da ’yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa suka kafa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=m4bl.org |url=https://m4bl.org/organizational-structure}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya fuskanci suka a lokacin sauyin shugabanci na shekarar 2022, inda wasu membobi suka zargi rassan da suka fi arziƙi da rinjaye a yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.washingtonpost.com |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/08/14/blm-internal-tensions/}}</ref> === Manufa da bayanai === {{Progressivism}}Manufar ƙungiyar, da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2016, mai taken *A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom and Justice*, ta ƙunshi buƙatu guda shida:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Trymaine|date=August 1, 2016|title=Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Agenda|language=en-US|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-agenda-n620966|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Platform – The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828130258/https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=September 15, 2016|website=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> # A dakatar da yaƙi da bakar fata. # Diyya saboda bautar da aka yi a Amurka da kuma munanan abubuwan da suka biyo baya. # A daina zuba jari a cibiyoyin da ke daure da cutar da bakar fata; a mayar da hankali wajen jari ga ilimi, lafiya da tsaron rayuwar bakar fata. # Adalcin tattalin arziki ga kowa da kowa da sake gina tsarin tattalin arziki domin al’ummomi su mallaki dukiya tare, ba kawai su samu damar shiga ba. # Sarrafa dokoki, cibiyoyi da manufofi da suka fi shafar rayuwarmu ta hanyar haɗin kan al’umma. # Ƙarfi a siyasa da ikon yanke hukunci na bakar fata a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. M4BL na ganin cewa biyar diyya wani abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma yana da tushe, duba da diyya da aka biya wa manoman bakar fata a shekarar 2012.<ref name="Repar"> {{ Cite web | publisher=Movement For Black Lives | author=National African American Reparations Commission | author-link=National African American Reparations Commission | pages=1–12 | title=HR 40 Primer : Seize The Time! | url=https://m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NCOBRA-HR40-Primer.pdf | number=#HR 40 }} </ref> A shekarar 2023-2024, ƙungiyar ta fitar da bayani cewa “muna buƙatar dakatar da harin gaggawa da kuma kawo ƙarshen mamayar yankin Falasɗinu da Amurka ke mara wa baya,” tare da alƙawarin “ƙi yayyafa wa kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi a Gaza.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m4bl.org/statements/movement-for-black-lives-statement-on-us-backed-occupation-of-palestine/ | title=Movement for Black Lives Calls for an Immediate End to the U.S.-Backed Occupation of Palestine }}</ref> === Kuɗi da tallafin cibiyoyi === Bayan da ƙungiyar ta fitar da manufofinta a 2016, ƙungiyoyi 50 sun bayyana goyon bayansu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne kafa Asusun Gwagwarmayar Bakar Fata (BLMF) ta hannun ƙungiyar bada tallafi ta Borealis Philanthropy. Wannan asusu an kafa shi don tallafa wa M4BL, kuma yana da burin haɗa gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga ƙungiyar, tare da taimaka mata wajen haɓaka ƙarfinta na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Fortune magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Manyan abubuwa == === Zanga-zangar Jami’ar Cleveland State === A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2015, mutane daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Amurka suka taru a Jami’ar Cleveland State domin nuna damuwa kan cin zarafin da ’yan sanda ke yi wa al’ummar bakar fata. Musamman, rasuwar mutanen da suka haɗa da Michael Brown, Eric Garner, da Tamir Rice ne suka ƙarfafa buƙatar wannan taro a tsakanin al’ummar bakar fata. A lokacin taron wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki uku (24–26 ga Yuli), masu fafutuka sun halarci muhawarori, kallon fina-finai gajeru, da kuma bitoci da aka shirya domin inganta ƙwarewar masu neman mafita kan matsalolin da ke addabar bakar fata. Taron na Jami’ar Cleveland State ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin babban taron farko na ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives, inda mutane fiye da 1,500 suka halarta. Daga bisani, masu fafutuka daga wannan taron suka ɗauki matakin kafa ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta hukuma tare da tsara manufofin da za su zama jagora ga masu fafutuka daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar domin kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ’yan sanda da nuna wariya ga bakar fata a Amurka.<ref name="cleveland2015" /><ref name="bernard2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Carol Carter|date=August 31, 2015|title=The Movement For Black Lives Convening In Cleveland—A Transformative Experience|url=https://sidewithlove.org/ourstories/a-transformative-experience|access-date=March 15, 2017|website=Standing on the Side of Love}}</ref> Taron ya samu ƙarin kulawar kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa baki ɗaya, a ranar ƙarshe na taron, lokacin da wani jami’in Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA) ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga taron gungun masu zanga-zanga da yawancinsu bakar fata da ke da nisan kadan daga Jami’ar Cleveland State. Gungun sun taru ne sakamakon cafke wani yaro bakar fata da wani jami’in RTA ya yi saboda ya sha giya. A cewar hukumomi, matashin ya kasa kula da kansa saboda yawan shan giya, kuma hakan ya sa suka ga ya dace a tsare shi. Yayin da ake tsare yaron, mutane suka kewaye motar ’yan sanda domin nuna adawa, kuma domin warware hanyar motar, jami’in ’yan sandan sufuri ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga masu zanga-zanga. Wannan lamari ya jawo suka daga kungiyoyi masu kare haƙƙin bil’adama irin su ACLU na Ohio, inda suka ce amfani da barkonon tsohuwa wajen tarwatsa mutane yana da matsala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2015|title=ACLU Questions RTA Police Pepper Spray Incident at Close of Movement for Black Lives Convening|work=Targeted News Service|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1700329726/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yang|first=Jessica|date=July 30, 2015|title=RTA Officer Pepper Sprays Movement for Black Lives Gathering at CSU|work=University Wire; Carlsbad|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1770432115/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Larimer|first=Sarah|date=July 27, 2015|title=Cleveland Authorities Investigating Officer Who Pepper-Sprayed 'Black Lives' Activists|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1702098777/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> === Nuna goyon bayan wasanni na ƙwararru === ’Yan wasa daga fannoni daban-daban na wasanni na ƙwararru a Amurka sun nuna goyon bayansu ga wannan motsi ta hanyar gudanar da zanga-zanga. A shekarar 2016, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa Colin Kaepernick ya zaɓi durƙusawa yayin da ake rera taken ƙasa a wani wasan NFL. A lokacin hirar bayan wasa, Kaepernick ya bayyana da cewa, “Ba zan tsaya domin nuna alfahari da tutar ƙasa da ke zaluntar bakar fata da sauran masu launin fata ba.”<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 27, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem|language=en|work=NFL|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/colin-kaepernick-explains-why-he-sat-during-national-anthem-0ap3000000691077|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> Kaepernick da wasu ’yan wasa sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani saboda wannan ɗabi’a a lokacin kakar wasan 2016, har da fuskantar suka daga Alkalin Kotun Ƙoli Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wacce ta ce, “Shin zan kama su saboda hakan? A’a… amma hakan ba da hankali ba ne kuma rashin girmamawa ne.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=October 12, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick responds to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's criticism of anthem protests|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/10/12/colin-kaepernick-responds-to-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-criticism-of-anthem-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan mataki ya jawo ra’ayoyi masu ɗimbin yawa, amma ya sanya batun rayuwar bakar fata a gaba da gaba cikin tattaunawar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandritter|first=Mark|date=September 11, 2016|title=All the athletes who joined Kaepernick's national anthem protest|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2016/9/11/12869726/colin-kaepernick-national-anthem-protest-seahawks-brandon-marshall-nfl|access-date=March 16, 2017|website=SBNation|publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> ’Yan wasa daga sauran wasannin ƙwararru kamar NBA suma sun shiga cikin nuna goyon baya ga motsin. A 2016, LeBron James, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, da Carmelo Anthony sun hau mataki a bikin ESPY domin bayar da “kiran aiki” dangane da harbe-harben da aka yi wa Philando Castile da Alton Sterling, da kuma mutuwar ’yan sanda biyar da aka kashe a Dallas. Wadannan taurarin NBA sun yi amfani da damar wajen ƙarfafa hadin kai a tsakanin masu ra’ayoyi daban-daban. Dwyane Wade ya ce, “Dakata da nuna wariya bisa launin fata… amma kuma ramuwar gayya ma ta daina. Ya isa haka.” Sun ƙara da kiran Amurkawa da su “ƙi duk wani tashin hankali,” su maida hankali kan sake gina al’ummomin da ke daure da juna.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=July 13, 2016|title=NBA superstars issue 'call to action' for fellow athletes in appearance at ESPYs|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/07/13/nba-superstars-issue-call-to-action-for-fellow-athletes-in-appearance-at-espys/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Huddleston|first=Tom|date=July 14, 2016|title=LeBron James and Fellow NBA Stars Call for Nonviolence at ESPYs|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2016/07/14/epsys-gun-violence-lebron-james/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Ockerman|first1=Emma|last2=Chan|first2=Rosalie|date=July 7, 2016|title=Thousands of New Yorkers Protest Police Shootings of Black Men|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/4397693/minnesota-shooting-police-new-york-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref> === Yajin Aiki don Rayuwar Bakar Fata === A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2020, ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi fiye da 60 ciki har da wasu ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, sun shirya yajin aikin Strike for Black Lives. A matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar George Floyd da kuma motsin Black Lives Matter gaba ɗaya, yajin aikin ya ƙunshi ficewar ma’aikata a fadin ƙasar don neman adalci na kabilanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Billings|first=Kevin|date=July 20, 2020|title=Thousands Of Workers To Participate In 'Strike For Black Lives' Protests|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/thousands-workers-participate-strike-black-lives-protests-3014077|access-date=July 23, 2020|website=International Business Times|publisher=IBT Media}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == Ƙungiyoyi kamar National Council of Asian Pacific Americans, ACLU na Arewacin California, da National Council of Jewish Women sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe (Movement for Black Lives) ta hanyar fitar da bayani a fili bayan wallafa manufofinta da ya jawo cece-kuce. Kiran da Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe ta yi na gyaran tsarin shari’a da kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ‘yan sanda ya samu karɓuwa daga ƙungiyoyin rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A cikin wata sanarwa, National Council of Jewish Women ta bayyana da cewa, "NCJW tana tabbatar da cewa rayukan baƙaƙe na da muhimmanci, ciki har da Yahudawa masu launin fata, waɗanda sune muhimmin ɓangare na al’ummominmu na Yahudawa da NCJW. Muna gane cewa al’ummomin baƙaƙe da na Yahudawa suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi, kuma gwagwarmayarmu don adalci na zamantakewa tana haɗe da juna." <ref name="proquest2016">{{Cite news|date=August 8, 2016|title=NCJW Responds to Movement for Black Lives Platform|work=Targeted News Service|id={{ProQuest|1810281606}}}}</ref>{{pb}} Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe ta samu ƙarin goyon baya daga Democracy for America bayan fitar da kundin manufofinta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin wannan gwagwarmaya shine haɓaka tsarin dimokuraɗiyya wanda zai fi wakiltar al’ummomin baƙaƙe a Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi da dama na siyasa sun nuna haɗin kai da M4BL domin, a cewar Democracy for America, ana ganin ta a matsayin "mabuɗin tattaunawa mai ma’ana da ta ƙunshe da sakamako waɗanda shugabannin yanzu da masu zuwa na jam’iyyar Democrat za su yi da al’ummomin da suke wakilta." <ref name="gale2016">"Democracy for America Endorses Movement for Black Lives Policy Platform; For Editor Vail (speech)." ''Targeted News Service'', 7 Dec. 2016. ''Infotrac Newsstand'', http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=STND&sw=w&u=lom_umichanna&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA472997999&sid=summon&asid=c843213d4a832dfeadc34b9f83316ea6. Accessed 7 Mar. 2017.</ref> Bugu da ƙari, manufofin wannan gwagwarmaya na haɓaka sauyi a fannoni na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa sun bayar da wata "ƙa’ida mai ƙarfi" ga ‘yan majalisa masu zuwa don su fahimci matsalolin da ke addabar al’ummomin baƙaƙe da kuma nemo mafita.{{pb}} A shekarar 2016, Ford Foundation ta haɗu da Borealis Philanthropy, wata ƙungiyar tallafi, domin kafa wata asusu mai suna "Black-Led Movement Fund" da nufin "samar da dala miliyan 100 domin tallafawa Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/08/funding-black-lives-matter-ford/|title=Who Is Funding Black Lives Matter: Ford Foundation|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/why-black-lives-matter-to-philanthropy/|title=Why black lives matter to philanthropy|website=Ford Foundation|date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> Ko da yake Ford Foundation ta dakatar da wannan jarin gaba ɗaya daga baya, har yanzu tana bai wa ƙungiyoyi kuɗaɗe masu yawa don goyon bayan adalci na launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grants All|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/grants-database/grants-all?page=2|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Ford Foundation|language=en}}</ref> BLMF ta raba tallafi kaɗan-kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyi da dama a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/grantees/|title=Grantees|work=Borealis Philanthropy|access-date=2017-06-24|language=en-US|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005538/https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/grantees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2020, Borealis Philanthropy ta raba dala miliyan 5.4 ga ƙungiyoyin tushe domin tallafawa M4BL. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=The Black-led Movement Fund Moves $5.4 Million to Grassroots Organizations in Fall 2020 - Borealis Philanthropy|url=https://borealisphilanthropy.org/blmf-moves-over-5million-fall-2020/|access-date=2021-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai matsanancin rashin jin daɗi daga ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa dangane da kundin manufofin Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe na shekarar 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jewish groups condemn Black Lives Matter platform for accusing 'apartheid' Israel of 'genocide'|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jewish-allies-condemn-black-lives-matters-apartheid-platform-1.5421194|access-date=2020-06-14|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-05|title=Why the Black Lives Matter Platform's False Accusation of Israeli 'Genocide' Was So Damaging|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/from-left-to-right-jewish-groups-condemn-repellent-black-lives-matter-claim-of-israeli-genocide|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Tablet Magazine|language=en}}</ref> inda M4BL ta bayyana cewa "[Amurka] tana amfani da haɗin guiwa da Isra'ila don halatta kuma ci gaba da yaƙin da take da 'yan ta'adda a duniya, kuma tana da hannu cikin kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi wa al’ummar Palasɗinu", da cewa "Isra’ila ƙasa ce ta wariyar launin fata", da cewa "[Amurka] ta bayar da kuɗaɗen gina katangar wariya." <ref>{{cite web |title=Invest–Divest |work=The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ |publisher=Movement for Black Lives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212055703/https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ |archive-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}} A watan Agusta na 2020, Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe tare da fiye da ƙungiyoyi 100 na hagu, ciki har da Council on American-Islamic Relations, Jewish Voice for Peace da Jews for Racial and Economic Justice, sun sanya hannu a wata wasiƙar bude wadda ke kira da a katse hulɗa da Anti-Defamation League (ADL) saboda goyon bayanta ga Isra’ila. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Left-wing activists call for boycott of Anti-Defamation League|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/452610/left-wing-activists-call-for-boycott-of-anti-defamation-league/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Forward.com\language=en}}; [https://droptheadl.org/ Open letter to progressives: The ADL is not an ally.] ''droptheadl.org'', August 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == l8u5judtyj8myv9p1qv0x4oq260564q 647725 647724 2025-06-26T18:31:59Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 647725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Movement for Black Lives ('''M4BL''') haɗin gwiwa ne na kungiyoyi sama da 50 da ke wakiltar buƙatun [[Bakar fata|Al'ummomin baƙar fata]] a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref name="Newkirk">{{Cite web |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |date=August 3, 2016 |title=The Permanence of Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/movement-black-lives-platform/494309/ |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Membobin sun haɗa da Black Lives Matter Network, Taron Ƙasa na Black Lawyers, da Cibiyar Ella Baker da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=August 4, 2016 |website=Movement for Black Lives |publisher=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar su Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, da ONE DC sun goyi bayan su, kuma haɗin gwiwar tana karɓar sadarwa da goyon baya daga wata kungiya mai suna Blackbird. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Eric K. |date=2017 |title=The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=8–15 |issn=1532-2874 |jstor=44687751}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, 2015 ƙungiyar ta fara taro a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland inda tsakanin a shekarun 1,500 zuwa 2,000 masu fafutuka suka taru don shiga cikin tattaunawa da zanga-zanga. Da farko taron ya yi yunƙurin "dabarun hanyoyin da ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives za ta yi wa jami'an tsaro alhakin ayyukansu a matakin ƙasa".<ref name="about2017">{{Cite news|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|language=en-US|work=The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cleveland2015">{{Cite news|last=Morice|first=Jane|date=July 25, 2015|title=Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference|language=en-US|work=cleveland.com|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/07/thousands_of_freedom_fighters.html|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bernard2017">{{Cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tanya Lucia|date=August 7, 2015|title=The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love|language=en-US|work=The Root|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-movement-for-black-lives-convening-an-offering-of-1790860722|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka, taron ya haifar da samar da wani motsi mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa. A ƙarshen taron kwanaki uku, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta kaddamar da "tsari na kiran kungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa don samar da haɗin kai". <ref name="about2017" /> Tsawon shekaru na wannan shekara ya haifar da kafa dandalin ƙungiya wanda ke bayyana manufofi, buƙatu, da manufofin da Movement for Black Lives ke goyon bayan su don cimma "'yantar da" al'ummomin baƙaƙen fata a faɗin Amurka. <ref name="about2017" /> Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa George Floyd, M4BL ta fitar da Dokar BREATHE, wacce ta yi kira da a aiwatar da sauye-sauyen majalisa game da aikin 'yan sanda. Kudirin dokar ya haɗa da kiraye-kirayen janyewa daga aikin ‘yan sanda da sake saka jari kai tsaye zuwa albarkatun al’umma da kuma wasu hanyoyin ba da agajin gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Jessica |date=July 14, 2020 |title=The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention |url=https://www.theroot.com/the-genius-of-resilience-toward-a-new-black-national-1844367817 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=The Root |language=en-us}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Movement for Black Lives ta fitar da buƙatun manufofi don mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Breanna |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Movement For Black Lives Releases Policy Demands In Response To COVID-19 |url=https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404025705/https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Deva Woodly, Farfesa a fannin Siyasa a jami’ar The New School, ta bayyana The Movement for Black Lives a lokacin zanga-zangar George Floyd a matsayin “ƙungiya-madaidaiciya da ta haɗa da tarin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya a faɗin ƙasar,” wadda ta baiwa mutane damar “hade hanyoyin dake nuna matsalolin da ake fama da su a yanzu da kuma tushen matsalolin.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|date=June 4, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarin yanke shawara === M4BL tana aiki ne ta hanyar tsarin "hub-and-spoke" mara cibiyar iko, inda kowace reshe ta gari (kamar BYP100) ke da ’yancin kansu yayin da suke haɗin kai da rukuni-rukunin aiki na ƙasa guda shida. Takardun cikin gida sun nuna cewa kashi 73% na yanke shawarar kuɗi ana yin su ne ta wurin majalisun yankuna da ’yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa suka kafa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=m4bl.org |url=https://m4bl.org/organizational-structure}}</ref> Wannan tsari ya fuskanci suka a lokacin sauyin shugabanci na shekarar 2022, inda wasu membobi suka zargi rassan da suka fi arziƙi da rinjaye a yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.washingtonpost.com |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/08/14/blm-internal-tensions/}}</ref> === Manufa da bayanai === {{Progressivism}}Manufar ƙungiyar, da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2016, mai taken *A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom and Justice*, ta ƙunshi buƙatu guda shida:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Trymaine|date=August 1, 2016|title=Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Agenda|language=en-US|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-agenda-n620966|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Platform – The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828130258/https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=September 15, 2016|website=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> # A dakatar da yaƙi da bakar fata. # Diyya saboda bautar da aka yi a Amurka da kuma munanan abubuwan da suka biyo baya. # A daina zuba jari a cibiyoyin da ke daure da cutar da bakar fata; a mayar da hankali wajen jari ga ilimi, lafiya da tsaron rayuwar bakar fata. # Adalcin tattalin arziki ga kowa da kowa da sake gina tsarin tattalin arziki domin al’ummomi su mallaki dukiya tare, ba kawai su samu damar shiga ba. # Sarrafa dokoki, cibiyoyi da manufofi da suka fi shafar rayuwarmu ta hanyar haɗin kan al’umma. # Ƙarfi a siyasa da ikon yanke hukunci na bakar fata a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. M4BL na ganin cewa biyar diyya wani abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma yana da tushe, duba da diyya da aka biya wa manoman bakar fata a shekarar 2012.<ref name="Repar"> {{ Cite web | publisher=Movement For Black Lives | author=National African American Reparations Commission | author-link=National African American Reparations Commission | pages=1–12 | title=HR 40 Primer : Seize The Time! | url=https://m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NCOBRA-HR40-Primer.pdf | number=#HR 40 }} </ref> A shekarar 2023-2024, ƙungiyar ta fitar da bayani cewa “muna buƙatar dakatar da harin gaggawa da kuma kawo ƙarshen mamayar yankin Falasɗinu da Amurka ke mara wa baya,” tare da alƙawarin “ƙi yayyafa wa kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi a Gaza.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m4bl.org/statements/movement-for-black-lives-statement-on-us-backed-occupation-of-palestine/ | title=Movement for Black Lives Calls for an Immediate End to the U.S.-Backed Occupation of Palestine }}</ref> === Kuɗi da tallafin cibiyoyi === Bayan da ƙungiyar ta fitar da manufofinta a 2016, ƙungiyoyi 50 sun bayyana goyon bayansu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne kafa Asusun Gwagwarmayar Bakar Fata (BLMF) ta hannun ƙungiyar bada tallafi ta Borealis Philanthropy. Wannan asusu an kafa shi don tallafa wa M4BL, kuma yana da burin haɗa gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga ƙungiyar, tare da taimaka mata wajen haɓaka ƙarfinta na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Fortune magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Manyan abubuwa == === Zanga-zangar Jami’ar Cleveland State === A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2015, mutane daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Amurka suka taru a Jami’ar Cleveland State domin nuna damuwa kan cin zarafin da ’yan sanda ke yi wa al’ummar bakar fata. Musamman, rasuwar mutanen da suka haɗa da Michael Brown, Eric Garner, da Tamir Rice ne suka ƙarfafa buƙatar wannan taro a tsakanin al’ummar bakar fata. A lokacin taron wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki uku (24–26 ga Yuli), masu fafutuka sun halarci muhawarori, kallon fina-finai gajeru, da kuma bitoci da aka shirya domin inganta ƙwarewar masu neman mafita kan matsalolin da ke addabar bakar fata. Taron na Jami’ar Cleveland State ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin babban taron farko na ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives, inda mutane fiye da 1,500 suka halarta. Daga bisani, masu fafutuka daga wannan taron suka ɗauki matakin kafa ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta hukuma tare da tsara manufofin da za su zama jagora ga masu fafutuka daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar domin kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ’yan sanda da nuna wariya ga bakar fata a Amurka.<ref name="cleveland2015" /><ref name="bernard2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Carol Carter|date=August 31, 2015|title=The Movement For Black Lives Convening In Cleveland—A Transformative Experience|url=https://sidewithlove.org/ourstories/a-transformative-experience|access-date=March 15, 2017|website=Standing on the Side of Love}}</ref> Taron ya samu ƙarin kulawar kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa baki ɗaya, a ranar ƙarshe na taron, lokacin da wani jami’in Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA) ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga taron gungun masu zanga-zanga da yawancinsu bakar fata da ke da nisan kadan daga Jami’ar Cleveland State. Gungun sun taru ne sakamakon cafke wani yaro bakar fata da wani jami’in RTA ya yi saboda ya sha giya. A cewar hukumomi, matashin ya kasa kula da kansa saboda yawan shan giya, kuma hakan ya sa suka ga ya dace a tsare shi. Yayin da ake tsare yaron, mutane suka kewaye motar ’yan sanda domin nuna adawa, kuma domin warware hanyar motar, jami’in ’yan sandan sufuri ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga masu zanga-zanga. Wannan lamari ya jawo suka daga kungiyoyi masu kare haƙƙin bil’adama irin su ACLU na Ohio, inda suka ce amfani da barkonon tsohuwa wajen tarwatsa mutane yana da matsala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2015|title=ACLU Questions RTA Police Pepper Spray Incident at Close of Movement for Black Lives Convening|work=Targeted News Service|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1700329726/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yang|first=Jessica|date=July 30, 2015|title=RTA Officer Pepper Sprays Movement for Black Lives Gathering at CSU|work=University Wire; Carlsbad|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1770432115/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Larimer|first=Sarah|date=July 27, 2015|title=Cleveland Authorities Investigating Officer Who Pepper-Sprayed 'Black Lives' Activists|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1702098777/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> === Nuna goyon bayan wasanni na ƙwararru === ’Yan wasa daga fannoni daban-daban na wasanni na ƙwararru a Amurka sun nuna goyon bayansu ga wannan motsi ta hanyar gudanar da zanga-zanga. A shekarar 2016, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa Colin Kaepernick ya zaɓi durƙusawa yayin da ake rera taken ƙasa a wani wasan NFL. A lokacin hirar bayan wasa, Kaepernick ya bayyana da cewa, “Ba zan tsaya domin nuna alfahari da tutar ƙasa da ke zaluntar bakar fata da sauran masu launin fata ba.”<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 27, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem|language=en|work=NFL|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/colin-kaepernick-explains-why-he-sat-during-national-anthem-0ap3000000691077|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> Kaepernick da wasu ’yan wasa sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani saboda wannan ɗabi’a a lokacin kakar wasan 2016, har da fuskantar suka daga Alkalin Kotun Ƙoli Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wacce ta ce, “Shin zan kama su saboda hakan? A’a… amma hakan ba da hankali ba ne kuma rashin girmamawa ne.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=October 12, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick responds to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's criticism of anthem protests|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/10/12/colin-kaepernick-responds-to-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-criticism-of-anthem-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan mataki ya jawo ra’ayoyi masu ɗimbin yawa, amma ya sanya batun rayuwar bakar fata a gaba da gaba cikin tattaunawar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandritter|first=Mark|date=September 11, 2016|title=All the athletes who joined Kaepernick's national anthem protest|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2016/9/11/12869726/colin-kaepernick-national-anthem-protest-seahawks-brandon-marshall-nfl|access-date=March 16, 2017|website=SBNation|publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> ’Yan wasa daga sauran wasannin ƙwararru kamar NBA suma sun shiga cikin nuna goyon baya ga motsin. A 2016, LeBron James, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, da Carmelo Anthony sun hau mataki a bikin ESPY domin bayar da “kiran aiki” dangane da harbe-harben da aka yi wa Philando Castile da Alton Sterling, da kuma mutuwar ’yan sanda biyar da aka kashe a Dallas. Wadannan taurarin NBA sun yi amfani da damar wajen ƙarfafa hadin kai a tsakanin masu ra’ayoyi daban-daban. Dwyane Wade ya ce, “Dakata da nuna wariya bisa launin fata… amma kuma ramuwar gayya ma ta daina. Ya isa haka.” Sun ƙara da kiran Amurkawa da su “ƙi duk wani tashin hankali,” su maida hankali kan sake gina al’ummomin da ke daure da juna.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=July 13, 2016|title=NBA superstars issue 'call to action' for fellow athletes in appearance at ESPYs|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/07/13/nba-superstars-issue-call-to-action-for-fellow-athletes-in-appearance-at-espys/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Huddleston|first=Tom|date=July 14, 2016|title=LeBron James and Fellow NBA Stars Call for Nonviolence at ESPYs|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2016/07/14/epsys-gun-violence-lebron-james/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Ockerman|first1=Emma|last2=Chan|first2=Rosalie|date=July 7, 2016|title=Thousands of New Yorkers Protest Police Shootings of Black Men|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/4397693/minnesota-shooting-police-new-york-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}</ref> === Yajin Aiki don Rayuwar Bakar Fata === A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2020, ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi fiye da 60 ciki har da wasu ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, sun shirya yajin aikin Strike for Black Lives. A matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar George Floyd da kuma motsin Black Lives Matter gaba ɗaya, yajin aikin ya ƙunshi ficewar ma’aikata a fadin ƙasar don neman adalci na kabilanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Billings|first=Kevin|date=July 20, 2020|title=Thousands Of Workers To Participate In 'Strike For Black Lives' Protests|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/thousands-workers-participate-strike-black-lives-protests-3014077|access-date=July 23, 2020|website=International Business Times|publisher=IBT Media}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == Ƙungiyoyi kamar National Council of Asian Pacific Americans, ACLU na Arewacin California, da National Council of Jewish Women sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe (Movement for Black Lives) ta hanyar fitar da bayani a fili bayan wallafa manufofinta da ya jawo cece-kuce. Kiran da Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe ta yi na gyaran tsarin shari’a da kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ‘yan sanda ya samu karɓuwa daga ƙungiyoyin rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A cikin wata sanarwa, National Council of Jewish Women ta bayyana da cewa, "NCJW tana tabbatar da cewa rayukan baƙaƙe na da muhimmanci, ciki har da Yahudawa masu launin fata, waɗanda sune muhimmin ɓangare na al’ummominmu na Yahudawa da NCJW. Muna gane cewa al’ummomin baƙaƙe da na Yahudawa suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi, kuma gwagwarmayarmu don adalci na zamantakewa tana haɗe da juna." <ref name="proquest2016">{{Cite news|date=August 8, 2016|title=NCJW Responds to Movement for Black Lives Platform|work=Targeted News Service|id={{ProQuest|1810281606}}}}</ref>{{pb}} Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe ta samu ƙarin goyon baya daga Democracy for America bayan fitar da kundin manufofinta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin wannan gwagwarmaya shine haɓaka tsarin dimokuraɗiyya wanda zai fi wakiltar al’ummomin baƙaƙe a Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi da dama na siyasa sun nuna haɗin kai da M4BL domin, a cewar Democracy for America, ana ganin ta a matsayin "mabuɗin tattaunawa mai ma’ana da ta ƙunshe da sakamako waɗanda shugabannin yanzu da masu zuwa na jam’iyyar Democrat za su yi da al’ummomin da suke wakilta." <ref name="gale2016">"Democracy for America Endorses Movement for Black Lives Policy Platform; For Editor Vail (speech)." ''Targeted News Service'', 7 Dec. 2016. ''Infotrac Newsstand'', http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=STND&sw=w&u=lom_umichanna&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA472997999&sid=summon&asid=c843213d4a832dfeadc34b9f83316ea6. Accessed 7 Mar. 2017.</ref> Bugu da ƙari, manufofin wannan gwagwarmaya na haɓaka sauyi a fannoni na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa sun bayar da wata "ƙa’ida mai ƙarfi" ga ‘yan majalisa masu zuwa don su fahimci matsalolin da ke addabar al’ummomin baƙaƙe da kuma nemo mafita.{{pb}} A shekarar 2016, Ford Foundation ta haɗu da Borealis Philanthropy, wata ƙungiyar tallafi, domin kafa wata asusu mai suna "Black-Led Movement Fund" da nufin "samar da dala miliyan 100 domin tallafawa Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/08/funding-black-lives-matter-ford/|title=Who Is Funding Black Lives Matter: Ford Foundation|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/why-black-lives-matter-to-philanthropy/|title=Why black lives matter to philanthropy|website=Ford Foundation|date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> Ko da yake Ford Foundation ta dakatar da wannan jarin gaba ɗaya daga baya, har yanzu tana bai wa ƙungiyoyi kuɗaɗe masu yawa don goyon bayan adalci na launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grants All|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/grants-database/grants-all?page=2|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Ford Foundation|language=en}}</ref> BLMF ta raba tallafi kaɗan-kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyi da dama a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/grantees/|title=Grantees|work=Borealis Philanthropy|access-date=2017-06-24|language=en-US|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005538/https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/grantees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2020, Borealis Philanthropy ta raba dala miliyan 5.4 ga ƙungiyoyin tushe domin tallafawa M4BL. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=The Black-led Movement Fund Moves $5.4 Million to Grassroots Organizations in Fall 2020 - Borealis Philanthropy|url=https://borealisphilanthropy.org/blmf-moves-over-5million-fall-2020/|access-date=2021-07-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai matsanancin rashin jin daɗi daga ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa dangane da kundin manufofin Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe na shekarar 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jewish groups condemn Black Lives Matter platform for accusing 'apartheid' Israel of 'genocide'|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jewish-allies-condemn-black-lives-matters-apartheid-platform-1.5421194|access-date=2020-06-14|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-05|title=Why the Black Lives Matter Platform's False Accusation of Israeli 'Genocide' Was So Damaging|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/from-left-to-right-jewish-groups-condemn-repellent-black-lives-matter-claim-of-israeli-genocide|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Tablet Magazine|language=en}}</ref> inda M4BL ta bayyana cewa "[Amurka] tana amfani da haɗin guiwa da Isra'ila don halatta kuma ci gaba da yaƙin da take da 'yan ta'adda a duniya, kuma tana da hannu cikin kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi wa al’ummar Palasɗinu", da cewa "Isra’ila ƙasa ce ta wariyar launin fata", da cewa "[Amurka] ta bayar da kuɗaɗen gina katangar wariya." <ref>{{cite web |title=Invest–Divest |work=The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ |publisher=Movement for Black Lives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212055703/https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ |archive-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}} A watan Agusta na 2020, Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe tare da fiye da ƙungiyoyi 100 na hagu, ciki har da Council on American-Islamic Relations, Jewish Voice for Peace da Jews for Racial and Economic Justice, sun sanya hannu a wata wasiƙar bude wadda ke kira da a katse hulɗa da Anti-Defamation League (ADL) saboda goyon bayanta ga Isra’ila. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Left-wing activists call for boycott of Anti-Defamation League|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/452610/left-wing-activists-call-for-boycott-of-anti-defamation-league/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Forward.com\language=en}}; [https://droptheadl.org/ Open letter to progressives: The ADL is not an ally.] ''droptheadl.org'', August 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} t6lu7uyjw36w1m7ctwc6jwov4at67ch 0 100601 647826 621874 2025-06-26T22:37:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Gado da Tasiri */ 647826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Belgian Congo''' (Congo Belge a Faransanci) wata mallakar Beljiyam ce da ta kasance daga 1908 zuwa 1960, wadda ta haɗa da yankin da yanzu ake kira Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Wannan mallaka ta samo asali ne daga Congo Free State, wanda Sarki Leopold II ya mallaka kai tsaye daga 1885 zuwa 1908, kafin gwamnatin Beljiyam ta karɓe ikon kai tsaye saboda matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya kan cin zarafin da ake yi wa 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web |title=Map of the Belgian Congo |year=1896 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/59/ |publisher=World Digital Library |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205192519/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/59/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resources.clie.ucl.ac.uk/home/sac/dutch|title=Self-Access Centre Database|website=resources.clie.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name="laval">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm République démocratique du Congo] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm |date= 27 November 2012 }}, [[Laval University]], Canada</ref><ref>{{in lang|nl}} [http://soc.kuleuven.be/arc/afrikaverteltd/?q=book/print/298 Vlamingen en Afrikanen—Vlamingen in Centraal Afrika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711132914/http://soc.kuleuven.be/arc/afrikaverteltd/?q=book%2Fprint%2F298 |date=11 July 2016 }}, Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], Belgium</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1998|last=Kasongo|first=Michael|isbn=9780761808824|title=History of the Methodist Church in the Central Congo|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvTyMBHwmYEC&q=Belgian+Congo+colony+catholic+state+religion&pg=PA27}}</ref> == Mulkin Mallaka == Bayan karɓar ikon Congo Free State, gwamnatin Beljiyam ta kafa tsarin mulki wanda ya haɗa da gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma misionan addini. An raba ƙasar zuwa larduna da yankuna masu ƙaramin iko, inda aka kafa hukumomi don gudanar da ayyukan mulki da tattara haraji. An kafa hukumomin soja da na 'yan sanda don tabbatar da doka da oda, tare da amfani da karfi wajen murkushe duk wani motsi na adawa. == Tattalin Arziki da Ayyukan Noma == Belgian Congo ta kasance muhimmiyar tushe ta albarkatu ga Beljiyam, musamman ma a fannin ma'adinai da noma. An haɓaka hakar ma'adinai kamar su tagulla, zinariya, azurfa, da uranium, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera bama-baman nukiliya a lokacin Yakin Duniya na Biyu. A fannin noma, an kafa gonaki masu yawa na auduga, koko, kofi, da roba, inda aka tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar yin aiki a ƙarƙashin mawuyacin hali da ƙarancin albashi. == Rayuwar Jama'a da Al'adu == An aiwatar da tsarin raba yankuna bisa launin fata, inda aka ware yankuna na Turawa daga na 'yan asalin ƙasar. An kafa cibiyoyin lafiya da makarantu, amma galibi sun fi amfani da Turawa. Duk da haka, an yi ƙoƙari wajen yaki da cututtuka kamar su kyanda, kuturta, da zazzabin cizon sauro. A fannin ilimi, an kafa makarantu da dama, amma yawancin su sun fi mayar da hankali kan koyar da sana'o'i da kuma horar da malamai. == Yakin Duniya na Biyu == A lokacin Yakin Duniya na Biyu, Belgian Congo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da albarkatu ga ƙasashen da suka haɗa da Birtaniya da Amurka. An tura sojojin Congo don taimakawa a yakin da aka yi a gabashin Afirka da kuma Asiya. Hakanan, an fitar da ma'adinai da albarkatu daga ƙasar don tallafawa ƙoƙarin yaki na ƙasashen yamma. == Motsin 'Yanci da Ƙungiyoyin Siyasa == Tun daga shekarun 1950s, an fara samun ƙungiyoyin siyasa da suka fara neman 'yancin kai, kamar su ABAKO da MNC. A watan Janairu 1959, an yi zanga-zangar neman 'yanci a Léopoldville (yanzu Kinshasa), wadda ta rikide zuwa rikici tsakanin masu zanga-zanga da jami'an tsaro. Wannan ya sa gwamnatin Beljiyam ta fara shirin ba da 'yancin kai ga ƙasar. == 'Yancin Kai da Rikicin Siyasa == A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1960, Belgian Congo ta samu 'yancin kai kuma ta zama Jamhuriyar Kongo, tare da Joseph Kasa-Vubu a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na farko da Patrice Lumumba a matsayin Firayim Minista. Sai dai, bayan samun 'yancin kai, ƙasar ta fada cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da na kabilanci, wanda ya haifar da kashe-kashen mutane da kuma juyin mulki. A ƙarshe, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ya karɓi mulki a shekarar 1965, inda ya mulki ƙasar har zuwa 1997. == Gado da Tasiri == Mulkin mallakar Beljiyam ya bar tasiri mai yawa a Kongo, musamman a fannin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu. Duk da cewa an samu ci gaba a wasu fannoni, irin su gine-gine da hanyoyi, amma tsarin mulkin mallaka ya haifar da rashin daidaito da kuma cin zarafin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Har zuwa yau, ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan yadda za a magance tasirin wannan tarihi mai raɗaɗi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]] [[Rukuni:Mulkin mallaka]] [[Rukuni:Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]] [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] eoc8bn79gofu3euspg7ib7r98x5r09i 0 100615 647726 620802 2025-06-26T18:35:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tawaye */ 647726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tawayen Abushiri''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Tawayen Kasuwancin Bayi''' amma gabaɗaya masana tarihi na zamani suna kiranta da '''Tawayen Teku,''' tawaye ne a shekarar 1888-1889 daga [[Larabawa]], [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]] da al'ummar Afirka na gabar tekun ƙasar Tanzaniya a yanzu. Sultan na Zanzibar ya yi hayar wannan bakin teku, a ƙarƙashin nuna rashin amincewa, ga Jamus a cikin shekarar 1888. Dakarun balaguron na Jamus wanda Hermann Wissmann ya umarta ne ya murkushe tawayen. == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarar 1884, wani balaguro na Society for German Colonization, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Carl Peters, ya isa [[Zanzibar]] kuma ya jawo wasu sarakuna a cikin yankin tsakiyar Afirka don sanya hannu kan "kwangilolin kariya" da ke ba da alƙawari ga al'umma. Da zarar ya sami gindin zama, sabon Kamfanin Peters na Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya sami ƙarin filaye a kan babban yankin har zuwa tsaunin Uluguru da Usambara. Wannan ya gamu da adawa daga Sultan Barghash bin Said na Zanzibar, wanda duk da haka dole ne ya yi nasara bayan Peter ya sami goyon bayan hukuma daga Ofishin Harkokin Waje a [[Berlin]] da kuma rundunar sojojin ruwa ta ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Navy) ƙarƙashin ''Konteradmiral'' Eduard von Knorr ya bayyana a gabar tekun Zanzibar. Tattaunawa tsakanin Jamus da Biritaniya a ƙarshen shekarar 1886 sun kafa iyakokin ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, amma an tanadi wani yanki mai faɗin mil goma, tare da bakin teku a matsayin mallakar Sarkin Zanzibar.<ref>John Iliffe, ''A Modern History of Tanganyika'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.91.</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 1888, [[Khalifah bin Said na Zanzibar|Sultan Khalifah bin Said]] ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, yana ba da hayar bakin tekun ga Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka. Tun daga watan Agustan 1888, kamfanin ya yi ƙoƙari ya mallaki garuruwan bakin teku a kan turjiya mai tsanani daga Larabawa, waɗanda ke tsoron cinikin bayi da hauren giwa, da kuma daga Swahili da yawan jama'ar Afirka. Manajan kamfanin, Ernst Vohsen, bai yi yunƙurin sulhunta sabbin batutuwansa ba. Ya ba da umarnin cewa masu mallakar filaye dole ne su yi rajista tare da tabbatar da mallakar mallakarsu, kuma duk sauran filayen za su shiga mallakin kamfanin. An kuma sanya wasu haraji da ka’idoji daban-daban, an kuma kwace tsoffin jami’an Sarkin Musulmi da sojojinsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar kamfanin, a kan karancin albashi.<ref>Jonathon Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888'' (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1995), p.200-1.</ref> Yunkurin girman kai da Emil von Zelewski, jami'in gwamnatin Jamus a Pangani ya yi, na ɗaga tutar kamfanin a garin ya haifar da bore.<ref>Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot'', p.214-8.</ref> == Tawaye == Tawayen da aka yi a Pangani ya kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai gonar Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi, wanda ya sami goyon bayan Larabawa na yankin da kuma kabilun Swahili na gida. Mahaifin Abushiri Balarabe ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma 'yar Oromo.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000746/074683eo.pdf "East Africa: diplomacy and defiance", Henry Mwanzi, ''UNESCO Courier'', May 1984, page 30]</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba kudancin yankin ma ya yi tawaye, inda mayaka Yao daga cikin gida suka ɗauki nauyin jagoranci. An kori Jamusawa daga Lindi da Mikindani, kuma an kashe waɗanda ke Kilwa. Dar es Salaam da Bagamoyo ne kawai suka rage a hannun Jamus.<ref>Robert D. Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion of the Tanganyikan Coast, 1888-1891," in Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (eds), ''Protest and Power in Black Africa'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p.55-6.</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 1889, shugaban gwamnatin Jamus [[Otto von Bismarck]] ya shiga tsakani kuma ya naɗa Lieutenant Hermann Wissmann a matsayin ''Reichskommissar'' na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Wissmann ya kirkiro ''Schutztruppe'' na jami'an Jamus da sojojin Afirka da ya yi hayarsu a Masar da Mozambique. Sojojin ruwan Jamus da Birtaniyya sun yi haɗin gwiwa wajen kafa shingen shinge a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka, domin hana taimakon kai wa 'yan tawayen. Dakarun Wissmann sun sauka a Bagamoyo a farkon watan Mayun 1889, kuma daga nan ne suka yi gaba da sansanin Abushiri, inda suka kwace tare da hasarar rayuka ga masu tsaron. Abushiri ya yi ritaya zuwa cikin gida, amma Wissmann ya bi shi, ya koma bakin teku, inda aka kama shi aka kashe shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1889.<ref>Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion," p.67-72.</ref> Babban jagoran 'yan tawaye a arewacin ƙasar shi ne Bwana Heri, wanda tsohon ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulkin gundumar Saadani. Ya kori sojojin Jamus a watan Disamba 1889, amma ƙarin balaguro a farkon shekara ta 1890 ya sa shi miƙa wuya kuma ya mika wuya ga mulkin Jamus. Daga nan Wissmann ya ɗauki dakarunsa zuwa kudancin ƙasar, inda tare da taimakon sojojin ruwan Jamus bai sha wahala ba wajen kwato garuruwan da ke gabar teku a watan Mayun 1890. Sai dai sarkin Yao, Machemba, daga jajircewarsa a yankin Makonde Plateau, ya samu nasarar fatattakar sojojin da Jamusawa suka aika masa. A ƙarshe ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da abokan hamayyarsa a cikin watan Mayu 1891.<ref>Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion," p.72-74.</ref> == Sakamakon == Tawayen ya bayyana cikakken rashin iya mulkin ƙasar da Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya nuna. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1891, gwamnatin daular Jamus ta ɗauki ikon kai tsaye a kan Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, kuma kamfanin ya samu ɗimbin diyya ta kuɗi. Rundunar soja mai tasiri da Hermann Wissmann ya kafa ta koma ''Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika''. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, rundunar ta ci gaba da kafa ikon Jamus a hanyoyin balaguro zuwa Kilimanjaro da Tafkin Tanganyika, a matsayin mataki na gaba na ƙasancewar yankin cikin mulkin mallaka.<ref>Iliffe, ''Modern History of Tanganyika'', shafi na 97-98.</ref> Nasarar Jamusawa ta wulakanta Tawayen Teku na 1888-90 ta hanyar kiran shi da “Tawayen Larabawa,” kamar yadda take a cikin littafin tarihin Rochus Schmidt na yaƙin soja.<ref>Rochus Schmidt, ''Geschichte des Araberaufstandes in Ost-Afrika: seine Entstehung, seine Niederwerfung und seine Folgen'' (Frankfurt an der Oder: Trowitzsch, 1892).</ref> Sai bayan wallafar digir-gir na Jonathan Glassman a shekarar 1995 ne aka fara ganin cikakken hoto na wannan tawaye, tare da fahimta mafi kyau kan dalilan da suka hada ɗaban-ɗaban jama’ar gabar teku, da yadda haɗin gwiwarsu ya haifar da tawayen.<ref>Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot''.</ref> Tarihinci Jamusawa, Jörg Haustein, ya bayyana tunanin zamani akan wannan batu da kyau matuƙa:<blockquote>ta hanyar kiran juriya ta soja ta al-Bushiri da suna "Tawayen Larabawa," Jamusawa sun gaza fahimtar ainihin siyasa dake ƙasa da adawar da suka fuskanta. A shekarun kafin shigowar Jamusawa, Tanganyika ta fuskanci ci gaba na tasirin soja da mulki daga Oman, wanda ya canza hanyoyin kasuwanci da dangantakar zamantakewa tsakanin sarakunan Shirazi, 'yan kasuwa Indiyawa da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa daga wurare daban-daban (Hadramaut, Comoro, Zanzibar). Kamar yadda Glassman ya nuna, ana jure wa mulkin mallaka na Jamus matuƙar ana kallon su a matsayin masu ƙalubalantar ikon Oman. Amma da yarjejeniyar 1888, Jamusawa sun fara bayyana a matsayin abokan hulɗar sarki, kuma abokan da suka rigaya suka amince da su sun juya musu baya, suna kalubalantar ikon Jamus da Oman lokaci ɗaya. A takaice, tawayen ya nuna raunin ikon Larabawan Oman, maimakon jagorancin Larabawa gaba ɗaya, kuma tushensa yana cikin rikicin zamantakewa da ya haɗa da bambancin addini da ƙabila... wanda suka yi karo da juna.<ref>Jörg Haustein, "Provincializing Representation: East African Islam in the German Colonial Press," a cikin Felicitas Becker, Joel Cabrita da Marie Rodet (masu gyara), ''Religion, Media and Marginality in Modern Africa'' (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2018), shafi na 75.</ref></blockquote> == Manazarta == hhlf9hw1tzt1oc1adcg7oqfzlasdfzr 647728 647726 2025-06-26T18:37:18Z Sirjat 20447 /* Manazarta */ 647728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tawayen Abushiri''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Tawayen Kasuwancin Bayi''' amma gabaɗaya masana tarihi na zamani suna kiranta da '''Tawayen Teku,''' tawaye ne a shekarar 1888-1889 daga [[Larabawa]], [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]] da al'ummar Afirka na gabar tekun ƙasar Tanzaniya a yanzu. Sultan na Zanzibar ya yi hayar wannan bakin teku, a ƙarƙashin nuna rashin amincewa, ga Jamus a cikin shekarar 1888. Dakarun balaguron na Jamus wanda Hermann Wissmann ya umarta ne ya murkushe tawayen. == Tarihi == A ƙarshen shekarar 1884, wani balaguro na Society for German Colonization, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Carl Peters, ya isa [[Zanzibar]] kuma ya jawo wasu sarakuna a cikin yankin tsakiyar Afirka don sanya hannu kan "kwangilolin kariya" da ke ba da alƙawari ga al'umma. Da zarar ya sami gindin zama, sabon Kamfanin Peters na Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya sami ƙarin filaye a kan babban yankin har zuwa tsaunin Uluguru da Usambara. Wannan ya gamu da adawa daga Sultan Barghash bin Said na Zanzibar, wanda duk da haka dole ne ya yi nasara bayan Peter ya sami goyon bayan hukuma daga Ofishin Harkokin Waje a [[Berlin]] da kuma rundunar sojojin ruwa ta ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Navy) ƙarƙashin ''Konteradmiral'' Eduard von Knorr ya bayyana a gabar tekun Zanzibar. Tattaunawa tsakanin Jamus da Biritaniya a ƙarshen shekarar 1886 sun kafa iyakokin ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka, amma an tanadi wani yanki mai faɗin mil goma, tare da bakin teku a matsayin mallakar Sarkin Zanzibar.<ref>John Iliffe, ''A Modern History of Tanganyika'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.91.</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun 1888, [[Khalifah bin Said na Zanzibar|Sultan Khalifah bin Said]] ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, yana ba da hayar bakin tekun ga Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka. Tun daga watan Agustan 1888, kamfanin ya yi ƙoƙari ya mallaki garuruwan bakin teku a kan turjiya mai tsanani daga Larabawa, waɗanda ke tsoron cinikin bayi da hauren giwa, da kuma daga Swahili da yawan jama'ar Afirka. Manajan kamfanin, Ernst Vohsen, bai yi yunƙurin sulhunta sabbin batutuwansa ba. Ya ba da umarnin cewa masu mallakar filaye dole ne su yi rajista tare da tabbatar da mallakar mallakarsu, kuma duk sauran filayen za su shiga mallakin kamfanin. An kuma sanya wasu haraji da ka’idoji daban-daban, an kuma kwace tsoffin jami’an Sarkin Musulmi da sojojinsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar kamfanin, a kan karancin albashi.<ref>Jonathon Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888'' (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1995), p.200-1.</ref> Yunkurin girman kai da Emil von Zelewski, jami'in gwamnatin Jamus a Pangani ya yi, na ɗaga tutar kamfanin a garin ya haifar da bore.<ref>Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot'', p.214-8.</ref> == Tawaye == Tawayen da aka yi a Pangani ya kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai gonar Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi, wanda ya sami goyon bayan Larabawa na yankin da kuma kabilun Swahili na gida. Mahaifin Abushiri Balarabe ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma 'yar Oromo.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000746/074683eo.pdf "East Africa: diplomacy and defiance", Henry Mwanzi, ''UNESCO Courier'', May 1984, page 30]</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba kudancin yankin ma ya yi tawaye, inda mayaka Yao daga cikin gida suka ɗauki nauyin jagoranci. An kori Jamusawa daga Lindi da Mikindani, kuma an kashe waɗanda ke Kilwa. Dar es Salaam da Bagamoyo ne kawai suka rage a hannun Jamus.<ref>Robert D. Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion of the Tanganyikan Coast, 1888-1891," in Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (eds), ''Protest and Power in Black Africa'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p.55-6.</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 1889, shugaban gwamnatin Jamus [[Otto von Bismarck]] ya shiga tsakani kuma ya naɗa Lieutenant Hermann Wissmann a matsayin ''Reichskommissar'' na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Wissmann ya kirkiro ''Schutztruppe'' na jami'an Jamus da sojojin Afirka da ya yi hayarsu a Masar da Mozambique. Sojojin ruwan Jamus da Birtaniyya sun yi haɗin gwiwa wajen kafa shingen shinge a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka, domin hana taimakon kai wa 'yan tawayen. Dakarun Wissmann sun sauka a Bagamoyo a farkon watan Mayun 1889, kuma daga nan ne suka yi gaba da sansanin Abushiri, inda suka kwace tare da hasarar rayuka ga masu tsaron. Abushiri ya yi ritaya zuwa cikin gida, amma Wissmann ya bi shi, ya koma bakin teku, inda aka kama shi aka kashe shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba 1889.<ref>Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion," p.67-72.</ref> Babban jagoran 'yan tawaye a arewacin ƙasar shi ne Bwana Heri, wanda tsohon ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulkin gundumar Saadani. Ya kori sojojin Jamus a watan Disamba 1889, amma ƙarin balaguro a farkon shekara ta 1890 ya sa shi miƙa wuya kuma ya mika wuya ga mulkin Jamus. Daga nan Wissmann ya ɗauki dakarunsa zuwa kudancin ƙasar, inda tare da taimakon sojojin ruwan Jamus bai sha wahala ba wajen kwato garuruwan da ke gabar teku a watan Mayun 1890. Sai dai sarkin Yao, Machemba, daga jajircewarsa a yankin Makonde Plateau, ya samu nasarar fatattakar sojojin da Jamusawa suka aika masa. A ƙarshe ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da abokan hamayyarsa a cikin watan Mayu 1891.<ref>Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion," p.72-74.</ref> == Sakamakon == Tawayen ya bayyana cikakken rashin iya mulkin ƙasar da Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka ya nuna. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1891, gwamnatin daular Jamus ta ɗauki ikon kai tsaye a kan Gabashin Afirka na Jamus, kuma kamfanin ya samu ɗimbin diyya ta kuɗi. Rundunar soja mai tasiri da Hermann Wissmann ya kafa ta koma ''Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika''. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, rundunar ta ci gaba da kafa ikon Jamus a hanyoyin balaguro zuwa Kilimanjaro da Tafkin Tanganyika, a matsayin mataki na gaba na ƙasancewar yankin cikin mulkin mallaka.<ref>Iliffe, ''Modern History of Tanganyika'', shafi na 97-98.</ref> Nasarar Jamusawa ta wulakanta Tawayen Teku na 1888-90 ta hanyar kiran shi da “Tawayen Larabawa,” kamar yadda take a cikin littafin tarihin Rochus Schmidt na yaƙin soja.<ref>Rochus Schmidt, ''Geschichte des Araberaufstandes in Ost-Afrika: seine Entstehung, seine Niederwerfung und seine Folgen'' (Frankfurt an der Oder: Trowitzsch, 1892).</ref> Sai bayan wallafar digir-gir na Jonathan Glassman a shekarar 1995 ne aka fara ganin cikakken hoto na wannan tawaye, tare da fahimta mafi kyau kan dalilan da suka hada ɗaban-ɗaban jama’ar gabar teku, da yadda haɗin gwiwarsu ya haifar da tawayen.<ref>Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot''.</ref> Tarihinci Jamusawa, Jörg Haustein, ya bayyana tunanin zamani akan wannan batu da kyau matuƙa:<blockquote>ta hanyar kiran juriya ta soja ta al-Bushiri da suna "Tawayen Larabawa," Jamusawa sun gaza fahimtar ainihin siyasa dake ƙasa da adawar da suka fuskanta. A shekarun kafin shigowar Jamusawa, Tanganyika ta fuskanci ci gaba na tasirin soja da mulki daga Oman, wanda ya canza hanyoyin kasuwanci da dangantakar zamantakewa tsakanin sarakunan Shirazi, 'yan kasuwa Indiyawa da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa daga wurare daban-daban (Hadramaut, Comoro, Zanzibar). Kamar yadda Glassman ya nuna, ana jure wa mulkin mallaka na Jamus matuƙar ana kallon su a matsayin masu ƙalubalantar ikon Oman. Amma da yarjejeniyar 1888, Jamusawa sun fara bayyana a matsayin abokan hulɗar sarki, kuma abokan da suka rigaya suka amince da su sun juya musu baya, suna kalubalantar ikon Jamus da Oman lokaci ɗaya. A takaice, tawayen ya nuna raunin ikon Larabawan Oman, maimakon jagorancin Larabawa gaba ɗaya, kuma tushensa yana cikin rikicin zamantakewa da ya haɗa da bambancin addini da ƙabila... wanda suka yi karo da juna.<ref>Jörg Haustein, "Provincializing Representation: East African Islam in the German Colonial Press," a cikin Felicitas Becker, Joel Cabrita da Marie Rodet (masu gyara), ''Religion, Media and Marginality in Modern Africa'' (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2018), shafi na 75.</ref></blockquote> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Majiya == * Rochus Schmidt, ''Geschichte des Araberaufstandes in Ost-Afrika: seine Entstehung, seine Niederwerfung und seine Folgen'' (Frankfurt an der Oder: Trowitzsch, 1892). English translation: ''[https://www.academia.edu/63233274/A_History_of_the_Arab_Rebellion_in_East_Africa_Geschichte_des_Araberaufstandes_in_Ost_Afrika_An_Account_of_the_Abushiri_Rebellion_in_Tanzania_and_its_Aftermath_1888_1891_translated_with_an_introduction A History of the Arab Rebellion in East Africa]'' (2021). * Robert D. Jackson, "Resistance to the German Invasion of the Tanganyikan Coast, 1888-1891," in Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (eds), ''Protest and Power in Black Africa'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p.&nbsp;36-79. * John A. Kieran "Abushiri and the Germans," in Bethwell A. Ogot (ed.), ''Hadith 2'' (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1970), p.&nbsp;157-201. * Jonathon Glassman, "Social Rebellion and Swahili Culture: The Response to German Conquest of the Northern Mrima, 1888-1890", PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1988. * Jonathon Glassman, ''Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856-1888'' (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1995). mqg2nwk8buma3goqrp5wyjab45dgqty 0 100745 647854 622018 2025-06-26T23:23:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tanade-tanade */ 647854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dokar Bautar Zamani ta 2015''' (c. 30) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya. An tsara shi don yaƙar bautar zamani a [[Burtaniya]] kuma yana ƙarfafa laifukan da suka gabata da suka shafi [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin bayin]] da bauta. Dokar ta ƙara da gaske zuwa Ingila da Wales, amma wasu tanade-tanade (misali, da suka shafi maganganun bautar zamani da bin kan iyaka) sun shafi Scotland da Arewacin Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Modern Slavery Act 2015|url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/modernslavery.html|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=7 April 2015}}</ref> James Brokenshire, Mataimakin Sakatare na Laifuka da Tsaro ne ya gabatar da kudirin ga Majalisar a cikin daftarin tsarin a cikin watan Oktoba 2013. Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin kudirin a Ofishin Cikin Gida sune [[Theresa May]] da Lord Bates. Ya karɓi izinin sarauta kuma ya zama doka a ranar 26 ga watan Maris 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Slavery Act 2015 |url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/modernslavery.html |access-date=7 April 2015 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> An ambato James Brokenshire yana cewa matakin zai aike da sako mai karfi ga masu aikata laifuka cewa idan kuna da hannu a cikin wannan mummunar fataucin bil adama, za a kama ku, za a gurfanar da ku a gaban kuliya kuma za a kulle ku.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/10749462.Old_Bexley_and_Sidcup_MP_James_Brokenshire_announces_plans_to_help_end_human_trafficking/ |title=Old Bexley and Sidcup MP James Brokenshire announces plans to help end human trafficking |newspaper=Newshopper |first=Helois |last=Wood |date=18 October 2013 }}</ref> == Tanade-tanade == Dokar ta ƙunshi tanade-tanade da yawa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Slavery Bill 2014-15 |url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/modernslavery.html |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2014 |title=Modern Slavery Bill 2014-15 - Commons Library Research Paper |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/RP14-37/modern-slavery-bill-201415 |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> * Ƙaddamar da ayyukan bautar da ake da su da kuma laifukan fatauci * Ƙaddamar da wasu sabbin umarni na farar hula guda biyu don baiwa kotuna damar sanya takunkumi ga waɗanda aka samu da laifin bautar zamani, ko waɗanda ke da hannu a irin waɗannan laifuka amma har yanzu ba a yanke musu hukunci ba. * Ƙaddamar da Kwamishinan Yaƙi da Bauta mai zaman kansa don ƙarfafa kyakkyawan aiki kan rigakafin laifuffukan bautar na zamani da kuma gano waɗanda abin ya shafa. (Sashe na IV na Dokar.) Kwamishina na farko shine Kevin Hyland. * Samar da hanyoyin kwace kadarorin masu fataucin da kuma karkatar da wasu kuɗaɗen zuwa ga waɗanda abin ya shafa domin biyan diyya * Ƙirƙirar wani sabon kariyar doka ga waɗanda aka yi wa bauta ko fataucin da aka tilasta musu aikata laifuka (sashe na 45) da kuma tsawaita matakai na musamman ga shaidun da ke ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar laifuka ga waɗanda aka yi wa bautar zamani (sashe na 46). * Samar da masu kare fataucin yara (sashe na 48) Tsarin da ke cikin sashe na 45 wanda ke ba da kariya ta doka ga masu aikata laifuka kan bauta ko fataucin wanda aka azabtar ba a samuwa a cikin wasu manyan laifuka da aka bayyana a cikin Jadawalin 4.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-05 |title=Rooney gang slavery victim has theft conviction quashed |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-44732708 |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref><ref>''R v O & Another'' [2011] EWCA Crim 2226</ref><ref>{{cite BAILII|litigants=R v AAD|court=EWCA|division=Crim|year=2022|num=106|date=3 February 2022|courtname=auto|juris=England and Wales}}</ref> Idan har ya fito fili bayan an yanke masa hukunci, mai yiyuwa ne Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke wa wanda ake tuhuma da aka yi wa fataucin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-05 |title=Rooney gang slavery victim has theft conviction quashed |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-44732708 |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref><ref>''R v O & Another'' [2011] EWCA Crim 2226</ref><ref>{{cite BAILII|litigants=R v AAD|court=EWCA|division=Crim|year=2022|num=106|date=3 February 2022|courtname=auto|juris=England and Wales}}</ref> == Gyare-gyare ga Dokar == === Silsilar kayayyaki === Daftarin kudirin bai haɗa da matakan hana amfani da aikin bayi a ƙasashen waje ba, domin Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ta ce buƙatar kamfanoni su bincika da kuma bayar da rahoto kan bauta ta zamani a cikin silsilar kayayyakin su zai kasance “nauyi na ƙari”. Sai dai fafutuka ya sa aka ƙara wani sashe kan silsilar kayayyaki don haka “manyan kamfanoni za su tilasta bayyana kokarin su na dakatar da amfani da aikin bayi daga masu ba su kaya.”<ref>{{cite news|title=Unfinished abolitionists: Britain returns to the frontline of the war on slavery|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/10/unfinished-abolitionists-britain-returns-frontline-war-slavery|publisher=New Statesman|author=Michael Pollitt|date=16 October 2014}}</ref> Tattaunawa game da buƙatun bayar da rahoto ta gudana a watan Fabrairu da Maris 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1d9fc7c9-28b9-4405-8280-6b6aa860f46a|title=Update on the Modern Slavery Bill - consultation on the transparency in supply chains clause|author1=Jehan-Philippe Wood|author2=Hari Jon|date=27 February 2015|website=www.lexology.com|publisher=Globe Business Publishing Ltd.|access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Daga 29 ga Oktoba 2015, tanadin *Bayyananniyar Silsilar Kayayyaki* ya buƙaci kamfanoni su wallafa bayanin shekara-shekara idan sun fi adadin kuɗin shiga (£36 miliyan).<ref>The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Transparency in Supply Chain) Regulations 2015, regulation 2</ref> Bayanai ya kamata su nuna matakan da aka ɗauka don tabbatar da cewa bauta da fataucin mutane ba sa gudana cikin harkokin su (ko a cikin silsilar kaya), ko kuma a bayyana cewa ba a ɗauki wani mataki ba. Ana sa ran 'yan kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin kamfanoni za su zaɓi na biyu, saboda hakan zai iya jawo tambaya a kan matsayin ɗabi’a da suna. Duk da haka, ba a kafa tilas a doka don gudanar da bincike kan silsilar kaya ba, kuma babu hukuncin kudi ko laifi da aka ɗora wa wadanda suka ki bin doka.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sharon Benning-Prince|title=A Guide to the Modern Slavery Act for Your Business|url=http://blog.contractstore.com/2015/07/31/a-guide-to-the-modern-slavery-act-your-business-could-be-affected/|publisher=ContractStore Legal Business Blog|date=31 July 2015|accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris 2016 Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida ta shirya taron *Bayyananniyar Silsilar Kayayyaki* (TISC), inda aka ƙaddamar da rajistar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke yaƙi da bauta don samar da dandalin da kamfanoni za su iya wallafa bayanan su. Lokacin ƙaddamarwa, ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2016, ƙungiyar da aka kafa ta hanyar Jaya Chakrabarti, ta haɗu da gwamnatin Wales, Cibiyar Kwararrun Saye da Kayayyaki, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (ICC), da Business West. A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2017 tana da kamfanoni 10,153 da suka bayar da bayanan su, wanda ya zama rajista mafi girma a duniya kan bauta ta zamani.<ref>{{cite press release|title=World's largest anti-slavery register reaches 10k milestone, boosting the fight against exploitation|url=http://pressreleases.responsesource.com/news/92463/world-s-largest-anti-slavery-register-reaches-k-milestone-boosting-the/|date=30 January 2017|publisher=TISC Report}}</ref> {{asof|2025|June}} rahoton ya ce ya ƙunshi fiye da bayanai 60,000 kan bauta ta zamani.<ref>TISC Report, [https://tiscreport.org/products/dataset/modern-slavery-act-section-54-latest-statement Modern Slavery Act Section 54 - Latest statement], accessed on 19 June 2025</ref> A 2019, Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta amince da wallafa bayaninta kan Bauta Ta Zamani da gangan, yana bin irin buƙatun da ake ɗora wa manyan kamfanoni ƙarƙashin sashe na 54. An wallafa bayanin a ranar 26 Maris 2020,<ref>UK Government, [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/875800/UK_Government_Modern_Slavery_Statement.pdf UK Government Modern Slavery Statement], published 26 March 2020, accessed 1 January 2021</ref> sannan aka sabunta shi a watan Satumba 2023.<ref>HM Government, [https://modern-slavery-statement-registry.service.gov.uk/statement-summary/ExGAzjlJ/2022 UK Government modern slavery statement summary (2022)], published on 22 September 2023, accessed on 1 June 2025</ref> Gwamnatin Wales ta wallafa nata bayanin a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2023.<ref>Welsh Government, [https://www.gov.wales/welsh-government-modern-slavery-statement Welsh Government Modern Slavery Statement] published on 10 August 2023, accessed on 1 June 2025</ref> A Scotland kuwa, an wallafa *Tsarin Fataucin da Cin Zarafi* na farko a 2017, kuma gwamnatin Scotland ta fitar da bayanin “bauta da fataucin mutane” a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2023.<ref>Scottish Government, [https://www.gov.scot/publications/slavery-human-trafficking-statement/ Slavery and human trafficking statement], published on 12 December 2023, accessed on 1 June 2025</ref> === Karuwanci === A watan Nuwamba 2014, Fiona Mactaggart MP ta gabatar da gyara a cikin kudirin da ya shafi *karuwanci*, wanda ke da nufin haramta siyan jima’i.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convenient conflations: modern slavery, trafficking, and prostitution|author=Julia O'Connell Davidson|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/beyondslavery/julia-o'connell-davidson/convenient-conflations-modern-slavery-trafficking-and-prostit|publisher=Open Democracy|date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Katie Nguyen|title=British parliament to debate whether paying for sex should be illegal|url=http://www.trust.org/item/20141103172740-ra98u/|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|date=3 Nov 2014}}</ref> A lokacin muhawara a Majalisar Wakilai, John McDonnell MP ya yi adawa da wannan gyara, yana cewa babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa haramcin siyan jima’i a Sweden ya rage yawan *masu karuwanci* ko abokan cinikin su, kuma ya nuna cewa irin waɗannan matakai sukan haifar da illa. Ya ambaci Fasto Andrew Dotchin na *Safety First Coalition*: “Ina adawa da sassan da ke da nasaba da karuwanci a cikin Dokar Bauta Ta Zamani, wanda zai sa siyan jima’i ya zama laifi. Haramta abokan ciniki ba zai kawo ƙarshen karuwanci ba, kuma ba zai daina kama mata ba. Sai dai yana ƙara ɗora su cikin haɗari kuma yana nuna musu shishigi.”<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Commons|url=http://www.parliamentlive.tv/Main/Player.aspx?meetingId=16245&st=17%3A37%3A24.8900000|publisher=UK Parliament|date=4 November 2014}}</ref> Wannan gyara daga bisani aka janye shi.<ref>{{cite news|author=Niki Adams|title=Listen to sex workers – we can explain what decriminalisation would mean|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/06/sex-workers-decriminalisation-amendment-modern-slavery-bill|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 November 2014}}</ref> === Biza mai ɗaurewa === A watan Maris 2015 an kawo wani gyara a Majalisar Dattawa kan *ma’aikatan ƙetare* da ke zuwa Burtaniya tare da masu daukar su ta hanyar amfani da “biza mai ɗaurewa”. Wannan tsarin da aka gabatar a 2012 yana kama da tsarin *kafala* da ake amfani da shi == Manazarta == gg0b81tym5dpjdbwhhue2nhq9g5sq6f 0 100832 647889 622624 2025-06-27T05:17:58Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin aiki */ 647889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent "En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent"]. ''RFI'' (in French). 2020-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite> === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] rxcfsc2c9gof6tr7ak3cy4u5jtqty3g 647890 647889 2025-06-27T05:18:31Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin aiki */ 647890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent "En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent"]. ''RFI'' (in French). 2020-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite> === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] 9e5iohfy2kl14qovxj7wbdd4ldmi0ki 647891 647890 2025-06-27T05:19:03Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin aiki */ 647891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent "En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent"]. ''RFI'' (in French). 2020-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite> === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] mvp7ufennypi0b4qmy8xsttrik10353 647892 647891 2025-06-27T05:19:43Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin aiki */ 647892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent "En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent"]. ''RFI'' (in French). 2020-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] qk30t4dv259yhs6dbomh1qibmy3429q 647893 647892 2025-06-27T05:20:01Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin aiki */ 647893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] fy9afsm4co1grfmm42zygrikwdaocqu 647894 647893 2025-06-27T05:20:11Z Sirjat 20447 /* Hanyoyin aiki */ 647894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] rtapwdfua6yqcknjg29ppu5b2suocwc 647895 647894 2025-06-27T05:27:10Z Sirjat 20447 /* Fannonin Aiki */ 647895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === {{Hakanan duba|Decolonization of knowledge|Rhodes Must Fall}} [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === {{Hakanan duba|Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia|Zambia}} [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] ed16khh7hpxoeg5cz87nwl96pe0sm8s 647896 647895 2025-06-27T05:27:32Z Sirjat 20447 /* Afirka ta Kudu */ 647896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === {{Hakanan duba|Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia|Zambia}} [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] ozq0mek26zveuom9mml42i2i62c1x4t 647897 647896 2025-06-27T05:27:50Z Sirjat 20447 /* Zambiya */ 647897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] krmbgdghb7xe5pchagiwqzer27xs9i6 647920 647897 2025-06-27T06:05:37Z Sirjat 20447 /* Zambiya */ 647920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== {{Hakanan duba|List of renamed places in Zimbabwe}} Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] j0f90wyzpj0m8lkryvfciu0ebt8c8t2 647924 647920 2025-06-27T06:12:49Z Sirjat 20447 /* Fitattun wurare */ 647924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] 36tqhn4n7dlx67302ue8dwqbvd8tbgf 647926 647924 2025-06-27T06:13:22Z Sirjat 20447 /* Fitattun wurare */ 647926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] hzlxjnvce49mylkbys72l2b1ny5h89i 647929 647926 2025-06-27T06:15:34Z Sirjat 20447 /* Chile */ 647929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] g8qqmwsmmmg1tk54xmbximm2wkqko0c 647932 647929 2025-06-27T06:16:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Colombia */ 647932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Mexico === [[File:Derribo de la estatua de Diego de Mazariegos.jpg|thumb|upright|An kifar da gumar conquistador Diego de Mazariegos a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1992 a San Cristóbal de las Casas]] A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20201011-mexique-christophe-colomb-deboulonne-amlo-vatican-interpelle |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/colonialisme/a-terre-les-statues-des-conquistadors-722072 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Humanite.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.<ref name=":21" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] lhqmdgnwrzdos0a3zouzbz95d3pfne2 647934 647932 2025-06-27T06:18:07Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mexico */ 647934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Mexico === [[File:Derribo de la estatua de Diego de Mazariegos.jpg|thumb|upright|An kifar da gumar conquistador Diego de Mazariegos a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1992 a San Cristóbal de las Casas]] A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20201011-mexique-christophe-colomb-deboulonne-amlo-vatican-interpelle |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/colonialisme/a-terre-les-statues-des-conquistadors-722072 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Humanite.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.<ref name=":21" /> === Venezuela === A shekarar 2020, yayin bikin cikar <abbr> shekaru 528 </abbr> na “Goyon Bayan ’Yan Asali” (wanda a da ake kira “Ranar Tsari”) domin tunawa da fara mulkin mallakar Sifaniyawa a nahiyar Amurka, Shugaban kasar Venezuela Nicolas Maduro ya bayyana cewa zai fara wani tsari na kawar da tasirin mulkin mallaka: “Na yanke shawarar (...) fara wani tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka da dawo da martabar dukan wuraren jama’a da ke dauke da sunayen masu mulkin mallaka, masu cin zarafi da kuma masu kisan kare dangi, ta hanyar da za ta kasance a hankali, sannu a hankali, cikin tsari da ladabi.” A wannan lokaci, ya sanar cewa titin Francisco Fajardo, wanda sunansa yana girmama wani dan mulkin mallaka mai suna Francisco Fajardo, yanzu zai dauki sunan “Babban Cacique Guaicaipuro”, domin girmama wani gwarzon dan asalin kasar da ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=Des communautés indigènes manifestent en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/ameriques/communautes-indigenes-manifestent-colombie-chili-bolivie |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] cjejoi6mpcktf4fakfraq5suai0gl1e 647945 647934 2025-06-27T06:23:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Venezuela */ 647945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Mexico === [[File:Derribo de la estatua de Diego de Mazariegos.jpg|thumb|upright|An kifar da gumar conquistador Diego de Mazariegos a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1992 a San Cristóbal de las Casas]] A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20201011-mexique-christophe-colomb-deboulonne-amlo-vatican-interpelle |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/colonialisme/a-terre-les-statues-des-conquistadors-722072 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Humanite.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.<ref name=":21" /> === Venezuela === A shekarar 2020, yayin bikin cikar <abbr> shekaru 528 </abbr> na “Goyon Bayan ’Yan Asali” (wanda a da ake kira “Ranar Tsari”) domin tunawa da fara mulkin mallakar Sifaniyawa a nahiyar Amurka, Shugaban kasar Venezuela Nicolas Maduro ya bayyana cewa zai fara wani tsari na kawar da tasirin mulkin mallaka: “Na yanke shawarar (...) fara wani tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka da dawo da martabar dukan wuraren jama’a da ke dauke da sunayen masu mulkin mallaka, masu cin zarafi da kuma masu kisan kare dangi, ta hanyar da za ta kasance a hankali, sannu a hankali, cikin tsari da ladabi.” A wannan lokaci, ya sanar cewa titin Francisco Fajardo, wanda sunansa yana girmama wani dan mulkin mallaka mai suna Francisco Fajardo, yanzu zai dauki sunan “Babban Cacique Guaicaipuro”, domin girmama wani gwarzon dan asalin kasar da ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=Des communautés indigènes manifestent en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/ameriques/communautes-indigenes-manifestent-colombie-chili-bolivie |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Kanada === ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria ==== A daren ranar 15 ga Maris, 2018, wasu mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria guda biyu da ke tsakiyar birnin Montreal— na farko yana Victoria Square, na biyu kuma yana gaban McGill University a kan titin Sherbrooke— an fesa musu fenti kore daga wasu masu zanga-zanga da suka dauke su a matsayin "na wariyar launin fata" domin suna ganin mutum-mutumin yana wakiltar gado ko tarihi na Daular Birtaniya. Wani gungu mai suna Delhi-Dublin Anti-Colonial Solidarity Brigade ne suka dauki alhakin wannan aikin.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=l'Église |first=Justine de |date=2018-03-15 |title=Des militants vandalisent deux statues " racistes " de la reine Victoria à Montréal |url=https://www.vice.com/fr/article/des-militants-vandalisent-deux-statues-racistes-de-la-reine-victoria-a-montreal/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ne kuma ya sake lalata mutum-mutumin da ke McGill University a shekara ta 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Teisceira-Lessard |first=Philippe |date=2021-03-25 |title=Après John A. Macdonald, l'effigie de la reine Victoria vandalisée |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2021-03-25/apres-john-a-macdonald-l-effigie-de-la-reine-victoria-vandalisee.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref> ==== Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ==== A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2020, masu zanga-zanga sun rusa mutum-mutumin Firayim Ministan farko na Kanada, John A. Macdonald, da ke Place du Canada a Montreal, inda kansa ya cire yayin da mutum-mutumin ya fadi.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last1=Gosselin |first1=Janie |last2=Ouellette-Vézina |first2=Henri |date=2020-08-29 |title=La statue de John A. Macdonald déboulonnée à Montréal |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2020-08-29/la-statue-de-john-a-macdonald-deboulonnee-a-montreal.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Société- |date=2020-09-02 |title=" Ce n'est pas nous, les Premières Nations, qui allons déboulonner les statues " |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/espaces-autochtones/1730779/deboulonnage-statue-john-a-macdonald-leaders-autochtones |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ya taba fuskantar feshin jan fenti tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017.<ref name=":22" /> Rushe mutum-mutumin ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna, har ma ya raba ra'ayoyin shugabannin al'ummomin asali. David Chartrand, mataimakin shugaban Métis National Council, ya soki masu zanga-zangar da suka rusa mutum-mutumin: "Ba na goyon bayansu ko kadan. Ina ganin ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata. Amma idan akwai wanda zai ce ya sha wahala saboda John A. Macdonald, to mu ne."<ref name=":24" /> Haka kuma, Konrad Sioui, babban shugaban Huron-Wendat Nation, ya bayyana: "Ba irin wannan ne hanyar mu ba, ba haka muke aiwatar da abubuwa ba."<ref name=":24" /> A gefe guda kuma, Constant Awashish, babban shugaban Atikamekw Nation, ya bayyana cewa wannan lamari ya sake tunatar da mutane cewa John A. Macdonald makiyi ne na kabilun farko, ya aiwatar da manufofi masu cutarwa ga su, kuma yana da hannu wajen kirkiro tsarin makarantu na zaman-jiya da kuma kin amincewa da daukaka kara ga hukuncin kisa na shugaban Métis, Louis Riel a shekarar 1885.<ref name=":24" /> Yan siyasar Quebec da dama sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan rushewar mutum-mutumin. Magajin garin Montreal, Valérie Plante, ta bayyana rashin jin dadinta sosai kan rushewar. Firayim Ministan Quebec, François Legault, ya bukaci a maido da mutum-mutumin: "Ko menene ra’ayinka game da John A. Macdonald, rusa mutum-mutumi da irin wannan hanya abin yarda ba ne. Ya kamata mu yaki wariyar launin fata, amma rusa wani ɓangare na tarihinmu ba shine mafita ba. Ba a amince da lalata dukiyoyin jama'a a cikin dimokuradiyya ba."<ref name=":23" /> Jean-François Lisée, tsohon shugaban Parti Québécois, ya ce: "Ba ni da wata soyayya ga John A. Macdonald (wanda shi ma bai son 'yan Quebec ba). Har ma zan iya yarda cewa mutum-mutuminsa bai kamata ya kasance a matsayin girmamawa ba. Amma ba nauyin wasu masu zanga-zanga ba ne su yanke shawarar rusa mutum-mutumin."<ref name=":23" /> Jam’iyyar Conservative ta Kanada ta nuna fushi sosai. Erin O'Toole, shugaban jam’iyyar, ya bayyana: "Ba za mu gina kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar rusa tarihimmu ba. Lokaci ya yi da 'yan siyasa za su daina bin bayan masu tsattsauran ra’ayi."<ref name=":23" /> Firayim Ministan Alberta, Jason Kenney, ya bayyana: "Idan birnin Montreal bai dawo da mutum-mutumin ba [...], za mu karbe shi a matsayin tarin tarihi a fadar dokokin Alberta."<ref name=":23" /> ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg ==== {{Main|Statue of Queen Victoria (Winnipeg)|Statue of Elizabeth II (Winnipeg)}} A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021, a lokacin ranar Kanada, wasu masu zanga-zangar asalin ƙasar sun rusa mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Sarauniya Elizabeth II a Winnipeg, kusa da ginin dokokin lardin Manitoba. Wadannan mutum-mutumi guda biyu da ake kallonsu a matsayin alamu na tarihin mulkin mallaka na kasar, aka rushe su ne a lokacin da ake cikin tashin hankali dangane da gano gawawwakin yara kusa da tsofaffin makarantun zaman-jiya a cikin Mayu da Yuni 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=Canada : symbole de la colonisation, des statues des reines Victoria et Elizabeth II renversées {{!}} TV5MONDE - Informations |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/international/canada-symbole-de-la-colonisation-des-statues-des-reines-victoria-et-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=information.tv5monde.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] ggoakaz7jq3mstibdwfl0rwu7maiyty 647952 647945 2025-06-27T06:26:34Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg */ 647952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Mexico === [[File:Derribo de la estatua de Diego de Mazariegos.jpg|thumb|upright|An kifar da gumar conquistador Diego de Mazariegos a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1992 a San Cristóbal de las Casas]] A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20201011-mexique-christophe-colomb-deboulonne-amlo-vatican-interpelle |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/colonialisme/a-terre-les-statues-des-conquistadors-722072 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Humanite.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.<ref name=":21" /> === Venezuela === A shekarar 2020, yayin bikin cikar <abbr> shekaru 528 </abbr> na “Goyon Bayan ’Yan Asali” (wanda a da ake kira “Ranar Tsari”) domin tunawa da fara mulkin mallakar Sifaniyawa a nahiyar Amurka, Shugaban kasar Venezuela Nicolas Maduro ya bayyana cewa zai fara wani tsari na kawar da tasirin mulkin mallaka: “Na yanke shawarar (...) fara wani tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka da dawo da martabar dukan wuraren jama’a da ke dauke da sunayen masu mulkin mallaka, masu cin zarafi da kuma masu kisan kare dangi, ta hanyar da za ta kasance a hankali, sannu a hankali, cikin tsari da ladabi.” A wannan lokaci, ya sanar cewa titin Francisco Fajardo, wanda sunansa yana girmama wani dan mulkin mallaka mai suna Francisco Fajardo, yanzu zai dauki sunan “Babban Cacique Guaicaipuro”, domin girmama wani gwarzon dan asalin kasar da ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=Des communautés indigènes manifestent en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/ameriques/communautes-indigenes-manifestent-colombie-chili-bolivie |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Kanada === ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria ==== A daren ranar 15 ga Maris, 2018, wasu mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria guda biyu da ke tsakiyar birnin Montreal— na farko yana Victoria Square, na biyu kuma yana gaban McGill University a kan titin Sherbrooke— an fesa musu fenti kore daga wasu masu zanga-zanga da suka dauke su a matsayin "na wariyar launin fata" domin suna ganin mutum-mutumin yana wakiltar gado ko tarihi na Daular Birtaniya. Wani gungu mai suna Delhi-Dublin Anti-Colonial Solidarity Brigade ne suka dauki alhakin wannan aikin.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=l'Église |first=Justine de |date=2018-03-15 |title=Des militants vandalisent deux statues " racistes " de la reine Victoria à Montréal |url=https://www.vice.com/fr/article/des-militants-vandalisent-deux-statues-racistes-de-la-reine-victoria-a-montreal/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ne kuma ya sake lalata mutum-mutumin da ke McGill University a shekara ta 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Teisceira-Lessard |first=Philippe |date=2021-03-25 |title=Après John A. Macdonald, l'effigie de la reine Victoria vandalisée |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2021-03-25/apres-john-a-macdonald-l-effigie-de-la-reine-victoria-vandalisee.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref> ==== Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ==== A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2020, masu zanga-zanga sun rusa mutum-mutumin Firayim Ministan farko na Kanada, John A. Macdonald, da ke Place du Canada a Montreal, inda kansa ya cire yayin da mutum-mutumin ya fadi.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last1=Gosselin |first1=Janie |last2=Ouellette-Vézina |first2=Henri |date=2020-08-29 |title=La statue de John A. Macdonald déboulonnée à Montréal |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2020-08-29/la-statue-de-john-a-macdonald-deboulonnee-a-montreal.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Société- |date=2020-09-02 |title=" Ce n'est pas nous, les Premières Nations, qui allons déboulonner les statues " |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/espaces-autochtones/1730779/deboulonnage-statue-john-a-macdonald-leaders-autochtones |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ya taba fuskantar feshin jan fenti tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017.<ref name=":22" /> Rushe mutum-mutumin ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna, har ma ya raba ra'ayoyin shugabannin al'ummomin asali. David Chartrand, mataimakin shugaban Métis National Council, ya soki masu zanga-zangar da suka rusa mutum-mutumin: "Ba na goyon bayansu ko kadan. Ina ganin ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata. Amma idan akwai wanda zai ce ya sha wahala saboda John A. Macdonald, to mu ne."<ref name=":24" /> Haka kuma, Konrad Sioui, babban shugaban Huron-Wendat Nation, ya bayyana: "Ba irin wannan ne hanyar mu ba, ba haka muke aiwatar da abubuwa ba."<ref name=":24" /> A gefe guda kuma, Constant Awashish, babban shugaban Atikamekw Nation, ya bayyana cewa wannan lamari ya sake tunatar da mutane cewa John A. Macdonald makiyi ne na kabilun farko, ya aiwatar da manufofi masu cutarwa ga su, kuma yana da hannu wajen kirkiro tsarin makarantu na zaman-jiya da kuma kin amincewa da daukaka kara ga hukuncin kisa na shugaban Métis, Louis Riel a shekarar 1885.<ref name=":24" /> Yan siyasar Quebec da dama sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan rushewar mutum-mutumin. Magajin garin Montreal, Valérie Plante, ta bayyana rashin jin dadinta sosai kan rushewar. Firayim Ministan Quebec, François Legault, ya bukaci a maido da mutum-mutumin: "Ko menene ra’ayinka game da John A. Macdonald, rusa mutum-mutumi da irin wannan hanya abin yarda ba ne. Ya kamata mu yaki wariyar launin fata, amma rusa wani ɓangare na tarihinmu ba shine mafita ba. Ba a amince da lalata dukiyoyin jama'a a cikin dimokuradiyya ba."<ref name=":23" /> Jean-François Lisée, tsohon shugaban Parti Québécois, ya ce: "Ba ni da wata soyayya ga John A. Macdonald (wanda shi ma bai son 'yan Quebec ba). Har ma zan iya yarda cewa mutum-mutuminsa bai kamata ya kasance a matsayin girmamawa ba. Amma ba nauyin wasu masu zanga-zanga ba ne su yanke shawarar rusa mutum-mutumin."<ref name=":23" /> Jam’iyyar Conservative ta Kanada ta nuna fushi sosai. Erin O'Toole, shugaban jam’iyyar, ya bayyana: "Ba za mu gina kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar rusa tarihimmu ba. Lokaci ya yi da 'yan siyasa za su daina bin bayan masu tsattsauran ra’ayi."<ref name=":23" /> Firayim Ministan Alberta, Jason Kenney, ya bayyana: "Idan birnin Montreal bai dawo da mutum-mutumin ba [...], za mu karbe shi a matsayin tarin tarihi a fadar dokokin Alberta."<ref name=":23" /> ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg ==== A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021, a lokacin ranar Kanada, wasu masu zanga-zangar asalin ƙasar sun rusa mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Sarauniya Elizabeth II a Winnipeg, kusa da ginin dokokin lardin Manitoba. Wadannan mutum-mutumi guda biyu da ake kallonsu a matsayin alamu na tarihin mulkin mallaka na kasar, aka rushe su ne a lokacin da ake cikin tashin hankali dangane da gano gawawwakin yara kusa da tsofaffin makarantun zaman-jiya a cikin Mayu da Yuni 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=Canada : symbole de la colonisation, des statues des reines Victoria et Elizabeth II renversées {{!}} TV5MONDE - Informations |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/international/canada-symbole-de-la-colonisation-des-statues-des-reines-victoria-et-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=information.tv5monde.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] qyipn1pz45ylwboobix05dh7fgxfzjs 647953 647952 2025-06-27T06:27:01Z Sirjat 20447 /* Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg */ 647953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Mexico === [[File:Derribo de la estatua de Diego de Mazariegos.jpg|thumb|upright|An kifar da gumar conquistador Diego de Mazariegos a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1992 a San Cristóbal de las Casas]] A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20201011-mexique-christophe-colomb-deboulonne-amlo-vatican-interpelle |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/colonialisme/a-terre-les-statues-des-conquistadors-722072 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Humanite.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.<ref name=":21" /> === Venezuela === A shekarar 2020, yayin bikin cikar <abbr> shekaru 528 </abbr> na “Goyon Bayan ’Yan Asali” (wanda a da ake kira “Ranar Tsari”) domin tunawa da fara mulkin mallakar Sifaniyawa a nahiyar Amurka, Shugaban kasar Venezuela Nicolas Maduro ya bayyana cewa zai fara wani tsari na kawar da tasirin mulkin mallaka: “Na yanke shawarar (...) fara wani tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka da dawo da martabar dukan wuraren jama’a da ke dauke da sunayen masu mulkin mallaka, masu cin zarafi da kuma masu kisan kare dangi, ta hanyar da za ta kasance a hankali, sannu a hankali, cikin tsari da ladabi.” A wannan lokaci, ya sanar cewa titin Francisco Fajardo, wanda sunansa yana girmama wani dan mulkin mallaka mai suna Francisco Fajardo, yanzu zai dauki sunan “Babban Cacique Guaicaipuro”, domin girmama wani gwarzon dan asalin kasar da ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=Des communautés indigènes manifestent en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/ameriques/communautes-indigenes-manifestent-colombie-chili-bolivie |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Kanada === ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria ==== A daren ranar 15 ga Maris, 2018, wasu mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria guda biyu da ke tsakiyar birnin Montreal— na farko yana Victoria Square, na biyu kuma yana gaban McGill University a kan titin Sherbrooke— an fesa musu fenti kore daga wasu masu zanga-zanga da suka dauke su a matsayin "na wariyar launin fata" domin suna ganin mutum-mutumin yana wakiltar gado ko tarihi na Daular Birtaniya. Wani gungu mai suna Delhi-Dublin Anti-Colonial Solidarity Brigade ne suka dauki alhakin wannan aikin.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=l'Église |first=Justine de |date=2018-03-15 |title=Des militants vandalisent deux statues " racistes " de la reine Victoria à Montréal |url=https://www.vice.com/fr/article/des-militants-vandalisent-deux-statues-racistes-de-la-reine-victoria-a-montreal/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ne kuma ya sake lalata mutum-mutumin da ke McGill University a shekara ta 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Teisceira-Lessard |first=Philippe |date=2021-03-25 |title=Après John A. Macdonald, l'effigie de la reine Victoria vandalisée |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2021-03-25/apres-john-a-macdonald-l-effigie-de-la-reine-victoria-vandalisee.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref> ==== Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ==== A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2020, masu zanga-zanga sun rusa mutum-mutumin Firayim Ministan farko na Kanada, John A. Macdonald, da ke Place du Canada a Montreal, inda kansa ya cire yayin da mutum-mutumin ya fadi.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last1=Gosselin |first1=Janie |last2=Ouellette-Vézina |first2=Henri |date=2020-08-29 |title=La statue de John A. Macdonald déboulonnée à Montréal |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2020-08-29/la-statue-de-john-a-macdonald-deboulonnee-a-montreal.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Société- |date=2020-09-02 |title=" Ce n'est pas nous, les Premières Nations, qui allons déboulonner les statues " |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/espaces-autochtones/1730779/deboulonnage-statue-john-a-macdonald-leaders-autochtones |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ya taba fuskantar feshin jan fenti tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017.<ref name=":22" /> Rushe mutum-mutumin ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna, har ma ya raba ra'ayoyin shugabannin al'ummomin asali. David Chartrand, mataimakin shugaban Métis National Council, ya soki masu zanga-zangar da suka rusa mutum-mutumin: "Ba na goyon bayansu ko kadan. Ina ganin ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata. Amma idan akwai wanda zai ce ya sha wahala saboda John A. Macdonald, to mu ne."<ref name=":24" /> Haka kuma, Konrad Sioui, babban shugaban Huron-Wendat Nation, ya bayyana: "Ba irin wannan ne hanyar mu ba, ba haka muke aiwatar da abubuwa ba."<ref name=":24" /> A gefe guda kuma, Constant Awashish, babban shugaban Atikamekw Nation, ya bayyana cewa wannan lamari ya sake tunatar da mutane cewa John A. Macdonald makiyi ne na kabilun farko, ya aiwatar da manufofi masu cutarwa ga su, kuma yana da hannu wajen kirkiro tsarin makarantu na zaman-jiya da kuma kin amincewa da daukaka kara ga hukuncin kisa na shugaban Métis, Louis Riel a shekarar 1885.<ref name=":24" /> Yan siyasar Quebec da dama sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan rushewar mutum-mutumin. Magajin garin Montreal, Valérie Plante, ta bayyana rashin jin dadinta sosai kan rushewar. Firayim Ministan Quebec, François Legault, ya bukaci a maido da mutum-mutumin: "Ko menene ra’ayinka game da John A. Macdonald, rusa mutum-mutumi da irin wannan hanya abin yarda ba ne. Ya kamata mu yaki wariyar launin fata, amma rusa wani ɓangare na tarihinmu ba shine mafita ba. Ba a amince da lalata dukiyoyin jama'a a cikin dimokuradiyya ba."<ref name=":23" /> Jean-François Lisée, tsohon shugaban Parti Québécois, ya ce: "Ba ni da wata soyayya ga John A. Macdonald (wanda shi ma bai son 'yan Quebec ba). Har ma zan iya yarda cewa mutum-mutuminsa bai kamata ya kasance a matsayin girmamawa ba. Amma ba nauyin wasu masu zanga-zanga ba ne su yanke shawarar rusa mutum-mutumin."<ref name=":23" /> Jam’iyyar Conservative ta Kanada ta nuna fushi sosai. Erin O'Toole, shugaban jam’iyyar, ya bayyana: "Ba za mu gina kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar rusa tarihimmu ba. Lokaci ya yi da 'yan siyasa za su daina bin bayan masu tsattsauran ra’ayi."<ref name=":23" /> Firayim Ministan Alberta, Jason Kenney, ya bayyana: "Idan birnin Montreal bai dawo da mutum-mutumin ba [...], za mu karbe shi a matsayin tarin tarihi a fadar dokokin Alberta."<ref name=":23" /> ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg ==== A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021, a lokacin ranar Kanada, wasu masu zanga-zangar asalin ƙasar sun rusa mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Sarauniya Elizabeth II a Winnipeg, kusa da ginin dokokin lardin Manitoba. Wadannan mutum-mutumi guda biyu da ake kallonsu a matsayin alamu na tarihin mulkin mallaka na kasar, aka rushe su ne a lokacin da ake cikin tashin hankali dangane da gano gawawwakin yara kusa da tsofaffin makarantun zaman-jiya a cikin Mayu da Yuni 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=Canada : symbole de la colonisation, des statues des reines Victoria et Elizabeth II renversées {{!}} TV5MONDE - Informations |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/international/canada-symbole-de-la-colonisation-des-statues-des-reines-victoria-et-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=information.tv5monde.com |language=fr}}</ref> === Amurka === ==== Gunaguni kan Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus ==== ===== Farkon daga 2006 ===== [[File:Columbus Statue.jpg|alt= Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Columbus Waterfront Park a unguwar North End ta Boston kafin a sare kansa a Yuni 2020.|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Boston kafin a sare kansa a Yuni 2020.]] [[File:Richmond, Virginia (8127316337).jpg|alt=Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Richmond, Virginia kafin a lalata shi a Yuni 2020.|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Richmond, Virginia kafin a lalata shi a Yuni 2020.]] [[File:Christopher Columbus Statue Torn Down at Minnesota State Capitol on June 10, 2020.jpg|alt=An rushe mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul, Minnesota a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2020|thumb|An rushe mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul, Minnesota a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2020.]] An dade ana gabatar da shi a matsayin “mai gano Amurka”<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Déboulonnées, décapitées, vandalisées : cinq statues de la discorde |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/deboulonnees-decapitees-vandalisees-cinq-statues-de-la-discorde-12-06-2020-2379592_24.php# |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref> da kuma matsayin wakilin gudunmawar 'yan Italiya ga tarihin Amurka,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonso |first=Melissa |date=2020-06-25 |title=Philadelphia plans to take down Columbus statue |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/25/us/columbus-statue-philadelphia/index.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> amma Christopher Columbus ana sukar shi a ƙarni na 21 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, domin a lokacin balaguron da ya yi hudu zuwa yankin Caribbean da arewacin kudancin Amurka, ya yi bautar da kashe dubban mutanen ƙabilu.<ref name=":25" /> Ya zama jayayya a tarihi saboda yadda ya mu'amala da mutanen asali da kuma rawar da ya taka a mulkin mallaka mai cin zarafi.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Asmelash |first=Leah |date=2020-06-10 |title=Statues of Christopher Columbus are being dismounted across the country |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/10/us/christopher-columbus-statues-down-trnd/index.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Masu rajin kare hakkokin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun soki yadda ake girmama Columbus, suna cewa balaguron da ya yi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da mulkin mallaka da hallakar kakanninsu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-11 |title=Confederate and Columbus statues toppled by US protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53005243 |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> An fara lalata mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a unguwar Little Italy ta Boston tun a 2006, inda aka sare kansa kuma ya ɓace na kwanaki da dama, sannan aka sake fesa shi da ja a 2015.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Machemer |first2=Theresa |title=Christopher Columbus Statues Beheaded, Pulled Down Across America |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/christopher-columbus-statues-beheaded-torn-down-180975079/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> A shekarun 2010s, da dama daga cikin birane da jihohi sun maye gurbin Columbus Day da Indigenous Peoples Day don tunawa da azabar da Columbus da sauran Turawa suka haifar.<ref name=":26" /> ===== Kololuwa a 2020 ===== A watan Yuni 2020, masu fafutukar kare hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙara ƙaimi bayan zanga-zangar nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata da cin zarafin ƴan sanda bayan kisan George Floyd a hannun ƴan sanda a Minneapolis, Minnesota, a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2020.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /> A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2020, an sare mutum-mutumin Columbus a unguwar Little Italy ta Boston, kamar yadda aka yi a 2006. Daga bisani, birnin Boston ya cire mutum-mutumin, inda magajin gari ya bayyana cewa, “Za mu ɗauki lokaci mu kimanta muhimmancin tarihi da wannan mutum-mutumi ke ɗauke da shi.”<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /> A wannan rana, an rushe mutum-mutumin Columbus a Richmond, Virginia, aka fesa masa fenti, aka cinna masa wuta, sannan aka jefar da shi cikin tafki.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-10 |title=Christopher Columbus statue torn down, thrown in lake by protesters |url=https://www.12onyourside.com/2020/06/09/christopher-columbus-statue-torn-down-thrown-lake-by-protesters/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=12onyourside.com |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar Richmond Indigenous Society ta rubuta a Twitter kafin taron cewa “Za mu taru a Byrd Park domin nuna adawa da wani mutum-mutumin wariya. Christopher Columbus ya kashe mutanen asali kuma ya shimfiɗa al’adun kisan kare dangi da muke fama da su har yau.”<ref name=":26" /> “Wannan nahiyar an gina ta ne da jinin da ƙasusuwa na kakanninmu,” in ji Vanessa Bolin daga Richmond Indigenous Society.<ref name=":27" /> A ranar 10 ga Yuni, an sake jefar da mutum-mutumin Columbus da ke gaban Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul ƙasa.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Group tears down Columbus statue outside Minnesota State Capitol |url=https://www.fox9.com/news/group-tears-down-columbus-statue-outside-minnesota-state-capitol |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=FOX 9 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mike Forcia, ɗan fafutuka daga American Indian Movement wanda ya shirya taron, ya ce ya shafe shekaru yana neman izini daga jami’ai amma kullum sai su ce “ku jira; akwai tsarin da za ku bi.”<ref name=":26" /> Amma ya bayyana cewa “lokacin zama shiru ya ƙare”<ref name=":26" /> kuma “an fara sauyin tunani.”<ref name=":27" /> A daren ranar, Gwamnan Minnesota Tim Walz ya ce yana koyar da dalibansa cewa da dama daga cikin mazauna Minnesota na kallon mutum-mutumin Columbus a matsayin “tarihi na kisan kare dangi,” kuma ya ƙara da cewa lokaci ne da ya kamata a “sake duba alamomin tarihi da zalunci da ke kewaye da mu.”<ref name=":28" /> Sai dai ya jaddada cewa “cire mutum-mutumin ba daidai ba ne saboda masu zanga-zangar na iya bi ta hanyar doka,” kafin ya ƙare da cewa “Ko cikin zafi, dole ne mu haɗa kai mu yi canji ta hanyar doka.”<ref name=":28" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] 93p3hp8ad6md3z0o26a12uu6hpu2f6f 647954 647953 2025-06-27T06:27:29Z Sirjat 20447 /* Kololuwa a 2020 */ 647954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg|alt=The empty pedestal of the statue of Edward Colton in Bristol, the day after protesters felled the statue and rolled it into the harbour in 2020.|thumb| Wurin da babu kowa a cikin mutum-mutumi na Edward Colston a cikin [[Bristol]], kwana guda bayan masu zanga-zangar sun sare mutum-mutumin tare da mirgina shi cikin tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin 2020.]] '''Decolonization of public space''' wani [[Harkar Zamantakewa|yunkuri ne na zamantakewa]] da ya bayyana a karshen ƙarni <abbr>na 20</abbr> da farkon <abbr>karni na 21</abbr> a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a [[New Zealand]], ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Afirka-Amurka]] a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma mazaunan Kongo a [[Beljik|Belgium]]). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa. Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni <abbr>na 20.</abbr> Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] ba, a [[Beljik|Belgium]], ko [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. == Tarihin Fafutukar == Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa [[Turai]] kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da [[Black Lives Matter|motsin Black Lives Matter]]. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Cinq statues dans le viseur des manifestants antiracistes (VIDEO) |url=https://www.courrier-picard.fr/id91586/article/2020-06-12/cinq-statues-dans-le-viseur-des-manifestants-antiracistes-video |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier picard |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone International- |date=2020-06-13 |title=Déboulonner ou non? La guerre mondiale des statues |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1711743/statue-racisme-histoire-patrimoine |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> kamar na [[Christopher Columbus]] a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken [[James Cook]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Captain James Cook statue defaced in Gisborne |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/captain-james-cook-statue-defaced-in-gisborne/RH3B2TD2CNMR6D2AP3QWSBX2F4/?c_id=1&objectid=12339590 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-29 |title=La Nouvelle-Zélande retire la statue controversée d'un commandant britannique |url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/monde/2020/06/12/la-nouvelle-zelande-retire-la-statue-controversee-dun-commandant-britannique-7UY3NECZS5DA7EHB3IVGR5EVKE/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DHnet |language=fr}}</ref> Contete Métete. [[Jefferson Davis]], na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a [[Bristol]], [[Ingila]], na [[Sarauniya Victoria]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Reine Victoria, rois des Belges Léopold II et Baudouin, plusieurs de leurs statues dégradées |url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Reine-Victoria-rois-des-Belges-Leopold-II-et-Baudouin-plusieurs-de-leurs-statues-degradees-1689431 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=parismatch.com |language=fr}}</ref> na tsohon [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Birtaniya]] [[Winston Churchill]] (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Des anciens militaires campent à côté d'une statue de Baden-Powell pour la protéger |url=https://www.metrotime.be/fr/actualite/des-anciens-militaires-campent-cote-dune-statue-de-baden-powell-pour-la-proteger |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Metrotime |language=fr}}</ref> == Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki == === Hanyoyin aiki === Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a [[Bordeaux]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-14 |title=En Belgique, les statues du roi Léopold II tombent |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20200614-en-belgique-les-statues-roi-l%C3%A9opold-ii-tombent |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi. === Fannonin Aiki === A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (''Café du négro'' a Bayonne,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=Bayonne : l'historique "Café Négro" est devenu "Kafe Beltza" |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/bayonne/bayonne-l-historique-cafe-negro-est-devenu-kafe-beltza-1432101.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ''Pharmacie de la Négresse'' a Biarritz, da ''Au Nègre joyeux'' a Paris).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Biarritz : la pharmacie du quartier La Négresse retire le nom controversé |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/biarritz/biarritz-la-pharmacie-du-quartier-la-negresse-retire-le-nom-controverse-5127895.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == A Afirka == === Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Goodbye Cecil John Rhodes20 (16481463023).jpg|alt=An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes da crane daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.|thumb|An cire gumar Cecil John Rhodes daga Jami'ar Cape Town a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015 sakamakon motsin Rhodes Must Fall.]] [[File:Rhodes bust decapitated.jpg|alt=An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.|thumb|An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes a Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu da na'urar niƙa.]] A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afrique du Sud: l'Université du Cap déboulonne sa statue de Cecil Rhodes - Jeune Afrique.com |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/228549/politique/afrique-du-sud-luniversite-du-cap-deboulonne-sa-statue-de-cecil-rhodes/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Moya |first1=Zolani |last2=Ngqina |first2=Mcebisi |date=3 April 2015 |title=EFF members torch war memorial statue |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713194539/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/029b8f0047e02d58ad78ff4405f77b26/EFF-members-torch-war-memorial-statue-20150304 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2016 |title=Students deface statue as protests continue at UFS |url=http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125065808/http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/53da81804bc9b45e915f9596fb2bb898/Students-deface-statue-as-protests-continue-at-UFS-20160223 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=SABC}}</ref> Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2020-07-16 |title=Afrique du Sud : la statue de Cecil Rhodes, suprématiste blanc, décapitée. |url=https://fr.africanews.com/2020/07/16/afrique-du-sud-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-suprematiste-blanc-decapitee/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Africanews |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PICS {{!}} Beheaded Cecil John Rhodes bust cleaned as City of Cape Town mulls options on damaged statues |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/pics-beheaded-cecil-john-rhodes-bust-cleaned-as-city-of-cape-town-mulls-options-on-damaged-statues-20200716 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo === [[File:Léopold II, statue à Kinshasa.jpg|alt=Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018|thumb|Gumar Leopold II a Kinshasa, 2018]] An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Kinshasa, le débat sur les statues coloniales ne passionne pas les foules |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/a-kinshasa-le-debat-sur-les-statues-coloniales-ne-passionne-pas-les-foules-10521180 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref> An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.<ref name=":2" /> A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasagar |first=Jeevan |date=2005-02-04 |title=Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".<ref name=":2" /> === Zambiya === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|alt=The Rhodes Colossus: zanen barkwanci na Cecil John Rhodes, bayan ya sanar da shirin kafa layin waya da jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Cairo.|thumb|Birtaniya a Afirka "Daga Cairo zuwa Cape" a cewar Cecil Rhodes.]] Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1965-08-12 |title=LES FÉDÉRATIONS MALCHANCEUSES |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/08/12/les-federations-malchanceuses_2190588_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":4">''Roland Pichon, The Rhodesian Drama: Resurgence of Zimbabwe, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1975, 248 pp.''</ref><ref name=":5">Odette Guitard, ''What do I know? The Rhodesias and Nyasaland'', Presses universitaire de France, 1964, 128 pp.</ref><ref name=":6">Robert Badouin, ''Odette Guitard, The Rhodesias and Nyasaland (report)'', Tiers Monde Review, 1965.</ref> A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu).<ref name=":3" /> Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.<ref name=":3" /> === Zimbabuwe === ==== Sunan ƙasa ==== Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlake |first=Peter S. |title=Great Zimbabwe |date=1973 |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3 |series=New Aspects of archaeology |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fontein |first=Joost |title=The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage |date=2006 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-84472-123-8 |edition=1. publ |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ian Douglas |title=Bitter harvest: Zimbabwe and the aftermath of its independence: the memoirs of Africa's most controversial leader / Ian Smith; with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell |date=2008 |publisher=John Blake Pub |isbn=978-1-85782-604-3 |location=London}}</ref> ==== Gubar gumaka ==== [[File:CJ Rhodes-Harare.jpg|alt=Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi.|thumb|upright|Gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke tsohuwar Jameson Avenue, an cire ta a 1980 yanzu tana cikin Lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.]] A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1980-08-02 |title=DES MANIFESTANTS ABATTENT LA STATUE DE CECIL RHODES À SALISBURY |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1980/08/02/des-manifestants-abattent-la-statue-de-cecil-rhodes-a-salisbury_2797432_1819218.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Put Rhodes statue back where it belongs, Zim told |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/put-rhodes-statue-back-where-it-belongs-zim-told-20150413-2 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fitattun wurare ==== Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangena |first=Tendai |date=2020-08-07 |title=Rhodes, Mugabe and the Politics of Commemorative Toponyms in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |journal=Geopolitics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1015–1036 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508017 |issn=1465-0045|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndlovu |first=Sambulo |date=2023-04-03 |title=Decolonisation of the Zimbabwean linguistic landscape through renaming: a quantitative and linguistic landscaping analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |journal=African Identities |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=324–340 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2021.1910013 |issn=1472-5843|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == A cikin Nahiyar Amurka == === Ranar Race === [[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Plaza de Mayo en Día de la Raza.jpg|alt=Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires, tare da hoton Christopher Columbus. |thumb|Bikin Ranar Race, Oktoba 12, 1929, a Buenos Aires.]] A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ce jeudi, c'est la fête nationale espagnole : que fêtent nos voisins ibériques le 12 octobre ? |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/espagne/ce-jeudi-c-est-la-fete-nationale-espagnole-que-feten-nos-voisins-iberiques-le-12-octobre-17025060.php?csnt=191a197e927 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-15 |title=AMÉRIQUE LATINE. Déboulonnons Christophe Colomb ! |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/breve/2007/10/15/deboulonnons-christophe-colomb |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Courrier international |language=fr}}</ref> === Ajantina === A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Página en reconstrucción |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201303/11237-la-colectividad-italiana-pide-relocalizar-el-monumento-de-colon-en-mar-del-plata.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.telam.com.ar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2013 |title=Un millón de dólares por Juana Azurduy |url=http://tiempo.infonews.com/2013/03/23/sociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.infonews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F23%2Fsociedad-98732-un-millon-de-dolares-por-juana-azurduy.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=29 August 2024 |work=Tiempo Argentino}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2013-04-24 |title=Abrazo al monumento a Colón para evitar que lo trasladen |url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/abrazo-monumento-colon-evitar-trasladen_0_Hy7gnR_oDXe.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: El último viaje de Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-224445-2013-07-14.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires.<ref name=":8" /> Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Christophe Colomb, tombé de son piédestal |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/amerique/deboulonnements-en-2013-l-argentine-faisait-tomber-christophe-colomb-de-son-piedestal_2129261.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=L'Express |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=Controversies over Monuments: An Opportunity - Public History Weekly - The Open Peer Review Journal |url=https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/5-2017-42/controversies-over-monuments/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Public History Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.<ref name=":9" /> Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Página/12 :: Sociedad :: La mudanza de Cristóbal Colón |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-248003-2014-06-06.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.pagina12.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".<ref>{{Cite web |title=El monumento a Colón, olvidado en Costanera |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/445861-El-monumento-a-Colon-olvidado-en-Costanera.note.aspx |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref> A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-08 |title=Luego de dos años, se completó el montaje del monumento a Cristóbal Colón en la Costanera Norte |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2017/11/08/luego-de-dos-anos-se-completo-el-montaje-del-monumento-a-cristobal-colon-en-la-costanera-norte/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> === Bolivia === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Manifestations des communautés indigènes en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/manifestations-des-communautes-indigenes-en-colombie-au-chili-et-en-bolivie-10607232 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RTBF |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Bolivie: le procès pour vandalisme sur une statue de Christophe Colomb relance le débat sur le passé colonial |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20220317-bolivie-le-proc%C3%A8s-pour-vandalisme-sur-une-statue-de-christophe-colomb-relance-le-d%C3%A9bat-sur-le-pass%C3%A9-colonial |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."<ref name=":10" /> A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".<ref name=":11" /> === Brazil === A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Quem foi Joaquim Pereira Marinho, o traficante de escravos que virou estátua na capital mais negra do Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-53013733 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=BBC News Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-18 |title=Joaquim Pereira |url=https://galeriaderacistas.com.br/joaquim-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Galeria de Racistas |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".<ref name=":12" /> Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."<ref name=":12" /> Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-30 |title=The burning of a statue brought to light the permanence of Brazil's history of colonization |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/07/30/the-burning-of-a-statue-brought-to-light-the-permanence-of-brazil-s-history-of-colonization |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Brasil de Fato |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Au Brésil, faut-il déboulonner les statues des " bandeirantes ", les sinistres conquistadors portugais ? |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2022/04/29/au-bresil-faut-il-deboulonner-les-statues-des-bandeirantes-les-sinistres-conquistadors-portugais_6124108_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> === Chile === A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Laurence |date=2019-11-05 |title=Conquistadors tumble as indigenous Chileans tear down statues |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/chile-statues-indigenous-mapuche-conquistadors |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last= |date=30 October 2019 |title=Derriban busto del fundador de Collipulli en la plaza de la comuna |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/derriban-busto-del-fundador-de-collipulli-en-la-plaza-de-la-comuna-3693441 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Valentina |date=2019-10-21 |title=Francisco de Aguirre hecho barricada: emblemática estatua fue lanzada al fuego en La Serena |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-coquimbo/2019/10/21/francisco-de-aguirre-hecho-barricada-emblematica-estatua-fue-lanzada-al-fuego-en-la-serena.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title="Milanka": Un acto de justicia con los pueblos originarios |url=https://www.elobservatodo.cl/noticia/sociedad/milanka-un-acto-de-justicia-con-los-pueblos-originarios |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=El Observatodo.cl, Noticias de La Serena y Coquimbo |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castillo |first=Francisco Valdivia |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen la imagen de milanka, la mujer diaguita - Es Hoy |url=https://www.eshoy.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-la-imagen-de-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.eshoy.cl |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-31 |title=Desconocidos destruyen a Milanka, la mujer Diaguita | La Serena Online |url=https://laserenaonline.cl/2019/10/31/desconocidos-destruyen-a-milanka-la-mujer-diaguita/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=es-CL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-01 |title=Milanka, estatua diaguita fue atacada por violentistas que la quemaron |url=https://www.diariolaregion.cl/milanka-estatua-diaguita-fue-atacada-por-violentistas-que-la-quemaron/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Web Diario La Región |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |date=29 October 2019 |title=Manifestantes derriban busto de Pedro de Valdivia y Diego Portales en Temuco |url=https://www.24horas.cl/regiones/araucania/manifestantes-derriban-busto-de-pedro-de-valdivia-y-diego-portales-en-temuco-3691905 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.24horas.cl |language=es-CL}}</ref> Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).<ref name=":16" /> A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-30 |title=No fue la estatua pero sí el busto: empalan a Pedro de Valdivia a los pies de Lautaro en Concepción |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/30/no-fue-la-estatua-pero-si-el-busto-empalan-a-pedro-de-valdivia-a-los-pies-de-lautaro-en-concepcion.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabrera |first=Manuel |date=2019-10-29 |title=Intentan derribar sin éxito estatua de Pedro de Valdivia en centro penquista |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-del-bio-bio/2019/10/29/fail-revolucionario-intentan-derribar-sin-exito-estatua-de-pedro-de-valdivia-en-centro-penquista.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Márquez |first=Yessenia |date=2019-10-29 |title=Decapitan busto de histórico militar y cuelgan su cabeza en estatua de Caupolicán en Temuco |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2019/10/29/decapitan-busto-de-historico-militar-y-cuelgan-su-cabeza-en-estatua-de-caupolican-en-temuco.shtml |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |language=es}}</ref> A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.<ref name=":14" /> A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chili : des manifestants déboulonnent la statue d'un génocidaire Mapuche |url=https://www.radiohc.cu/noticias/internacionales/231107-chili-des-manifestants-deboulonnent-la-statue-dun-genocidaire-mapuche |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.radiohc.cu |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823– === Colombia === A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador espagnol déboulonnée par des Amérindiens |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-espagnol-deboulonnee-par-des-amerindiens-17-09-2020-2392432_24.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peguy |first=Olivier |date=17 September 2020 |title=Colombie : la statue d'un conquistador déboulonnée [archive] », sur Euronews |url=https://fr.euronews.com/2020/09/17/colombie-la-statue-d-un-conquistador-deboulonnee |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=fr.euronews.com}}</ref> Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”<ref name=":19" /> A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Indigenous Colombians topple conquistador statue in capital |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210507-indigenous-colombians-topple-conquistador-statue-in-capital |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Les statues de la colonisation déboulonnées |url=https://www.lesoir.be/385619/article/2021-07-23/les-statues-de-la-colonisation-deboulonnees |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Soir |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=En Colombie, déboulonner les statues de conquistadores pour effacer cinq cents ans d'humiliation - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/colombie-deboulonner-statues-conquistadores-effacer-cinq-cents-ans-dhumiliation |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Mexico === [[File:Derribo de la estatua de Diego de Mazariegos.jpg|thumb|upright|An kifar da gumar conquistador Diego de Mazariegos a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1992 a San Cristóbal de las Casas]] A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=Mexique: Christophe Colomb déboulonné à Mexico, AMLO interpelle le Vatican |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20201011-mexique-christophe-colomb-deboulonne-amlo-vatican-interpelle |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-30 |title=À terre, les statues des conquistadors ! - L'Humanité |url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/colonialisme/a-terre-les-statues-des-conquistadors-722072 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Humanite.fr |language=FR}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.<ref name=":21" /> === Venezuela === A shekarar 2020, yayin bikin cikar <abbr> shekaru 528 </abbr> na “Goyon Bayan ’Yan Asali” (wanda a da ake kira “Ranar Tsari”) domin tunawa da fara mulkin mallakar Sifaniyawa a nahiyar Amurka, Shugaban kasar Venezuela Nicolas Maduro ya bayyana cewa zai fara wani tsari na kawar da tasirin mulkin mallaka: “Na yanke shawarar (...) fara wani tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka da dawo da martabar dukan wuraren jama’a da ke dauke da sunayen masu mulkin mallaka, masu cin zarafi da kuma masu kisan kare dangi, ta hanyar da za ta kasance a hankali, sannu a hankali, cikin tsari da ladabi.” A wannan lokaci, ya sanar cewa titin Francisco Fajardo, wanda sunansa yana girmama wani dan mulkin mallaka mai suna Francisco Fajardo, yanzu zai dauki sunan “Babban Cacique Guaicaipuro”, domin girmama wani gwarzon dan asalin kasar da ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-13 |title=Des communautés indigènes manifestent en Colombie, au Chili et en Bolivie - Le Temps |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/ameriques/communautes-indigenes-manifestent-colombie-chili-bolivie |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr |issn=1423-3967}}</ref> === Kanada === ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria ==== A daren ranar 15 ga Maris, 2018, wasu mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria guda biyu da ke tsakiyar birnin Montreal— na farko yana Victoria Square, na biyu kuma yana gaban McGill University a kan titin Sherbrooke— an fesa musu fenti kore daga wasu masu zanga-zanga da suka dauke su a matsayin "na wariyar launin fata" domin suna ganin mutum-mutumin yana wakiltar gado ko tarihi na Daular Birtaniya. Wani gungu mai suna Delhi-Dublin Anti-Colonial Solidarity Brigade ne suka dauki alhakin wannan aikin.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=l'Église |first=Justine de |date=2018-03-15 |title=Des militants vandalisent deux statues " racistes " de la reine Victoria à Montréal |url=https://www.vice.com/fr/article/des-militants-vandalisent-deux-statues-racistes-de-la-reine-victoria-a-montreal/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ne kuma ya sake lalata mutum-mutumin da ke McGill University a shekara ta 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Teisceira-Lessard |first=Philippe |date=2021-03-25 |title=Après John A. Macdonald, l'effigie de la reine Victoria vandalisée |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2021-03-25/apres-john-a-macdonald-l-effigie-de-la-reine-victoria-vandalisee.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref> ==== Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ==== A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2020, masu zanga-zanga sun rusa mutum-mutumin Firayim Ministan farko na Kanada, John A. Macdonald, da ke Place du Canada a Montreal, inda kansa ya cire yayin da mutum-mutumin ya fadi.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last1=Gosselin |first1=Janie |last2=Ouellette-Vézina |first2=Henri |date=2020-08-29 |title=La statue de John A. Macdonald déboulonnée à Montréal |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/grand-montreal/2020-08-29/la-statue-de-john-a-macdonald-deboulonnee-a-montreal.php |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Société- |date=2020-09-02 |title=" Ce n'est pas nous, les Premières Nations, qui allons déboulonner les statues " |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/espaces-autochtones/1730779/deboulonnage-statue-john-a-macdonald-leaders-autochtones |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Radio-Canada |language=fr-ca}}</ref> Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ya taba fuskantar feshin jan fenti tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017.<ref name=":22" /> Rushe mutum-mutumin ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna, har ma ya raba ra'ayoyin shugabannin al'ummomin asali. David Chartrand, mataimakin shugaban Métis National Council, ya soki masu zanga-zangar da suka rusa mutum-mutumin: "Ba na goyon bayansu ko kadan. Ina ganin ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata. Amma idan akwai wanda zai ce ya sha wahala saboda John A. Macdonald, to mu ne."<ref name=":24" /> Haka kuma, Konrad Sioui, babban shugaban Huron-Wendat Nation, ya bayyana: "Ba irin wannan ne hanyar mu ba, ba haka muke aiwatar da abubuwa ba."<ref name=":24" /> A gefe guda kuma, Constant Awashish, babban shugaban Atikamekw Nation, ya bayyana cewa wannan lamari ya sake tunatar da mutane cewa John A. Macdonald makiyi ne na kabilun farko, ya aiwatar da manufofi masu cutarwa ga su, kuma yana da hannu wajen kirkiro tsarin makarantu na zaman-jiya da kuma kin amincewa da daukaka kara ga hukuncin kisa na shugaban Métis, Louis Riel a shekarar 1885.<ref name=":24" /> Yan siyasar Quebec da dama sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan rushewar mutum-mutumin. Magajin garin Montreal, Valérie Plante, ta bayyana rashin jin dadinta sosai kan rushewar. Firayim Ministan Quebec, François Legault, ya bukaci a maido da mutum-mutumin: "Ko menene ra’ayinka game da John A. Macdonald, rusa mutum-mutumi da irin wannan hanya abin yarda ba ne. Ya kamata mu yaki wariyar launin fata, amma rusa wani ɓangare na tarihinmu ba shine mafita ba. Ba a amince da lalata dukiyoyin jama'a a cikin dimokuradiyya ba."<ref name=":23" /> Jean-François Lisée, tsohon shugaban Parti Québécois, ya ce: "Ba ni da wata soyayya ga John A. Macdonald (wanda shi ma bai son 'yan Quebec ba). Har ma zan iya yarda cewa mutum-mutuminsa bai kamata ya kasance a matsayin girmamawa ba. Amma ba nauyin wasu masu zanga-zanga ba ne su yanke shawarar rusa mutum-mutumin."<ref name=":23" /> Jam’iyyar Conservative ta Kanada ta nuna fushi sosai. Erin O'Toole, shugaban jam’iyyar, ya bayyana: "Ba za mu gina kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar rusa tarihimmu ba. Lokaci ya yi da 'yan siyasa za su daina bin bayan masu tsattsauran ra’ayi."<ref name=":23" /> Firayim Ministan Alberta, Jason Kenney, ya bayyana: "Idan birnin Montreal bai dawo da mutum-mutumin ba [...], za mu karbe shi a matsayin tarin tarihi a fadar dokokin Alberta."<ref name=":23" /> ==== Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg ==== A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021, a lokacin ranar Kanada, wasu masu zanga-zangar asalin ƙasar sun rusa mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Sarauniya Elizabeth II a Winnipeg, kusa da ginin dokokin lardin Manitoba. Wadannan mutum-mutumi guda biyu da ake kallonsu a matsayin alamu na tarihin mulkin mallaka na kasar, aka rushe su ne a lokacin da ake cikin tashin hankali dangane da gano gawawwakin yara kusa da tsofaffin makarantun zaman-jiya a cikin Mayu da Yuni 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=Canada : symbole de la colonisation, des statues des reines Victoria et Elizabeth II renversées {{!}} TV5MONDE - Informations |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/international/canada-symbole-de-la-colonisation-des-statues-des-reines-victoria-et-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=information.tv5monde.com |language=fr}}</ref> === Amurka === ==== Gunaguni kan Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus ==== ===== Farkon daga 2006 ===== [[File:Columbus Statue.jpg|alt= Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Columbus Waterfront Park a unguwar North End ta Boston kafin a sare kansa a Yuni 2020.|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Boston kafin a sare kansa a Yuni 2020.]] [[File:Richmond, Virginia (8127316337).jpg|alt=Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Richmond, Virginia kafin a lalata shi a Yuni 2020.|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Richmond, Virginia kafin a lalata shi a Yuni 2020.]] [[File:Christopher Columbus Statue Torn Down at Minnesota State Capitol on June 10, 2020.jpg|alt=An rushe mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul, Minnesota a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2020|thumb|An rushe mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul, Minnesota a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2020.]] An dade ana gabatar da shi a matsayin “mai gano Amurka”<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Déboulonnées, décapitées, vandalisées : cinq statues de la discorde |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/deboulonnees-decapitees-vandalisees-cinq-statues-de-la-discorde-12-06-2020-2379592_24.php# |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref> da kuma matsayin wakilin gudunmawar 'yan Italiya ga tarihin Amurka,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonso |first=Melissa |date=2020-06-25 |title=Philadelphia plans to take down Columbus statue |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/25/us/columbus-statue-philadelphia/index.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> amma Christopher Columbus ana sukar shi a ƙarni na 21 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, domin a lokacin balaguron da ya yi hudu zuwa yankin Caribbean da arewacin kudancin Amurka, ya yi bautar da kashe dubban mutanen ƙabilu.<ref name=":25" /> Ya zama jayayya a tarihi saboda yadda ya mu'amala da mutanen asali da kuma rawar da ya taka a mulkin mallaka mai cin zarafi.<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |last=Asmelash |first=Leah |date=2020-06-10 |title=Statues of Christopher Columbus are being dismounted across the country |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/10/us/christopher-columbus-statues-down-trnd/index.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Masu rajin kare hakkokin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun soki yadda ake girmama Columbus, suna cewa balaguron da ya yi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da mulkin mallaka da hallakar kakanninsu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-11 |title=Confederate and Columbus statues toppled by US protesters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53005243 |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> An fara lalata mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a unguwar Little Italy ta Boston tun a 2006, inda aka sare kansa kuma ya ɓace na kwanaki da dama, sannan aka sake fesa shi da ja a 2015.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Machemer |first2=Theresa |title=Christopher Columbus Statues Beheaded, Pulled Down Across America |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/christopher-columbus-statues-beheaded-torn-down-180975079/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> A shekarun 2010s, da dama daga cikin birane da jihohi sun maye gurbin Columbus Day da Indigenous Peoples Day don tunawa da azabar da Columbus da sauran Turawa suka haifar.<ref name=":26" /> ===== Kololuwa a 2020 ===== A watan Yuni 2020, masu fafutukar kare hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙara ƙaimi bayan zanga-zangar nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata da cin zarafin ƴan sanda bayan kisan George Floyd a hannun ƴan sanda a Minneapolis, Minnesota, a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2020.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /> A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2020, an sare mutum-mutumin Columbus a unguwar Little Italy ta Boston, kamar yadda aka yi a 2006. Daga bisani, birnin Boston ya cire mutum-mutumin, inda magajin gari ya bayyana cewa, “Za mu ɗauki lokaci mu kimanta muhimmancin tarihi da wannan mutum-mutumi ke ɗauke da shi.”<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /> A wannan rana, an rushe mutum-mutumin Columbus a Richmond, Virginia, aka fesa masa fenti, aka cinna masa wuta, sannan aka jefar da shi cikin tafki.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-10 |title=Christopher Columbus statue torn down, thrown in lake by protesters |url=https://www.12onyourside.com/2020/06/09/christopher-columbus-statue-torn-down-thrown-lake-by-protesters/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=12onyourside.com |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar Richmond Indigenous Society ta rubuta a Twitter kafin taron cewa “Za mu taru a Byrd Park domin nuna adawa da wani mutum-mutumin wariya. Christopher Columbus ya kashe mutanen asali kuma ya shimfiɗa al’adun kisan kare dangi da muke fama da su har yau.”<ref name=":26" /> “Wannan nahiyar an gina ta ne da jinin da ƙasusuwa na kakanninmu,” in ji Vanessa Bolin daga Richmond Indigenous Society.<ref name=":27" /> A ranar 10 ga Yuni, an sake jefar da mutum-mutumin Columbus da ke gaban Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul ƙasa.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=Group tears down Columbus statue outside Minnesota State Capitol |url=https://www.fox9.com/news/group-tears-down-columbus-statue-outside-minnesota-state-capitol |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=FOX 9 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mike Forcia, ɗan fafutuka daga American Indian Movement wanda ya shirya taron, ya ce ya shafe shekaru yana neman izini daga jami’ai amma kullum sai su ce “ku jira; akwai tsarin da za ku bi.”<ref name=":26" /> Amma ya bayyana cewa “lokacin zama shiru ya ƙare”<ref name=":26" /> kuma “an fara sauyin tunani.”<ref name=":27" /> A daren ranar, Gwamnan Minnesota Tim Walz ya ce yana koyar da dalibansa cewa da dama daga cikin mazauna Minnesota na kallon mutum-mutumin Columbus a matsayin “tarihi na kisan kare dangi,” kuma ya ƙara da cewa lokaci ne da ya kamata a “sake duba alamomin tarihi da zalunci da ke kewaye da mu.”<ref name=":28" /> Sai dai ya jaddada cewa “cire mutum-mutumin ba daidai ba ne saboda masu zanga-zangar na iya bi ta hanyar doka,” kafin ya ƙare da cewa “Ko cikin zafi, dole ne mu haɗa kai mu yi canji ta hanyar doka.”<ref name=":28" /> ==== Mutum-mutumin Thomas Jefferson a New York ==== [[File:CityCouncilChambersAT.jpg|alt=Zauren majalisar birnin New York kafin a cire mutum-mutumin Thomas Jefferson.|thumb|Zauren majalisar birnin New York kafin a cire mutum-mutumin Thomas Jefferson.]] A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2021, majalisar birnin New York ta kada ƙuri’ar cire mutum-mutumin Thomas Jefferson wanda ya tsaya a cikin zauren majalisar tsawon ƙarni ɗaya. Jefferson, ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa Amurka, yana da bayi har guda 600. A cewar ‘yar majalisa Adrienne Adams, mutum-mutumin na wakiltar “ƙasidu mafi muni na tarihin ƙasar mu.”<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-19 |title=Une statue de Thomas Jefferson retirée à New York en raison de son passé esclavagiste |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2021/10/19/la-mairie-de-new-york-retire-une-statue-de-thomas-jefferson-pour-son-passe-esclavagiste_6098959_3210.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=fr}}</ref> Garin ya ci gaba da mallakar mutum-mutumin, amma ya ba da shi aro na shekaru 10 ga New York Historical Society, “don kare aikin da kuma bayar da damar bayani na tarihi da ilimi.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=La mairie de New York vote le retrait de la statue de Thomas Jefferson |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/3152767-20211020-new-york-statue-esclavagiste-thomas-jefferson-va-etre-retiree-mairie |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.20minutes.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Article |first=Sarah Cascone ShareShare This |date=2021-11-16 |title=After a Long Political Battle, a Statue of Thomas Jefferson Housed at New York's City Hall Will Move to a History Museum |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/thomas-jefferson-statue-headed-new-york-historical-society-2035662 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Tutar da Tambarin Jihar Minnesota ==== Tutar jihar Minnesota ta na ɗauke da tambari tun daga 1893 wanda ake kallon sa da wariya ga ƴan asalin ƙasa. Yana nuna wani fari na noma filinsa, bindigarsa na jingine a jikin itace, yayin da a nesa wani ɗan asalin ƙasa ke tafiya da doki cikin faduwar rana.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |last=AFP |date=2023-12-21 |title=États-Unis : jugé raciste, le drapeau du Minnesota fait peau neuve |url=https://www.geo.fr/geopolitique/etats-unis-juge-raciste-le-drapeau-du-minnesota-fait-peau-neuve-218058 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Geo.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Ana fassara shi a matsayin ƙauracewar ƴan asalin ƙasa daga ƙasarsu, kuma ana sukar shi a matsayin ƙaryar tarihi da ke musanta cin zarafi da aka yi musu lokacin mulkin mallakar Minnesota.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Judith |date=2015-07-02 |title=As long as we're discussing flags, what about Minnesota's? |url=https://www.startribune.com/as-long-as-we-re-discussing-flags-what-about-minnesota-s/311320071 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.startribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grindy |first=Mark |date=2020-07-03 |title=Racist state flags need to go — Minnesota's is next |url=https://www.startribune.com/racist-state-flags-need-to-go-minnesota-s-is-next/571607322 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.startribune.com |language=en}}</ref> A 2023, majalisar dokokin Minnesota ta kafa wani kwamiti don sake zana tutar da tambarin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conference Committees - Minnesota Legislature |url=https://www.leg.mn.gov/leg/cc/Default?type=bill&year=2023-93&bill=HF-1830 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.leg.mn.gov}}</ref> Kwamiti ya zaɓi sabuwar tuta a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2023, wadda za ta maye gurbin tsohuwar daga 11 ga Mayu, 2024. Sabuwar tutar mai shuɗi da fari tana ɗauke da tauraruwa mai kusurwa takwas wadda ke wakiltar "L'Étoile du Nord," tambarin Faransanci da taken jihar.<ref name=":29" /> A wata sanarwa da Andrew Prekker, wanda ya ƙirƙiri tutar, ya fitar a ranar 19 ga Disamba, ya ce yana fatan “duk ‘yan Minnesota, duk da banbancin su, ciki har da al’ummomin asali da ƙabilun da aka jima ana watsar da su, za su kalli tutar mu da alfahari kuma su ji ana wakiltar su.”<ref name=":29" /> Don sabon tambari, kwamitin ya zaɓi zane na Ross Bruggink wanda ke nuna wani loon, tsuntsun jihar Minnesota, da kuma North Star. Sabon tambarin ya kuma haɗa da kalmar Dakota "Mni Sóta Makoce" wadda ke fassaruwa da "ƙasar da ruwan ke haska sararin sama."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cummings |first1=Caroline |last2=Staff |first2=WCCO |date=2023-12-05 |title=Minnesota's new state seal has been chosen — and it has a loon - CBS Minnesota |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/minnesotas-new-state-seal-has-been-chosen-and-it-has-a-loon/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Gallery|align=center|state=expanded|height=120|width=120|mode=packed|title= |Flag of Minnesota (1983–2024).svg |Tutar Minnesota har zuwa Mayu 2024. | alt1= Tutar Minnesota har zuwa Mayu 2024. |Flag of Minnesota.svg |Tutar Minnesota daga Mayu 2024. | alt2= Tutar Minnesota daga Mayu 2024. |Seal of Minnesota (1983–2024).svg |Tambarin Minnesota har zuwa Mayu 2024. | alt3=Tambarin Minnesota har zuwa Mayu 2024. |Seal of Minnesota.svg |Tambarin Minnesota daga Mayu 2024. | alt4=Tambarin Minnesota daga Mayu 2024. | File: | Rubuta bayani a nan | alt5= }} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] crkytgr02orwl1ys1cs907dvemrwqoy 0 101048 648040 644824 2025-06-27T09:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Blaxit-logo.png|thumb|Alamar da ba ta hukuma ba ta ƙungiyar Blaxit]] '''Blaxit''' ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke inganta dawo da Baƙar fata / 'yan [[Afirka]] na Amirka daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Turai]] zuwa Afirka.Kalmar yanzu ta haɗa da duk mutanen da ke da al'adun Afirka waɗanda ke son ƙaura zuwa Afirka saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da sabbin damar ci gaban tattalin arziki da dalilai na al'adu. Haɗe da ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda yanzu ke neman samun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙaura, an kafa ƙungiya mai girma, tare da shugaban Ghana [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ya bayyana cewa 2019 ita ce "[[Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana 2019|Shekarar Komawa]]" kuma daidai da sanarwarsa, ya sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa Ghana ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Silence is Not an Option |url=https://www.cnn.com/audio/podcasts/don-lemon-silence-is-not-an-option |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> Kasashe irin su [[Saliyo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] yanzu suna ba da 'yan ƙasa ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka waɗanda ke son da'awar zama ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Bukola |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Ghana makes 126 people from the diaspora citizen as part of Year of Return celebrations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/29/africa/ghana-foreign-nationals-citizenship/index.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Benin tana motsawa don ba da 'yan ƙasa ga duk wanda zai iya tabbatar da asalin su ga [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangin |first=Paul-Emile |last2=Luhan |first2=Wolfgang |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Non-willigness to lead and social preference |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/rct.13041 |doi=10.1257/rct.13041 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2024}}</ref> Tare da sabon ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankin, ƙasashen Afirka yanzu suna aiki don samun saka hannun jari da ƙwararrun ma'aikata daga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da 'yan Afirka da suka yi hijira. Gwamnan bankin tsakiya na [[Itofiya|Habasha]] Mamo Mihretu ya yi kira ga jama'ar Habasha da su shiga cikin sabbin damar da aka samu ta hanyar sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Habasha don amfana da kansu da ƙasarsu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Invites The Diaspora To Seize New Economic Opportunities |url=https://ebc.et/english/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=8167 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |website=ebc.et}}</ref> Tare da sanannun mutane na al'adun Afirka kamar [[Idris Elba]] suna komawa Afirka don ƙirƙirar 'Zollywood', <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2024 |title=Idris Elba: Why I'm planning a move to Africa |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c98yz7pxrlko |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Akon]] yana ƙirƙirar birni nasa a Senegal da ake kira 'Akon City', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vera |first=Amir |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Akon created his own city in Senegal called ‘Akon City’ |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/akon-city-senegal-trnd/index.html |access-date=October 28, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> kuma Ludacris yana samun 'yancin Gabonese, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Standard |title=14 African- American celebrities who are trooping back to Africa |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/swimming/article/2001355983/14-african-american-celebrities-who-are-trooping-back-to-africa |access-date=October 29, 2024 |website=Standard Entertainment |language=en}}</ref> ƙungiyar tana samun sabon saka hannun jari tare da ra'ayin sanya Afirka nahiya mai tasowa. Kalmar Blaxit an kirkireshi ne bayan Brexit ta hanyar masanin kimiyya, ɗan jarida, da kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam Dr. [[Ulysses Burley]] III. Kalmar ta haɗu da Black da Exit don samar da Blaxit kamar yadda Brexit ya bayyana fitowar Burtaniya daga [[Tarayyar Turai]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.ubthecure.com/about/ |access-date=June 14, 2021 |website=Ulysses Burley III |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Disheartened By Racial Violence In U.S., Inspired By Brexit, He Pondered A 'Blaxit' |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/17/486359426/disheartened-by-racial-violence-in-u-s-inspired-by-brexit-he-pondered-a-blaxit |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hjeld |first=Kim |title='I'm leaving, and I'm just not coming back': Fed up with racism, Black people head overseas |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/06/26/blaxit-black-people-leave-uk-escape-racism-build-lives-abroad/3234129001/ |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sewing |first=Joy |date=October 23, 2020 |title=Joy Sewing: Black Americans, fed up with racism, move abroad as 'Blaxit' trends |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/article/Black-Americans-fed-up-with-racism-move-abroad-15669032.php |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=HoustonChronicle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Savali |first=Kristen West |date=January 26, 2020 |title=Is Moving To Another Country The Answer? |url=https://www.essence.com/news/is-blaxit-for-you/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oshindoro |first=Michael |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Blaxit and the Romanticization of Africa |url=https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bic/2019/005/7 |journal=Black Issues Conference}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa al'ummar Laberiya ne don mayar da martani ga wariyar launin fata wanda ya 'yantar da 'yancin' yan fata a cikin shekarun 1820. [1] Masanin tarihi Kevin K. Gaines ya ce kusan 15,000 'yanci da' yanci na Amurka sun yi hijira tsakanin shekarun 1820 da lokacin yakin basasa da bayan haka.[1] Sauran Baƙar fata Amurkawa sun yi hijira zuwa Kanada, wanda ya kasance "hasken 'yanci" ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa daga lokacin Yakin Juyin Juya Halin (duba: Black Loyalists), tare da daruruwan bayi masu gudu da suka yi hijira a shekara ta 1830 kuma mafi yawa suna ƙaura bayan sashi na 1850 na Dokar Bautar Fugitive . [1] Shahararren abolitionist Mary Ann Shadd ta yi hijira zuwa Kanada kuma ta karfafa wasu 'yan Afirka na Afirka su yi hijira [[File:Monument_Dakar_IMG_5008a.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa na Renaissance na Afirka]] A farkon shekarun 1900, yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na baki, masu zane-zane da marubuta sun yi hijira zuwa Turai, a cikin ƙoƙari na neman damar da ba ta wanzu a Amurka ba.<ref name=":1"/> [[Ira Aldridge]] ya bi aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Turai saboda yana da iyakantaccen dama a Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da yawancin baƙar fata na Amurka suka fuskanci rayuwa a wasu ƙasashe a karon farko, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yanke shawarar kasancewa a Faransa, a cewar Gaines "inda aka bi da su da girmamawa. " <ref name=":1"/> Gaines ya ce wannan gogewar ta haifar da kirkirar al'ummar Afirka ta Afirka a Paris da sauran manyan biranen Faransa. A wannan lokacin James Reese Turai ne ya gabatar da kiɗa na Jazz a Faransa, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar soja ta Harlem Hellfighters.<ref name=":1" /> Josephine Baker ta sami karbuwa a birnin Paris kuma daga baya ta zama 'yar ƙasar Faransa.<ref name=":1" /> James Baldwin ya bayyana kwarewarsa a Paris, ya bambanta su da waɗanda ke Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> Richard Wright ya kuma koma Paris, kuma Langston Hughes ya zauna a London na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=":0"/> [[Nina Simone]] ta zauna a Faransa da kasashe da yawa na Afirka.<ref name=":0" /> Paul Robeson ya ba da shaida ga Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ayyukan da ba na Amurka ba ta hanyar bayyana cewa a Rasha, "Na ji a karo na farko kamar cikakken mutum".<ref name=":0" /> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], lokacin da [[Ghana]] ta zama ƙasar Afirka ta farko da ta mallaki Sahara don samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957, ƙasar ta zama mai kyau ga baƙar fata na Amurka waɗanda ke son ziyartar ta don dalilai na tafiya da ƙaura.<ref name=":1"/> [[Maya Angelou]] da [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Dubois]] sun koma can.<ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg|thumb|Tutar Pan-Afirka]] Yunkurin [[Pan-Africanism]], wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1897, ya girma a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan mulkin mallaka a matsayin motsi wanda ke da niyyar ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa alaƙar hadin kai tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka. Tunanin Pan-Afirka ya rinjayi kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (yanzu [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]) a 1963. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan burin da Tarayyar Afirka ta kafa don nahiyar a cikin karni na 21 shine inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci. An dauki manyan matakai don magance wannan batun musamman tare da kirkirar [[Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika|Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Afirka]] (AfCFTA). A cikin 2019, shugaban kasar Ghana [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ya bayyana cewa 2019 shine "[[Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana 2019|Shekarar Komawa]]" kuma daidai da sanarwarsa, ya sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa Ghana ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka.<ref name=":1"/> A watan Yunin 2020, Ministan Yawon Bude Ido na Ghana [[Barbara Oteng Gyasi]] ta karfafa wa 'yan baƙar fata Amurkawa su yi hijira, tana cewa "Afirka tana jiran ku".<ref name=":1" /> [[Saliyo]] ta kafa hanyar zama 'yan kasa ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka. Tare da taimakon gwaje-gwaje na DNA, wannan hanyar zuwa zama ɗan ƙasa tana bawa mutanen da ke da Al'adun Afirka damar komawa Afirka. Masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta Rick Kittles da Gina Page suna taimaka wa iyalai su hada abubuwan da suka ɓace ta hanyar kakannin Afirka, suna taimaka wa zuriyar bayi sama da miliyan ɗaya su warware asirin al'adun Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Partners in time: Reconnecting African Americans with their tribes of origin |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/february-2024/partners-time-reconnecting-african-americans-their-tribes-origin |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:African-American_Ancestry_Visualized.png|thumb|248x248px|Tsohon Afirka-Amurka da aka gani]] 'Yan majalisa na [[Benin]] suna kimanta wani tsari na ba da' yan ƙasa ta hanyar zuriya ga zuriyar' yan Afirka a duk faɗin duniya. Don samun 'yancin Benin, za a buƙaci masu neman su ba da shaidar al'adun su na Afirka ta hanyar takardun hukuma, shaidu masu tabbatarwa, ko gwajin DNA. Za a ba da izinin mutane masu cancanta fasfo na Benin na shekaru uku a matsayin mataki na farko a cikin tsarin amincewa, yana ba da damar yin amfani da biza ba tare da izini ba zuwa wurare 63 a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikani |first=John |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Benin Considers Citizenship For Descendants Of Enslaved Africans |url=https://www.theheritagetimes.com/benin-considers-citizenship-for-descendants-of-enslaved-africans/ |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ghana]] ta yi tarihi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 yayin da ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga mutane 524, da yawa daga Amurka ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Jenice |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Ghana made history last week as it granted citizenship to 524 people — some of them Philadelphians {{!}} Jenice Armstrong |url=https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/ghana-black-american-expat-dual-citizenship-20241126.html |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=www.inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref> Tare da Donald Trump ya lashe wa'adi na biyu a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a 2024, yanzu akwai karuwar motsi na [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata na Amurka]] da ke neman komawa Afirka saboda sauye-sauyen halayen a Amurka, da kuma amfana daga karuwar sabbin damar tattalin arziki na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PhillyInquirer |date=November 23, 2024 |title=Ghana wants Black Americans to ‘come home.’ Many are accepting the invitation. I went to find out why. |url=https://headtopics.com/us/ghana-wants-black-americans-to-come-home-many-are-62366810 |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=Head Topics |language=en}}</ref> Ghana ta zama kasa ta biyar a Afirka da ta aiwatar da tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba ga 'yan Afirka. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya ba da izinin zartarwa don cikakkiyar manufofin tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba a ranar Laraba, 18 ga Disamba, 2024. Manufar, wacce aka shirya don fara aiki a farkon 2025, za ta sanya Ghana kasa ta biyar a Afirka da za ta bude iyakokinta ga duk masu rike da fasfo na Afirka don tabbatar da hadin kan yanki. Shirin shiri ne na shekaru 10 da gwamnatin Ghana ta kaddamar don bunkasa yawon bude ido, karfafa dawowar 'yan Afirka da Ghana da ke zaune a kasashen waje, da kuma karfafa alakar tattalin arziki tare da diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekanem |first=Solomon |date=December 26, 2024 |title=Ghana becomes 5th African country to implement visa-free travel for Africans |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/ghana-becomes-5th-african-country-to-implement-visa-free-travel-for-africans/4rk8xbt |access-date=December 30, 2024 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024 yawon bude ido na Afirka ya sake komawa zuwa matakan kafin annobar, nahiyar ta ga karuwar kashi 7% a cikin isowa a cikin 2024 idan aka kwatanta da 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Africa's tourism rebounds to pre-pandemic levels - UN - TRT Afrika |url=https://trtafrika.com/lifestyle/africas-tourism-rebounds-to-pre-pandemic-levels-un-18256632 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=trtafrika.com |language=en}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da matakin aiki na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka a wani bikin da ya haɗa da "kira mai daraja" tare da ƙasashe 27 da suka tabbatar da kayan aikin AfCFTA.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=au.int |archive-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206210258/https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba da alamar kiɗa ta Amurka Stevie Wonder 'yan asalin Ghana a ziyarar [[Accra]], babban birnin Ghana, a watan Mayu 2024. Shugaban kasar, [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], ya yaba da kwarewarsa da alakarsa da Afirka. "Ta hanyar ba shi 'yancin Ghana, ba wai kawai mun amince da babban baiwarsa da nasarorin da ya samu ba, har ma mun amince da zurfin alakarsa da nahiyar Afirka". Akalla baƙar fata 1,500 sun koma [[Ghana]] tun daga shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2022 |title=‘This is where I should be’: 1,500 Black Americans make Ghana their new home |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2022/09/07/where-i-should-be-1500-black-americans-make-ghana-their-new-home |access-date=November 6, 2024 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref> == Dalilai == ''USA Today'' ta ce "Baƙi bakar fata na Amurka, kamar masu hijira daga kowane irin launi da kabila, suna barin Amurka na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin saboda dalilai daban-daban: neman ingantaccen rayuwa, samun damar aiki, aure ko ritaya a ƙasashen waje, dalilai na haraji, ko kuma don neman sabon ƙwarewa."<ref name=":0" /> Kristen West Savali, da ta rubuta a mujallar ''Essence'' a watan Janairu na 2020, ta kwatanta Blaxit da [[Great Migration]] na bakar fata, tana cewa, "ya ƙara bayyana cewa babu ko da wani kusurwa a Amurka da ya kasance lafiya ga bakar fata."<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg|thumb|286x286px|Masu rawa na Yarbawa]] [[File:Map of Trans-African Highways.PNG|thumb|178x178px|Titunan Afirka]] Malamin jami'a Okunini Ọbádélé Kambon ya koma Ghana bayan an kama shi a birnin Chicago.<ref name=":0" /> Yana da hannu a wani shirin Ghanar da ke ƙarfafa zuriyar Afirka su dawo gida.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coleman |first=Colette |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Blaxit: Tired of Racism, Black Americans Try Life in Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/realestate/african-americans-africa.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ‘Yar kasuwa Lakeshia Ford ta koma Ghana bayan ta yi shekara guda a can cikin wani shirin musayar ilimi; ta ce a Ghana "ban damu da cewa ni bakar fata ce ba… a nan ni dai mace ce kawai."<ref name=":0" /> Tiffanie Drayton, wadda iyayenta suka koma daga Trinidad da Tobago zuwa Amurka tana da shekara huɗu, ta koma Trinidad da Tobago a 2013, kuma yanzu haka tana rubuta littafi mai suna ''Black American Refugee'' game da Blaxit.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Drayton ta ce tuki da ‘ya’yanta don su yi barci a Trinidad da Tobago ya sha bamban da kwarewa iri ɗaya a Amurka: "A Amurka, hannunka yana rawar jiki. Kana cikin fargaba akan abin da za ka ce. Kana cikin damuwa ko kana da takardar izini mai kyau. Kullum kana cikin fargaba."<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Flag of the African Union.svg|thumb|260x260px|Tutar Tarayyar Afirka]] === Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka === Agenda 2063 wani tsari ne da Tarayyar Afirka ta ƙirƙira kuma yanzu haka ana aiwatar da shi. Manufofin tsari sun haɗa da bunƙasa tattalin arziki (ciki har da kawar da talauci a cikin tsararraki ɗaya), haɗin kai na siyasa (musamman ta hanyar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ko kuma haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa), kyautata dimokuraɗiyya da shari'a, tabbatar da tsaro da zaman lafiya a nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya, ƙarfafa ''asalin al'adu'' ta hanyar farfaɗo da Afirka da ra'ayin pan-Africanism, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da samun ‘yancin siyasa daga ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goals & Priority Areas of Agenda 2063 |url=https://au.int/agenda2063/goals}}</ref> Ana tsammanin ci gaban GDP na Afirka zai kai matsakaicin 3.8% a 2024 da 4.2% a 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Economic Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa, April 2024 {{!}} A Tepid and Pricey Recovery |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/SSA/Issues/2024/04/19/regional-economic-outlook-for-sub-saharan-africa-april-2024 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya fi matsakaicin ci gaban duniya da ake hasashe na 2.9% da 3.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Africa dominates list of the world's 20 fastest-growing economies in 2024—African Development Bank says in macroeconomic report |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/africa-dominates-list-worlds-20-fastest-growing-economies-2024-african-development-bank-says-macroeconomic-report-68751 }}</ref> Afirka na da matasa da yawan su ke ƙaruwa da sauri, manyan birane, da sabbin fasahohi daga kamfanonin kuɗi har zuwa makamashi mai tsafta. Ana sa ran yawan al’umma zai ninka zuwa biliyan 2.5 nan da 2050, wanda ke samar da dama mai yawa ta hanyar albarkatu da ƙarfin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reimagining Africa's economic growth {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/reimagining-economic-growth-in-africa-turning-diversity-into-opportunity |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=www.mckinsey.com}}</ref> Wannan sabuwar ci gaba ta janyo hankalin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje da kuma zuriyarsu su dawo nahiyar don cin moriyar damar. [[File:Kamdi Uko - Andela Lagos.jpg|thumb|Mai horaswa da ɗaukar ma’aikata a Lagos|230x230px]] AfCFTA (Yankin Ciniki Cikin ‘Yanci na Afirka) wani yanki ne na ciniki mara shinge da ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka. An kafa shi a 2018, kuma yana da mambobi 43 da wasu ƙasashe 11 da suka rattaba hannu. Wannan shi ne mafi girma bayan WTO dangane da adadin ƙasashe da yawan mutane—miliyan 1.3 a faɗin nahiyar na biyu mafi girma a duniya.<ref name=":7" /> [[File:First WAFMAX in Angola 2 (8222830395).jpg|thumb|229x229px|Tashar jiragen ruwa a Angola]] Sabbin shirye-shirye na yankuna suna faruwa don sauƙaƙa saka jari kamar na Botswana One Stop Service Centre,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITC - Welcome |url=http://www.bitc.co.bw/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=BITC Website}}</ref> wanda ke nufin bayar da sabis cikin gaggawa da gaskiya ga masu zuba jari. Jamhuriyar Dimokraɗiyyar Kongo da Zambiya suna haɗin gwiwa wajen kera batir, suna sauƙaƙa dokokin hakar ma’adinai tsakanin iyakokin su don samar da yanayin saka jari mai dorewa. Africa Mining Vision, wanda AU ta ƙaddamar a 2009, na iya zama tsarin jagora ga wannan cigaba. Afirka ta Kudu da ke da kashi 30% na manyan ma’adinan duniya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Wenjie |last2=Laws |first2=Athene |last3=Valckx |first3=Nico |title=Harnessing Sub-Saharan Africa’s Critical Mineral Wealth |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/04/29/cf-harnessing-sub-saharan-africas-critical-mineral-wealth |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> ana hasashen kudin shiga daga hakar ma’adinai hudu—copper, nickel, cobalt, da lithium—zai kai dala tiriliyan 16 a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa. [[File:Marginal Promenade in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Mashigin rairayin bakin teku a Luanda]] Lekki Free Trade Zone (Lekki FTZ) wani yanki ne na ciniki mai ‘yanci da ke yankin gabashin Lekki, yana da fadin kilomita murabba’i 155. Ana sa ran zai zama sabuwar cibiyar birni da ke haɗa masana’antu, kasuwanci, gine-gine, ajiya da jigilar kaya, yawon buɗe ido, da nishaɗi. Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka wata takarda ce da aka tsara don maye gurbin fasfo ɗin kowace ƙasa a cikin mambobin AU, wanda zai bai wa masu shi damar tafiya zuwa kowace ƙasa 55 na Afirka ba tare da biza ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philpot |first=Lorne |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Single passport for Africa set to become reality in 2021 |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/travel/single-passport-africa-rollout-2021/ |access-date=December 15, 2024 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Sabon layin dogo mai sauri na Afirka da aka shirya zai haɓaka zirga-zirga, yawon buɗe ido, da haɗin manyan biranen Afirka nan da 2030. Wannan layin dogo zai haɗa birane kamar Nairobi, Lagos, Cairo da Dakar, yana taimakawa samun damar kasuwa, haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, da haɗin kai na yanki. Misira ta riga ta fara aikin gina nata, wanda zai kai kilomita 2,000 da ke haɗa birane 60 kuma zai zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2024 |title=Africa’s New £7 Billion High-Speed Rail Network to Revolutionize Travel, Boost Tourism, and Connect Key African Capitals by 2030: New Travel Updates You Need to Know - Travel And Tour World |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/africas-new-7-billion-high-speed-rail-network-to-revolutionize-travel-boost-tourism-and-connect-key-african-capitals-by-2030-new-travel-updates-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=December 30, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnan babban bankin [[Ethiopia]] Mamo Mihretu ya bukaci diaspora na Ethiopia da su amfana da sabbin damar da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki domin amfanin kansu da ƙasarsu.<ref name=":4" /> Gyaran tsarin kuɗi na Ethiopia na nufin kawo ƙasarsu cikin tsarin ƙasashe masu matsakaicin samun kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia’s financial reforms open path to lower-middle-income status, Mamo Mihretu says |url=https://www.theaf{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}...</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} c28uytk00qnzm24hkjmia7j3s0jiaav 0 102258 648165 636014 2025-06-27T10:44:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Tafkin '''Cahora Bassa''' - a zamanin mulkin mallaka na Portugal (har zuwa 1974) wanda aka fi sani da '''Cabora Bassa''', daga Nyungwe ''Kahoura-Bassa'', ma'ana "ƙare aikin" - shine tafkin wucin gadi na huɗu mafi girma a [[Afirka]], wanda ke cikin Lardin Tete a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. A Afirka, [[Tafkin Volta]] ne kawai a Ghana, [[Tafkin Kariba]] a kan Zambezi a saman Cahora Bassa, da [[Tafkin Nasser]] na Masar sun fi girma dangane da ruwa. == Tarihi == === Lokacin Portuguese === Tsarin Cahora Bassa ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 a matsayin aikin [[Portugal|Portuguese]] a Lardin Mozambique na kasashen waje. Gwamnatocin [[Kudancin Afirka]] sun kuma shiga cikin yarjejeniyar da ta bayyana cewa Portugal za ta gina da kuma gudanar da Tashar samar da wutar lantarki a Cabora Bassa (kamar yadda ake kira a [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]]) tare da tsarin watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi (HVDC) da ake buƙata don kawo wutar lantarki zuwa iyakar Afirka ta Kudu. [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a gefe guda, ta fara gina da kuma gudanar da tashar mai sauyawa ta Apollo da kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin watsawa da ake buƙata don kawo wutar lantarki daga iyakar Afirka ta Kudu da Mozambique zuwa tashar mai canzawa ta Apollo kusa da [[Pretoria]]. Daga nan ne aka tilasta wa Afirka ta Kudu sayen wutar lantarki wanda aka tilasta Portugal ta samar. A lokacin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai, an kai hari kan kayan gini na madatsar ruwan a cikin wani yunkuri na dabarun da 'yan tawaye na Frelimo suka yi, saboda kammala shi zai sa tafkin ya fadada sosai zai dauki lokaci mai tsawo don hayewa zuwa wancan gefen tare da jiragen ruwa. Dam din ya fara cikawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a ƙasar Portugal da kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin kai. Mozambique ta sami 'yanci daga Portugal a hukumance a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975. Har zuwa Nuwamba 2007, madatsar ruwan ta yi aiki da Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) kuma mallakar haɗin gwiwa ta Mozambique, tare da kashi 18% na hannun jari, da [[Portugal]], wanda ke riƙe da sauran kashi 82%. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2007, Mozambique ta karɓi iko da madatsar ruwan daga Portugal, lokacin da Portugal ta sayar wa Mozambique mafi yawan kashi 82 cikin ɗari. Ministan kudi Fernando Teixeira dos Santos ya ce Portugal za ta karɓi dala miliyan 950 (Yuro miliyan 750) daga siyar da ɓangaren sa na aikin samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a kudancin Afirka. Portugal ta ci gaba da kashi 15 cikin dari, kodayake ta shirya sayar da wasu kashi 10 cikin dari a wani mataki na gaba ga mai saka hannun jari wanda gwamnatin Mozambican za ta ba da shawarar. Firayim Ministan Portugal, Jose Socrates, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da gwamnatin Mozambican, yayin ziyarar hukuma zuwa [[Maputo]]. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo karshen rikice-rikice tsakanin Portugal da tsohuwar mulkin mallaka game da kamfanin, wanda ake kira Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa . Rashin jituwa na tsakiya ya kasance game da kula da bashin da kamfanin ya kiyasta dala biliyan 2.2 (Yuro biliyan 1.7) ga Portugal. Hukumomin Mozambican sun yi jayayya cewa ba su tabbatar da bashin ba sabili da haka bai kamata su kasance masu alhakin biyan bashin ba. === Mozambique mai zaman kanta === [[Fayil:Cahorabassadam.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|{{Center|A view of the Cahora Bassa dam}}]] Mozambique ta sami 'yanci daga Portugal a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1975. Tun lokacin da aka rufe shi, Zambezi, wanda shine kogin ambaliyar ruwa na huɗu mafi girma a Afirka, ya sami ƙimar kwararar da aka tsara, amma ambaliyar yanayi mai bala'i har yanzu tana faruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa ta 1978 ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 45, mutane 100,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu da kuma lalacewar dala miliyan 62. A cewar masu ba da shawara kan injiniya, "Wannan shi ne ambaliyar ruwa ta farko tun bayan kammala Cahora Bassa, kuma ya lalata imanin da aka yi da yawa cewa madatsar ruwan za ta kawo ambaliyar a ƙarƙashin cikakken iko". Don ƙarin bayani game da matsalolin muhalli da madatsar ruwan ta haifar, duba labarin kan [[Kogin Zambezi]]. A lokacin yakin basasar Mozambican (1977-1992) an lalata layin watsawa har zuwa lokacin da ake buƙatar maye gurbin hasumiyoyi 1,895 kuma an sake gyara 2,311 a kan nisan kilomita 893 a gefen Mozambican na layin.&nbsp; A cikin shekarun 1990s, bayan ƙarshen yakin basasa, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) ta nada ayyukan Trans-Africa na Afirka ta Kudu (TAP) don yin gudanar da gine-gine, tabbatar da inganci da sabis na tallafin ƙira don sake farfado da aikin. TAP ta taimaka wa HCB wajen bayar da kwangilar gini ga kamfanin hadin gwiwa wanda ya hada da Consorzio Italia 2000 da Enel, kuma an tsara lokacin watanni 24 don aikin. Lines a Afirka ta Kudu sun lalace zuwa ƙarami kuma Eskom ne kawai ke buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun don dawo da waɗannan layin. An fara aiki a kan aikin ne a watan Agustan 1995. Hanyar layin a Mozambique ta ratsa cikin daji mai yawa da kuma ƙasa mai wahala daga Songo zuwa iyakar Afirka ta Kudu kusa da Pafuri, tare da duka biyun da ke cike da bam daga yakin basasar Mozambican (1977-1992) wanda ake buƙatar sharewa kafin aikin gini ya fara. Ruwan sama mai tsanani, wanda ba na lokaci ba daga baya ya shafi shirin har ya kai ga kammala layin farko ne kawai a watan Agustan 1997 kuma na biyu a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. A lokacin sabuntawa, TAP ta haɓaka kuma ta aiwatar da ƙirar daban-daban da hanyoyin gini don inganta jadawalin shirye-shiryen gaba ɗaya da farashin aikin. Duk da matsanancin yanayin da suka kamata su gyara da sake gina waɗannan layin, an kammala aikin a cikin jadawalin kuma tare da iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗi. Lines ɗin, tun lokacin da aka kammala, an yi musu gwaje-gwaje da yawa kuma an ba da ƙarfi ga cikakken damarsa. Kimanin mutane 1,100 ne aka yi aiki a lokacin mafi girma na gini. Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a watan Fabrairun 2000 a kwarin [[Kogin Limpopo]] ya sake haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga layin biyu har zuwa inda kimanin hasumiyoyi 10 suka rushe kuma suna buƙatar sake ginawa a cikin mafi ƙanƙantaccen lokaci don dawo da samar da wutar lantarki ga Afirka ta Kudu. HCB ta sake ba da TAP tare da aikin injiniya, sayarwa da ayyukan gudanar da gine-gine. TAP ta sami nasarar dawo da wutar lantarki ta wucin gadi ta hanyar layi daya yayin da za a iya aiwatar da mafita ta dindindin a kan ɗayan layin. Ana amfani da layin da aka sake ginawa don ɗaukar cikakken ƙarfin layin. TAP dole ne ta aiwatar da dabarun gini marasa kyau don dawo da wadata ta wucin gadi. Hasumiyoyin dakatarwa kusa da ƙetare kogi sun haifar da babbar ƙalubale ga mafita ta wucin gadi don samun izinin da ake buƙata na matakin ƙasa na mita 711. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2009 an kama 'yan kasashen waje hudu saboda sanya wani abu "mai lalata sosai" a cikin tafkin a cikin wani yunkuri na lalata tashar wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News - Africa: Foreigners try to sabotage Moz dam |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20090505173831242C721082 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508115518/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20090505173831242C721082 |archive-date=2009-05-08}} </ref> Wanda aka kama ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiya ce daga Orgonise Africa, ta sanya ɓangarorin orgonite a cikin tafkin don inganta ingancin makamashi na etheric (ƙarfin rai) na madatsar ruwan. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, an dauki yankin a matsayin Sashin Kula da Zaki. Yawancin wutar lantarki da Cahora Bassa ta samar, wanda ke kan Kogin Zambezi a yammacin Mozambique, ana sayar da shi ga Afirka ta Kudu da ke kusa. A shekara ta 2006, Cahora Bassa ta watsa kimanin megawatts 1,920 na wutar lantarki, amma ababen more rayuwa na iya samun matakan samarwa mafi girma kuma kamfanin yana da shirye-shiryen kusan ninka fitarwa ta hanyar 2008. A cikin 1994 jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar a Mozambique ya kasance 2,400 MW wanda kashi 91% na hydroelectric ne.&nbsp; Babban kamun kifi na kapenta ya bunkasa a cikin tafkin. An ɗauka cewa kapenta ya samo asali ne daga [[Tafkin Kariba]] inda aka gabatar da shi daga [[Tafkin Tanganyika]]. Kayan shekara-shekara na kapenta a cikin madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa a 2003 ya wuce tan 10,000. === Sharks === An yi imanin cewa akwai mazaunin kiwo na sharks na Zambezi "ƙuntata" a cikin tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=Rivers of Africa: The Mighty Zambezi |url=https://discoveringvictoriafalls.com/blog/rivers-of-africa/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116214809/https://discoveringvictoriafalls.com/blog/rivers-of-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cahora Bassa, Tete Province, Mozambique Vacation Info: LakeLubbers |url=https://lakelubbers.com/lake/cahora-bassa-tete-province-mozambique/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Lakes for Vacation, Recreation and Rentals - LakeLubbers |language=en-us}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka san shark din yana tafiya fiye da kilomita 100 sama da ruwa, wannan sabon abu bai saba wa gaskiyar kimiyya da halittu ba. &nbsp;Yawancin lokaci nau'in da ke zaune a teku, sharks suna da cikakkiyar ikon rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai laushi don dukan rayuwarsu. Ƙabilun yankin sun ba da rahoton ganin (da hare-hare) ta wannan al'umma mai zaman kanta na shark, kodayake waɗannan har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su da hujja mai ƙarfi ba. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.hcb.co.mz Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) Shafin yanar gizo (Portuguese)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060421150714/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr14.html Bayanan Lake na Duniya don gaskiya da adadi] * [Hasiya] * Allen Isaacman da Chris Sneddon, "Tsarin mulkin mallaka na Portugal, Rikicin Yankin da Amnesia na Bayan mulkin mallaka: Cahora Bassa Dam, Mozambique 1965-2002," Taron kan Lusophone Afirka: Tsakanin tsakanin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Cornell don Ci gaban Afirka (Mayu 2003).[http://www.kyle.aem.cornell.edu/Lusoconferencepage.htm] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9oxkqttpsneh97gvn1a6kcey47eiztq 0 102267 647828 636126 2025-06-26T22:38:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647828 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''African Resistance Movement''' ( '''ARM''' ) ƙungiya ce ta gwagwarmaya da adawa da wariyar launin fata, wacce ta yi aiki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1960s. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1960, a matsayin '''Kwamitin neman 'Yanci na Ƙasa''' ( '''NCL'''), 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Party [[Afirka ta Kudu|ta Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya ba da shawarar wargaza mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata da sannu a hankali ya canza Afirka ta Kudu zuwa wata al'umma mai 'yanci. An sake masa suna "African Resistance Movement" a shekarar 1964. {{Sfn|Gunther|2004}} == NLC/ARM == Nan da nan bayan kisan kiyashin Sharpeville na 1960, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta kafa dokar ta-ɓaci , wanda ya ba ta damar aiwatar da takunkumi mai yawa a kan abokan hamayyarta na siyasa, kamar tsarewa ba tare da shari'a ba da kuma hana tarurruka, kuma ya ba da damar reshe na musamman don tsarewa da yin tambayoyi a asirce ga duk wanda ta ga barazana ga gwamnati, ba tare da bin ka'ida ba. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar ta-ɓaci, sabon Ministan Shari'a, BJ Vorster, ya gabatar da dokar da ta sanya sassa da yawa na ƙa'idodin gaggawa na dindindin (Dokar Sabotage na shekarar 1962, da Dokar Tsaro ta kwanaki 90 na 1963). Yawancin shugabancin jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi an hana su, tsare su ko tilasta su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da karfi. {{Sfn|Robertson|1971}} Yawancin matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ƙara takaici, kuma, a cikin shekarar 1960, sun kafa kwamitin 'yanci na kasa.  (NLC). {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Da farko dai ta mayar da hankali wajen taimaka wa mutanen da ake farauta su kuɓuta daga ƙasar, kungiyar NLC ta ci gaba da yin zagon ƙasa ga ma’aikatu da ayyukan gwamnati, tare da kaucewa cin zarafin jama’a. Ya kaddamar da aikinsa na farko a watan Satumbar 1963. Daga nan, har zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 1964, NLC/ARM ta yi ruwan bama-bamai da layukan wutar lantarki, titin jirgin ƙasa da na’urar birjik, hanyoyi, gadoji da sauran ababen more rayuwa masu rauni, ba tare da an samu asarar rayuka ba. Da nufin mayar da farar hula adawa da gwamnati ta hanyar haifar da yanayi da zai haifar da tashin hankali da rugujewar amana ga ƙasar da tattalin arzikinta. Ta kaddamar da hare-hare huɗu a shekarar 1961, uku a shekara ta 1962, takwas a 1963, da goma a 1964. {{Sfn|Gunther|2004}} A watan Mayun 1964, NLC ta koma African Resistance Movement. Canjin suna ya zo daidai da sauyin manufofin da ya biyo bayan nasarar da jami'an tsaro suka yi na kawar da [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|MK]] bayan nasarar da suka kai a HQ na MK a Rivonia. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da cece-kuce a cikin gida ko amfani da makamai ya kamata a bi ta hanyar zagon ƙasa, ko kuma za a ɗauki tsauraran matakan tsaro, duk da kasadar haddasa hasarar rayuka. {{Sfn|Gunther|2004}} Hakan ya faru ne lokacin da Lionel Schwartz, ɗaya daga cikin ’yan tsirarun jami’an jam’iyyar ANC na ƙasa da ƙasa ba su rufa-rufa ba bayan farmakin da ya shiga kungiyar NLC. Ya kara matsa kaimi wajen samar da wata manufa ta ‘yan daba, yana mai fatan asarar rayukan fararen hula za su haifar da matsin lamba ga jami’an tsaro don mayar da hankali kan wannan sabuwar barazana, tare da rage matsin lamba kan ragowar MK da ba a kama a Rivonia ba. Bayan canjin suna, ARM yana aiki azaman wakili na MK. === Ganowa, kamawa da yanke hukunci === A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 1964, 'yan sandan tsaro sun kai wasu hare-hare, ciki har da wanda aka kai a gidan Adrian Leftwich a Cape Town. Leftwich, tsohon shugaban kungiyar ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya kungiyar ARM, ya mallaki tarin takardu a hannunsa waɗanda suka bayyana kusan dukkanin tarihin kungiyar ta NLC, kuma sun haɗa da littafin rubutu mai kunshe da sunaye da kuɗaɗen da kowane memba ya biya. {{Sfn|Lewin|1976}} {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yayin da jami'an tsaro ke yi musu tambayoyi, Leftwich ya sanar da abokan aikinsa. A watan Yuli ne dai rundunar ‘yan sandan ta kama wasu jami’an ARM guda 29. Bayan munanan tambayoyi, da dama sun amsa laifinsu. {{Sfn|Lewin|1976}} {{Sfn|Driver|1984}} Leftwich ya zama shaida a jihar a shari'ar da aka yi wa wasu 'yan kungiyar Cape Town biyar, da kuma a shari'ar Johannesburg da aka yi wa mambobin kungiyar huɗu na Johannesburg. Daga cikin mutane 29 da aka kama, an gurfanar da 14 a gaban kuliya, 10 kuma an yanke musu hukunci, inda aka yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 15. {{Sfn|Gunther|2004}} === Tashin Bamabamai Tashar Jirgin Ƙasa === A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙungiyar ARM da har yanzu ke kan gaba, John Harris, ya sanya na'urar ƙona sinadarin phosphorus a cikin ɗakin jira na fararen fata kawai na tashar tashar Johannesburg. Ya yi wa ‘yan sandan gargadin bam ta wayar tarho, waɗanda ba su amsa ba kafin ya fashe, inda ya kashe wata mata tare da kona wasu 23. An kama Harris, bayan wani ikirari da ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinsa, John Lloyd ya yi. Kamar Leftwich, Lloyd ya zama shaida a kan abokin aikinsa. An gurfanar da Harris da laifin kisan kai kuma aka rataye shi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu 1965, yana rera waƙa "Za mu ci nasara" akan hanyarsa ta zuwa gungume. {{Sfn|Gunther|2004}} Lionel Schwartz ne ya shirya wannan aiki, wanda shi ne babban jami'in ARM a fannin soji, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a yakin WW2 a cikin sojojin Birtaniya, da kuma IDF a yakin 'yancin kai na Isra'ila a shekarar 1948-49. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban (Brig. General) a IDF har ya koma SA a shekarar 1953 ko 54. === Sources ===  {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964–1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} *{{cite web |url=http://nivat.f2s.com/cjdriver.doc |last1=Driver |first1=C.J. |author-link=Jonty Driver |title=Used to be Great Friends |work=Granta 80, winter 2002, pp. 7-26 |year=2002 |access-date=2011-10-05 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite book|last=Driver|first=C. J. |author-link=Jonty Driver|title=Elegy for a Revolutionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyQZxIQsvuQC|year=1984|publisher=David Philip|isbn=978-0-86486-015-6}} *{{cite book |last1=Driver |first1=C.J. |author-link=Jonty Driver |date=October 2015 |title=The Man with the Suitcase: The Life, Execution and Rehabilitation of John Harris, Liberal Terrorist |publisher=Crane River|location=Cape Town |isbn=9780620668521 |pages= 73}} *{{cite book|last=Gunther|first=Magnus|title=The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1960–1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIQttVhKf3EC|year=2004|publisher=Zebra|isbn=978-1-86872-906-7|chapter=Ch 5}} *{{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Hugh |title=Bandiet: Seven Years in a South African Prison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRJGPgAACAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-004172-9}} *{{Cite book | last1 = Lewin | first1 = Hugh | last2 = Strachan | first2 = Harold | title = Bandiet: Out of Jail | year = 2002 | publisher = Random House | location = Johannesburg | isbn = 0-9584468-1-4 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-sdZAAAACAAJ }} *{{Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Hugh | year = 2011 | title = Stones against the Mirror | publisher = Imuzi | location = Johannesburg/Cape Town | isbn = 978-1-4152-0148-0 | pages = 192}} *{{cite book|last=Robertson|first=Janet |title=Liberalism in South Africa, 1948-1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmh0AAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-821666-7 }} *{{Cite book | last1 = Vigne | first1 = Randolph|author-link=Randolph Vigne | title = Liberals against Apartheid: A History of the Liberal Party of South Africa, 1953–68 | year = 1997 | publisher = MacMillan Press Ltd | location = Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire | isbn = 0-312-17738-0 }}{{refend}} == Manazarta == bgz7dzjj3f5b6hhpuejjit4b7vy22s8 0 102954 648161 645728 2025-06-27T10:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 648161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} CONAECDA (ƙaddamarwa don Taron Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Autochthonous) ƙungiya ce da ke aiki a matsayin haɗin gwiwar al'ummomin ƙabilanci a [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|tsakiya]] da arewacin [[Najeriya]].<ref name="Tribune Online 2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-14 |title=Northern groups vow: We will retrieve our lands from Fulani gunmen |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/northern-groups-vow-we-will-retrieve-our-lands-from-fulani-gunmen/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Tribune Online}}</ref> CONAECDA tana aiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar ci gaban harshe, ci gaban al'umma, da haƙƙin ƙasa na asali.<ref name="Berom Educational and Cultural Organization 2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=Language & Literature |url=https://beco.org.ng/committees/language-literature/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Berom Educational and Cultural Organization}}</ref><ref name="Daily Post Nigeria 2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-14 |title=Groups vow to tackle criminality in northern Nigeria |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/14/groups-vow-to-tackle-criminality-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Daily Post Nigeria}}</ref> Yana wakiltar ƴan asalin da suka bazu a faɗin jihohin Najeriya 15. <ref name="Platinum Post News 2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=Indigenous northern ethnic groups move to resist Fulani herdsmen's attacks |url=https://platinumpost.ng/2021/08/13/indigenous-northern-ethnic-groups-move-to-resist-fulani-herdsmens-attacks/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Platinum Post News}}</ref><ref name="Sahara Reporters 2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=We're Coming After You To Reclaim Our Lands, Communities – Coalition Of 400 Northern Groups Threatens Herdsmen |url=http://saharareporters.com/2021/08/13/we%E2%80%99re-coming-after-you-reclaim-our-lands-communities-%E2%80%93-coalition-400-northern-groups |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == CONAECDA tana da surori a jihohin Najeriya guda 15, gami da [[Jihar Kogi]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-29 |title=CONAECDA Felicitates with Attah Igala, HRM Mathew Opaluwa on the Successful ascention of the throne. |url=https://thenigerianpost.com.ng/2021/11/29/conaecda-felicitates-with-attah-igala-hrm-mathew-opaluwa-on-the-successful-ascention-of-the-throne/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=The Nigerian Post}}</ref> [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]], [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]], <ref name="The Sun Nigeria">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=Insecurity threatens existence of minority languages in Nigeria-CONAECDA |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/insecurity-threatens-existence-of-minority-languages-in-nigeria-conaecda/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=The Sun Nigeria}}</ref> [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], Jihar Plateau, <ref name="rogerblench">{{Cite web |last=Roger Blench |date=2018-12-02 |title=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation (KWEF) &#124; Report to Trustees covering financial year 2017-2018 |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/KWEF/KWEF/Anrep/KWEF%20Annual%20Report%202017-2018.pdf |access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nassarawa]], [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], da sauran jihohi. Yawancin ƙabilun daga Tsakiyar Belt na Najeriya suna da wakilai tare da CONAECDA . <ref name="Defender 2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-03 |title=Middle Belt Groups allege Fulani herdsmen have taken over their ancestral homelands |url=https://igbodefender.com/2016/05/03/middle-belt-groups-allege-fulani-herdsmen-have-taken-over-their-ancestral-homelands-vanguard-news/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Vanguard News |archive-date=2022-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116213554/https://igbodefender.com/2016/05/03/middle-belt-groups-allege-fulani-herdsmen-have-taken-over-their-ancestral-homelands-vanguard-news/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar CONAECDA shine Dr. Suleman A.D. Sukukum . <ref name="Madugu 2021">{{Cite web |last=Madugu |first=Ralph |date=2021-08-26 |title=We Are Coming to Recover our Lands – Autochthonous Communities to Land Grabbers |url=https://tcmagazine.ecwaproductions.com.ng/2021/08/26/we-are-coming-to-recover-our-lands-autochthonous-communities-to-land-grabbers/ |access-date=2022-01-16}}</ref> == Harsunan asali == Ƙungiyar CONAECDA tana aiki sosai wajen inganta 'yan tsiraru da harsunan ƙabilanci a Najeriya. Ya nemi gwamnatocin jihohi a Najeriya da su ba da izinin koyar da harsunan ƙabilanci na gida a cikin tsarin ilimi. Har ila yau, ta shirya bita da tarurruka a duk faɗin Najeriya game da ci gaban harshe, ilimin harshe, ci gaban al'umma, da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar.<ref name="Enduring News 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Language should be responsible tool for nationalism-Mike Rueck. |url=https://www.enduringnews.com.ng/language-should-be-responsible-tool-for-nationalism-mike-rueck/ |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=Enduring News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blench |first=Roger |date=2020-12-31 |title=Research on the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria |journal=Afrika und Übersee |publisher=Hamburg University Press |volume=93 |pages=3–44 |doi=10.15460/auue.2021.93.1.209 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> CONAECDA kuma tana aiki tare da SIL International kan takardun harshe da ci gaba. == Dubi kuma == * [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Tsakiyar Tsakiya]] * [[Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya|Rikicin makiyayi da manomi a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Kungiyoyin]] [[Rukuni:Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya a Burkina Faso]] d33ptfcloyekz1nlgg2id2vn2s32ugg 0 103091 647906 647044 2025-06-27T05:50:19Z Najaatuhd 25547 647906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' ogmi6t2tk5l98jnebjrg6mnmpbcxr6v 647907 647906 2025-06-27T05:50:40Z Najaatuhd 25547 647907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. k5v9ccs6tvx9berfg5hbm0nlu2veirf 647908 647907 2025-06-27T05:51:34Z Najaatuhd 25547 647908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' jecykw8eokssrf0mbw4py31k2rmbt4f 647909 647908 2025-06-27T05:51:47Z Najaatuhd 25547 647909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta [2] John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.[1] a8b5bhapa5f1zfel7fy6q8jc9z0f2c7 647910 647909 2025-06-27T05:52:37Z Najaatuhd 25547 647910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta [2] John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.[1] '''Aiki''' Lind ta fara fitowa a fim tun tana yarinya a shekarar 2008 a cikin Sirrin Rayuwar Kudan zuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina-finai irin su Dear Dumb Diary, Enter the Void, J. Edgar, The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia, da Movie 43. Ta buga Emma Lavery a cikin wasan opera na sabulu duka.[3] Lind ya kasance yana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Revenge a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke, [1] haka kuma a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Eastwick a matsayin Emily Gardener. Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin irin su Ranakun Rayuwar Mu, Matsakaici, Flashpoint, Minds na Laifuka, Suburgatory, da Hawaii Five-0. A cikin 2017, an haɓaka Lind zuwa rawar tauraro a kan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black don jerin 'yan wasa na uku, bayan ya bayyana a matsayin halin Ariel a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na farko.[4] c8sc5ygkqrabiis3jty8zeh3duzh3rl 647911 647910 2025-06-27T05:53:19Z Najaatuhd 25547 647911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta [2] John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.[1] '''Aiki''' Lind ta fara fitowa a fim tun tana yarinya a shekarar 2008 a cikin Sirrin Rayuwar Kudan zuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina-finai irin su Dear Dumb Diary, Enter the Void, J. Edgar, The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia, da Movie 43. Ta buga Emma Lavery a cikin wasan opera na sabulu duka.[3] Lind ya kasance yana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Revenge a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke, [1] haka kuma a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Eastwick a matsayin Emily Gardener. Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin irin su Ranakun Rayuwar Mu, Matsakaici, Flashpoint, Minds na Laifuka, Suburgatory, da Hawaii Five-0. A cikin 2017, an haɓaka Lind zuwa rawar tauraro a kan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black don jerin 'yan wasa na uku, bayan ya bayyana a matsayin halin Ariel a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na farko.[4] Lind ta yi tauraro a matsayin Melanie a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro mai ban dariya, The Babysitter, [5] wanda aka saki akan Netflix a cikin 2017. Ta sake bayyana rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin abubuwan, The Babysitter: Killer Queen.[6][7] A cikin 2018, an jefa Lind a matsayin Snakebite Andi a cikin fim ɗin Doctor Barci na 2019, dangane da littafin Stephen King labari da mabiyi na Shining.[8] dusuvucwar43kj4ny2ovatg8sgwxpzw 647912 647911 2025-06-27T05:55:48Z Najaatuhd 25547 647912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta [2] John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.[1] '''Aiki''' Lind ta fara fitowa a fim tun tana yarinya a shekarar 2008 a cikin Sirrin Rayuwar Kudan zuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina-finai irin su Dear Dumb Diary, Enter the Void, J. Edgar, The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia, da Movie 43. Ta buga Emma Lavery a cikin wasan opera na sabulu duka.[3] Lind ya kasance yana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Revenge a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke, [1] haka kuma a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Eastwick a matsayin Emily Gardener. Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin irin su Ranakun Rayuwar Mu, Matsakaici, Flashpoint, Minds na Laifuka, Suburgatory, da Hawaii Five-0. A cikin 2017, an haɓaka Lind zuwa rawar tauraro a kan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black don jerin 'yan wasa na uku, bayan ya bayyana a matsayin halin Ariel a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na farko.[4] Lind ta yi tauraro a matsayin Melanie a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro mai ban dariya, The Babysitter, [5] wanda aka saki akan Netflix a cikin 2017. Ta sake bayyana rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin abubuwan, The Babysitter: Killer Queen.[6][7] A cikin 2018, an jefa Lind a matsayin Snakebite Andi a cikin fim ɗin Doctor Barci na 2019, dangane da littafin Stephen King labari da mabiyi na Shining.[8] A cikin Maris 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa an saita Lind don yin tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl, [9] wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2021 kuma ya gudana har tsawon yanayi biyu.[10] 8d11anneejrvw9hylrntm0393k4rc39 647913 647912 2025-06-27T05:57:17Z Najaatuhd 25547 647913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 [1]) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta [2] John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.[1] '''Aiki''' Lind ta fara fitowa a fim tun tana yarinya a shekarar 2008 a cikin Sirrin Rayuwar Kudan zuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina-finai irin su Dear Dumb Diary, Enter the Void, J. Edgar, The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia, da Movie 43. Ta buga Emma Lavery a cikin wasan opera na sabulu duka.[3] Lind ya kasance yana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Revenge a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke, [1] haka kuma a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Eastwick a matsayin Emily Gardener. Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin irin su Ranakun Rayuwar Mu, Matsakaici, Flashpoint, Minds na Laifuka, Suburgatory, da Hawaii Five-0. A cikin 2017, an haɓaka Lind zuwa rawar tauraro a kan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black don jerin 'yan wasa na uku, bayan ya bayyana a matsayin halin Ariel a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na farko.[4] Lind ta yi tauraro a matsayin Melanie a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro mai ban dariya, The Babysitter, wanda aka saki akan Netflix a cikin 2017. Ta sake bayyana rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin abubuwan, The Babysitter: Killer Queen.A cikin 2018, an jefa Lind a matsayin Snakebite Andi a cikin fim ɗin Doctor Barci na 2019, dangane da littafin Stephen King labari da mabiyi na Shining. A cikin Maris 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa an saita Lind don yin tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl, wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2021 kuma ya gudana har tsawon yanayi biyu. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa an jefa ta a matsayin Cadence Sinclair Eastman, jarumar jerin gwanon da Muka kasance Maƙaryata, wanda aka samo daga littafin E. Lockhart mai suna iri ɗaya. 47xba6tdo72oblfi33ivtxnfbgv3ywi 647918 647913 2025-06-27T06:04:15Z Najaatuhd 25547 647918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 <ref>Radloff, Jessica (October 2, 2017). "Meet Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind: The Sisters About to Take Over Hollywood". ''Glamour''. Retrieved July 7,2018.</ref>) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta <ref>Foussianes, Chloe (May 20, 2020). "Emily Alyn Lind Talks Music, Mental Health, and a (Headband-Free?!) Gossip Girl". ''Town & Country Magazine''. Retrieved July 9, 2023.</ref>John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.<ref>Radloff, Jessica (October 2, 2017). "Meet Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind: The Sisters About to Take Over Hollywood". ''Glamour''. Retrieved July 7,2018.</ref> '''Aiki''' Lind ta fara fitowa a fim tun tana yarinya a shekarar 2008 a cikin Sirrin Rayuwar Kudan zuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina-finai irin su Dear Dumb Diary, Enter the Void, J. Edgar, The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia, da Movie 43. Ta buga Emma Lavery a cikin wasan opera na sabulu duka.<ref>Clifford, Kambra (May 12, 2020). "INTERVIEW: All My Children alum Emily Alyn Lind on her new album, joining Gossip Girl, and working with Keanu Reeves". ''Soapcentral.com''. Retrieved September 4,2020.</ref>Lind ya kasance yana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Revenge a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke,<ref>Radloff, Jessica (October 2, 2017). "Meet Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind: The Sisters About to Take Over Hollywood". ''Glamour''. Retrieved July 7,2018.</ref>haka kuma a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Eastwick a matsayin Emily Gardener. Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin irin su Ranakun Rayuwar Mu, Matsakaici, Flashpoint, Minds na Laifuka, Suburgatory, da Hawaii Five-0. A cikin 2017, an haɓaka Lind zuwa rawar tauraro a kan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black don jerin 'yan wasa na uku, bayan ya bayyana a matsayin halin Ariel a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na farko. Lind ta yi tauraro a matsayin Melanie a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro mai ban dariya, The Babysitter, wanda aka saki akan Netflix a cikin 2017. Ta sake bayyana rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin abubuwan, The Babysitter: Killer Queen.A cikin 2018, an jefa Lind a matsayin Snakebite Andi a cikin fim ɗin Doctor Barci na 2019, dangane da littafin Stephen King labari da mabiyi na Shining. A cikin Maris 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa an saita Lind don yin tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl, wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2021 kuma ya gudana har tsawon yanayi biyu. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa an jefa ta a matsayin Cadence Sinclair Eastman, jarumar jerin gwanon da Muka kasance Maƙaryata, wanda aka samo daga littafin E. Lockhart mai suna iri ɗaya. 6ity9kxrk9qfvw9addxob6ujqq3vi3d 647919 647918 2025-06-27T06:05:33Z Najaatuhd 25547 647919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emily alyn lind''' Emily Alyn Lind (an haife shi 2001 ko 2002 <ref>Radloff, Jessica (October 2, 2017). "Meet Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind: The Sisters About to Take Over Hollywood". ''Glamour''. Retrieved July 7,2018.</ref>) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara, lokacin da aka san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke akan jerin ABC Revenge, da kuma matsayinta na Ariel akan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black. Lind ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan asali na Netflix The Babysitter da The Babysitter: Killer Queen as Melanie, fim din wasan kwaikwayo Doctor Sleep as Snakebite Andi, da Ghostbusters: Daskararre Empire a matsayin Melody. Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, ta yi tauraro a matsayin Audrey Hope a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl. '''Rayuwar sirri''' Lind ita ce 'yar furodusa kuma mataimakiyar darekta <ref>Foussianes, Chloe (May 20, 2020). "Emily Alyn Lind Talks Music, Mental Health, and a (Headband-Free?!) Gossip Girl". ''Town & Country Magazine''. Retrieved July 9, 2023.</ref>John Lind da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Barbara Alyn Woods. Tana da babbar 'yar'uwa, Natalie Alyn Lind, da kanwar, Alyvia Alyn Lind, wadanda suma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne.<ref>Radloff, Jessica (October 2, 2017). "Meet Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind: The Sisters About to Take Over Hollywood". ''Glamour''. Retrieved July 7,2018.</ref> == '''Aiki''' == Lind ta fara fitowa a fim tun tana yarinya a shekarar 2008 a cikin Sirrin Rayuwar Kudan zuma. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin fina-finai irin su Dear Dumb Diary, Enter the Void, J. Edgar, The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia, da Movie 43. Ta buga Emma Lavery a cikin wasan opera na sabulu duka.<ref>Clifford, Kambra (May 12, 2020). "INTERVIEW: All My Children alum Emily Alyn Lind on her new album, joining Gossip Girl, and working with Keanu Reeves". ''Soapcentral.com''. Retrieved September 4,2020.</ref>Lind ya kasance yana da ayyuka masu maimaitawa a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Revenge a matsayin matashiya Amanda Clarke,<ref>Radloff, Jessica (October 2, 2017). "Meet Natalie, Emily, and Alyvia Alyn Lind: The Sisters About to Take Over Hollywood". ''Glamour''. Retrieved July 7,2018.</ref>haka kuma a cikin jerin talabijin na ABC Eastwick a matsayin Emily Gardener. Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin irin su Ranakun Rayuwar Mu, Matsakaici, Flashpoint, Minds na Laifuka, Suburgatory, da Hawaii Five-0. A cikin 2017, an haɓaka Lind zuwa rawar tauraro a kan wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na CBS Code Black don jerin 'yan wasa na uku, bayan ya bayyana a matsayin halin Ariel a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na farko. Lind ta yi tauraro a matsayin Melanie a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro mai ban dariya, The Babysitter, wanda aka saki akan Netflix a cikin 2017. Ta sake bayyana rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin abubuwan, The Babysitter: Killer Queen.A cikin 2018, an jefa Lind a matsayin Snakebite Andi a cikin fim ɗin Doctor Barci na 2019, dangane da littafin Stephen King labari da mabiyi na Shining. A cikin Maris 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa an saita Lind don yin tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na HBO Max Gossip Girl, wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2021 kuma ya gudana har tsawon yanayi biyu. A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa an jefa ta a matsayin Cadence Sinclair Eastman, jarumar jerin gwanon da Muka kasance Maƙaryata, wanda aka samo daga littafin E. Lockhart mai suna iri ɗaya. == manazarta == er40kio0t4xijd25mlkm96t3xdighwi 0 103108 647963 647272 2025-06-27T06:45:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bai Bureh''' (15 ga Fabrairu, 1840- Agusta 24, 1908) ya kasance mai mulkin Saliyo, masanin dabarun soja, kuma malamin [[Musulmi|addinin Musulunci]], wanda ya jagoranci tawayen Temne da Loko don nuna adawa da mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] a shekarar 1898 a Arewacin Saliyo. == Rayuwar farko da mulki kafin tawaye == An haifi Bai Bureh a shekara ta 1840 a Kasseh, wani [[ƙauye]] kusa da Port Loko a Arewacin Saliyo. Mahaifin Bai Bureh malamin addinin Musulunci ne kuma babban sarkin Loko kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasuwa ce ta Temne daga Makeni. Lokacin da Bureh yana matashi mahaifinsa ya tura shi wani ƙaramin ƙauye na Gbendembu a arewacin Saliyo, inda aka horar da shi ya zama jarumi. A lokacin horon da ya yi a ƙauyen, ya nuna cewa shi jarumi ne kuma an ba shi laƙabi na Kebalai, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "wanda ba ya gajiya da yaki." Da Kebalai ya koma ƙauyensa, aka naɗa shi sarautar Kasseh. <ref name="sierra-leone">{{Cite web |title=Bai Bureh |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107114610/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html |archive-date=2007-01-07 |access-date=2007-01-17 |publisher=sierra-leone.org}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1860s da 1870s, Bureh ya zama babban jarumi na Port Loko da dukan Arewacin Saliyo. Ya yi nasarar yaki tare da cin nasara a yaki da sauran mutanen ƙauye da shugabannin [[Ƙabila|ƙabilu]] waɗanda suke adawa da shirinsa na kafa ingantacciyar ɗabi'ar [[Musulunci]] da na asali a faɗin Saliyo ta Arewa. A shekara ta 1882, Bureh ya yi yaƙi da mutanen Susu daga Guinee na Faransa (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]]) waɗanda suka mamaye Kambia, wani gari a arewacin Saliyo. Mayakan Bai Bureh sun fatattaki Susu, suka mayar da su Guinea Faransa sannan suka mayar da kasar ga mutanen yankin Kambia. Bayan ya ci manyan yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, shahararsa ta bazu. Mutanen arewa sun ji sun sami mayaƙi wanda zai kare ƙasarsu. A cikin 1886, Bai Bureh ya zama sarkin Saliyo ta Arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html |title=Bai Bureh – Hero of the 1898 Rebellion |access-date=2025-06-25 |archive-date=2009-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526015329/http://sierra-leone.org/heroes5.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Tawaye == A matsayinsa na mai mulki, Bureh bai taɓa son yin haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ke zaune a babban birnin [[Freetown]] ba. Bai Bureh ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Birtaniya ta yi shawarwari da Limba ba tare da halartarsa ba; kuma a wani lokaci mayaƙansa sun kai farmaki kan iyakar Faransa da Guinea . A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1893, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa [[Hut tax|harajin bukkoki]] a Saliyo da kuma dukan ƙasashen Birtaniya a [[Afirka]] . Ana iya biyan harajin a cikin kuɗi, hatsi, hannun jari ko aiki. ’Yan Saliyo da yawa sun yi aiki a matsayin ’yan kwadago don biyan haraji. Harajin bukkoki ya baiwa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka damar gina tituna, garuruwa, layin dogo da sauran ababen more rayuwa a Saliyo. Bai Bureh ya ki amincewa da harajin bukka da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta saka. Bai yi imani cewa al'ummar Saliyo suna da hakki na biyan haraji ga 'yan kasashen waje ba, don haka yana son dukkan 'yan Birtaniyya su koma [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Biritaniya]] su bar 'yan Saliyo su warware matsalolinsu. Bayan ya ki biyan haraji a lokuta da dama, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da sammacin kama Bureh. Lokacin da Gwamnan Birtaniya a Saliyo, Frederic Cardew, ya ba da fam ɗari a matsayin tukuicin kama shi, Bai Bureh ya mayar da martani ta hanyar ba da mafi girman adadin fam ɗari biyar don kama gwamnan. A shekara ta 1898, Bureh ya shelanta yaki da Birtaniya a Saliyo. Yakin daga baya ya zama sananne da yakin haraji na Hut na 1898 . Yawancin mayakan Bureh sun fito ne daga kauyukan Temne da Loko da dama da ke karkashinsa, amma sauran mayakan sun fito ne daga kauyukan Limba, Kissi da Kuranko, wadanda aka aike da su domin taimakonsa. Mutanen Bai Bureh ba kawai sun yi fafatawa da sojojin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ba, har ma sun kashe ’yan Creole da dama da ke zaune a Arewacin Saliyo saboda suna tunanin cewa ’yan asalin Saliyo suna goyon bayan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Daya daga cikin fitattun mutanen Creole da mayakan Bai Bureh suka kashe shi ne dan kasuwa John "Johnny" Taylor, wanda aka kashe a gidansa a Arewacin Saliyo. Bai Bureh ya samu galaba akan dakarun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na tsawon watanni da dama na yakin. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 1898, sojojin Bai Bureh sun yanke layin sadarwa gaba ɗaya tsakanin Freetown da Port Loko. Sun tare hanya da kogin daga Freetown. Duk da umarnin kamasu, sojojin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sun gaza yin galaba a kan Bureh da magoya bayansa. Rikicin dai ya yi sanadin asarar ɗaruruwan rayuka daga ɓangarorin biyu. <ref name="sierra-leone"/> == Miƙa wuya da gudun hijira == Daga karshe Bai Bureh ya miƙa wuya a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1898, lokacin da wata ƙaramar kungiyar sintiri ta sabuwar rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Yamma da aka shirya a Port Loko ta binne shi a cikin [[Fadama|fadama mai kauri]]. Mayakansa na Temne da na Loko sun yi yaƙi na ɗan lokaci, amma ba su daɗe da guje wa sojojin ba. An kai Bai Bureh gadi zuwa birnin Freetown, inda jama'a suka taru a makwabcinsa dare da rana don hango shi. An yi wa Bai Bureh zaman fursuna a siyasance kuma an ba shi ‘yanci iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rare historical discovery – photograph of Bai Bureh, Sierra Leone’s greatest hero |url=http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/57097 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054159/http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/57097 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date= |website=Sierra Express Media}}</ref> Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta aika Bai Bureh gudun hijira zuwa [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] (yanzu [[Ghana]]), tare da babban sarkin Sherbro Kpana Lewis da kuma shugaban Mende [[Nyagua]] mai iko. Dukansu Kpana Lewis da Nyagua sun mutu a gudun hijira amma Bai Bureh an dawo da shi Saliyo a shekarar 1905 kuma aka maido da shi a matsayin Sarkin Kasseh. Bai Bureh ya mutu a shekara ta 1908. == Martaba == Muhimmancin yakin Bai Bureh da Birtaniyya ba wai sakamakonsa ba ne, a'a, kasancewar mutumin da ba shi da horon soji na yau da kullum ya iya yin tir da turawan Ingila na tsawon watanni. Sojojin na Biritaniya sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'an da aka horar da su a manyan makarantun soji, inda ake nazarin yaki kamar yadda ake karatun wani fanni a jami'a. Kasancewar Bai Bureh ba a kashe shi ba bayan kama shi ya jagoranci wasu masana tarihi{{who?|date=December 2021}} don da'awar cewa hakan ya samo asali ne saboda sha'awar bajintar sa na abokin gaba ga Birtaniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dabarun da Bai Bureh ya yi amfani da su a lokacin rikicin sun kasance kan gaba wajen dabarun da sojojin daba ke amfani da su a duk duniya.{{Dubious|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2021)">mai ban mamaki</span></nowiki>&#x20;&#x2013; tattauna'' &#x5D;</sup> A lokacin waɗannan dabarun juyin juya hali ne, kuma ya “yi nasara” saboda kyakkyawan dalili yana da masaniyar ƙwararrun yanayin da yaƙin ya gudana. Bai Bureh ya bi yakin ba kawai da kwakwalwar soji ba har ma da abin dariya. Lokacin da Gwamna Cardew ya ba da kyautar fam 100 a matsayin tukuicin kama shi, Bai Bureh ya mayar da martani ta hanyar bayar da mafi girman fam 500 don kama gwamnan. Akwai babban mutum-mutumi na Bai Bureh a tsakiyar Freetown. An zana hotonsa a kan takardun takardar kuɗi na Saliyo. Wani ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saliyo mai suna Bai Bureh Warriors daga Port Loko an sanya masa suna. Tsohon mai sa kai na Peace Corps Gary Schulze da abokin aikinsa William Hart sun gano sanannen hoton Bai Bureh na siyarwa akan eBay a watan Agusta 2012. An nuna hoton a gidan tarihi na ƙasar Saliyo a shekarar 2013. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons}} *{{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050419125213/http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/sierra_leone.htm |title=Sierra Leone & the New Labour Militism |date=2005-04-19}} *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015063009/http://www.statehouse-sl.org/bai-bur-mar29.html |title=President Kabbah Previews "Bai Bureh Goes To War" |date=2006-10-15}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t5jy2mses99y1hr8w2z1f9oky5f6wd4 0 103135 647878 647387 2025-06-27T03:45:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 647878 wikitext text/x-wiki André Trindade da Costa Neto (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001), wanda aka fi sani da André, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Brazil . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Fluminense === An haife shi a Algodão, Ibirataia, Bahia, André ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Fluminense a cikin 2013, yana da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Herói do último Fla-Flu, André revela emoção com torcida e se declara: 'O Fluminense é tudo para mim' |trans-title=Hero of the last ''Fla-Flu'', André reveals emotion with the supporters and declares himself: 'Fluminense is everything to me' |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/heroi-ultimo-fla-flu-andre.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Lance!]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2020, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Baiano André Trindade renova com Fluminense até 2023 |trans-title=''Baiano'' André Trindade renews with Fluminense until 2023 |url=https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Estado da Bahia |language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201052751/https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> André ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2020, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Dodi a cikin nasara 1-0 a gida a kan Atletico Goianiense, don Copa do Brasil na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=André garante tranquilidade em estreia e exalta integração da base no Fluminense |trans-title=André assures calmness in debut and praises integration of the youth setup at Fluminense |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/andre-garante-tranquilidade-estreia-exalta-integracao-base.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Lance! |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Série A na farko ya faru ne bayan kwana huɗu, yayin da ya fara a cikin asarar 1-0 a kan Sport Recife . André ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2021, inda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2021 |title=Herói no Fla-Flu, André celebra "dia para nunca ser esquecido" e Martinelli lembra de fama na base |trans-title=Hero at the ''Fla-Flu'', André celebrates "day to be never forgotten" and Martinelli remembers about his fame at the youth setup |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/heroi-no-fla-flu-andre-celebra-dia-para-nunca-ser-esquecido-e-martinelli-lembra-de-fama-na-base.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya ci gaba da tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=Fluminense renova contrato de André até o fim de 2024: "Que mais sonhos se realizem aqui" |trans-title=Fluminense renews contract of André until the end of 2024: "May more dreams come true here" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/fluminense-estende-contrato-do-volante-andre-ate-2024.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> André, mai shekaru 21, ya kammala wasan sa na ɗari a kulob din ''Laranjeiras'', a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022, a kan Atletico-MG, a Mineirão . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=André celebra 100 jogos pelo Fluminense: 'Momento muito especial' |trans-title= |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/10/6497274-andre-celebra-100-jogos-pelo-fluminense-momento-muito-especial.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=O dia |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2023, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 2-0 a kan Olimpia a wasan sa na 150 tare da Fluminense a lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na Copa Libertadores . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=André celebra 150 jogos pelo Flu com belo e importante gol |url=https://www.terra.com.br/esportes/fluminense/andre-celebra-150-jogos-pelo-flu-com-belo-e-importante-gol,3a0bfd2b3905b76eba09bb6234399f51copaav2p.html |publisher=terra.com |language=pt}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, ya fara a wasan karshe na Copa Libertadores tare da Fluminense a kan Boca Juniors, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nasara 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, don zama lambar yabo ta farko ta kulob din a wannan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Fluminense beat Boca Juniors to win first Copa Libertadores title |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/nov/04/boca-juniors-fluminense-copa-libertadores-final-match-report |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 2024, kafin a rufe taga na canja wuri, André ya shiga kungiyar Wolverhampton Wanderers ta Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Andre signs on deadline day |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240830-andre-signs-on-deadline-day/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haɗa André a cikin tawagar farko ta mutum 55 ta Brazil ta kocin Tite don [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Jogador do Fluminense está em pré-lista de Tite para Copa do Mundo |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/08/6470793-jogador-do-fluminense-esta-em-pre-lista-de-tite-para-copa-do-mundo.html |publisher=odia.ig.com |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2023, ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa, ya fito daga benci a minti na 74 don maye gurbin Lucas Paquetá, a cikin nasara 4-2 a wasan sada zumunci da Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=André estreia na Seleção e joga 24 minutos; Arias atua jogo todo pela Colômbia e desfalca o Fluminense |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/2023/06/20/andre-estreia-na-selecao-e-joga-23-minutos-arias-atua-jogo-todo-pela-colombia-e-desfalca-o-fluminense.ghtml |publisher=globo.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 25 May 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|andre-trindade-da-costa-neto/660661|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Fluminense''' * Kofin Libertadores: 2023 * Gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka: 2024 * Kofin Guanabara: 2022, 2023 * Gasar Carioca: 2022, 2023 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Gasar Brasileiro Jerin Sabon Sabon Kasuwanci: 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=André vê espaço para jogar junto com Felipe Melo no Fluminense: "Não vejo como um concorrente" |trans-title=André sees space to play with Felipe Melo at Fluminense: "I don't see him as a contestant" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/andre-ve-espaco-para-jogar-junto-com-felipe-melo-no-fluminense-nao-vejo-como-um-concorrente.ghtml |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * Kwallon Arfa: 2022 * Gasar Brasileiro Série Kungiyar Shekara: 2022 * [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda|Mafi kyawun mai tsaron tsakiya a Brazil]]: [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda#2022|2022]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title="Agora é olho no olho": cerimônia do Troféu Mesa Redonda está de volta ao presencial; confira os premiados |url=https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |publisher=Revista Esquinas |language=pt |access-date=26 June 2025 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221122034705/https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Gasar Carioca Team of the Year: 2023 * Kungiyar Libertadores ta Shekara: 2023 * Kungiyar El País Amurka ta Shekara: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Con cuatro campeones de la Copa Libertadores y tres uruguayos, asà quedó conformado el equipo ideal de América |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/ovacion/futbol/con-cuatro-campeones-de-la-copa-libertadores-y-tres-uruguayos-asi-quedo-conformado-el-equipo-ideal-de-america}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 7n85qqo8hngt5evxo03dctbffdbu380 647898 647878 2025-06-27T05:31:49Z Lawan Bala 15944 An kirkira ta fassara "Career statistics" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294969343|André (footballer, born 2001)]]" 647898 wikitext text/x-wiki André Trindade da Costa Neto (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001), wanda aka fi sani da André, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Brazil . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Fluminense === An haife shi a Algodão, Ibirataia, Bahia, André ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Fluminense a cikin 2013, yana da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Herói do último Fla-Flu, André revela emoção com torcida e se declara: 'O Fluminense é tudo para mim' |trans-title=Hero of the last ''Fla-Flu'', André reveals emotion with the supporters and declares himself: 'Fluminense is everything to me' |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/heroi-ultimo-fla-flu-andre.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Lance!]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2020, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Baiano André Trindade renova com Fluminense até 2023 |trans-title=''Baiano'' André Trindade renews with Fluminense until 2023 |url=https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Estado da Bahia |language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201052751/https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> André ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2020, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Dodi a cikin nasara 1-0 a gida a kan Atletico Goianiense, don Copa do Brasil na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=André garante tranquilidade em estreia e exalta integração da base no Fluminense |trans-title=André assures calmness in debut and praises integration of the youth setup at Fluminense |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/andre-garante-tranquilidade-estreia-exalta-integracao-base.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Lance! |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Série A na farko ya faru ne bayan kwana huɗu, yayin da ya fara a cikin asarar 1-0 a kan Sport Recife . André ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2021, inda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2021 |title=Herói no Fla-Flu, André celebra "dia para nunca ser esquecido" e Martinelli lembra de fama na base |trans-title=Hero at the ''Fla-Flu'', André celebrates "day to be never forgotten" and Martinelli remembers about his fame at the youth setup |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/heroi-no-fla-flu-andre-celebra-dia-para-nunca-ser-esquecido-e-martinelli-lembra-de-fama-na-base.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya ci gaba da tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=Fluminense renova contrato de André até o fim de 2024: "Que mais sonhos se realizem aqui" |trans-title=Fluminense renews contract of André until the end of 2024: "May more dreams come true here" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/fluminense-estende-contrato-do-volante-andre-ate-2024.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> André, mai shekaru 21, ya kammala wasan sa na ɗari a kulob din ''Laranjeiras'', a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022, a kan Atletico-MG, a Mineirão . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=André celebra 100 jogos pelo Fluminense: 'Momento muito especial' |trans-title= |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/10/6497274-andre-celebra-100-jogos-pelo-fluminense-momento-muito-especial.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=O dia |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2023, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 2-0 a kan Olimpia a wasan sa na 150 tare da Fluminense a lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na Copa Libertadores . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=André celebra 150 jogos pelo Flu com belo e importante gol |url=https://www.terra.com.br/esportes/fluminense/andre-celebra-150-jogos-pelo-flu-com-belo-e-importante-gol,3a0bfd2b3905b76eba09bb6234399f51copaav2p.html |publisher=terra.com |language=pt}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, ya fara a wasan karshe na Copa Libertadores tare da Fluminense a kan Boca Juniors, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nasara 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, don zama lambar yabo ta farko ta kulob din a wannan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Fluminense beat Boca Juniors to win first Copa Libertadores title |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/nov/04/boca-juniors-fluminense-copa-libertadores-final-match-report |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 2024, kafin a rufe taga na canja wuri, André ya shiga kungiyar Wolverhampton Wanderers ta Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Andre signs on deadline day |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240830-andre-signs-on-deadline-day/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haɗa André a cikin tawagar farko ta mutum 55 ta Brazil ta kocin Tite don [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Jogador do Fluminense está em pré-lista de Tite para Copa do Mundo |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/08/6470793-jogador-do-fluminense-esta-em-pre-lista-de-tite-para-copa-do-mundo.html |publisher=odia.ig.com |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2023, ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa, ya fito daga benci a minti na 74 don maye gurbin Lucas Paquetá, a cikin nasara 4-2 a wasan sada zumunci da Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=André estreia na Seleção e joga 24 minutos; Arias atua jogo todo pela Colômbia e desfalca o Fluminense |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/2023/06/20/andre-estreia-na-selecao-e-joga-23-minutos-arias-atua-jogo-todo-pela-colombia-e-desfalca-o-fluminense.ghtml |publisher=globo.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 25 May 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|andre-trindade-da-costa-neto/660661|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Fluminense''' * Kofin Libertadores: 2023 * Gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka: 2024 * Kofin Guanabara: 2022, 2023 * Gasar Carioca: 2022, 2023 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Gasar Brasileiro Jerin Sabon Sabon Kasuwanci: 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=André vê espaço para jogar junto com Felipe Melo no Fluminense: "Não vejo como um concorrente" |trans-title=André sees space to play with Felipe Melo at Fluminense: "I don't see him as a contestant" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/andre-ve-espaco-para-jogar-junto-com-felipe-melo-no-fluminense-nao-vejo-como-um-concorrente.ghtml |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * Kwallon Arfa: 2022 * Gasar Brasileiro Série Kungiyar Shekara: 2022 * [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda|Mafi kyawun mai tsaron tsakiya a Brazil]]: [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda#2022|2022]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title="Agora é olho no olho": cerimônia do Troféu Mesa Redonda está de volta ao presencial; confira os premiados |url=https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |publisher=Revista Esquinas |language=pt |access-date=26 June 2025 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221122034705/https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Gasar Carioca Team of the Year: 2023 * Kungiyar Libertadores ta Shekara: 2023 * Kungiyar El País Amurka ta Shekara: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Con cuatro campeones de la Copa Libertadores y tres uruguayos, asà quedó conformado el equipo ideal de América |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/ovacion/futbol/con-cuatro-campeones-de-la-copa-libertadores-y-tres-uruguayos-asi-quedo-conformado-el-equipo-ideal-de-america}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] == Career statistics == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} o2b9lm2a36kv4i710jnu5js2yoib330 647899 647898 2025-06-27T05:32:27Z Lawan Bala 15944 /* Manazarta */ 647899 wikitext text/x-wiki André Trindade da Costa Neto (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001), wanda aka fi sani da André, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Brazil . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Fluminense === An haife shi a Algodão, Ibirataia, Bahia, André ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Fluminense a cikin 2013, yana da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Herói do último Fla-Flu, André revela emoção com torcida e se declara: 'O Fluminense é tudo para mim' |trans-title=Hero of the last ''Fla-Flu'', André reveals emotion with the supporters and declares himself: 'Fluminense is everything to me' |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/heroi-ultimo-fla-flu-andre.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Lance!]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2020, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Baiano André Trindade renova com Fluminense até 2023 |trans-title=''Baiano'' André Trindade renews with Fluminense until 2023 |url=https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Estado da Bahia |language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201052751/https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> André ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2020, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Dodi a cikin nasara 1-0 a gida a kan Atletico Goianiense, don Copa do Brasil na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=André garante tranquilidade em estreia e exalta integração da base no Fluminense |trans-title=André assures calmness in debut and praises integration of the youth setup at Fluminense |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/andre-garante-tranquilidade-estreia-exalta-integracao-base.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Lance! |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Série A na farko ya faru ne bayan kwana huɗu, yayin da ya fara a cikin asarar 1-0 a kan Sport Recife . André ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2021, inda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2021 |title=Herói no Fla-Flu, André celebra "dia para nunca ser esquecido" e Martinelli lembra de fama na base |trans-title=Hero at the ''Fla-Flu'', André celebrates "day to be never forgotten" and Martinelli remembers about his fame at the youth setup |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/heroi-no-fla-flu-andre-celebra-dia-para-nunca-ser-esquecido-e-martinelli-lembra-de-fama-na-base.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya ci gaba da tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=Fluminense renova contrato de André até o fim de 2024: "Que mais sonhos se realizem aqui" |trans-title=Fluminense renews contract of André until the end of 2024: "May more dreams come true here" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/fluminense-estende-contrato-do-volante-andre-ate-2024.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> André, mai shekaru 21, ya kammala wasan sa na ɗari a kulob din ''Laranjeiras'', a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022, a kan Atletico-MG, a Mineirão . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=André celebra 100 jogos pelo Fluminense: 'Momento muito especial' |trans-title= |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/10/6497274-andre-celebra-100-jogos-pelo-fluminense-momento-muito-especial.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=O dia |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2023, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 2-0 a kan Olimpia a wasan sa na 150 tare da Fluminense a lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na Copa Libertadores . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=André celebra 150 jogos pelo Flu com belo e importante gol |url=https://www.terra.com.br/esportes/fluminense/andre-celebra-150-jogos-pelo-flu-com-belo-e-importante-gol,3a0bfd2b3905b76eba09bb6234399f51copaav2p.html |publisher=terra.com |language=pt}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, ya fara a wasan karshe na Copa Libertadores tare da Fluminense a kan Boca Juniors, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nasara 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, don zama lambar yabo ta farko ta kulob din a wannan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Fluminense beat Boca Juniors to win first Copa Libertadores title |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/nov/04/boca-juniors-fluminense-copa-libertadores-final-match-report |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 2024, kafin a rufe taga na canja wuri, André ya shiga kungiyar Wolverhampton Wanderers ta Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Andre signs on deadline day |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240830-andre-signs-on-deadline-day/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haɗa André a cikin tawagar farko ta mutum 55 ta Brazil ta kocin Tite don [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Jogador do Fluminense está em pré-lista de Tite para Copa do Mundo |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/08/6470793-jogador-do-fluminense-esta-em-pre-lista-de-tite-para-copa-do-mundo.html |publisher=odia.ig.com |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2023, ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa, ya fito daga benci a minti na 74 don maye gurbin Lucas Paquetá, a cikin nasara 4-2 a wasan sada zumunci da Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=André estreia na Seleção e joga 24 minutos; Arias atua jogo todo pela Colômbia e desfalca o Fluminense |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/2023/06/20/andre-estreia-na-selecao-e-joga-23-minutos-arias-atua-jogo-todo-pela-colombia-e-desfalca-o-fluminense.ghtml |publisher=globo.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 25 May 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|andre-trindade-da-costa-neto/660661|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Fluminense''' * Kofin Libertadores: 2023 * Gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka: 2024 * Kofin Guanabara: 2022, 2023 * Gasar Carioca: 2022, 2023 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Gasar Brasileiro Jerin Sabon Sabon Kasuwanci: 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=André vê espaço para jogar junto com Felipe Melo no Fluminense: "Não vejo como um concorrente" |trans-title=André sees space to play with Felipe Melo at Fluminense: "I don't see him as a contestant" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/andre-ve-espaco-para-jogar-junto-com-felipe-melo-no-fluminense-nao-vejo-como-um-concorrente.ghtml |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * Kwallon Arfa: 2022 * Gasar Brasileiro Série Kungiyar Shekara: 2022 * [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda|Mafi kyawun mai tsaron tsakiya a Brazil]]: [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda#2022|2022]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title="Agora é olho no olho": cerimônia do Troféu Mesa Redonda está de volta ao presencial; confira os premiados |url=https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |publisher=Revista Esquinas |language=pt |access-date=26 June 2025 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221122034705/https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Gasar Carioca Team of the Year: 2023 * Kungiyar Libertadores ta Shekara: 2023 * Kungiyar El País Amurka ta Shekara: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Con cuatro campeones de la Copa Libertadores y tres uruguayos, asà quedó conformado el equipo ideal de América |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/ovacion/futbol/con-cuatro-campeones-de-la-copa-libertadores-y-tres-uruguayos-asi-quedo-conformado-el-equipo-ideal-de-america}}</ref> == Career statistics == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} 9pz0i01yo62hsphvj5l2mry1k2nrzet 647900 647899 2025-06-27T05:32:50Z Lawan Bala 15944 /* Kasashen Duniya */ 647900 wikitext text/x-wiki André Trindade da Costa Neto (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001), wanda aka fi sani da André, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa na ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasar Brazil . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Fluminense === An haife shi a Algodão, Ibirataia, Bahia, André ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Fluminense a cikin 2013, yana da shekaru 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Herói do último Fla-Flu, André revela emoção com torcida e se declara: 'O Fluminense é tudo para mim' |trans-title=Hero of the last ''Fla-Flu'', André reveals emotion with the supporters and declares himself: 'Fluminense is everything to me' |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/heroi-ultimo-fla-flu-andre.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Lance!]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2020, ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2020 |title=Baiano André Trindade renova com Fluminense até 2023 |trans-title=''Baiano'' André Trindade renews with Fluminense until 2023 |url=https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Estado da Bahia |language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201052751/https://www.estadodabahia.com.br/noticia/6373/baiano-de-ibirataia-andre-trindade-renova-com-fluminense-ate-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> André ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2020, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Dodi a cikin nasara 1-0 a gida a kan Atletico Goianiense, don Copa do Brasil na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=André garante tranquilidade em estreia e exalta integração da base no Fluminense |trans-title=André assures calmness in debut and praises integration of the youth setup at Fluminense |url=https://www.lance.com.br/fluminense/andre-garante-tranquilidade-estreia-exalta-integracao-base.html |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Lance! |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Série A na farko ya faru ne bayan kwana huɗu, yayin da ya fara a cikin asarar 1-0 a kan Sport Recife . André ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2021, inda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a cikin nasarar 1-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsa Flamengo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2021 |title=Herói no Fla-Flu, André celebra "dia para nunca ser esquecido" e Martinelli lembra de fama na base |trans-title=Hero at the ''Fla-Flu'', André celebrates "day to be never forgotten" and Martinelli remembers about his fame at the youth setup |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/heroi-no-fla-flu-andre-celebra-dia-para-nunca-ser-esquecido-e-martinelli-lembra-de-fama-na-base.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya ci gaba da tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=Fluminense renova contrato de André até o fim de 2024: "Que mais sonhos se realizem aqui" |trans-title=Fluminense renews contract of André until the end of 2024: "May more dreams come true here" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/fluminense-estende-contrato-do-volante-andre-ate-2024.ghtml |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> André, mai shekaru 21, ya kammala wasan sa na ɗari a kulob din ''Laranjeiras'', a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2022, a kan Atletico-MG, a Mineirão . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=André celebra 100 jogos pelo Fluminense: 'Momento muito especial' |trans-title= |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/10/6497274-andre-celebra-100-jogos-pelo-fluminense-momento-muito-especial.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=O dia |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2023, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 2-0 a kan Olimpia a wasan sa na 150 tare da Fluminense a lokacin wasan kusa da na karshe na Copa Libertadores . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=André celebra 150 jogos pelo Flu com belo e importante gol |url=https://www.terra.com.br/esportes/fluminense/andre-celebra-150-jogos-pelo-flu-com-belo-e-importante-gol,3a0bfd2b3905b76eba09bb6234399f51copaav2p.html |publisher=terra.com |language=pt}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, ya fara a wasan karshe na Copa Libertadores tare da Fluminense a kan Boca Juniors, wanda ya ƙare a cikin nasara 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, don zama lambar yabo ta farko ta kulob din a wannan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Fluminense beat Boca Juniors to win first Copa Libertadores title |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/nov/04/boca-juniors-fluminense-copa-libertadores-final-match-report |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 2024, kafin a rufe taga na canja wuri, André ya shiga kungiyar Wolverhampton Wanderers ta Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Andre signs on deadline day |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240830-andre-signs-on-deadline-day/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haɗa André a cikin tawagar farko ta mutum 55 ta Brazil ta kocin Tite don [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Jogador do Fluminense está em pré-lista de Tite para Copa do Mundo |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/fluminense/2022/08/6470793-jogador-do-fluminense-esta-em-pre-lista-de-tite-para-copa-do-mundo.html |publisher=odia.ig.com |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2023, ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa, ya fito daga benci a minti na 74 don maye gurbin Lucas Paquetá, a cikin nasara 4-2 a wasan sada zumunci da Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title=André estreia na Seleção e joga 24 minutos; Arias atua jogo todo pela Colômbia e desfalca o Fluminense |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/2023/06/20/andre-estreia-na-selecao-e-joga-23-minutos-arias-atua-jogo-todo-pela-colombia-e-desfalca-o-fluminense.ghtml |publisher=globo.com |language=pt}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 25 May 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|andre-trindade-da-costa-neto/660661|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} == Daraja == '''Fluminense''' * Kofin Libertadores: 2023 * Gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka: 2024 * Kofin Guanabara: 2022, 2023 * Gasar Carioca: 2022, 2023 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Gasar Brasileiro Jerin Sabon Sabon Kasuwanci: 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=André vê espaço para jogar junto com Felipe Melo no Fluminense: "Não vejo como um concorrente" |trans-title=André sees space to play with Felipe Melo at Fluminense: "I don't see him as a contestant" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/fluminense/noticia/andre-ve-espaco-para-jogar-junto-com-felipe-melo-no-fluminense-nao-vejo-como-um-concorrente.ghtml |access-date=10 December 2021 |publisher=ge |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * Kwallon Arfa: 2022 * Gasar Brasileiro Série Kungiyar Shekara: 2022 * [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda|Mafi kyawun mai tsaron tsakiya a Brazil]]: [[:pt:Troféu Mesa Redonda#2022|2022]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title="Agora é olho no olho": cerimônia do Troféu Mesa Redonda está de volta ao presencial; confira os premiados |url=https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |publisher=Revista Esquinas |language=pt |access-date=26 June 2025 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221122034705/https://revistaesquinas.casperlibero.edu.br/esportes/agora-e-olho-no-olho-cerimonia-do-trofeu-mesa-redonda-esta-de-volta-ao-presencial-confira-os-premiados/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Gasar Carioca Team of the Year: 2023 * Kungiyar Libertadores ta Shekara: 2023 * Kungiyar El País Amurka ta Shekara: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Con cuatro campeones de la Copa Libertadores y tres uruguayos, asà quedó conformado el equipo ideal de América |url=https://www.elpais.com.uy/ovacion/futbol/con-cuatro-campeones-de-la-copa-libertadores-y-tres-uruguayos-asi-quedo-conformado-el-equipo-ideal-de-america}}</ref> == Career statistics == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Jiha{{Efn|Includes [[Campeonato Carioca]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Copa do Brasil]], [[FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Fluminense |2020 |Jerin A |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2021 |Jerin A |26 |1 |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |36 |1 |- |2022 |Jerin A |34 |1 |11 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9{{Efn}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |61 |2 |- |2023 |Jerin A |31 |0 |12 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13{{Efn}} |1 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |62 |1 |- |2024 |Jerin A |12 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5{{Efn}} |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Recopa Sudamericana]]}} |0 |27 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !113 !2 !34 !1 !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !1 !4 !0 !197 !4 |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2024–25 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !146 !2 !34 !1 !18 !0 !0 !0 !31 !1 !4 !0 !233 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 25 March 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Brazil |2023 |4 |0 |- |2024 |6 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] fduaclgre6wvy4z772xdotw4np4b84y 0 103158 647551 2025-06-26T12:15:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253616514|Nosipho Dastile]]" 647551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nosipho Dastile''' (1938–2009) 'yar Afrika ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙaramin garin Uitenhage, kusa da [[Port Elizabeth]], lardin Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. An zaɓe ta kansila a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar karamar hukumar Uitenhage ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1999. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nosipho Dastile a shekara ta 1938 a Uitenhage, inda ta yi karatun karamar sakandare. Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka a yankin Uitenhage, musamman mai da hankali kan ilimi. Wani ɓangare na aikinta na al'umma shi ne ta ba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Makarantar Mishan ta Roman Katolika sannan ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Little Flower, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malama na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da fafutukar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan da aka kafa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin tsarin mulkin siyasa a hukumance, ta shiga siyasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) a Uitenhage. Yunkurin siyasarta ya ƙaru daga karfi zuwa karfi kuma a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ɗakin taro na Uitenhage, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Uitenhage. [[Fayil:Uitenhage_Victoria_Tower,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Uitenhage Victoria Tower, Afirka ta Kudu]] == Rayuwar Siyasa == Ba da jimawa ba bayan dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa da masu fafutukar 'yanci da suka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka zama yunkurin 'yanci a shekarar 1990, an zabi Nosipho a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) na yankin Uitenhage. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na fafutuka da yi wa jama'a da al'ummar Uitenhage hidima kuma a shekarar 1994 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila ta farko a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar ƙaramar hukumar riƙon kwarya ta Uitenhage ta dimokuraɗiyya na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa 1999. Bayan haka, ta ɗauki lokaci daga harkokin siyasa saboda rashin lafiya amma ta ci gaba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Ruth Dano creche a Uitenhage. Ta rasu a watan Mayun 2009 tana da shekaru 71 a duniya. An yi jana'izar ta cikin lumana a tsakanin jama'arta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun 2009 a makabartar Kwanobuhle tare da halartar manyan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC . == Girmamawa == Ofisoshin yanki na ANC a Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape ana kiran su Florence Matomela House. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence-matomela-house |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/tag/florence-matomela-house/ |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=www.heraldlive.co.za}}</ref> Mawallafin Nombulelo Dassie ya ƙirƙiri wani sassaka na Florence Matomela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Matomela by Nombulelo Dassie |url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/florence-matomela-nombulelo-dassie.html |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=fineartamerica.com}}</ref> An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin shekara guda da Nomabaso Bedeshe ya shirya a gidan kayan tarihi na Red Location yana girmama Florence Matomela, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Veronica Sobukwe, Lilian Diedricks da Nosipho Dastile. Baje kolin ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma hotunan matan biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of anti-apartheid struggle on show at Red Location Museum |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-herald-south-africa/20101221/281651071532217 |access-date=4 December 2017 |via=PressReader}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2a7ded00483d943b8800fa40c7a3fa19/E-Cape-honours-five-struggle-heroines--20110907/ Labaran SABC] * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/the-algoa-sun/2014/01/25/tribute-to-women-warriors/ The Herald Live] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nmbt.co.za/arts__culture_port_elizabeth.html/ Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism] * [http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/NewsView.aspx?ID=1481/ Gwamnatin Nelson Mandela Bay] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 1nly7mbvr41xasp55ncc5aer3l1pc6n 647552 647551 2025-06-26T12:17:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nosipho Dastile''' (1938–2009) 'yar Afrika ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙaramin garin Uitenhage, kusa da [[Port Elizabeth]], lardin Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. An zaɓe ta kansila a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar karamar hukumar Uitenhage ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1999. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nosipho Dastile a shekara ta 1938 a Uitenhage, inda ta yi karatun karamar sakandare. Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka a yankin Uitenhage, musamman mai da hankali kan ilimi. Wani ɓangare na aikinta na al'umma shi ne ta ba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Makarantar Mishan ta Roman Katolika sannan ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Little Flower, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malama na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da fafutukar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan da aka kafa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin tsarin mulkin siyasa a hukumance, ta shiga siyasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) a Uitenhage. Yunkurin siyasarta ya ƙaru daga karfi zuwa karfi kuma a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ɗakin taro na Uitenhage, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Uitenhage.<ref>''Red Location'' Museum Staff [Accessed 3 August 2017]</ref> [[Fayil:Uitenhage_Victoria_Tower,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Uitenhage Victoria Tower, Afirka ta Kudu]] == Rayuwar Siyasa == Ba da jimawa ba bayan dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa da masu fafutukar 'yanci da suka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka zama yunkurin 'yanci a shekarar 1990, an zabi Nosipho a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) na yankin Uitenhage. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na fafutuka da yi wa jama'a da al'ummar Uitenhage hidima kuma a shekarar 1994 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila ta farko a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar ƙaramar hukumar riƙon kwarya ta Uitenhage ta dimokuraɗiyya na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa 1999. Bayan haka, ta ɗauki lokaci daga harkokin siyasa saboda rashin lafiya amma ta ci gaba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Ruth Dano creche a Uitenhage. Ta rasu a watan Mayun 2009 tana da shekaru 71 a duniya. An yi jana'izar ta cikin lumana a tsakanin jama'arta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun 2009 a makabartar Kwanobuhle tare da halartar manyan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC . == Girmamawa == Ofisoshin yanki na ANC a Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape ana kiran su Florence Matomela House. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence-matomela-house |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/tag/florence-matomela-house/ |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=www.heraldlive.co.za}}</ref> Mawallafin Nombulelo Dassie ya ƙirƙiri wani sassaka na Florence Matomela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Matomela by Nombulelo Dassie |url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/florence-matomela-nombulelo-dassie.html |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=fineartamerica.com}}</ref> An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin shekara guda da Nomabaso Bedeshe ya shirya a gidan kayan tarihi na Red Location yana girmama Florence Matomela, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Veronica Sobukwe, Lilian Diedricks da Nosipho Dastile. Baje kolin ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma hotunan matan biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of anti-apartheid struggle on show at Red Location Museum |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-herald-south-africa/20101221/281651071532217 |access-date=4 December 2017 |via=PressReader}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2a7ded00483d943b8800fa40c7a3fa19/E-Cape-honours-five-struggle-heroines--20110907/ Labaran SABC] * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/the-algoa-sun/2014/01/25/tribute-to-women-warriors/ The Herald Live] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nmbt.co.za/arts__culture_port_elizabeth.html/ Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism] * [http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/NewsView.aspx?ID=1481/ Gwamnatin Nelson Mandela Bay] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] pwf60mj2o1rtx3j0qa35f6r5zgq48mh 647553 647552 2025-06-26T12:17:28Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647553 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nosipho Dastile''' (1938–2009) 'yar Afrika ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙaramin garin Uitenhage, kusa da [[Port Elizabeth]], lardin Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. An zaɓe ta kansila a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar karamar hukumar Uitenhage ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1999.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nosipho Dastile a shekara ta 1938 a Uitenhage, inda ta yi karatun karamar sakandare. Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka a yankin Uitenhage, musamman mai da hankali kan ilimi. Wani ɓangare na aikinta na al'umma shi ne ta ba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Makarantar Mishan ta Roman Katolika sannan ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Little Flower, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malama na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da fafutukar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan da aka kafa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin tsarin mulkin siyasa a hukumance, ta shiga siyasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) a Uitenhage. Yunkurin siyasarta ya ƙaru daga karfi zuwa karfi kuma a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ɗakin taro na Uitenhage, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Uitenhage.<ref name=":0">''Red Location'' Museum Staff [Accessed 3 August 2017]</ref> [[Fayil:Uitenhage_Victoria_Tower,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Uitenhage Victoria Tower, Afirka ta Kudu]] == Rayuwar Siyasa == Ba da jimawa ba bayan dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa da masu fafutukar 'yanci da suka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka zama yunkurin 'yanci a shekarar 1990, an zabi Nosipho a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) na yankin Uitenhage. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na fafutuka da yi wa jama'a da al'ummar Uitenhage hidima kuma a shekarar 1994 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila ta farko a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar ƙaramar hukumar riƙon kwarya ta Uitenhage ta dimokuraɗiyya na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa 1999. Bayan haka, ta ɗauki lokaci daga harkokin siyasa saboda rashin lafiya amma ta ci gaba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Ruth Dano creche a Uitenhage. Ta rasu a watan Mayun 2009 tana da shekaru 71 a duniya. An yi jana'izar ta cikin lumana a tsakanin jama'arta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun 2009 a makabartar Kwanobuhle tare da halartar manyan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC . == Girmamawa == Ofisoshin yanki na ANC a Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape ana kiran su Florence Matomela House. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence-matomela-house |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/tag/florence-matomela-house/ |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=www.heraldlive.co.za}}</ref> Mawallafin Nombulelo Dassie ya ƙirƙiri wani sassaka na Florence Matomela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Matomela by Nombulelo Dassie |url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/florence-matomela-nombulelo-dassie.html |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=fineartamerica.com}}</ref> An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin shekara guda da Nomabaso Bedeshe ya shirya a gidan kayan tarihi na Red Location yana girmama Florence Matomela, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Veronica Sobukwe, Lilian Diedricks da Nosipho Dastile. Baje kolin ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma hotunan matan biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of anti-apartheid struggle on show at Red Location Museum |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-herald-south-africa/20101221/281651071532217 |access-date=4 December 2017 |via=PressReader}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2a7ded00483d943b8800fa40c7a3fa19/E-Cape-honours-five-struggle-heroines--20110907/ Labaran SABC] * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/the-algoa-sun/2014/01/25/tribute-to-women-warriors/ The Herald Live] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nmbt.co.za/arts__culture_port_elizabeth.html/ Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism] * [http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/NewsView.aspx?ID=1481/ Gwamnatin Nelson Mandela Bay] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 5l6bgyyczlp2dlvsdp18o4fyvlhipnt 647554 647553 2025-06-26T12:18:06Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Rayuwar Siyasa */ 647554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nosipho Dastile''' (1938–2009) 'yar Afrika ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙaramin garin Uitenhage, kusa da [[Port Elizabeth]], lardin Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. An zaɓe ta kansila a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar karamar hukumar Uitenhage ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1999.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nosipho Dastile a shekara ta 1938 a Uitenhage, inda ta yi karatun karamar sakandare. Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka a yankin Uitenhage, musamman mai da hankali kan ilimi. Wani ɓangare na aikinta na al'umma shi ne ta ba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Makarantar Mishan ta Roman Katolika sannan ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Little Flower, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malama na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da fafutukar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan da aka kafa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin tsarin mulkin siyasa a hukumance, ta shiga siyasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) a Uitenhage. Yunkurin siyasarta ya ƙaru daga karfi zuwa karfi kuma a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ɗakin taro na Uitenhage, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Uitenhage.<ref name=":0">''Red Location'' Museum Staff [Accessed 3 August 2017]</ref> [[Fayil:Uitenhage_Victoria_Tower,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Uitenhage Victoria Tower, Afirka ta Kudu]] == Rayuwar Siyasa == Ba da jimawa ba bayan dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa da masu fafutukar 'yanci da suka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka zama yunkurin 'yanci a shekarar 1990, an zabi Nosipho a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) na yankin Uitenhage. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na fafutuka da yi wa jama'a da al'ummar Uitenhage hidima kuma a shekarar 1994 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila ta farko a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar ƙaramar hukumar riƙon kwarya ta Uitenhage ta dimokuraɗiyya na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa 1999. Bayan haka, ta ɗauki lokaci daga harkokin siyasa saboda rashin lafiya amma ta ci gaba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Ruth Dano creche a Uitenhage. Ta rasu a watan Mayun 2009 tana da shekaru 71 a duniya. An yi jana'izar ta cikin lumana a tsakanin jama'arta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun 2009 a makabartar Kwanobuhle tare da halartar manyan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC.<ref>Msila, V. (2014) ''A Place to Live: Red Location and its history from 1903 to 2013''. Sun Media Metro.</ref> == Girmamawa == Ofisoshin yanki na ANC a Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape ana kiran su Florence Matomela House. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence-matomela-house |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/tag/florence-matomela-house/ |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=www.heraldlive.co.za}}</ref> Mawallafin Nombulelo Dassie ya ƙirƙiri wani sassaka na Florence Matomela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Matomela by Nombulelo Dassie |url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/florence-matomela-nombulelo-dassie.html |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=fineartamerica.com}}</ref> An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin shekara guda da Nomabaso Bedeshe ya shirya a gidan kayan tarihi na Red Location yana girmama Florence Matomela, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Veronica Sobukwe, Lilian Diedricks da Nosipho Dastile. Baje kolin ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma hotunan matan biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of anti-apartheid struggle on show at Red Location Museum |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-herald-south-africa/20101221/281651071532217 |access-date=4 December 2017 |via=PressReader}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2a7ded00483d943b8800fa40c7a3fa19/E-Cape-honours-five-struggle-heroines--20110907/ Labaran SABC] * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/the-algoa-sun/2014/01/25/tribute-to-women-warriors/ The Herald Live] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nmbt.co.za/arts__culture_port_elizabeth.html/ Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism] * [http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/NewsView.aspx?ID=1481/ Gwamnatin Nelson Mandela Bay] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 6obtt1trzeyx17q0pmm9l4sva94sv8u 647555 647554 2025-06-26T12:19:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nosipho Dastile''' (1938–2009) 'yar Afrika ta Kudu ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙaramin garin Uitenhage, kusa da [[Port Elizabeth]], lardin Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. An zaɓe ta kansila a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar karamar hukumar Uitenhage ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1999.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Nosipho Dastile a shekara ta 1938 a Uitenhage, inda ta yi karatun karamar sakandare. Bayan ta kammala karatun ta, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka a yankin Uitenhage, musamman mai da hankali kan ilimi. Wani ɓangare na aikinta na al'umma shi ne ta ba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Makarantar Mishan ta Roman Katolika sannan ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Little Flower, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin malama na cikakken lokaci. A lokacin da ake ci gaba da fafutukar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan da aka kafa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin tsarin mulkin siyasa a hukumance, ta shiga siyasa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) a Uitenhage. Yunkurin siyasarta ya ƙaru daga karfi zuwa karfi kuma a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ɗakin taro na Uitenhage, an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta Uitenhage.<ref name=":0">''Red Location'' Museum Staff [Accessed 3 August 2017]</ref> [[Fayil:Uitenhage_Victoria_Tower,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Uitenhage Victoria Tower, Afirka ta Kudu]] == Rayuwar Siyasa == Ba da jimawa ba bayan dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa da masu fafutukar 'yanci da suka yi gudun hijira waɗanda suka zama yunkurin 'yanci a shekarar 1990, an zabi Nosipho a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) na yankin Uitenhage. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na fafutuka da yi wa jama'a da al'ummar Uitenhage hidima kuma a shekarar 1994 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila ta farko a ƙarƙashin tutar sabuwar ƙaramar hukumar riƙon kwarya ta Uitenhage ta dimokuraɗiyya na tsawon shekaru biyar har zuwa 1999. Bayan haka, ta ɗauki lokaci daga harkokin siyasa saboda rashin lafiya amma ta ci gaba da aikin sa kai a matsayin malama a Ruth Dano creche a Uitenhage. Ta rasu a watan Mayun 2009 tana da shekaru 71 a duniya. An yi jana'izar ta cikin lumana a tsakanin jama'arta a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun 2009 a makabartar Kwanobuhle tare da halartar manyan jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC.<ref>Msila, V. (2014) ''A Place to Live: Red Location and its history from 1903 to 2013''. Sun Media Metro.</ref> == Girmamawa == Ofisoshin yanki na ANC a Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape ana kiran su Florence Matomela House. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence-matomela-house |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/tag/florence-matomela-house/ |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=www.heraldlive.co.za}}</ref> Mawallafin Nombulelo Dassie ya ƙirƙiri wani sassaka na Florence Matomela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Florence Matomela by Nombulelo Dassie |url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/florence-matomela-nombulelo-dassie.html |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=fineartamerica.com}}</ref> An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin shekara guda da Nomabaso Bedeshe ya shirya a gidan kayan tarihi na Red Location yana girmama Florence Matomela, Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Veronica Sobukwe, Lilian Diedricks da Nosipho Dastile. Baje kolin ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma hotunan matan biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story of anti-apartheid struggle on show at Red Location Museum |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-herald-south-africa/20101221/281651071532217 |access-date=4 December 2017 |via=PressReader}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/2a7ded00483d943b8800fa40c7a3fa19/E-Cape-honours-five-struggle-heroines--20110907/ Labaran SABC] * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/the-algoa-sun/2014/01/25/tribute-to-women-warriors/ The Herald Live] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.nmbt.co.za/arts__culture_port_elizabeth.html/ Nelson Mandela Bay Tourism] * [http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/NewsView.aspx?ID=1481/ Gwamnatin Nelson Mandela Bay] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 14b7nc0bm38snunl201jtb66q0izu6c 0 103159 647556 2025-06-26T12:20:04Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292755916|Terrafrica partnership]]" 647556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haɗin gwiwar TerrAfrica''' shiri ne na dalar Amurka biliyan 4, yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekaru 12 wanda [[Tarayyar Afrika|ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Bankin Duniya]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, da gwamnatocin Afirka na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ke tallafawa, da nufin yaƙi da halin da ake ciki yanzu, da kuma hana kwararowar hamada a nan gaba da sauran gurɓacewar ƙasa a [[Afirka]] ta hanyar kula da ƙasa mai dorewa (SLM). Ya fara Oktoba 2005. == Shiga & Haɗin kai == === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya ya ba da tallafi ga wannan shiri ta hanyar samar da Asusun Bayar da Tallafi na TerrAfrica (TLF), wanda ya ayyana karin kudade ga sassan aikin gona na gwamnatocin kasashe ta yadda za su iya saka hannun jari a fannin fasaha don ba da taimako wajen sauye-sauyen ayyukan filaye masu dorewa da kuma hanzarta aiwatar da ayyukan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Summary report of the TerrAfrica leveraging fund : submitted at the 9th meeting of the TerrAfrica executive committee meeting (English). |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/710201468111861417/summary-report-of-the-terrafrica-leveraging-fund-submitted-at-the-9th-meeting-of-the-terrafrica-executive-committee-meeting |website=The World Bank}}</ref> TLF ta ba da kuɗin gudanar da tarurrukan yanki tsakanin ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa don raba ilimin ayyuka masu ɗorewa tare da juna kuma ta dauki nauyin shigar da ayyukan ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin manufofin sauyin yanayi na yanki na ƙasashe membobin. <ref name=":0" /> Ya zuwa yanzu, TLF ta samar da dala miliyan 11.3 don cimma muradun shirin na TerrAfrica, wanda hakan ya sa aka zuba jarin dala biliyan 2 a ayyukan kula da filaye mai dorewa a kasashen abokan hulda. <ref name=":0" /> === Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma === Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta ba da tallafi ga aikin ta hanyar yin bincike mai zurfi game da ayyukan noma mai ɗorewa, da taimaka wa gwamnatocin yankuna wajen yin zaɓin SLM waɗanda ke yin amfani da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Taimakon na FAO ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da kudade don wadata manoman Afirka da ingantattun fasahohi don kara inganci ba tare da gurbacewar kasa ba, da kuma shirin samar da albarkatun kasa ga kananan hukumomi da na kasa. == Gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa == === Muhimmanci === Canji zuwa ayyukan SLM a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na da matukar muhimmanci saboda dogaro da fannin noma a tattalin arzikin yankin da kuma kasala na kasashen Afirka ga gurbacewar yanayi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Busby |first=Joshua W. |last2=Smith |first2=Todd G. |last3=White |first3=Kaiba L. |last4=Strange |first4=Shawn M. |date=2013 |title=Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480622?searchText=%22africa%22+and+%22climate+vulnerability%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522africa%2522+and+%2522climate+vulnerability%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:6d0c1ef3f92e350125620091e899dbb5&seq=11 |journal=International Security |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=132–172 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref> Wannan raunin yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaitawa, amma ayyukan SLM suna haɓaka juriyar waɗannan tattalin arziƙin Afirka a kan tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin da ke tasowa daga ci gaba da lalata yanayin muhalli. <ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan SLM suna amfanar ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara ta fuskoki 3 - ta fuskar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Sustainable Land Management in Practice: Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://wocat.net/documents/82/SLM_in_Practice_E_Final_low.pdf |website=WOCAT}}</ref> Ta fuskar muhalli, waɗannan ayyukan suna mayar da girman kwararowar hamada da kuma taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasar noma. <ref name=":3" /> A zamantakewa, SLM yana kare rayuwar miliyoyin al'umma da suka dogara da noma don rayuwa, yana ƙarfafa samar da abinci a yankin. <ref name=":3" /> Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, saka hannun jari a ayyukan SLM yana hana asarar samar da kayayyaki kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka manyan ayyukan noma, haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3" /> === Aiwatarwa === Ayyukan SLM da aka aiwatar sun haɗa da aikin gonaki, sarrafa ruwa, da jujjuya amfanin gona. Agroforestry ya ƙunshi dasa bishiyoyi kusa da amfanin gona don taimakawa a zahiri don kariya daga fari saboda babban tushen bishiyar da ke ba amfanin gonaki da ƙarin ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki daga ƙasa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Quandt |first=Amy |last2=Neufeldt |first2=Henry |last3=McCabe |first3=J. Terrence |date=2017 |title=The role of agroforestry in building livelihood resilience to floods and drought in semiarid Kenya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270151?searchText=%22agroforestry%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522agroforestry%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:719f1a207a93b4ee356d13e1672c766d&seq=8 |journal=Ecology and Society |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1708-3087}}</ref> Agroforestry yana tallafawa kula da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda rawar da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin tarko ruwa don adanawa da sakewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa. <ref name=":4" /> Wani ci gaba mai dorewa na aikin ruwa da TerrAfrica ke haɓakawa shine ƙarami na ban ruwa, wanda ke fuskantar ƙarancin hukumomi da cikas fiye da manyan tsarin ban ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, sassaucinsa yana ba da ƙarfafawa ga kowane manoma don aiwatarwa. Aiwatar da hanyoyin ruwa mai ɗorewa ya zama dole sakamakon buƙatun da ake samu daga yawan jama'ar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. <ref name=":5" /> Aikin na TerrAfrica na inganta dabarun noma mai ɗorewa kamar jujjuyawar amfanin gona da haɗa juna don ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kuma hana halaka daga kwari da ciyawa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Liebman |first=Matt |last2=Dyck |first2=Elizabeth |date=1993 |title=Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1941795?searchText=%22crop+rotation%22+and+%22africa%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522crop+rotation%2522+and+%2522africa%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:5c7f4272e379cce16f26e270f76f82aa&seq=2 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=92–122 |doi=10.2307/1941795 |issn=1051-0761 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Juyewar amfanin gona ya haɗa da shuka nau'ikan amfanin gona daban-daban tare a cikin gonaki ɗaya sabanin tsarin iri ɗaya - dasa nau'in amfanin gona iri ɗaya kawai a ƙasa ɗaya. <ref name=":6" /> Juyin amfanin gona yana aiki azaman nau'in kwaro da sarrafa ciyawa, kuma yana rage dogaron amfanin gona a wuri ɗaya na ƙasa, yana ba da damar ci gaba da dasa shuki da girbi. <ref name=":6" /> Intercropping yana nufin al'adar shuka amfanin gona biyu kusa da juna a cikin gona, wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka haɓakar ƙasa da kuma hana ɓarna. <ref name=":6" /> == Sakamako == === Tasirin yanki === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na TerrAfrica ya haifar da ƙirƙirar shirin saka hannun jari na Strategic (SIP), wanda ya ba da ƙarin saka hannun jari na kusan dala miliyan 150 don gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership makes strides in promoting sustainable land management in Africa |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/Partnership-makes-strides-in-promoting-sustainable-land-management-in-Africa/en |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> Sakamako mai kyau daga haɗin gwiwar TerrAfrica sun haɗa da ɗaukar ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a matakin ƙasa a yawancin ƙasashe membobin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=National Policy to support Landscape Management in Africa {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://www.nepad.org/publication/national-policy-support-landscape-management-africa |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.nepad.org}}</ref> Misali, tallafin da bankin duniya ya samu ya baiwa Habasha damar bin dabarun raya magudanar ruwa a matakin kasa. <ref name=":7" /> Bugu da kari, gwamnatin kasar Rwanda ta aiwatar da ayyukan noma da gandun daji a matakin kasa, inda ta nuna shekarar 2035 a matsayin ranar da aka yi niyya don farfado da yanayin muhalli da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa a lokaci guda. <ref name=":7" /> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.terrafrica.org/ Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191600/http://www.nepad.org/foodsecurity/terrafrica NEPAD shafi na TerrAfrica] 9sluahl5007mzybxnqn8n13xa7fgp35 647557 647556 2025-06-26T12:20:22Z Sirjat 20447 647557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haɗin gwiwar TerrAfrica''' shiri ne na dalar Amurka biliyan 4, yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekaru 12 wanda [[Tarayyar Afrika|ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Bankin Duniya]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, da gwamnatocin Afirka na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ke tallafawa, da nufin yaƙi da halin da ake ciki yanzu, da kuma hana kwararowar hamada a nan gaba da sauran gurɓacewar ƙasa a [[Afirka]] ta hanyar kula da ƙasa mai dorewa (SLM). Ya fara Oktoba 2005. == Shiga & Haɗin kai == === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya ya ba da tallafi ga wannan shiri ta hanyar samar da Asusun Bayar da Tallafi na TerrAfrica (TLF), wanda ya ayyana karin kudade ga sassan aikin gona na gwamnatocin kasashe ta yadda za su iya saka hannun jari a fannin fasaha don ba da taimako wajen sauye-sauyen ayyukan filaye masu dorewa da kuma hanzarta aiwatar da ayyukan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Summary report of the TerrAfrica leveraging fund : submitted at the 9th meeting of the TerrAfrica executive committee meeting (English). |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/710201468111861417/summary-report-of-the-terrafrica-leveraging-fund-submitted-at-the-9th-meeting-of-the-terrafrica-executive-committee-meeting |website=The World Bank}}</ref> TLF ta ba da kuɗin gudanar da tarurrukan yanki tsakanin ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa don raba ilimin ayyuka masu ɗorewa tare da juna kuma ta dauki nauyin shigar da ayyukan ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin manufofin sauyin yanayi na yanki na ƙasashe membobin. <ref name=":0" /> Ya zuwa yanzu, TLF ta samar da dala miliyan 11.3 don cimma muradun shirin na TerrAfrica, wanda hakan ya sa aka zuba jarin dala biliyan 2 a ayyukan kula da filaye mai dorewa a kasashen abokan hulda. <ref name=":0" /> === Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma === Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta ba da tallafi ga aikin ta hanyar yin bincike mai zurfi game da ayyukan noma mai ɗorewa, da taimaka wa gwamnatocin yankuna wajen yin zaɓin SLM waɗanda ke yin amfani da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Taimakon na FAO ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da kudade don wadata manoman Afirka da ingantattun fasahohi don kara inganci ba tare da gurbacewar kasa ba, da kuma shirin samar da albarkatun kasa ga kananan hukumomi da na kasa. == Gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa == === Muhimmanci === Canji zuwa ayyukan SLM a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na da matukar muhimmanci saboda dogaro da fannin noma a tattalin arzikin yankin da kuma kasala na kasashen Afirka ga gurbacewar yanayi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Busby |first=Joshua W. |last2=Smith |first2=Todd G. |last3=White |first3=Kaiba L. |last4=Strange |first4=Shawn M. |date=2013 |title=Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480622?searchText=%22africa%22+and+%22climate+vulnerability%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522africa%2522+and+%2522climate+vulnerability%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:6d0c1ef3f92e350125620091e899dbb5&seq=11 |journal=International Security |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=132–172 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref> Wannan raunin yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaitawa, amma ayyukan SLM suna haɓaka juriyar waɗannan tattalin arziƙin Afirka a kan tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin da ke tasowa daga ci gaba da lalata yanayin muhalli. <ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan SLM suna amfanar ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara ta fuskoki 3 - ta fuskar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Sustainable Land Management in Practice: Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://wocat.net/documents/82/SLM_in_Practice_E_Final_low.pdf |website=WOCAT}}</ref> Ta fuskar muhalli, waɗannan ayyukan suna mayar da girman kwararowar hamada da kuma taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasar noma. <ref name=":3" /> A zamantakewa, SLM yana kare rayuwar miliyoyin al'umma da suka dogara da noma don rayuwa, yana ƙarfafa samar da abinci a yankin. <ref name=":3" /> Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, saka hannun jari a ayyukan SLM yana hana asarar samar da kayayyaki kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka manyan ayyukan noma, haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3" /> === Aiwatarwa === Ayyukan SLM da aka aiwatar sun haɗa da aikin gonaki, sarrafa ruwa, da jujjuya amfanin gona. Agroforestry ya ƙunshi dasa bishiyoyi kusa da amfanin gona don taimakawa a zahiri don kariya daga fari saboda babban tushen bishiyar da ke ba amfanin gonaki da ƙarin ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki daga ƙasa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Quandt |first=Amy |last2=Neufeldt |first2=Henry |last3=McCabe |first3=J. Terrence |date=2017 |title=The role of agroforestry in building livelihood resilience to floods and drought in semiarid Kenya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270151?searchText=%22agroforestry%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522agroforestry%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:719f1a207a93b4ee356d13e1672c766d&seq=8 |journal=Ecology and Society |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1708-3087}}</ref> Agroforestry yana tallafawa kula da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda rawar da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin tarko ruwa don adanawa da sakewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa. <ref name=":4" /> Wani ci gaba mai dorewa na aikin ruwa da TerrAfrica ke haɓakawa shine ƙarami na ban ruwa, wanda ke fuskantar ƙarancin hukumomi da cikas fiye da manyan tsarin ban ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, sassaucinsa yana ba da ƙarfafawa ga kowane manoma don aiwatarwa. Aiwatar da hanyoyin ruwa mai ɗorewa ya zama dole sakamakon buƙatun da ake samu daga yawan jama'ar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. <ref name=":5" /> Aikin na TerrAfrica na inganta dabarun noma mai ɗorewa kamar jujjuyawar amfanin gona da haɗa juna don ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kuma hana halaka daga kwari da ciyawa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Liebman |first=Matt |last2=Dyck |first2=Elizabeth |date=1993 |title=Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1941795?searchText=%22crop+rotation%22+and+%22africa%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522crop+rotation%2522+and+%2522africa%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:5c7f4272e379cce16f26e270f76f82aa&seq=2 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=92–122 |doi=10.2307/1941795 |issn=1051-0761 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Juyewar amfanin gona ya haɗa da shuka nau'ikan amfanin gona daban-daban tare a cikin gonaki ɗaya sabanin tsarin iri ɗaya - dasa nau'in amfanin gona iri ɗaya kawai a ƙasa ɗaya. <ref name=":6" /> Juyin amfanin gona yana aiki azaman nau'in kwaro da sarrafa ciyawa, kuma yana rage dogaron amfanin gona a wuri ɗaya na ƙasa, yana ba da damar ci gaba da dasa shuki da girbi. <ref name=":6" /> Intercropping yana nufin al'adar shuka amfanin gona biyu kusa da juna a cikin gona, wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka haɓakar ƙasa da kuma hana ɓarna. <ref name=":6" /> == Sakamako == === Tasirin yanki === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na TerrAfrica ya haifar da ƙirƙirar shirin saka hannun jari na Strategic (SIP), wanda ya ba da ƙarin saka hannun jari na kusan dala miliyan 150 don gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership makes strides in promoting sustainable land management in Africa |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/Partnership-makes-strides-in-promoting-sustainable-land-management-in-Africa/en |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> Sakamako mai kyau daga haɗin gwiwar TerrAfrica sun haɗa da ɗaukar ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a matakin ƙasa a yawancin ƙasashe membobin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=National Policy to support Landscape Management in Africa {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://www.nepad.org/publication/national-policy-support-landscape-management-africa |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.nepad.org}}</ref> Misali, tallafin da bankin duniya ya samu ya baiwa Habasha damar bin dabarun raya magudanar ruwa a matakin kasa. <ref name=":7" /> Bugu da kari, gwamnatin kasar Rwanda ta aiwatar da ayyukan noma da gandun daji a matakin kasa, inda ta nuna shekarar 2035 a matsayin ranar da aka yi niyya don farfado da yanayin muhalli da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa a lokaci guda. <ref name=":7" /> == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.terrafrica.org/ Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191600/http://www.nepad.org/foodsecurity/terrafrica NEPAD shafi na TerrAfrica] 53a58m746hwe7fowvl39t1yudxityi0 647558 647557 2025-06-26T12:20:37Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nassoshi */ 647558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haɗin gwiwar TerrAfrica''' shiri ne na dalar Amurka biliyan 4, yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekaru 12 wanda [[Tarayyar Afrika|ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]], [[Bankin Duniya]], [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, da gwamnatocin Afirka na yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ke tallafawa, da nufin yaƙi da halin da ake ciki yanzu, da kuma hana kwararowar hamada a nan gaba da sauran gurɓacewar ƙasa a [[Afirka]] ta hanyar kula da ƙasa mai dorewa (SLM). Ya fara Oktoba 2005. == Shiga & Haɗin kai == === Bankin Duniya === Bankin Duniya ya ba da tallafi ga wannan shiri ta hanyar samar da Asusun Bayar da Tallafi na TerrAfrica (TLF), wanda ya ayyana karin kudade ga sassan aikin gona na gwamnatocin kasashe ta yadda za su iya saka hannun jari a fannin fasaha don ba da taimako wajen sauye-sauyen ayyukan filaye masu dorewa da kuma hanzarta aiwatar da ayyukan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Summary report of the TerrAfrica leveraging fund : submitted at the 9th meeting of the TerrAfrica executive committee meeting (English). |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/710201468111861417/summary-report-of-the-terrafrica-leveraging-fund-submitted-at-the-9th-meeting-of-the-terrafrica-executive-committee-meeting |website=The World Bank}}</ref> TLF ta ba da kuɗin gudanar da tarurrukan yanki tsakanin ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa don raba ilimin ayyuka masu ɗorewa tare da juna kuma ta dauki nauyin shigar da ayyukan ƙasa mai dorewa a cikin manufofin sauyin yanayi na yanki na ƙasashe membobin. <ref name=":0" /> Ya zuwa yanzu, TLF ta samar da dala miliyan 11.3 don cimma muradun shirin na TerrAfrica, wanda hakan ya sa aka zuba jarin dala biliyan 2 a ayyukan kula da filaye mai dorewa a kasashen abokan hulda. <ref name=":0" /> === Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Noma === Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta ba da tallafi ga aikin ta hanyar yin bincike mai zurfi game da ayyukan noma mai ɗorewa, da taimaka wa gwamnatocin yankuna wajen yin zaɓin SLM waɗanda ke yin amfani da su ta hanyar da ta dace. Taimakon na FAO ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da kudade don wadata manoman Afirka da ingantattun fasahohi don kara inganci ba tare da gurbacewar kasa ba, da kuma shirin samar da albarkatun kasa ga kananan hukumomi da na kasa. == Gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa == === Muhimmanci === Canji zuwa ayyukan SLM a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na da matukar muhimmanci saboda dogaro da fannin noma a tattalin arzikin yankin da kuma kasala na kasashen Afirka ga gurbacewar yanayi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Busby |first=Joshua W. |last2=Smith |first2=Todd G. |last3=White |first3=Kaiba L. |last4=Strange |first4=Shawn M. |date=2013 |title=Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480622?searchText=%22africa%22+and+%22climate+vulnerability%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522africa%2522+and+%2522climate+vulnerability%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:6d0c1ef3f92e350125620091e899dbb5&seq=11 |journal=International Security |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=132–172 |issn=0162-2889}}</ref> Wannan raunin yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaitawa, amma ayyukan SLM suna haɓaka juriyar waɗannan tattalin arziƙin Afirka a kan tabarbarewar tattalin arziƙin da ke tasowa daga ci gaba da lalata yanayin muhalli. <ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan SLM suna amfanar ƙasashen Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara ta fuskoki 3 - ta fuskar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Sustainable Land Management in Practice: Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://wocat.net/documents/82/SLM_in_Practice_E_Final_low.pdf |website=WOCAT}}</ref> Ta fuskar muhalli, waɗannan ayyukan suna mayar da girman kwararowar hamada da kuma taimakawa wajen dawo da ƙasar noma. <ref name=":3" /> A zamantakewa, SLM yana kare rayuwar miliyoyin al'umma da suka dogara da noma don rayuwa, yana ƙarfafa samar da abinci a yankin. <ref name=":3" /> Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, saka hannun jari a ayyukan SLM yana hana asarar samar da kayayyaki kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka manyan ayyukan noma, haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki. <ref name=":3" /> === Aiwatarwa === Ayyukan SLM da aka aiwatar sun haɗa da aikin gonaki, sarrafa ruwa, da jujjuya amfanin gona. Agroforestry ya ƙunshi dasa bishiyoyi kusa da amfanin gona don taimakawa a zahiri don kariya daga fari saboda babban tushen bishiyar da ke ba amfanin gonaki da ƙarin ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki daga ƙasa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Quandt |first=Amy |last2=Neufeldt |first2=Henry |last3=McCabe |first3=J. Terrence |date=2017 |title=The role of agroforestry in building livelihood resilience to floods and drought in semiarid Kenya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270151?searchText=%22agroforestry%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522agroforestry%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:719f1a207a93b4ee356d13e1672c766d&seq=8 |journal=Ecology and Society |volume=22 |issue=3 |issn=1708-3087}}</ref> Agroforestry yana tallafawa kula da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda rawar da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin tarko ruwa don adanawa da sakewa a matsayin magudanar ruwa. <ref name=":4" /> Wani ci gaba mai dorewa na aikin ruwa da TerrAfrica ke haɓakawa shine ƙarami na ban ruwa, wanda ke fuskantar ƙarancin hukumomi da cikas fiye da manyan tsarin ban ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, sassaucinsa yana ba da ƙarfafawa ga kowane manoma don aiwatarwa. Aiwatar da hanyoyin ruwa mai ɗorewa ya zama dole sakamakon buƙatun da ake samu daga yawan jama'ar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. <ref name=":5" /> Aikin na TerrAfrica na inganta dabarun noma mai ɗorewa kamar jujjuyawar amfanin gona da haɗa juna don ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kuma hana halaka daga kwari da ciyawa. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Liebman |first=Matt |last2=Dyck |first2=Elizabeth |date=1993 |title=Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1941795?searchText=%22crop+rotation%22+and+%22africa%22&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2522crop+rotation%2522+and+%2522africa%2522&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_phrase_search/control&refreqid=fastly-default:5c7f4272e379cce16f26e270f76f82aa&seq=2 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=92–122 |doi=10.2307/1941795 |issn=1051-0761 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Juyewar amfanin gona ya haɗa da shuka nau'ikan amfanin gona daban-daban tare a cikin gonaki ɗaya sabanin tsarin iri ɗaya - dasa nau'in amfanin gona iri ɗaya kawai a ƙasa ɗaya. <ref name=":6" /> Juyin amfanin gona yana aiki azaman nau'in kwaro da sarrafa ciyawa, kuma yana rage dogaron amfanin gona a wuri ɗaya na ƙasa, yana ba da damar ci gaba da dasa shuki da girbi. <ref name=":6" /> Intercropping yana nufin al'adar shuka amfanin gona biyu kusa da juna a cikin gona, wanda ke taimakawa haɓaka haɓakar ƙasa da kuma hana ɓarna. <ref name=":6" /> == Sakamako == === Tasirin yanki === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na TerrAfrica ya haifar da ƙirƙirar shirin saka hannun jari na Strategic (SIP), wanda ya ba da ƙarin saka hannun jari na kusan dala miliyan 150 don gudanar da ƙasa mai dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership makes strides in promoting sustainable land management in Africa |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/Partnership-makes-strides-in-promoting-sustainable-land-management-in-Africa/en |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> Sakamako mai kyau daga haɗin gwiwar TerrAfrica sun haɗa da ɗaukar ayyukan kula da ƙasa mai dorewa a matakin ƙasa a yawancin ƙasashe membobin. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=National Policy to support Landscape Management in Africa {{!}} AUDA-NEPAD |url=https://www.nepad.org/publication/national-policy-support-landscape-management-africa |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.nepad.org}}</ref> Misali, tallafin da bankin duniya ya samu ya baiwa Habasha damar bin dabarun raya magudanar ruwa a matakin kasa. <ref name=":7" /> Bugu da kari, gwamnatin kasar Rwanda ta aiwatar da ayyukan noma da gandun daji a matakin kasa, inda ta nuna shekarar 2035 a matsayin ranar da aka yi niyya don farfado da yanayin muhalli da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa a lokaci guda. <ref name=":7" /> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.terrafrica.org/ Afirka ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191600/http://www.nepad.org/foodsecurity/terrafrica NEPAD shafi na TerrAfrica] h3tuo939qd85w0bzag15v1w58qtwgfk 0 103160 647561 2025-06-26T12:32:25Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279238532|African Peer Review Mechanism]]" 647561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Bita na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka''' ( '''APRM''' ) kayan aiki ne da aka amince da juna da son rai da ƙasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) suka amince da su a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan kai. Kwamitin aiwatarwa na [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] na jihohi da gwamnatoci (HSGIC) a Abuja, Nigeria (NEPAD/HSGIC/03-2003/APRM/MOU (9 Maris 2003), Majalisar Decision 198 (XI), Decision 527 (XXIII) Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1-4(XI); APRM wani dandali ne na Afirka da na Afirka don kimanta kai, koyo-ƙwararru, da raba gogewa a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci, tare da cikakken mutunta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam, bin doka, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Afirka; == Manufa == Manufar APRM ita ce ta ƙarfafa daidaito dangane da manufofin [[siyasa]], tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni, ka'idoji da ka'idoji, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin tare da tabbatar da sa ido da kimanta [[Agenda 2063|ajandar AU 2063]] da SDGs 2030 . [[Fayil:APRM_CEO_with_Staff_of_the_APRM.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Ma'aikatan APRM tare da Shugaba Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] Manufar APRM ita ce tabbatar da cewa manufofi da ayyuka na ƙasashe membobin da ke shiga sun dace da ƙa'idodin siyasa, tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni da aka amince da su, ka'idoji da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin sanarwar Tarayyar Afirka kan Dimokuradiyya, Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwar kamfanoni. A matsayin kayan aikin sa ido na son rai, APRM tana haɓaka ɗaukar manufofi, ƙa'idodi da ayyuka waɗanda ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, haɓakar tattalin arziƙi mai ƙarfi, ci gaba mai dorewa da haɓaka haɗin kan tattalin arzikin yanki da nahiya ta hanyar raba abubuwan gogewa da mafi kyawun ayyuka, gami da gano gazawa da kimanta buƙatun haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. == Fadada Manufa == A shekarar 2018, yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na AU karo na 28, kungiyar APR ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin sun yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin mulkin APRM. Wannan faɗaɗa ya haɗa da sa ido da sa ido kan manyan tsare-tsaren gudanar da mulki a faɗin nahiyar. Bugu da kari, Majalisar AU ta kara fadada ayyukan kungiyar ta APRM domin hada ido da aiwatar da ajandar kungiyar tarayyar Afrika 2063. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ƙungiya ! Injiniyan Bitar Takwarorin Afirka (APRM) ! |- | An kafa | 9 Maris 2003 | |- | Iyaye | Tarayyar Afirka | |- | Jimillar Jihohin Membobi | 44 | |- | Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa | Ambassador Marie Antoinette Rose Quarte | |- | Shugaban Dandalin APR (2024-2026) | Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Shugaban Jamhuriyyar Dimokaradiyyar Aljeriya | |- | Yanar Gizo | https://aprm.au.int/en | |- | Haɗa | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AfricanPeerReviewMechanism/ X (Twitter) - https://twitter.com/APRMorg/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/aprmechanism LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/african-peer-review-mechanism/ Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/aprmorg/ | |} da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa (SDGs) a matsayin wani bangare na Ajandar 2030. Wannan faɗaɗa wa'adin yana da nufin haɓaka rawar da APRM ke takawa wajen inganta shugabanci, ci gaba, da riƙon amana a ƙasashen Afirka. * Bin diddigin abubuwan da suka shafi gudanarwa na [[Agenda 2063|Ajandar 2063]] da UN SDGs 2030 * Rahoton Mulkin Afirka na Biennial ya kammala a cikin AGR2019, [https://aprm.au.int/index.php/en/documents/2022-11-15/africa-governance-report-2021 AGR2021], [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2023-07-12/africa-governance-report-2023-unconstitutional-change-government-africa AGR2023 akan UCG] . AGR2025 (tbc) * Rahoton Mulkin Kasa * Taimakawa ga [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2024-08-14/9th-africa-sovereign-credit-rating-review-2024-mid-year-outlook Membobin Ƙasashen waje a fannin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Kiredit na Ƙasashen Duniya] == Tattalin arzikin Afirka don kyakkyawan shugabanci == Kasashe membobi a cikin APRM suna gudanar da aikin sa ido a kowane bangare na mulkinsu da ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suna shiga aikin tantance kansu na dukkanin sassan gwamnati - zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a - da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula da kafofin watsa labarai. Tsarin Bita na APRM yana ba ƙasashe membobin sarari damar tattaunawa ta ƙasa akan shugabanci da alamomin zamantakewa da kuma damar samar da yarjejeniya kan hanyar ci gaba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Nau'i hudu na sake dubawa na ƙasa == 1. Bita na Tushe - za'ayi nan da nan bayan ƙasa ta zama memba na APRM 2. Bita na lokaci-lokaci kowane shekara huɗu 3. Bita da aka yi niyya - ƙasar memba ita kanta ta nema a waje da tsarin bita da aka wajabta 4. Bita da APR Forum ta ba da umarni lokacin da alamun farko na rikicin siyasa da na tattalin arziki. == Yankunan Jigogi biyar == 1. Mulkin Dimokuradiyya da Siyasa (DPG) 2. Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa (EGM) 3. Gudanar da Gudanarwa (CG) 4. Babban tushen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SED) 5. Juriyar Jiha ga Firgici da Bala'i '''Ƙa'idodin APRM waɗanda ke tabbatar da sake dubawa na APRM sun haɗa da''' (i) mallakar kasa da jagoranci; (ii) ha]in kai; (iii) ƙwarewar fasaha da (iv) 'yanci daga magudin siyasa. == Matakai guda biyar na bitar takwarorinsu == === 1. Shawarwari === Sakatariyar APR da Ƙasar da ake bita suna tuntuɓar tsarin bita da sharuddan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU). Ƙasar da ake bitarta ta ƙirƙiro wurin da za a yi hulɗa da Sakatariya tare da samar mata da dokoki masu dacewa, amincewa da yarjejeniya, kasafin kuɗi da tsare-tsaren ci gaba. Sakatariyar tana shirya takaddar tantance bayanan baya. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙasar da ake bita a kanta ta kammala tambayoyin tantance kai na APR, ta tattara bayanai daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a tare da tsara takarda da ke bayyana al'amuran ƙasar da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙasa (NPoA) tare da bayyanannun matakai da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin APRM, Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka, da wajibcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tawagar Bitar Ƙasar da aka kafa ta rubuta rahoto da ke bayyana batutuwan da za a mai da hankali a kansu yayin aikin bita. '''2.''' '''MANUFAR BINCIKE''' Ya ziyarci Ƙasar da ake bitar kuma yana yin shawarwari mai zurfi tare da gwamnati, jami'ai, jam'iyyun siyasa, 'yan majalisa, da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a (misali kafofin watsa labaru, malaman makaranta, kungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyin sana'a), da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Aikin yana ɗaukar makonni biyu da rabi zuwa uku. '''3.''' '''LABARI DA DUMINSA''' Ƙungiyar Binciken Ƙasa ta APR ta tsara rahoto kan Ƙasar da ake nazari. '''4.''' '''BINCIKEN TSARA''' yana faruwa a matakin APR Forum, ta yin amfani da rahoton kwamitin APR kan binciken da ƙungiyar ta samu. Taron APR ya tattauna waɗannan shawarwari tare da shugabannin ƙasar da aka bita. '''5.''' '''LABARI NA KARSHE''' A cikin watanni shida, bayan bitar takwarorinsu, dole ne a gabatar da Rahoton Bitar Ƙasar da aka buga a cibiyoyin yanki (Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Afirka, Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Kwamitin Aminci da Tsaro na AU, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ta Tarayyar Afirka [AU-ECOSOCC]). Daga nan sai a fitar da rahoton a bainar jama'a. == Bita na ƙarni na biyu == Manufar Bita na Ƙarni na Biyu na APRM shine a tantance ci gaban da aka samu a Mulki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi a Ƙasashen Membobi a cikin lokacin tun daga Bita na Tushen. Takamammen manufofin shine: * sake ƙarfafawa, ba da hankali da kuma samar da APRM a cikin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Membobi. * kimanta har zuwa yadda ake aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) da kuma ci gaba da dacewa da shi, a kan abin da za a gabatar da sabon NPOA tare da wasu muhimman ayyuka; * sauƙaƙe haɓakar NPOA na biyu tare da mafi girman mayar da hankali kuma bisa ga mahimman ayyuka kawai; kuma * sanya tsarin Bita na APRM ya fi dacewa da buƙatun ƴan ƙasa, mafi tsada mai tsada kuma daidai da fifiko da manufofin Ajenda 2063. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8kiqdrbtlnw8eewc1cmx0gh67rgz7v 647562 647561 2025-06-26T12:32:48Z Sirjat 20447 /* Tattalin arzikin Afirka don kyakkyawan shugabanci */ 647562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Bita na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka''' ( '''APRM''' ) kayan aiki ne da aka amince da juna da son rai da ƙasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) suka amince da su a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan kai. Kwamitin aiwatarwa na [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] na jihohi da gwamnatoci (HSGIC) a Abuja, Nigeria (NEPAD/HSGIC/03-2003/APRM/MOU (9 Maris 2003), Majalisar Decision 198 (XI), Decision 527 (XXIII) Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1-4(XI); APRM wani dandali ne na Afirka da na Afirka don kimanta kai, koyo-ƙwararru, da raba gogewa a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci, tare da cikakken mutunta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam, bin doka, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Afirka; == Manufa == Manufar APRM ita ce ta ƙarfafa daidaito dangane da manufofin [[siyasa]], tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni, ka'idoji da ka'idoji, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin tare da tabbatar da sa ido da kimanta [[Agenda 2063|ajandar AU 2063]] da SDGs 2030 . [[Fayil:APRM_CEO_with_Staff_of_the_APRM.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Ma'aikatan APRM tare da Shugaba Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] Manufar APRM ita ce tabbatar da cewa manufofi da ayyuka na ƙasashe membobin da ke shiga sun dace da ƙa'idodin siyasa, tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni da aka amince da su, ka'idoji da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin sanarwar Tarayyar Afirka kan Dimokuradiyya, Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwar kamfanoni. A matsayin kayan aikin sa ido na son rai, APRM tana haɓaka ɗaukar manufofi, ƙa'idodi da ayyuka waɗanda ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, haɓakar tattalin arziƙi mai ƙarfi, ci gaba mai dorewa da haɓaka haɗin kan tattalin arzikin yanki da nahiya ta hanyar raba abubuwan gogewa da mafi kyawun ayyuka, gami da gano gazawa da kimanta buƙatun haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. == Fadada Manufa == A shekarar 2018, yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na AU karo na 28, kungiyar APR ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin sun yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin mulkin APRM. Wannan faɗaɗa ya haɗa da sa ido da sa ido kan manyan tsare-tsaren gudanar da mulki a faɗin nahiyar. Bugu da kari, Majalisar AU ta kara fadada ayyukan kungiyar ta APRM domin hada ido da aiwatar da ajandar kungiyar tarayyar Afrika 2063. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ƙungiya ! Injiniyan Bitar Takwarorin Afirka (APRM) ! |- | An kafa | 9 Maris 2003 | |- | Iyaye | Tarayyar Afirka | |- | Jimillar Jihohin Membobi | 44 | |- | Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa | Ambassador Marie Antoinette Rose Quarte | |- | Shugaban Dandalin APR (2024-2026) | Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Shugaban Jamhuriyyar Dimokaradiyyar Aljeriya | |- | Yanar Gizo | https://aprm.au.int/en | |- | Haɗa | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AfricanPeerReviewMechanism/ X (Twitter) - https://twitter.com/APRMorg/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/aprmechanism LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/african-peer-review-mechanism/ Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/aprmorg/ | |} da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa (SDGs) a matsayin wani bangare na Ajandar 2030. Wannan faɗaɗa wa'adin yana da nufin haɓaka rawar da APRM ke takawa wajen inganta shugabanci, ci gaba, da riƙon amana a ƙasashen Afirka. * Bin diddigin abubuwan da suka shafi gudanarwa na [[Agenda 2063|Ajandar 2063]] da UN SDGs 2030 * Rahoton Mulkin Afirka na Biennial ya kammala a cikin AGR2019, [https://aprm.au.int/index.php/en/documents/2022-11-15/africa-governance-report-2021 AGR2021], [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2023-07-12/africa-governance-report-2023-unconstitutional-change-government-africa AGR2023 akan UCG] . AGR2025 (tbc) * Rahoton Mulkin Kasa * Taimakawa ga [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2024-08-14/9th-africa-sovereign-credit-rating-review-2024-mid-year-outlook Membobin Ƙasashen waje a fannin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Kiredit na Ƙasashen Duniya] == Tattalin arzikin Afirka don kyakkyawan shugabanci == Kasashe membobi a cikin APRM suna gudanar da aikin sa ido a kowane bangare na mulkinsu da ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suna shiga aikin tantance kansu na dukkanin sassan gwamnati - zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a - da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula da kafofin watsa labarai. Tsarin Bita na APRM yana ba ƙasashe membobin sarari damar tattaunawa ta ƙasa akan shugabanci da alamomin zamantakewa da kuma damar samar da yarjejeniya kan hanyar ci gaba. == Nau'i hudu na sake dubawa na ƙasa == 1. Bita na Tushe - za'ayi nan da nan bayan ƙasa ta zama memba na APRM 2. Bita na lokaci-lokaci kowane shekara huɗu 3. Bita da aka yi niyya - ƙasar memba ita kanta ta nema a waje da tsarin bita da aka wajabta 4. Bita da APR Forum ta ba da umarni lokacin da alamun farko na rikicin siyasa da na tattalin arziki. == Yankunan Jigogi biyar == 1. Mulkin Dimokuradiyya da Siyasa (DPG) 2. Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa (EGM) 3. Gudanar da Gudanarwa (CG) 4. Babban tushen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SED) 5. Juriyar Jiha ga Firgici da Bala'i '''Ƙa'idodin APRM waɗanda ke tabbatar da sake dubawa na APRM sun haɗa da''' (i) mallakar kasa da jagoranci; (ii) ha]in kai; (iii) ƙwarewar fasaha da (iv) 'yanci daga magudin siyasa. == Matakai guda biyar na bitar takwarorinsu == === 1. Shawarwari === Sakatariyar APR da Ƙasar da ake bita suna tuntuɓar tsarin bita da sharuddan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU). Ƙasar da ake bitarta ta ƙirƙiro wurin da za a yi hulɗa da Sakatariya tare da samar mata da dokoki masu dacewa, amincewa da yarjejeniya, kasafin kuɗi da tsare-tsaren ci gaba. Sakatariyar tana shirya takaddar tantance bayanan baya. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙasar da ake bita a kanta ta kammala tambayoyin tantance kai na APR, ta tattara bayanai daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a tare da tsara takarda da ke bayyana al'amuran ƙasar da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙasa (NPoA) tare da bayyanannun matakai da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin APRM, Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka, da wajibcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tawagar Bitar Ƙasar da aka kafa ta rubuta rahoto da ke bayyana batutuwan da za a mai da hankali a kansu yayin aikin bita. '''2.''' '''MANUFAR BINCIKE''' Ya ziyarci Ƙasar da ake bitar kuma yana yin shawarwari mai zurfi tare da gwamnati, jami'ai, jam'iyyun siyasa, 'yan majalisa, da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a (misali kafofin watsa labaru, malaman makaranta, kungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyin sana'a), da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Aikin yana ɗaukar makonni biyu da rabi zuwa uku. '''3.''' '''LABARI DA DUMINSA''' Ƙungiyar Binciken Ƙasa ta APR ta tsara rahoto kan Ƙasar da ake nazari. '''4.''' '''BINCIKEN TSARA''' yana faruwa a matakin APR Forum, ta yin amfani da rahoton kwamitin APR kan binciken da ƙungiyar ta samu. Taron APR ya tattauna waɗannan shawarwari tare da shugabannin ƙasar da aka bita. '''5.''' '''LABARI NA KARSHE''' A cikin watanni shida, bayan bitar takwarorinsu, dole ne a gabatar da Rahoton Bitar Ƙasar da aka buga a cibiyoyin yanki (Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Afirka, Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Kwamitin Aminci da Tsaro na AU, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ta Tarayyar Afirka [AU-ECOSOCC]). Daga nan sai a fitar da rahoton a bainar jama'a. == Bita na ƙarni na biyu == Manufar Bita na Ƙarni na Biyu na APRM shine a tantance ci gaban da aka samu a Mulki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi a Ƙasashen Membobi a cikin lokacin tun daga Bita na Tushen. Takamammen manufofin shine: * sake ƙarfafawa, ba da hankali da kuma samar da APRM a cikin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Membobi. * kimanta har zuwa yadda ake aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) da kuma ci gaba da dacewa da shi, a kan abin da za a gabatar da sabon NPOA tare da wasu muhimman ayyuka; * sauƙaƙe haɓakar NPOA na biyu tare da mafi girman mayar da hankali kuma bisa ga mahimman ayyuka kawai; kuma * sanya tsarin Bita na APRM ya fi dacewa da buƙatun ƴan ƙasa, mafi tsada mai tsada kuma daidai da fifiko da manufofin Ajenda 2063. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p7t661o65n3h6bpr6s7s50teodbx003 647563 647562 2025-06-26T12:33:51Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bita na ƙarni na biyu */ 647563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Bita na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka''' ( '''APRM''' ) kayan aiki ne da aka amince da juna da son rai da ƙasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) suka amince da su a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan kai. Kwamitin aiwatarwa na [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] na jihohi da gwamnatoci (HSGIC) a Abuja, Nigeria (NEPAD/HSGIC/03-2003/APRM/MOU (9 Maris 2003), Majalisar Decision 198 (XI), Decision 527 (XXIII) Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1-4(XI); APRM wani dandali ne na Afirka da na Afirka don kimanta kai, koyo-ƙwararru, da raba gogewa a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci, tare da cikakken mutunta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam, bin doka, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Afirka; == Manufa == Manufar APRM ita ce ta ƙarfafa daidaito dangane da manufofin [[siyasa]], tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni, ka'idoji da ka'idoji, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin tare da tabbatar da sa ido da kimanta [[Agenda 2063|ajandar AU 2063]] da SDGs 2030 . [[Fayil:APRM_CEO_with_Staff_of_the_APRM.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Ma'aikatan APRM tare da Shugaba Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] Manufar APRM ita ce tabbatar da cewa manufofi da ayyuka na ƙasashe membobin da ke shiga sun dace da ƙa'idodin siyasa, tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni da aka amince da su, ka'idoji da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin sanarwar Tarayyar Afirka kan Dimokuradiyya, Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwar kamfanoni. A matsayin kayan aikin sa ido na son rai, APRM tana haɓaka ɗaukar manufofi, ƙa'idodi da ayyuka waɗanda ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, haɓakar tattalin arziƙi mai ƙarfi, ci gaba mai dorewa da haɓaka haɗin kan tattalin arzikin yanki da nahiya ta hanyar raba abubuwan gogewa da mafi kyawun ayyuka, gami da gano gazawa da kimanta buƙatun haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. == Fadada Manufa == A shekarar 2018, yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na AU karo na 28, kungiyar APR ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin sun yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin mulkin APRM. Wannan faɗaɗa ya haɗa da sa ido da sa ido kan manyan tsare-tsaren gudanar da mulki a faɗin nahiyar. Bugu da kari, Majalisar AU ta kara fadada ayyukan kungiyar ta APRM domin hada ido da aiwatar da ajandar kungiyar tarayyar Afrika 2063. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ƙungiya ! Injiniyan Bitar Takwarorin Afirka (APRM) ! |- | An kafa | 9 Maris 2003 | |- | Iyaye | Tarayyar Afirka | |- | Jimillar Jihohin Membobi | 44 | |- | Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa | Ambassador Marie Antoinette Rose Quarte | |- | Shugaban Dandalin APR (2024-2026) | Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Shugaban Jamhuriyyar Dimokaradiyyar Aljeriya | |- | Yanar Gizo | https://aprm.au.int/en | |- | Haɗa | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AfricanPeerReviewMechanism/ X (Twitter) - https://twitter.com/APRMorg/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/aprmechanism LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/african-peer-review-mechanism/ Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/aprmorg/ | |} da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa (SDGs) a matsayin wani bangare na Ajandar 2030. Wannan faɗaɗa wa'adin yana da nufin haɓaka rawar da APRM ke takawa wajen inganta shugabanci, ci gaba, da riƙon amana a ƙasashen Afirka. * Bin diddigin abubuwan da suka shafi gudanarwa na [[Agenda 2063|Ajandar 2063]] da UN SDGs 2030 * Rahoton Mulkin Afirka na Biennial ya kammala a cikin AGR2019, [https://aprm.au.int/index.php/en/documents/2022-11-15/africa-governance-report-2021 AGR2021], [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2023-07-12/africa-governance-report-2023-unconstitutional-change-government-africa AGR2023 akan UCG] . AGR2025 (tbc) * Rahoton Mulkin Kasa * Taimakawa ga [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2024-08-14/9th-africa-sovereign-credit-rating-review-2024-mid-year-outlook Membobin Ƙasashen waje a fannin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Kiredit na Ƙasashen Duniya] == Tattalin arzikin Afirka don kyakkyawan shugabanci == Kasashe membobi a cikin APRM suna gudanar da aikin sa ido a kowane bangare na mulkinsu da ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suna shiga aikin tantance kansu na dukkanin sassan gwamnati - zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a - da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula da kafofin watsa labarai. Tsarin Bita na APRM yana ba ƙasashe membobin sarari damar tattaunawa ta ƙasa akan shugabanci da alamomin zamantakewa da kuma damar samar da yarjejeniya kan hanyar ci gaba. == Nau'i hudu na sake dubawa na ƙasa == 1. Bita na Tushe - za'ayi nan da nan bayan ƙasa ta zama memba na APRM 2. Bita na lokaci-lokaci kowane shekara huɗu 3. Bita da aka yi niyya - ƙasar memba ita kanta ta nema a waje da tsarin bita da aka wajabta 4. Bita da APR Forum ta ba da umarni lokacin da alamun farko na rikicin siyasa da na tattalin arziki. == Yankunan Jigogi biyar == 1. Mulkin Dimokuradiyya da Siyasa (DPG) 2. Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa (EGM) 3. Gudanar da Gudanarwa (CG) 4. Babban tushen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SED) 5. Juriyar Jiha ga Firgici da Bala'i '''Ƙa'idodin APRM waɗanda ke tabbatar da sake dubawa na APRM sun haɗa da''' (i) mallakar kasa da jagoranci; (ii) ha]in kai; (iii) ƙwarewar fasaha da (iv) 'yanci daga magudin siyasa. == Matakai guda biyar na bitar takwarorinsu == === 1. Shawarwari === Sakatariyar APR da Ƙasar da ake bita suna tuntuɓar tsarin bita da sharuddan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU). Ƙasar da ake bitarta ta ƙirƙiro wurin da za a yi hulɗa da Sakatariya tare da samar mata da dokoki masu dacewa, amincewa da yarjejeniya, kasafin kuɗi da tsare-tsaren ci gaba. Sakatariyar tana shirya takaddar tantance bayanan baya. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙasar da ake bita a kanta ta kammala tambayoyin tantance kai na APR, ta tattara bayanai daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a tare da tsara takarda da ke bayyana al'amuran ƙasar da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙasa (NPoA) tare da bayyanannun matakai da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin APRM, Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka, da wajibcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tawagar Bitar Ƙasar da aka kafa ta rubuta rahoto da ke bayyana batutuwan da za a mai da hankali a kansu yayin aikin bita. '''2.''' '''MANUFAR BINCIKE''' Ya ziyarci Ƙasar da ake bitar kuma yana yin shawarwari mai zurfi tare da gwamnati, jami'ai, jam'iyyun siyasa, 'yan majalisa, da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a (misali kafofin watsa labaru, malaman makaranta, kungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyin sana'a), da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Aikin yana ɗaukar makonni biyu da rabi zuwa uku. '''3.''' '''LABARI DA DUMINSA''' Ƙungiyar Binciken Ƙasa ta APR ta tsara rahoto kan Ƙasar da ake nazari. '''4.''' '''BINCIKEN TSARA''' yana faruwa a matakin APR Forum, ta yin amfani da rahoton kwamitin APR kan binciken da ƙungiyar ta samu. Taron APR ya tattauna waɗannan shawarwari tare da shugabannin ƙasar da aka bita. '''5.''' '''LABARI NA KARSHE''' A cikin watanni shida, bayan bitar takwarorinsu, dole ne a gabatar da Rahoton Bitar Ƙasar da aka buga a cibiyoyin yanki (Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Afirka, Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Kwamitin Aminci da Tsaro na AU, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ta Tarayyar Afirka [AU-ECOSOCC]). Daga nan sai a fitar da rahoton a bainar jama'a. == Bita na ƙarni na biyu == Manufar Bita na Ƙarni na Biyu na APRM shine a tantance ci gaban da aka samu a Mulki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi a Ƙasashen Membobi a cikin lokacin tun daga Bita na Tushen. Takamammen manufofin shine: * sake ƙarfafawa, ba da hankali da kuma samar da APRM a cikin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Membobi. * kimanta har zuwa yadda ake aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) da kuma ci gaba da dacewa da shi, a kan abin da za a gabatar da sabon NPOA tare da wasu muhimman ayyuka; * sauƙaƙe haɓakar NPOA na biyu tare da mafi girman mayar da hankali kuma bisa ga mahimman ayyuka kawai; kuma * sanya tsarin Bita na APRM ya fi dacewa da buƙatun ƴan ƙasa, mafi tsada mai tsada kuma daidai da fifiko da manufofin Ajenda 2063. == Abin da ke faruwa bayan nazarin kasar == Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) ya kasu kashi biyu na gajeren lokaci, matsakaita da kuma dogon lokaci kuma ana ci gaba da sa ido a kan Hukumar Mulki / Majalisar Mulki, ko ƙananan wakilai na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba. Ana gabatar da rahotannin ci gaba kan aiwatarwa kowace shekara ga Dandalin APR. Sakatariyar APR ta bi diddigin alƙawuran da aka yi, tana gudanar da tarurrukan yanki don raba mafi kyawun ayyuka da aka gano a cikin bita, kuma tana ba da tallafin fasaha don cika tsare-tsaren APRM. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8n8ym0giwtaqwl6kl49nrgm8nr86wh4 647564 647563 2025-06-26T12:35:14Z Sirjat 20447 /* Abin da ke faruwa bayan nazarin kasar */ 647564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Bita na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka''' ( '''APRM''' ) kayan aiki ne da aka amince da juna da son rai da ƙasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) suka amince da su a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan kai. Kwamitin aiwatarwa na [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] na jihohi da gwamnatoci (HSGIC) a Abuja, Nigeria (NEPAD/HSGIC/03-2003/APRM/MOU (9 Maris 2003), Majalisar Decision 198 (XI), Decision 527 (XXIII) Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1-4(XI); APRM wani dandali ne na Afirka da na Afirka don kimanta kai, koyo-ƙwararru, da raba gogewa a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci, tare da cikakken mutunta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam, bin doka, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Afirka; == Manufa == Manufar APRM ita ce ta ƙarfafa daidaito dangane da manufofin [[siyasa]], tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni, ka'idoji da ka'idoji, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin tare da tabbatar da sa ido da kimanta [[Agenda 2063|ajandar AU 2063]] da SDGs 2030 . [[Fayil:APRM_CEO_with_Staff_of_the_APRM.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Ma'aikatan APRM tare da Shugaba Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] Manufar APRM ita ce tabbatar da cewa manufofi da ayyuka na ƙasashe membobin da ke shiga sun dace da ƙa'idodin siyasa, tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni da aka amince da su, ka'idoji da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin sanarwar Tarayyar Afirka kan Dimokuradiyya, Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwar kamfanoni. A matsayin kayan aikin sa ido na son rai, APRM tana haɓaka ɗaukar manufofi, ƙa'idodi da ayyuka waɗanda ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, haɓakar tattalin arziƙi mai ƙarfi, ci gaba mai dorewa da haɓaka haɗin kan tattalin arzikin yanki da nahiya ta hanyar raba abubuwan gogewa da mafi kyawun ayyuka, gami da gano gazawa da kimanta buƙatun haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. == Fadada Manufa == A shekarar 2018, yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na AU karo na 28, kungiyar APR ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin sun yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin mulkin APRM. Wannan faɗaɗa ya haɗa da sa ido da sa ido kan manyan tsare-tsaren gudanar da mulki a faɗin nahiyar. Bugu da kari, Majalisar AU ta kara fadada ayyukan kungiyar ta APRM domin hada ido da aiwatar da ajandar kungiyar tarayyar Afrika 2063. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ƙungiya ! Injiniyan Bitar Takwarorin Afirka (APRM) ! |- | An kafa | 9 Maris 2003 | |- | Iyaye | Tarayyar Afirka | |- | Jimillar Jihohin Membobi | 44 | |- | Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa | Ambassador Marie Antoinette Rose Quarte | |- | Shugaban Dandalin APR (2024-2026) | Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Shugaban Jamhuriyyar Dimokaradiyyar Aljeriya | |- | Yanar Gizo | https://aprm.au.int/en | |- | Haɗa | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AfricanPeerReviewMechanism/ X (Twitter) - https://twitter.com/APRMorg/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/aprmechanism LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/african-peer-review-mechanism/ Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/aprmorg/ | |} da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa (SDGs) a matsayin wani bangare na Ajandar 2030. Wannan faɗaɗa wa'adin yana da nufin haɓaka rawar da APRM ke takawa wajen inganta shugabanci, ci gaba, da riƙon amana a ƙasashen Afirka. * Bin diddigin abubuwan da suka shafi gudanarwa na [[Agenda 2063|Ajandar 2063]] da UN SDGs 2030 * Rahoton Mulkin Afirka na Biennial ya kammala a cikin AGR2019, [https://aprm.au.int/index.php/en/documents/2022-11-15/africa-governance-report-2021 AGR2021], [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2023-07-12/africa-governance-report-2023-unconstitutional-change-government-africa AGR2023 akan UCG] . AGR2025 (tbc) * Rahoton Mulkin Kasa * Taimakawa ga [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2024-08-14/9th-africa-sovereign-credit-rating-review-2024-mid-year-outlook Membobin Ƙasashen waje a fannin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Kiredit na Ƙasashen Duniya] == Tattalin arzikin Afirka don kyakkyawan shugabanci == Kasashe membobi a cikin APRM suna gudanar da aikin sa ido a kowane bangare na mulkinsu da ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suna shiga aikin tantance kansu na dukkanin sassan gwamnati - zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a - da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula da kafofin watsa labarai. Tsarin Bita na APRM yana ba ƙasashe membobin sarari damar tattaunawa ta ƙasa akan shugabanci da alamomin zamantakewa da kuma damar samar da yarjejeniya kan hanyar ci gaba. == Nau'i hudu na sake dubawa na ƙasa == 1. Bita na Tushe - za'ayi nan da nan bayan ƙasa ta zama memba na APRM 2. Bita na lokaci-lokaci kowane shekara huɗu 3. Bita da aka yi niyya - ƙasar memba ita kanta ta nema a waje da tsarin bita da aka wajabta 4. Bita da APR Forum ta ba da umarni lokacin da alamun farko na rikicin siyasa da na tattalin arziki. == Yankunan Jigogi biyar == 1. Mulkin Dimokuradiyya da Siyasa (DPG) 2. Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa (EGM) 3. Gudanar da Gudanarwa (CG) 4. Babban tushen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SED) 5. Juriyar Jiha ga Firgici da Bala'i '''Ƙa'idodin APRM waɗanda ke tabbatar da sake dubawa na APRM sun haɗa da''' (i) mallakar kasa da jagoranci; (ii) ha]in kai; (iii) ƙwarewar fasaha da (iv) 'yanci daga magudin siyasa. == Matakai guda biyar na bitar takwarorinsu == === 1. Shawarwari === Sakatariyar APR da Ƙasar da ake bita suna tuntuɓar tsarin bita da sharuddan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU). Ƙasar da ake bitarta ta ƙirƙiro wurin da za a yi hulɗa da Sakatariya tare da samar mata da dokoki masu dacewa, amincewa da yarjejeniya, kasafin kuɗi da tsare-tsaren ci gaba. Sakatariyar tana shirya takaddar tantance bayanan baya. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙasar da ake bita a kanta ta kammala tambayoyin tantance kai na APR, ta tattara bayanai daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a tare da tsara takarda da ke bayyana al'amuran ƙasar da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙasa (NPoA) tare da bayyanannun matakai da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin APRM, Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka, da wajibcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tawagar Bitar Ƙasar da aka kafa ta rubuta rahoto da ke bayyana batutuwan da za a mai da hankali a kansu yayin aikin bita. '''2.''' '''MANUFAR BINCIKE''' Ya ziyarci Ƙasar da ake bitar kuma yana yin shawarwari mai zurfi tare da gwamnati, jami'ai, jam'iyyun siyasa, 'yan majalisa, da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a (misali kafofin watsa labaru, malaman makaranta, kungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyin sana'a), da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Aikin yana ɗaukar makonni biyu da rabi zuwa uku. '''3.''' '''LABARI DA DUMINSA''' Ƙungiyar Binciken Ƙasa ta APR ta tsara rahoto kan Ƙasar da ake nazari. '''4.''' '''BINCIKEN TSARA''' yana faruwa a matakin APR Forum, ta yin amfani da rahoton kwamitin APR kan binciken da ƙungiyar ta samu. Taron APR ya tattauna waɗannan shawarwari tare da shugabannin ƙasar da aka bita. '''5.''' '''LABARI NA KARSHE''' A cikin watanni shida, bayan bitar takwarorinsu, dole ne a gabatar da Rahoton Bitar Ƙasar da aka buga a cibiyoyin yanki (Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Afirka, Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Kwamitin Aminci da Tsaro na AU, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ta Tarayyar Afirka [AU-ECOSOCC]). Daga nan sai a fitar da rahoton a bainar jama'a. == Bita na ƙarni na biyu == Manufar Bita na Ƙarni na Biyu na APRM shine a tantance ci gaban da aka samu a Mulki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi a Ƙasashen Membobi a cikin lokacin tun daga Bita na Tushen. Takamammen manufofin shine: * sake ƙarfafawa, ba da hankali da kuma samar da APRM a cikin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Membobi. * kimanta har zuwa yadda ake aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) da kuma ci gaba da dacewa da shi, a kan abin da za a gabatar da sabon NPOA tare da wasu muhimman ayyuka; * sauƙaƙe haɓakar NPOA na biyu tare da mafi girman mayar da hankali kuma bisa ga mahimman ayyuka kawai; kuma * sanya tsarin Bita na APRM ya fi dacewa da buƙatun ƴan ƙasa, mafi tsada mai tsada kuma daidai da fifiko da manufofin Ajenda 2063. == Abin da ke faruwa bayan nazarin kasar == Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) ya kasu kashi biyu na gajeren lokaci, matsakaita da kuma dogon lokaci kuma ana ci gaba da sa ido a kan Hukumar Mulki / Majalisar Mulki, ko ƙananan wakilai na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba. Ana gabatar da rahotannin ci gaba kan aiwatarwa kowace shekara ga Dandalin APR. Sakatariyar APR ta bi diddigin alƙawuran da aka yi, tana gudanar da tarurrukan yanki don raba mafi kyawun ayyuka da aka gano a cikin bita, kuma tana ba da tallafin fasaha don cika tsare-tsaren APRM. ==Tsarukan APRM== === DANDALIN APR === (Kwamitin Shugabannin Ƙasashe da Gwamnatoci masu Halarta) Mafi girman hukuma mai yanke hukunci. '''KWAMITIN APR''' (Kwamitin Masu Girmamawa) Yana kula da tsarin bitar domin tabbatar da 'yancin kai, ƙwarewa da sahihanci, kuma yana bayar da rahoto ga Dandalin. Kwamitin APR ne ke da alhakin zaɓe da naɗa Ƙungiyoyin Bita. '''KWAMITIN MAKULLAN FOKAL''' Kwamitin wakilai daga Shugabannin Ƙasashe da Gwamnatoci Yana gudanar da tsarin kasafin kuɗi, tara kuɗaɗe ta hannun Ƙasashe Membobi, Abokan Haɗin Gwiwar Dabaru da Ci gaba, da Asusun dogaro da APRM da Bita. '''Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa (NGC)''' Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa/Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa (NGC) ita ce hukuma da ke lura da aiwatar da tsarin APRM a matakin Ƙasa. Baya ga bayar da jagora dangane da manufofin siyasa, NGC na tabbatar da ƙwarewa, sahihanci da 'yancin kai na kimanta kai da tsarin bitar APRM a ƙasa. NGC tana kunshe da wakilai masu mahimmanci daga gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ɓangaren masu zaman kansu, bisa tsarin APRM na haɗa duk masu ruwa da tsaki. [[File:CEO Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre.jpg|alt=Shugabar, Sakatariyar APRM ta Nahiyar|thumb|Shugabar Gudanarwa ta APRM ta Nahiyar - Jakadiya Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] '''Gudanarwar Sakatariyar APRM ta Nahiyar''' Sakatariyar APRM tana karkashin jagorancin Jakadiya Mai Girma Marie-Antoinette Rose Quatre, Shugabar Gudanarwa (CEO). Tsarin nahiyar yana aiki tare da Makullan Fokal na Ƙasa da Kwamitocin Ƙasa / Majalisun Gudanarwa na Ƙasa. '''SAKATARIYAR APRM''' Tana ba da goyon bayan fasaha, haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan gudanarwa. Dole ne tana da isasshen ƙarfin aiki don bincike da nazari da ke tushen tsarin bitar takwarorinsu. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3bbjciqoqmv9hmrmg540t6kv944hr2o 647565 647564 2025-06-26T12:38:45Z Sirjat 20447 /* DANDALIN APR */ 647565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsarin Bita na Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka''' ( '''APRM''' ) kayan aiki ne da aka amince da juna da son rai da ƙasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) suka amince da su a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan kai. Kwamitin aiwatarwa na [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|NEPAD]] na jihohi da gwamnatoci (HSGIC) a Abuja, Nigeria (NEPAD/HSGIC/03-2003/APRM/MOU (9 Maris 2003), Majalisar Decision 198 (XI), Decision 527 (XXIII) Ext/Assembly/AU/Dec.1-4(XI); APRM wani dandali ne na Afirka da na Afirka don kimanta kai, koyo-ƙwararru, da raba gogewa a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da kyakkyawan shugabanci, tare da cikakken mutunta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya, 'yancin ɗan adam, bin doka, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Afirka; == Manufa == Manufar APRM ita ce ta ƙarfafa daidaito dangane da manufofin [[siyasa]], tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni, ka'idoji da ka'idoji, tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin tare da tabbatar da sa ido da kimanta [[Agenda 2063|ajandar AU 2063]] da SDGs 2030 . [[Fayil:APRM_CEO_with_Staff_of_the_APRM.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Ma'aikatan APRM tare da Shugaba Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] Manufar APRM ita ce tabbatar da cewa manufofi da ayyuka na ƙasashe membobin da ke shiga sun dace da ƙa'idodin siyasa, tattalin arziki da na kamfanoni da aka amince da su, ka'idoji da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ƙunshe a cikin sanarwar Tarayyar Afirka kan Dimokuradiyya, Siyasa, Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwar kamfanoni. A matsayin kayan aikin sa ido na son rai, APRM tana haɓaka ɗaukar manufofi, ƙa'idodi da ayyuka waɗanda ke haifar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, haɓakar tattalin arziƙi mai ƙarfi, ci gaba mai dorewa da haɓaka haɗin kan tattalin arzikin yanki da nahiya ta hanyar raba abubuwan gogewa da mafi kyawun ayyuka, gami da gano gazawa da kimanta buƙatun haɓaka ƙarfin aiki. == Fadada Manufa == A shekarar 2018, yayin taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na AU karo na 28, kungiyar APR ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin sun yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin mulkin APRM. Wannan faɗaɗa ya haɗa da sa ido da sa ido kan manyan tsare-tsaren gudanar da mulki a faɗin nahiyar. Bugu da kari, Majalisar AU ta kara fadada ayyukan kungiyar ta APRM domin hada ido da aiwatar da ajandar kungiyar tarayyar Afrika 2063. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ƙungiya ! Injiniyan Bitar Takwarorin Afirka (APRM) ! |- | An kafa | 9 Maris 2003 | |- | Iyaye | Tarayyar Afirka | |- | Jimillar Jihohin Membobi | 44 | |- | Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa | Ambassador Marie Antoinette Rose Quarte | |- | Shugaban Dandalin APR (2024-2026) | Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Shugaban Jamhuriyyar Dimokaradiyyar Aljeriya | |- | Yanar Gizo | https://aprm.au.int/en | |- | Haɗa | Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AfricanPeerReviewMechanism/ X (Twitter) - https://twitter.com/APRMorg/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/aprmechanism LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/african-peer-review-mechanism/ Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/aprmorg/ | |} da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manufofin Ci Gaba mai Dorewa (SDGs) a matsayin wani bangare na Ajandar 2030. Wannan faɗaɗa wa'adin yana da nufin haɓaka rawar da APRM ke takawa wajen inganta shugabanci, ci gaba, da riƙon amana a ƙasashen Afirka. * Bin diddigin abubuwan da suka shafi gudanarwa na [[Agenda 2063|Ajandar 2063]] da UN SDGs 2030 * Rahoton Mulkin Afirka na Biennial ya kammala a cikin AGR2019, [https://aprm.au.int/index.php/en/documents/2022-11-15/africa-governance-report-2021 AGR2021], [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2023-07-12/africa-governance-report-2023-unconstitutional-change-government-africa AGR2023 akan UCG] . AGR2025 (tbc) * Rahoton Mulkin Kasa * Taimakawa ga [https://aprm.au.int/en/documents/2024-08-14/9th-africa-sovereign-credit-rating-review-2024-mid-year-outlook Membobin Ƙasashen waje a fannin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Kiredit na Ƙasashen Duniya] == Tattalin arzikin Afirka don kyakkyawan shugabanci == Kasashe membobi a cikin APRM suna gudanar da aikin sa ido a kowane bangare na mulkinsu da ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suna shiga aikin tantance kansu na dukkanin sassan gwamnati - zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a - da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula da kafofin watsa labarai. Tsarin Bita na APRM yana ba ƙasashe membobin sarari damar tattaunawa ta ƙasa akan shugabanci da alamomin zamantakewa da kuma damar samar da yarjejeniya kan hanyar ci gaba. == Nau'i hudu na sake dubawa na ƙasa == 1. Bita na Tushe - za'ayi nan da nan bayan ƙasa ta zama memba na APRM 2. Bita na lokaci-lokaci kowane shekara huɗu 3. Bita da aka yi niyya - ƙasar memba ita kanta ta nema a waje da tsarin bita da aka wajabta 4. Bita da APR Forum ta ba da umarni lokacin da alamun farko na rikicin siyasa da na tattalin arziki. == Yankunan Jigogi biyar == 1. Mulkin Dimokuradiyya da Siyasa (DPG) 2. Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa (EGM) 3. Gudanar da Gudanarwa (CG) 4. Babban tushen ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SED) 5. Juriyar Jiha ga Firgici da Bala'i '''Ƙa'idodin APRM waɗanda ke tabbatar da sake dubawa na APRM sun haɗa da''' (i) mallakar kasa da jagoranci; (ii) ha]in kai; (iii) ƙwarewar fasaha da (iv) 'yanci daga magudin siyasa. == Matakai guda biyar na bitar takwarorinsu == === 1. Shawarwari === Sakatariyar APR da Ƙasar da ake bita suna tuntuɓar tsarin bita da sharuddan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna (MoU). Ƙasar da ake bitarta ta ƙirƙiro wurin da za a yi hulɗa da Sakatariya tare da samar mata da dokoki masu dacewa, amincewa da yarjejeniya, kasafin kuɗi da tsare-tsaren ci gaba. Sakatariyar tana shirya takaddar tantance bayanan baya. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙasar da ake bita a kanta ta kammala tambayoyin tantance kai na APR, ta tattara bayanai daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a tare da tsara takarda da ke bayyana al'amuran ƙasar da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka na ƙasa (NPoA) tare da bayyanannun matakai da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin APRM, Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Afirka, da wajibcin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tawagar Bitar Ƙasar da aka kafa ta rubuta rahoto da ke bayyana batutuwan da za a mai da hankali a kansu yayin aikin bita. '''2.''' '''MANUFAR BINCIKE''' Ya ziyarci Ƙasar da ake bitar kuma yana yin shawarwari mai zurfi tare da gwamnati, jami'ai, jam'iyyun siyasa, 'yan majalisa, da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a (misali kafofin watsa labaru, malaman makaranta, kungiyoyin kwadago, ƙungiyoyin sana'a), da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Aikin yana ɗaukar makonni biyu da rabi zuwa uku. '''3.''' '''LABARI DA DUMINSA''' Ƙungiyar Binciken Ƙasa ta APR ta tsara rahoto kan Ƙasar da ake nazari. '''4.''' '''BINCIKEN TSARA''' yana faruwa a matakin APR Forum, ta yin amfani da rahoton kwamitin APR kan binciken da ƙungiyar ta samu. Taron APR ya tattauna waɗannan shawarwari tare da shugabannin ƙasar da aka bita. '''5.''' '''LABARI NA KARSHE''' A cikin watanni shida, bayan bitar takwarorinsu, dole ne a gabatar da Rahoton Bitar Ƙasar da aka buga a cibiyoyin yanki (Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Afirka, Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka, Kwamitin Aminci da Tsaro na AU, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ta Tarayyar Afirka [AU-ECOSOCC]). Daga nan sai a fitar da rahoton a bainar jama'a. == Bita na ƙarni na biyu == Manufar Bita na Ƙarni na Biyu na APRM shine a tantance ci gaban da aka samu a Mulki da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi a Ƙasashen Membobi a cikin lokacin tun daga Bita na Tushen. Takamammen manufofin shine: * sake ƙarfafawa, ba da hankali da kuma samar da APRM a cikin gyare-gyaren gudanarwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Membobi. * kimanta har zuwa yadda ake aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) da kuma ci gaba da dacewa da shi, a kan abin da za a gabatar da sabon NPOA tare da wasu muhimman ayyuka; * sauƙaƙe haɓakar NPOA na biyu tare da mafi girman mayar da hankali kuma bisa ga mahimman ayyuka kawai; kuma * sanya tsarin Bita na APRM ya fi dacewa da buƙatun ƴan ƙasa, mafi tsada mai tsada kuma daidai da fifiko da manufofin Ajenda 2063. == Abin da ke faruwa bayan nazarin kasar == Shirin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Ƙasa (NPoA) ya kasu kashi biyu na gajeren lokaci, matsakaita da kuma dogon lokaci kuma ana ci gaba da sa ido a kan Hukumar Mulki / Majalisar Mulki, ko ƙananan wakilai na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba. Ana gabatar da rahotannin ci gaba kan aiwatarwa kowace shekara ga Dandalin APR. Sakatariyar APR ta bi diddigin alƙawuran da aka yi, tana gudanar da tarurrukan yanki don raba mafi kyawun ayyuka da aka gano a cikin bita, kuma tana ba da tallafin fasaha don cika tsare-tsaren APRM. ==Tsarukan APRM== === DANDALIN APR === (Kwamitin Shugabannin Ƙasashe da Gwamnatoci masu Halarta) Mafi girman hukuma mai yanke hukunci. '''KWAMITIN APR''' (Kwamitin Masu Girmamawa) Yana kula da tsarin bitar domin tabbatar da 'yancin kai, ƙwarewa da sahihanci, kuma yana bayar da rahoto ga Dandalin. Kwamitin APR ne ke da alhakin zaɓe da naɗa Ƙungiyoyin Bita. '''KWAMITIN MAKULLAN FOKAL''' Kwamitin wakilai daga Shugabannin Ƙasashe da Gwamnatoci Yana gudanar da tsarin kasafin kuɗi, tara kuɗaɗe ta hannun Ƙasashe Membobi, Abokan Haɗin Gwiwar Dabaru da Ci gaba, da Asusun dogaro da APRM da Bita. '''Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa (NGC)''' Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa/Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Ƙasa (NGC) ita ce hukuma da ke lura da aiwatar da tsarin APRM a matakin Ƙasa. Baya ga bayar da jagora dangane da manufofin siyasa, NGC na tabbatar da ƙwarewa, sahihanci da 'yancin kai na kimanta kai da tsarin bitar APRM a ƙasa. NGC tana kunshe da wakilai masu mahimmanci daga gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ɓangaren masu zaman kansu, bisa tsarin APRM na haɗa duk masu ruwa da tsaki. [[File:CEO Amb. Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre.jpg|alt=Shugabar, Sakatariyar APRM ta Nahiyar|thumb|Shugabar Gudanarwa ta APRM ta Nahiyar - Jakadiya Marie Antoinette Rose-Quatre]] '''Gudanarwar Sakatariyar APRM ta Nahiyar''' Sakatariyar APRM tana karkashin jagorancin Jakadiya Mai Girma Marie-Antoinette Rose Quatre, Shugabar Gudanarwa (CEO). Tsarin nahiyar yana aiki tare da Makullan Fokal na Ƙasa da Kwamitocin Ƙasa / Majalisun Gudanarwa na Ƙasa. '''SAKATARIYAR APRM''' Tana ba da goyon bayan fasaha, haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan gudanarwa. Dole ne tana da isasshen ƙarfin aiki don bincike da nazari da ke tushen tsarin bitar takwarorinsu. ==Membobinsu na APRM== {{image frame |caption=Taswirar membobi |content={{Graph:Map|scale=75|defaultValue=gainsboro |DZ=lightblue |AO=lightblue |BJ=lightblue |BW=lightblue |BF=lightblue |CM=lightblue |TD=lightblue |CI=lightblue |DJ=lightblue |EG=lightblue |GQ=lightblue |ET=lightblue |GA=lightblue |GM=lightblue |GH=lightblue |KE=lightblue |LS=lightblue |LR=lightblue |MW=lightblue |ML=lightblue |MR=lightblue |MU=lightblue |MZ=lightblue |NA=lightblue |NE=lightblue |NG=lightblue |CG=lightblue |RW=lightblue |ST=lightblue |SN=lightblue |SC=lightblue |SL=lightblue |ZA=lightblue |SD=lightblue |TZ=lightblue |TG=lightblue |TN=lightblue |UG=lightblue |ZM=lightblue |ZW=lightblue }} }} Shiga APRM aikin son rai ne kuma a bude yake ga duka kasashen Tarayyar Afirka (AU). Matakin farko na shiga shi ne bayyana sha’awa, wanda ke biyo baya da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fahimtar Juna (MoU) tsakanin kasar da kuma Dandalin APR. A shekarar 2024, Tsarin Binciken Ma’aurata na Afirka (APRM) yana da membobi '''<big>44</big>''', inda Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya (CAR) ta shiga yayin Taro na 33 na APR a ranar <big>'''6''' ga Fabrairu,</big> 2024. Daga cikin wadannan membobi, '''<big>26</big>''' sun kammala bita na karon farko, '''<big>5</big>''' sun fuskanci bita na ƙarni na biyu, kuma '''<big>12</big>''' sun shiga cikin bita na musamman. {{columns-list|colwidth=15em| * {{flagicon|Algeria}} Aljeriya * {{flagicon|Angola}} Angola * {{flagicon|Benin}} Binin * {{flagicon|Botswana}} Baswana * {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso * {{flagicon|Cameroon}} Kamaru * {{flagicon|Chad}} Chadi * {{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} Côte d'Ivoire * {{flagicon|Djibouti}} Jibuti * {{flagicon|Egypt}} Masar * {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} Ginibiya Ta Ikwaita * {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} Habasha * {{flagicon|Gabon}} Gabon * {{flagicon|Gambia}} Gambiya * {{flagicon|Ghana}} Ghana * {{flagicon|Kenya}} Kenya * {{flagicon|Lesotho}} Lesoto * {{flagicon|Liberia}} Laberiya * {{flagicon|Malawi}} Malawi * {{flagicon|Mali}} Mali * {{flagicon|Mauritania}} Moritaniya * {{flagicon|Mauritius}} Moritus * {{flagicon|Mozambique}} Mozambik * {{flagicon|Niger}} Nijar * {{flagicon|Namibia}} Namibiya * {{flagicon|Nigeria}} Najeriya * {{flagicon|Republic of Congo}} Jamhuriyar Kongo * {{flagicon|Rwanda}} Ruwanda * {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} Sao Tome da Principe * {{flagicon|Senegal}} Senegal * {{flagicon|Seychelles}} Seychelles * {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} Saliyo * {{flagicon|South Africa}} Afirka Ta Kudu * {{flagicon|Sudan}} Sudan * {{flagicon|Tanzania}} Tanzaniya * {{flagicon|Togo}} Togo * {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Tunisiya * {{flagicon|Uganda}} Yuganda * {{flagicon|Zambia}} Zambiya * {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} Zimbabuwe }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sbluoujkz2o4ebgu95znyagzv1e38nl 0 103161 647566 2025-06-26T12:47:27Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292409387|Agencies of the African Union]]" 647566 wikitext text/x-wiki Hukumomin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) cibiyoyi ne na musamman da aka kafa don aiwatar da manufofin AU na inganta hadin kai, zaman lafiya, da ci gaba mai dorewa a fadin Afirka. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki a sassa daban-daban, ciki har da zaman lafiya da tsaro, haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, 'yancin ɗan adam, kiwon lafiya, da ilimi. Sun bambanta da manyan sassan AU, kamar [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]] da [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka]], kuma an ba su wasu takamaiman ayyuka na magance kalubalen nahiyar. == Dubawa == An kafa hukumomin Tarayyar Afirka ta hanyar ka'idojin doka na AU, gami da yanke shawara na Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka da kuma ka'idojin da kasashe membobin suka amince da su. An tsara su don samar da ƙwarewar fasaha, daidaita ayyukan yanki, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da tsarin dabarun AU, [[Agenda 2063]] . Wadannan hukumomi sukan hada kai da al'ummomin tattalin arzikin yanki (RECs), kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, da masu zaman kansu don cimma burinsu. == Jerin Hukumomin AU == Hukumomin Tarayyar Afirka an kasafta su ne bisa la'akari da ayyukansu na farko da wuraren aiki. === Zaman Lafiya Da Tsaro === Wadannan hukumomin sun mayar da hankali ne kan rigakafin rikice-rikice, gudanarwa, da warware rikici, tare da inganta zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a fadin nahiyar. * [[African Union Peace and Security Council|Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka]] (PSC): Hukumar da ke yanke shawara game da shisshigin AU a cikin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice. * Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar 'Yan Sanda na Tarayyar Afirka (AFRIPOL): Ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta Nahiyar da aka kafa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tabbatar da doka na ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Afirka (AU). * Rundunar Tsaro ta Afirka (ASF): Rundunar soji ta kasa da kasa don aikewa cikin gaggawa a yankunan da ake rikici. <ref name="pscprotocol">{{Cite web |title=Protocol relating to the establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union |url=http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/psc-protocol-en.pdf |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=peaceau.org |publisher=African Union}}</ref> * Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Nahiyar (CEWS): Yana sa ido da kuma nazarin alamun rikici don hana rikici. <ref name="cews-20152">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2015 |title=The Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) - African Union - Peace and Security Department |url=http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/28-continental-early-warning |access-date=5 November 2016 |publisher=[[African Union]] |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Continental early warning system - (History of Africa – 1800 to Present) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations {{!}} Fiveable |url=https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/africa-since-1800/continental-early-warning-system |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=library.fiveable.me |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noyes |first=Alexander |last2=Yarwood |first2=Janette |date=2013-06-01 |title=The AU Continental Early Warning System: From Conceptual to Operational? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13533312.2013.838393?casa_token=Hfd3yoKtbPYAAAAA%3A8IBU5vILZ15hXKo42e-Xdx2kzLwWgowVP6zRWJHkwUS7s0OFhzwARLS4g-WY9gOLuoKTLK9ZfCVnGg& |journal=International Peacekeeping |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=249–262 |doi=10.1080/13533312.2013.838393 |issn=1353-3312 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Masu Hikima : Yana ba da shawarwari da shawarwari don warware rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Launches 'Panel of the Wise' |url=https://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-12-18-voa47-66814662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917070507/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-12-18-voa47-66814662.html |archive-date=2011-09-17 |access-date=2016-07-14 |publisher=.voanews.com}}</ref> === Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Haɗin kai === Wadannan hukumomi suna inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki, haɗin gwiwar yanki, da ci gaba mai dorewa. * [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|Hukumar Raya Kasashen Afirka]] (AUDA-NEPAD): tana tafiyar da ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa a fadin Afirka. * Sakatariyar [[Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika|yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar Afirka]] (AfCFTA): Yana sauƙaƙa kasuwanci tsakanin Afirka da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki. <ref name="aj">{{Cite web |last=Loes Witschge |date=March 20, 2018 |title=African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-180317191954318.html |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutive Act of the African Union |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |quote=Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"}}</ref> * [[Tsarin Binciken Ma'aurata na Afirka|Tsarin Bitar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka]] (APRM): Yana haɓaka kyakkyawan shugabanci da riƙon amana a tsakanin ƙasashe membobi. === Hakkin Dan Adam da Mulki === Waɗannan hukumomin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, dimokuradiyya, da bin doka. * [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka]] (ACHPR): Sa ido da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name="Welch 1991">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Claude |date=December 1991 |title=Organisation of African Unity and the Promotion of Human Rights |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=535–555 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00005656 |s2cid=154657052}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odinkalu |first=Anselm |date=August 1993 |title=Proposals for Review of the Rules of Procedure of the African Commission of Human and Peoples' Rights |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=533–548 |doi=10.2307/762609 |jstor=762609}}</ref> * [[Kotun Afirka kan Ƴancin Dan Adam da Jama'a|Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a]] : Ta yanke hukunci kan take hakkin dan Adam. * [[African Committee on the Rights and Welfare of the Child|Kwamitin kare hakkin yara da walwalar yara na Afirka]] : Yana kare hakkin yara a fadin nahiyar. === Lafiya da zamantakewa === Wadannan hukumomi suna magance lafiyar jama'a, ci gaban zamantakewa, da daidaiton jinsi. * Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Afirka (Africa CDC): Yana daidaita martanin lafiyar jama'a da rigakafin cututtuka. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa CDC |date=May 21, 2021 |title=African Union Member States reporting COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523033110/https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=Africanews}}</ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> * [[Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Afirka]] (AMA): Yana daidaita ka'idojin likita kuma yana tabbatar da samun amintattun magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=African Medicines Agency Will Come into Being on 5 November – after 15th African Country Ratifies & Deposits AMA Treaty |url=https://healthpolicy-watch.news/african-medicines-agency-is-finally-on-the-road/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Health Policy Watch |quote=}}</ref> * [[African Union Commission for Social Affairs|Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka don Al'amuran zamantakewa]] : Yana haɓaka ci gaban zamantakewa da daidaiton jinsi. === Cibiyoyin Kuɗi === Wadannan hukumomi suna tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin kudi. * [[Babban Bankin Afirka]] (ACB): Zai zama ma'aikacin banki na Gwamnatin Afirka da / ko ƙungiyoyin yanki, zai zama ma'aikacin banki ga cibiyoyin banki masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na Afirka tare da manyan bankunan yankin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Financial Institutions {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/ea/epr/aufi |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=au.int}}</ref> * [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB): Yana ba da tallafin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa. * Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Afirka (AMF): An ba da shawara don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kai. * [[Bankin Zuba Jari na Afirka]] (AIB): Yana da nufin haɓaka jarin jari a muhimman sassa. === Sauran Hukumomin Musamman === Waɗannan hukumomin suna magance takamaiman buƙatun fasaha da sassa. * [[Jami'ar Pan-African]] (PAU): Yana haɓaka ilimi da bincike. * Ƙarfin Haɗarin Afirka (ARC): Yana ba da inshorar bala'in yanayi da sarrafa haɗari. * Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Afirka (AFCAC): Yana daidaita zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da inganta amincin jiragen sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 1969 |title=African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution (AFCAC) |url=https://indigo.openbylaws.org.za/akn/aa-au/act/1969/civil-aviation-commission/eng@1969-01-17 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Data for Governance Alliance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution {{!}} The Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) |url=https://www.lawyersofafrica.org/african-law-database/african-civil-aviation-commission-constitution/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Afirka (AfSA): Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) ta kafa don inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manufofin sararin samaniya na ƙasashe membobin AU. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Signature of the Host Agreement for the African Space Agency, in Cairo, 24 January 2023 {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230124/signature-host-agreement-african-space-agency-cairo-24-january-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043719/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230124/signature-host-agreement-african-space-agency-cairo-24-january-2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=au.int}}</ref> <ref name="Oyewole2020">{{Cite journal |last=Oyewole |first=Samuel |date=2 April 2020 |title=The quest for space capabilities and military security in Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |url-status=live |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=147–172 |doi=10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |issn=1022-0461 |s2cid=221115191 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043623/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kalubale da Hanyoyi na gaba == Hukumomin AU na fuskantar kalubale irin su gibin kudade, rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa, da ma'auni masu yawa. Ƙarfafa ƙarfin cibiyoyi, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe membobi, da haɓaka hanyoyin tattara albarkatu suna da mahimmanci don cimma burin Agenda 2063. Kungiyar AU na ci gaba da kokarin daidaita hukumominta da tabbatar da gudanar da ayyukansu mai inganci. == Magana == e7d4mnz3q39xb8pdis55djvdj3p4b37 647567 647566 2025-06-26T12:47:46Z Sirjat 20447 647567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hukumomin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) cibiyoyi ne na musamman da aka kafa don aiwatar da manufofin AU na inganta hadin kai, zaman lafiya, da ci gaba mai dorewa a fadin Afirka. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki a sassa daban-daban, ciki har da zaman lafiya da tsaro, haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, 'yancin ɗan adam, kiwon lafiya, da ilimi. Sun bambanta da manyan sassan AU, kamar [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]] da [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka]], kuma an ba su wasu takamaiman ayyuka na magance kalubalen nahiyar. == Dubawa == An kafa hukumomin Tarayyar Afirka ta hanyar ka'idojin doka na AU, gami da yanke shawara na Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka da kuma ka'idojin da kasashe membobin suka amince da su. An tsara su don samar da ƙwarewar fasaha, daidaita ayyukan yanki, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da tsarin dabarun AU, [[Agenda 2063]] . Wadannan hukumomi sukan hada kai da al'ummomin tattalin arzikin yanki (RECs), kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, da masu zaman kansu don cimma burinsu. == Jerin Hukumomin AU == Hukumomin Tarayyar Afirka an kasafta su ne bisa la'akari da ayyukansu na farko da wuraren aiki. === Zaman Lafiya Da Tsaro === Wadannan hukumomin sun mayar da hankali ne kan rigakafin rikice-rikice, gudanarwa, da warware rikici, tare da inganta zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a fadin nahiyar. * [[African Union Peace and Security Council|Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka]] (PSC): Hukumar da ke yanke shawara game da shisshigin AU a cikin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice. * Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar 'Yan Sanda na Tarayyar Afirka (AFRIPOL): Ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta Nahiyar da aka kafa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tabbatar da doka na ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Afirka (AU). * Rundunar Tsaro ta Afirka (ASF): Rundunar soji ta kasa da kasa don aikewa cikin gaggawa a yankunan da ake rikici. <ref name="pscprotocol">{{Cite web |title=Protocol relating to the establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union |url=http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/psc-protocol-en.pdf |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=peaceau.org |publisher=African Union}}</ref> * Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Nahiyar (CEWS): Yana sa ido da kuma nazarin alamun rikici don hana rikici. <ref name="cews-20152">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2015 |title=The Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) - African Union - Peace and Security Department |url=http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/28-continental-early-warning |access-date=5 November 2016 |publisher=[[African Union]] |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Continental early warning system - (History of Africa – 1800 to Present) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations {{!}} Fiveable |url=https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/africa-since-1800/continental-early-warning-system |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=library.fiveable.me |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noyes |first=Alexander |last2=Yarwood |first2=Janette |date=2013-06-01 |title=The AU Continental Early Warning System: From Conceptual to Operational? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13533312.2013.838393?casa_token=Hfd3yoKtbPYAAAAA%3A8IBU5vILZ15hXKo42e-Xdx2kzLwWgowVP6zRWJHkwUS7s0OFhzwARLS4g-WY9gOLuoKTLK9ZfCVnGg& |journal=International Peacekeeping |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=249–262 |doi=10.1080/13533312.2013.838393 |issn=1353-3312 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Masu Hikima : Yana ba da shawarwari da shawarwari don warware rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Launches 'Panel of the Wise' |url=https://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-12-18-voa47-66814662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917070507/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-12-18-voa47-66814662.html |archive-date=2011-09-17 |access-date=2016-07-14 |publisher=.voanews.com}}</ref> === Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Haɗin kai === Wadannan hukumomi suna inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki, haɗin gwiwar yanki, da ci gaba mai dorewa. * [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|Hukumar Raya Kasashen Afirka]] (AUDA-NEPAD): tana tafiyar da ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa a fadin Afirka. * Sakatariyar [[Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika|yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar Afirka]] (AfCFTA): Yana sauƙaƙa kasuwanci tsakanin Afirka da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki. <ref name="aj">{{Cite web |last=Loes Witschge |date=March 20, 2018 |title=African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-180317191954318.html |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutive Act of the African Union |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |quote=Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"}}</ref> * [[Tsarin Binciken Ma'aurata na Afirka|Tsarin Bitar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka]] (APRM): Yana haɓaka kyakkyawan shugabanci da riƙon amana a tsakanin ƙasashe membobi. === Hakkin Dan Adam da Mulki === Waɗannan hukumomin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, dimokuradiyya, da bin doka. * [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka]] (ACHPR): Sa ido da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name="Welch 1991">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Claude |date=December 1991 |title=Organisation of African Unity and the Promotion of Human Rights |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=535–555 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00005656 |s2cid=154657052}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odinkalu |first=Anselm |date=August 1993 |title=Proposals for Review of the Rules of Procedure of the African Commission of Human and Peoples' Rights |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=533–548 |doi=10.2307/762609 |jstor=762609}}</ref> * [[Kotun Afirka kan Ƴancin Dan Adam da Jama'a|Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a]] : Ta yanke hukunci kan take hakkin dan Adam. * [[African Committee on the Rights and Welfare of the Child|Kwamitin kare hakkin yara da walwalar yara na Afirka]] : Yana kare hakkin yara a fadin nahiyar. === Lafiya da zamantakewa === Wadannan hukumomi suna magance lafiyar jama'a, ci gaban zamantakewa, da daidaiton jinsi. * Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Afirka (Africa CDC): Yana daidaita martanin lafiyar jama'a da rigakafin cututtuka. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa CDC |date=May 21, 2021 |title=African Union Member States reporting COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523033110/https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=Africanews}}</ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> * [[Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Afirka]] (AMA): Yana daidaita ka'idojin likita kuma yana tabbatar da samun amintattun magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=African Medicines Agency Will Come into Being on 5 November – after 15th African Country Ratifies & Deposits AMA Treaty |url=https://healthpolicy-watch.news/african-medicines-agency-is-finally-on-the-road/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Health Policy Watch |quote=}}</ref> * [[African Union Commission for Social Affairs|Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka don Al'amuran zamantakewa]] : Yana haɓaka ci gaban zamantakewa da daidaiton jinsi. === Cibiyoyin Kuɗi === Wadannan hukumomi suna tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin kudi. * [[Babban Bankin Afirka]] (ACB): Zai zama ma'aikacin banki na Gwamnatin Afirka da / ko ƙungiyoyin yanki, zai zama ma'aikacin banki ga cibiyoyin banki masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na Afirka tare da manyan bankunan yankin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Financial Institutions {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/ea/epr/aufi |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=au.int}}</ref> * [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB): Yana ba da tallafin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa. * Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Afirka (AMF): An ba da shawara don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kai. * [[Bankin Zuba Jari na Afirka]] (AIB): Yana da nufin haɓaka jarin jari a muhimman sassa. === Sauran Hukumomin Musamman === Waɗannan hukumomin suna magance takamaiman buƙatun fasaha da sassa. * [[Jami'ar Pan-African]] (PAU): Yana haɓaka ilimi da bincike. * Ƙarfin Haɗarin Afirka (ARC): Yana ba da inshorar bala'in yanayi da sarrafa haɗari. * Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Afirka (AFCAC): Yana daidaita zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da inganta amincin jiragen sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 1969 |title=African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution (AFCAC) |url=https://indigo.openbylaws.org.za/akn/aa-au/act/1969/civil-aviation-commission/eng@1969-01-17 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Data for Governance Alliance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution {{!}} The Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) |url=https://www.lawyersofafrica.org/african-law-database/african-civil-aviation-commission-constitution/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Afirka (AfSA): Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) ta kafa don inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manufofin sararin samaniya na ƙasashe membobin AU. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Signature of the Host Agreement for the African Space Agency, in Cairo, 24 January 2023 {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230124/signature-host-agreement-african-space-agency-cairo-24-january-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043719/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230124/signature-host-agreement-african-space-agency-cairo-24-january-2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=au.int}}</ref> <ref name="Oyewole2020">{{Cite journal |last=Oyewole |first=Samuel |date=2 April 2020 |title=The quest for space capabilities and military security in Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |url-status=live |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=147–172 |doi=10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |issn=1022-0461 |s2cid=221115191 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043623/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kalubale da Hanyoyi na gaba == Hukumomin AU na fuskantar kalubale irin su gibin kudade, rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa, da ma'auni masu yawa. Ƙarfafa ƙarfin cibiyoyi, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe membobi, da haɓaka hanyoyin tattara albarkatu suna da mahimmanci don cimma burin Agenda 2063. Kungiyar AU na ci gaba da kokarin daidaita hukumominta da tabbatar da gudanar da ayyukansu mai inganci. == Magana == fdtp43zgvd5yhi8ohbphabnoqzumxys 647568 647567 2025-06-26T12:48:09Z Sirjat 20447 /* Magana */ 647568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hukumomin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) cibiyoyi ne na musamman da aka kafa don aiwatar da manufofin AU na inganta hadin kai, zaman lafiya, da ci gaba mai dorewa a fadin Afirka. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki a sassa daban-daban, ciki har da zaman lafiya da tsaro, haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, 'yancin ɗan adam, kiwon lafiya, da ilimi. Sun bambanta da manyan sassan AU, kamar [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]] da [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka]], kuma an ba su wasu takamaiman ayyuka na magance kalubalen nahiyar. == Dubawa == An kafa hukumomin Tarayyar Afirka ta hanyar ka'idojin doka na AU, gami da yanke shawara na Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka da kuma ka'idojin da kasashe membobin suka amince da su. An tsara su don samar da ƙwarewar fasaha, daidaita ayyukan yanki, da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen da suka dace da tsarin dabarun AU, [[Agenda 2063]] . Wadannan hukumomi sukan hada kai da al'ummomin tattalin arzikin yanki (RECs), kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, da masu zaman kansu don cimma burinsu. == Jerin Hukumomin AU == Hukumomin Tarayyar Afirka an kasafta su ne bisa la'akari da ayyukansu na farko da wuraren aiki. === Zaman Lafiya Da Tsaro === Wadannan hukumomin sun mayar da hankali ne kan rigakafin rikice-rikice, gudanarwa, da warware rikici, tare da inganta zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a fadin nahiyar. * [[African Union Peace and Security Council|Kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka]] (PSC): Hukumar da ke yanke shawara game da shisshigin AU a cikin rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice. * Tsarin Haɗin gwiwar 'Yan Sanda na Tarayyar Afirka (AFRIPOL): Ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta Nahiyar da aka kafa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tabbatar da doka na ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Afirka (AU). * Rundunar Tsaro ta Afirka (ASF): Rundunar soji ta kasa da kasa don aikewa cikin gaggawa a yankunan da ake rikici. <ref name="pscprotocol">{{Cite web |title=Protocol relating to the establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union |url=http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/psc-protocol-en.pdf |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=peaceau.org |publisher=African Union}}</ref> * Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Nahiyar (CEWS): Yana sa ido da kuma nazarin alamun rikici don hana rikici. <ref name="cews-20152">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2015 |title=The Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) - African Union - Peace and Security Department |url=http://www.peaceau.org/en/page/28-continental-early-warning |access-date=5 November 2016 |publisher=[[African Union]] |language=English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Continental early warning system - (History of Africa – 1800 to Present) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations {{!}} Fiveable |url=https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/africa-since-1800/continental-early-warning-system |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=library.fiveable.me |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noyes |first=Alexander |last2=Yarwood |first2=Janette |date=2013-06-01 |title=The AU Continental Early Warning System: From Conceptual to Operational? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13533312.2013.838393?casa_token=Hfd3yoKtbPYAAAAA%3A8IBU5vILZ15hXKo42e-Xdx2kzLwWgowVP6zRWJHkwUS7s0OFhzwARLS4g-WY9gOLuoKTLK9ZfCVnGg& |journal=International Peacekeeping |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=249–262 |doi=10.1080/13533312.2013.838393 |issn=1353-3312 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Masu Hikima : Yana ba da shawarwari da shawarwari don warware rikici. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Launches 'Panel of the Wise' |url=https://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-12-18-voa47-66814662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917070507/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-12-18-voa47-66814662.html |archive-date=2011-09-17 |access-date=2016-07-14 |publisher=.voanews.com}}</ref> === Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Haɗin kai === Wadannan hukumomi suna inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki, haɗin gwiwar yanki, da ci gaba mai dorewa. * [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka|Hukumar Raya Kasashen Afirka]] (AUDA-NEPAD): tana tafiyar da ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa a fadin Afirka. * Sakatariyar [[Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika|yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar Afirka]] (AfCFTA): Yana sauƙaƙa kasuwanci tsakanin Afirka da haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki. <ref name="aj">{{Cite web |last=Loes Witschge |date=March 20, 2018 |title=African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-180317191954318.html |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutive Act of the African Union |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=au.int |publisher=African Union |quote=Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"}}</ref> * [[Tsarin Binciken Ma'aurata na Afirka|Tsarin Bitar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Afirka]] (APRM): Yana haɓaka kyakkyawan shugabanci da riƙon amana a tsakanin ƙasashe membobi. === Hakkin Dan Adam da Mulki === Waɗannan hukumomin sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, dimokuradiyya, da bin doka. * [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Jama'ar Afirka]] (ACHPR): Sa ido da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. <ref name="Welch 1991">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Claude |date=December 1991 |title=Organisation of African Unity and the Promotion of Human Rights |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=535–555 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00005656 |s2cid=154657052}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odinkalu |first=Anselm |date=August 1993 |title=Proposals for Review of the Rules of Procedure of the African Commission of Human and Peoples' Rights |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=533–548 |doi=10.2307/762609 |jstor=762609}}</ref> * [[Kotun Afirka kan Ƴancin Dan Adam da Jama'a|Kotun Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a]] : Ta yanke hukunci kan take hakkin dan Adam. * [[African Committee on the Rights and Welfare of the Child|Kwamitin kare hakkin yara da walwalar yara na Afirka]] : Yana kare hakkin yara a fadin nahiyar. === Lafiya da zamantakewa === Wadannan hukumomi suna magance lafiyar jama'a, ci gaban zamantakewa, da daidaiton jinsi. * Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Afirka (Africa CDC): Yana daidaita martanin lafiyar jama'a da rigakafin cututtuka. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa CDC |date=May 21, 2021 |title=African Union Member States reporting COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523033110/https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=Africanews}}</ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> * [[Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Afirka]] (AMA): Yana daidaita ka'idojin likita kuma yana tabbatar da samun amintattun magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=African Medicines Agency Will Come into Being on 5 November – after 15th African Country Ratifies & Deposits AMA Treaty |url=https://healthpolicy-watch.news/african-medicines-agency-is-finally-on-the-road/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Health Policy Watch |quote=}}</ref> * [[African Union Commission for Social Affairs|Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka don Al'amuran zamantakewa]] : Yana haɓaka ci gaban zamantakewa da daidaiton jinsi. === Cibiyoyin Kuɗi === Wadannan hukumomi suna tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba ta hanyar hanyoyin kudi. * [[Babban Bankin Afirka]] (ACB): Zai zama ma'aikacin banki na Gwamnatin Afirka da / ko ƙungiyoyin yanki, zai zama ma'aikacin banki ga cibiyoyin banki masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na Afirka tare da manyan bankunan yankin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Financial Institutions {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/ea/epr/aufi |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=au.int}}</ref> * [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] (AfDB): Yana ba da tallafin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa. * Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Afirka (AMF): An ba da shawara don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da haɗin kai. * [[Bankin Zuba Jari na Afirka]] (AIB): Yana da nufin haɓaka jarin jari a muhimman sassa. === Sauran Hukumomin Musamman === Waɗannan hukumomin suna magance takamaiman buƙatun fasaha da sassa. * [[Jami'ar Pan-African]] (PAU): Yana haɓaka ilimi da bincike. * Ƙarfin Haɗarin Afirka (ARC): Yana ba da inshorar bala'in yanayi da sarrafa haɗari. * Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Afirka (AFCAC): Yana daidaita zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da inganta amincin jiragen sama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 1969 |title=African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution (AFCAC) |url=https://indigo.openbylaws.org.za/akn/aa-au/act/1969/civil-aviation-commission/eng@1969-01-17 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Data for Governance Alliance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution {{!}} The Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) |url=https://www.lawyersofafrica.org/african-law-database/african-civil-aviation-commission-constitution/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Afirka (AfSA): Ƙungiyar Sararin Samaniya ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) ta kafa don inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin manufofin sararin samaniya na ƙasashe membobin AU. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Signature of the Host Agreement for the African Space Agency, in Cairo, 24 January 2023 {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230124/signature-host-agreement-african-space-agency-cairo-24-january-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043719/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230124/signature-host-agreement-african-space-agency-cairo-24-january-2023 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=au.int}}</ref> <ref name="Oyewole2020">{{Cite journal |last=Oyewole |first=Samuel |date=2 April 2020 |title=The quest for space capabilities and military security in Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |url-status=live |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=147–172 |doi=10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |issn=1022-0461 |s2cid=221115191 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043623/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10220461.2020.1782258 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Kalubale da Hanyoyi na gaba == Hukumomin AU na fuskantar kalubale irin su gibin kudade, rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa, da ma'auni masu yawa. Ƙarfafa ƙarfin cibiyoyi, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe membobi, da haɓaka hanyoyin tattara albarkatu suna da mahimmanci don cimma burin Agenda 2063. Kungiyar AU na ci gaba da kokarin daidaita hukumominta da tabbatar da gudanar da ayyukansu mai inganci. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} sqnalm4qugck54fylntcaimhpli9qdg 0 103162 647569 2025-06-26T13:08:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647569 wikitext text/x-wiki Nu Colombia, wanda aka fi sani da EPM, ƙwararrun ƙungiyar kekuna ce ta Colombia.<ref>Privatization, sponsors, and the lack thereof. EPM-Une, the lone Colombian team at the Tour of Utah". Cycling Inquisition. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</ref> Tawagar tana shiga cikin balaguron balaguron Amurka na UCI.[2] Abubuwan da ke ciki 1 Tawagar roster2Doping3Major ta lashe zakarun na kasa45Notes6References7Haɗin waje == Sunayen qungiya == Tun daga 22 Janairu 2024.[3] == Manazarta == 6ws3qlxhwh5a7pu4jpb99foedg02spv 647570 647569 2025-06-26T13:09:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647570 wikitext text/x-wiki Nu Colombia, wanda aka fi sani da EPM, ƙwararrun ƙungiyar kekuna ce ta Colombia.<ref>Privatization, sponsors, and the lack thereof. EPM-Une, the lone Colombian team at the Tour of Utah". Cycling Inquisition. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</ref> Tawagar tana shiga cikin balaguron balaguron Amurka na UCI.<ref>"EPM – UNE | USA Pro Challenge". Usaprocyclingchallenge.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1 Tawagar roster2Doping3Major ta lashe zakarun na kasa45Notes6References7Haɗin waje == Sunayen qungiya == Tun daga 22 Janairu 2024.[3] == Manazarta == c2yamx1mwsqreybf6gfe3dj1if1pgmd 647571 647570 2025-06-26T13:10:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647571 wikitext text/x-wiki Nu Colombia, wanda aka fi sani da EPM, ƙwararrun ƙungiyar kekuna ce ta Colombia.<ref>Privatization, sponsors, and the lack thereof. EPM-Une, the lone Colombian team at the Tour of Utah". Cycling Inquisition. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</ref> Tawagar tana shiga cikin balaguron balaguron Amurka na UCI.<ref>"EPM – UNE | USA Pro Challenge". Usaprocyclingchallenge.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1 Tawagar roster2Doping3Major ta lashe zakarun na kasa45Notes6References7Haɗin waje == Sunayen qungiya == Tun daga 22 Janairu 2024.<ref>"ENu Colombia". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Retrieved 22 January 2024</ref> == Manazarta == 3m9cf5vgw4yei1yoglyi7mfmpl67qqe 0 103163 647572 2025-06-26T13:17:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647572 wikitext text/x-wiki Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, [2] [3] wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.[4][5][1] == Manazarta == 53x82daal26xg8nl1izkcol8fd70nee 647573 647572 2025-06-26T13:18:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647573 wikitext text/x-wiki Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: virpa"</ref> [3] wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.[4][5][1] == Manazarta == 2pmhbfbgszv592e5uk0slgi7oo7mygk 647574 647573 2025-06-26T13:19:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647574 wikitext text/x-wiki Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: virpa"</ref> <ref>D A Bender (9 June 2006). Benders' Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology. Elsevier Science. p. 439. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84569-165-3</nowiki>.</ref> wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.[4][5][1] == Manazarta == s4mxuegkm4wyukqrcpwsabdecstttby 647575 647574 2025-06-26T13:21:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647575 wikitext text/x-wiki Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: virpa"</ref> <ref>D A Bender (9 June 2006). Benders' Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology. Elsevier Science. p. 439. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84569-165-3</nowiki>.</ref> wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.<ref>McNeill, F. Marian (1929). The Scots Kitchen. Paperback: 259 pages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press; New Edition (25 Oct 2004) <nowiki>ISBN 1-84183-070-4</nowiki>, p202</ref>[5][1] == Manazarta == h6mn67oszourofk4uiwl7h0d3mpgjqx 647576 647575 2025-06-26T13:21:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647576 wikitext text/x-wiki Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: virpa"</ref> <ref>D A Bender (9 June 2006). Benders' Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology. Elsevier Science. p. 439. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84569-165-3</nowiki>.</ref> wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.<ref>McNeill, F. Marian (1929). The Scots Kitchen. Paperback: 259 pages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press; New Edition (25 Oct 2004) <nowiki>ISBN 1-84183-070-4</nowiki>, p202</ref><ref>Mairi Robinson, ed. (1987). The Concise Scots Dictionary. Aberdeen University Press. p. 648. <nowiki>ISBN 0-08-028492-2</nowiki>.</ref>[1] == Manazarta == 9qjzj7833mplu9cadptnfsxat3u7q23 647577 647576 2025-06-26T13:22:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647577 wikitext text/x-wiki Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: virpa"</ref> <ref>D A Bender (9 June 2006). Benders' Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology. Elsevier Science. p. 439. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84569-165-3</nowiki>.</ref> wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.<ref>McNeill, F. Marian (1929). The Scots Kitchen. Paperback: 259 pages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press; New Edition (25 Oct 2004) <nowiki>ISBN 1-84183-070-4</nowiki>, p202</ref><ref>Mairi Robinson, ed. (1987). The Concise Scots Dictionary. Aberdeen University Press. p. 648. <nowiki>ISBN 0-08-028492-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> == Manazarta == c1j7fj4zai2kfeasnprkrve9y890rj3 647578 647577 2025-06-26T13:23:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sowans ko sowens (/ ˈsuinz/ |; / ˈsʌuɪnz/; /sɔɪnz/; /swinz/; <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> Scottish Gaelic: sùghan), wanda kuma ake kira virpa a cikin Shetland, <ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: virpa"</ref> <ref>D A Bender (9 June 2006). Benders' Dictionary of Nutrition and Food Technology. Elsevier Science. p. 439. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84569-165-3</nowiki>.</ref> wani tasa ne na Scotland wanda aka yi ta amfani da sitaci da ya rage akan buhunan hatsi bayan niƙa. Ana barin husk ɗin ya jiƙa a cikin ruwa kuma ya yi taki na ƴan kwanaki. Ana takure barasar kuma a bar shi ya tsaya na yini guda don ba da damar abin da ke cikin sitaci ya daidaita. Ana zubar da ɓangaren ruwa, ko swats, kuma ana iya sha. Ragowar sowan ana tafasa shi da ruwa da gishiri har sai ya yi kauri, sannan a zuba da man shanu ko a tsoma a madara. Dandan yana da tsami sosai.<ref>McNeill, F. Marian (1929). The Scots Kitchen. Paperback: 259 pages, Edinburgh: Mercat Press; New Edition (25 Oct 2004) <nowiki>ISBN 1-84183-070-4</nowiki>, p202</ref><ref>Mairi Robinson, ed. (1987). The Concise Scots Dictionary. Aberdeen University Press. p. 648. <nowiki>ISBN 0-08-028492-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: sowans"</ref> == Manazarta == on388omuel8c0joxyga4js2hzotpbno 0 103164 647579 2025-06-26T13:28:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647579 wikitext text/x-wiki Wurin hakar kwal na Bengalon yana Gabashin Kalimantan. Mahakar ma'adinan tana da arzikin kwal da ya kai tan miliyan 871 na Coking Coal, daya daga cikin manyan ma'adinan kwal a Asiya da duniya. Ma'adinan yana da damar samar da tan miliyan 4.3 na kwal kowace shekara.<ref>"Bengalon Coal Mine". mining-technology.com. 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-25.</ref> A cikin 2004, an nada Henry Walker Eltin kwangilar sabis na ma'adinai.[2][3 == Manazarta == g1r2cbyvhb0rmcnyftqfvewj1p7wfdo 647580 647579 2025-06-26T13:29:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647580 wikitext text/x-wiki Wurin hakar kwal na Bengalon yana Gabashin Kalimantan. Mahakar ma'adinan tana da arzikin kwal da ya kai tan miliyan 871 na Coking Coal, daya daga cikin manyan ma'adinan kwal a Asiya da duniya. Ma'adinan yana da damar samar da tan miliyan 4.3 na kwal kowace shekara.<ref>"Bengalon Coal Mine". mining-technology.com. 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-25.</ref> A cikin 2004, an nada Henry Walker Eltin kwangilar sabis na ma'adinai.<ref>Henry Walker Eltin Wins US$1.2 Billion Contract Henry Walker Eltin 27 May 2004</ref>[3 == Manazarta == m6x0j82lbbnl7byxnnify8e2i5jukxp 647581 647580 2025-06-26T13:29:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647581 wikitext text/x-wiki Wurin hakar kwal na Bengalon yana Gabashin Kalimantan. Mahakar ma'adinan tana da arzikin kwal da ya kai tan miliyan 871 na Coking Coal, daya daga cikin manyan ma'adinan kwal a Asiya da duniya. Ma'adinan yana da damar samar da tan miliyan 4.3 na kwal kowace shekara.<ref>"Bengalon Coal Mine". mining-technology.com. 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-25.</ref> A cikin 2004, an nada Henry Walker Eltin kwangilar sabis na ma'adinai.<ref>Henry Walker Eltin Wins US$1.2 Billion Contract Henry Walker Eltin 27 May 2004</ref><ref>Henry Walker gets $US1.2b contract Sydney Morning Herald 28 May 2004</ref> == Manazarta == 1q4b1he120wlld73wzuzc0oqbj68k0x 647582 647581 2025-06-26T13:32:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 'Wurin hakar kwal na Bengalon yana Gabashin Kalimantan. Mahakar ma'adinan tana da arzikin kwal da ya kai tan miliyan 871 na Coking Coal, daya daga cikin manyan ma'adinan kwal a Asiya da duniya. Ma'adinan yana da damar samar da tan miliyan 4.3 na kwal kowace shekara.<ref>"Bengalon Coal Mine". mining-technology.com. 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-25.</ref> A cikin 2004, an nada Henry Walker Eltin kwangilar sabis na ma'adinai.<ref>Henry Walker Eltin Wins US$1.2 Billion Contract Henry Walker Eltin 27 May 2004</ref><ref>Henry Walker gets $US1.2b contract Sydney Morning Herald 28 May 2004</ref> == Manazarta == spekc17el8gw6fqir8aubew1iqlx98j 0 103165 647583 2025-06-26T14:05:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647583 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. [1] A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.[2][3] A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.[4] [5] [6] == Manazarta == gnqxog83m5tsjdcsd270374zqp9pylp 647584 647583 2025-06-26T14:05:49Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647584 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.[2][3] A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.[4] [5] [6] == Manazarta == 1rk3atrldlzqtla5a64vvm4ccetjsrh 647585 647584 2025-06-26T14:06:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647585 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.<ref>Havecon breaks ground for turn-key Tweed Farms expansion, Hortdaily.com, November 6, 2017</ref>[3] A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.[4] [5] [6] == Manazarta == hzdb0aak2vtfn6iyalyfbtuucep2nxw 647588 647585 2025-06-26T14:08:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647588 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.<ref>Havecon breaks ground for turn-key Tweed Farms expansion, Hortdaily.com, November 6, 2017</ref><ref>Dave Harrison (September 13, 2017), "Major expansion for Niagara cannabis greenhouse", Greenhouse Canada, Annex Business Media</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.[4] [5] [6] == Manazarta == m6os29skpb3s4ynka2xu0fnqv878na1 647591 647588 2025-06-26T14:08:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647591 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.<ref>Havecon breaks ground for turn-key Tweed Farms expansion, Hortdaily.com, November 6, 2017</ref><ref>Dave Harrison (September 13, 2017), "Major expansion for Niagara cannabis greenhouse", Greenhouse Canada, Annex Business Media</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.<ref>Canopy shuts down Niagara facility, lay off 30 to cut costs, BNNBloomberg, November 5, 2021</ref> [5] [6] == Manazarta == gx0wsyksuz8y3mm6seazc66qkt7a8st 647594 647591 2025-06-26T14:09:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647594 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.<ref>Havecon breaks ground for turn-key Tweed Farms expansion, Hortdaily.com, November 6, 2017</ref><ref>Dave Harrison (September 13, 2017), "Major expansion for Niagara cannabis greenhouse", Greenhouse Canada, Annex Business Media</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.<ref>Canopy shuts down Niagara facility, lay off 30 to cut costs, BNNBloomberg, November 5, 2021</ref> <ref>Canopy closing Niagara-on-the-Lake cannabis greenhouse, laying off 30, MJBizDaily, November 5, 2021</ref> [6] == Manazarta == oc4qv34sotyja72gxdvk7no4xwm1icn 647595 647594 2025-06-26T14:10:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647595 wikitext text/x-wiki Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.<ref>Havecon breaks ground for turn-key Tweed Farms expansion, Hortdaily.com, November 6, 2017</ref><ref>Dave Harrison (September 13, 2017), "Major expansion for Niagara cannabis greenhouse", Greenhouse Canada, Annex Business Media</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.<ref>Canopy shuts down Niagara facility, lay off 30 to cut costs, BNNBloomberg, November 5, 2021</ref> <ref>Canopy closing Niagara-on-the-Lake cannabis greenhouse, laying off 30, MJBizDaily, November 5, 2021</ref> <ref>Tweed Farms closing Niagara-on-the-Lake greenhouse facility, Niagara This Week, November 12, 2021</ref> == Manazarta == dtsc80ai6uhj4ef89wjz6iu9rhl28bl 647597 647595 2025-06-26T14:11:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tweed Farms a Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario ita ce mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2014. <ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), ''Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse'', Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> A lokacin, tana da murabba'in ƙafa 350,000 (33,000 m2) na sarari na cikin gida.<ref>Elysia Rodriguez (August 22, 2014), Inside the world's largest legal medical marijuana greenhouse, Buffalo, New York: WIVB-TV</ref> Mallakar ta Canopy Growth Corporation, wani kamfani na Kanada wanda ke siyar da jama'a. A cikin 2017 kamfanin ya sami lasisi don faɗaɗa zuwa c. 1,000,000 murabba'in ƙafa (93,000 m2) na sarari, don kasancewa a shirye don samarwa ta Afrilu 2018.<ref>Havecon breaks ground for turn-key Tweed Farms expansion, Hortdaily.com, November 6, 2017</ref><ref>Dave Harrison (September 13, 2017), "Major expansion for Niagara cannabis greenhouse", Greenhouse Canada, Annex Business Media</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Canopy Growth Corporation ya rufe Tweed Farms yayin da kamfanin ke kokawa da riba. Sakamakon rufewar, an kori ma'aikata 30 kuma za a mayar da ma'aikatan 60 zuwa wasu wurare na cikin gida a Kincardine, Ontario da Smiths Falls, Ontario.<ref>Canopy shuts down Niagara facility, lay off 30 to cut costs, BNNBloomberg, November 5, 2021</ref> <ref>Canopy closing Niagara-on-the-Lake cannabis greenhouse, laying off 30, MJBizDaily, November 5, 2021</ref> <ref>Tweed Farms closing Niagara-on-the-Lake greenhouse facility, Niagara This Week, November 12, 2021</ref> == Manazarta == mrbektay485nl8d0b4il04mx0uq6lm3 0 103166 647586 2025-06-26T14:06:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 647586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star. Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005, [3] ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.[4] [5] Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.[6][7] Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] ftfo8rt4431frrkz5a2dj8j6doiep99 647587 647586 2025-06-26T14:07:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005, [3] ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.[4] [5] Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.[6][7] Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] gqc0607lcaesk6j1luf468elsjgsp85 647589 647587 2025-06-26T14:08:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005, [3] ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.[4] [5] Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.[6][7] Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 1jx9kbxbkdj4rdf2x504l3q2qe7wtib 647590 647589 2025-06-26T14:08:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.[4] [5] Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.[6][7] Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 72b4c76voxtni88j97jpda2lwgty9l6 647592 647590 2025-06-26T14:09:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.[6][7] Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] qq74xxfcly7oji1av4945zlkptc301o 647593 647592 2025-06-26T14:09:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.[6][7] Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 4ze2xawtk5cup8dzhcrapo7kmaoej2h 647596 647593 2025-06-26T14:10:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 6fvr13af7x3r3ma3po46baeqcx6inv3 647598 647596 2025-06-26T14:11:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. An haifi Takei Hosato Takei [8] a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] ffikm8rx3guaueyr8xeo72hhorz09z8 647599 647598 2025-06-26T14:12:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California, [9] ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura [8] (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] rq8f17hfrcqyfsmg3zbzqnagjqw0g3y 647600 647599 2025-06-26T14:12:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture), [10] wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 5lybt83z7o7jlqhp5f7abq8z9497pff 647601 647600 2025-06-26T14:13:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.[11] Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] rba9kr2ktlciv3h250fo8177mxrwpuc 647602 647601 2025-06-26T14:13:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.[12][13] A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 389q7wgdym87z3n37ixxc1x782o7o4g 647603 647602 2025-06-26T14:14:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] c7uvfygczayk7cix6ul57fdh0bylng0 647604 647603 2025-06-26T14:14:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.[14] Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 4rpkgi9tqomaurhbyjsqafuhyekp3bf 647605 647604 2025-06-26T14:15:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.[15] Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] afqqglevf57qlpwlxgs5lzasbyqhlof 647606 647605 2025-06-26T14:15:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.” [16] A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] cyu4dk2cmosp4tk0cjhorrt0aprmq4l 647607 647606 2025-06-26T14:16:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.[17] Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] kzstbozrsbbn4mdlguqzabkecj9ylxh 647608 647607 2025-06-26T14:17:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.[18] Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] rb1i5b9p2pytv8s4s50ezanp5o9kce3 647609 647608 2025-06-26T14:17:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.[19][20] Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 744p59q6eo27q6c29q7w8svvrrv1g1g 647610 647609 2025-06-26T14:18:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 500hrm6h51sng69xhcp9zbqyo7is5iv 647611 647610 2025-06-26T14:18:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.[21] Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] kiqg4g3azwogh5j0cmgsij3zqo01y9o 647612 647611 2025-06-26T14:19:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.[22] Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] ggfh0f8oef0mb7mdksh8rfkg6gd0vvx 647613 647612 2025-06-26T14:20:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.[23] == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] ey78ztntsxlmgy4mnsmjhfzcjv9izfq 647614 647613 2025-06-26T14:20:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957) [24] da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] pofwkzdvspniq5wdixyi3dc3byraojt 647615 647614 2025-06-26T14:21:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref>Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles [25] zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] gx6ijendtwqsz5cxldw40j03ycot4qv 647616 647615 2025-06-26T14:21:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref>Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.[24] Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] d012y5qrsetcrgfn1ekw9gkxn91zi5i 647617 647616 2025-06-26T14:22:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref name=":0">Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":0" /> Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter", [26] wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] ndyj5ldb9buh933d4uw1vuq2crwprhy 647618 647617 2025-06-26T14:23:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref name=":0">Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":0" /> Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter",<ref>Hinson, Mark. "'Star Trek' actor George Takei is familiar with prejudice". Tallahassee.com. Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved March 25, 2012</ref> wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twilight.[27] CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 1tzm7boe5t88vju93iziwdv22a69inx 647619 647618 2025-06-26T14:24:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref name=":0">Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":0" /> Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter",<ref>Hinson, Mark. "'Star Trek' actor George Takei is familiar with prejudice". Tallahassee.com. Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved March 25, 2012</ref> wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twiligh<ref>Presnell, Don; McGee, Marty (1998). A Critical History of Television's The Twilight Zone, 1959–1964. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 188. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7864-3886-0</nowiki>.</ref> CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.[28] Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] bzes1ktg6j2v472f0jbu2hn3wxlw42k 647620 647619 2025-06-26T14:25:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref name=":0">Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":0" /> Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter",<ref>Hinson, Mark. "'Star Trek' actor George Takei is familiar with prejudice". Tallahassee.com. Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved March 25, 2012</ref> wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twiligh<ref>Presnell, Don; McGee, Marty (1998). A Critical History of Television's The Twilight Zone, 1959–1964. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 188. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7864-3886-0</nowiki>.</ref> CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.<ref>Courtney, Steve (October 8, 1992). "Treasures of the Twilight Zone". Hartford Courant. Retrieved January 5, 2020</ref> Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.[27][28] Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] tkucki86qpafredbz0y436frk0n6g50 647621 647620 2025-06-26T14:25:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref name=":0">Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":0" /> Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter",<ref>Hinson, Mark. "'Star Trek' actor George Takei is familiar with prejudice". Tallahassee.com. Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved March 25, 2012</ref> wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twiligh<ref>Presnell, Don; McGee, Marty (1998). A Critical History of Television's The Twilight Zone, 1959–1964. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 188. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7864-3886-0</nowiki>.</ref> CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.<ref name=":1">Courtney, Steve (October 8, 1992). "Treasures of the Twilight Zone". Hartford Courant. Retrieved January 5, 2020</ref> Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.<ref name=":1" /> Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).[29] 66d4mqgtjl8n7bj1hbn5bkcfptb7mud 647622 647621 2025-06-26T14:26:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Takei''' (/ təˈkeɪ/ tə-KAY; an haife shi Afrilu 20, 1937), an haife shi Hosato Takei (Jafananci: 武井 穂郷, Hepburn: Takei Hosato), ɗan wasan Ba’amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan fafutuka wanda aka sani da rawarsa a matsayin Hikaru Sulu, helmsman na USSnch [10] a cikin Star.<ref>Zoglin, Richard (November 28, 1994). "Star Trek: Trekking Onward". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2015.</ref><ref>Vankin, Deborah (April 7, 2015). "Actor-activist George Takei takes command in cyberspace and beyond". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2015</ref> Takei an haife shi ne ga iyayen Jafanawa-Ba-Amurke, waɗanda suke zaune a Cibiyar Segregation ta Tule Lake a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara neman aiki a kwaleji, wanda ya jagoranci a 1965 zuwa matsayin Sulu, inda ya koma lokaci-lokaci a cikin 1990s. Bayan fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a 2005,<ref>Sharf, Zack (January 12, 2023). "George Takei Reveals He Came Out as Gay Because Arnold Schwarzenegger Rejected Gay Marriage Bill: 'I Was So Angry' at Him". Variety. Retrieved April 6, 2025</ref> ya zama fitaccen mai goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT kuma yana aiki a siyasar jiha da na gida. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin baƙi, a wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikinsa a kan 2012 Broadway show Allegiance, game da ƙwarewar aiki.<ref>George Takei on today's fear of immigrants - CNN Video". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref><ref>Granberry, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At SMU talk, George Takei takes 'Star Trek'-like aim at Trump's immigration policies". Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2018.</ref> Takei yayi magana duka Ingilishi da Jafananci yana girma kuma ya kasance ƙware a cikin harsunan biyu.<ref>"Lgbtプライド月間に寄せて ジョージ • タケイさんからのメッセージ (2016年)". May 27, 2014 – via YouTube</ref><ref>George Takei on Starring in Heroes". February 5, 2007</ref> Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo saboda aikin da ya yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da dangantakar Japan da Amurka, gami da aikin da ya yi tare da gidan adana kayan tarihi na Amurka na Japan a Los Angeles, California. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Takei Hosato Takei<ref>The Birth of Hosato Takei". California Birth Index. Retrieved January 1, 2014.</ref> a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Los Angeles, California,<ref>"George Takei". TV Guide. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</ref> ga iyayen Amurkawa na Japan Fumiko Emily Nakamura (an haife shi a Sacramento, California) da Takekuma Norman Takei (an haife shi a Yamanashi Prefecture),<ref>Chen, Melody (interviewer) (2004). George Takei - Archive Interview Part 1 of 6. Archive of American Television (Video). Event occurs at 1:25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa.<ref>"George Takei Biography (1937-)". Filmreference. Retrieved December 4, 2013.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya sanya masa suna George bayan Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, wanda aka nada shi a cikin 1937, jim kadan bayan haihuwar Takei.<ref>Taken from Takei's comments on the Howard Stern Show, January 9, 2006.</ref><ref>To the stars: the autobiography of Takei, Star Trek's Mr. Sulu by George Takei.</ref> A cikin 1942, bayan rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa ta 9066, dangin Takei an tilasta musu su zauna a cikin matsugunan doki da aka canza na Santa Anita Park kafin a tura su zuwa Cibiyar Kaura ta Rohwer War don horarwa a Rohwer, Arkansas.<ref>Hosato G. Takei Internment Record". MooseRoots. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017</ref> Sansanin horon yana cikin wuraren fadama kuma an kewaye shi da shingen shinge na waya. Daga baya an mayar da dangin zuwa Cibiyar Matsala ta Tule Lake War a California don yin aiki.<ref>2004 interview on life in internment camps (for Archive of American Television)". November 29, 2011. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2013 – via YouTube</ref> Takei yana da dangi da yawa da ke zaune a Japan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin su, yana da kawu da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan uwa da suke zaune a Hiroshima kuma dukansu an kashe su a lokacin harin bam ɗin da ya lalata birnin. A cikin kalmomin Takei, “An iske inna da ɗan kawuna [an] an kona su a cikin wani rami a Hiroshima.”<ref>Kearns, Landess (December 22, 2016). "George Takei Reminds Donald Trump Of The Past Horrors Of Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved September 20, 2018 – via HuffPost</ref> A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, bayan barin sansanin horo na Tule, an bar dangin Takei ba tare da asusun banki ba, kasuwancin gida ko iyali; wannan ya sa suka kasa samun gidaje, don haka suka zauna a kan Skid Row, Los Angeles tsawon shekaru biyar.<ref>Cummings, Madeleine (September 20, 2019). "George Takei on being imprisoned as a child and revisiting his past for two new projects". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 27, 2020</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Dutsen Vernon kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Shugaban Hukumar Boys a Makarantar Sakandare ta Los Angeles.<ref>"W'56 [Boys] Senior Boards". [Los Angeles High School] Blue & White [Annual]. 1956: 6. June 1956</ref> Ya kasance memba na Boy Scout Troop 379 na Koyasan Buddhist Temple.<ref>r"George Takei - Boy Scouts of America Public Service Announcement". November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</ref><ref>"History for Commodore Perry Scouts"</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Takei ya shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ya karanta gine-gine.<ref>George Takei: Political resistance is a "silver lining in a very ominous dark cloud"". Salon. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2018</ref> Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, inda ya sami Bachelor of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1960 da Master of Arts a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1964.<ref>"Notable Alumni Actors". UCLA School of Theater, Film and television. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.</ref> Ya kuma halarci Cibiyar Shakespeare a Stratford-upon-Avon a Ingila da Jami'ar Sophia da ke Tokyo. A Hollywood, ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Desilu Workshop.<ref>George Takei Biography". George Takei. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2007.</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki === Takei ya fara aikinsa a Hollywood a ƙarshen 1950s, yana ba da murya ga haruffa a cikin fassarar Turanci na fina-finan dodo na Jafananci Rodan (1956, US: 1957)<ref name=":0">Takei, George (1994). To The Stars. The Autobiography of George Takei. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 135. <nowiki>ISBN 0-671-89008-5</nowiki>.</ref> da Godzilla Raids Again (1955, US: Gigantis the Fire Monster, 1959). Ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na tarihin tarihin Playhouse 90, wasan Perry Mason "Case of the Blushing Lu'u-lu'u" (duka 1959), da kuma wasu lokuta kaɗan a cikin Idon Hawai a lokacin lokacin 1960 – 61, gami da wani babban labari kamar Thomas Jefferson Chu. Ya samo asali ne da rawar George a cikin mawaƙa Fly Blackbird !, amma lokacin da wasan kwaikwayon ya yi tafiya daga Los Angeles<ref>The Relocation from Los Angeles". Relocation & Moving Division California. March 27, 2004</ref> zuwa Off-Broadway, an tilasta wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kogin Yamma yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma rawar ta tafi William Sugihara maimakon. Daga ƙarshe Sugihara ya daina aikin kuma Takei ya rufe watannin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":0" /> Takei daga baya ya fito tare da irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Frank Sinatra a cikin Kadan So kaɗan (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1959), Richard Burton a cikin Ice Palace, Jeffrey Hunter a cikin Jahannama zuwa Dawwama (1960), Alec Guinness a Yawancin Daya (1961), James Caan a Red Line 7000 (1965 a cikin Run), da Cary Grant Walk (1965). Takei ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri na zuriyar Jafananci a cikin "The Encounter",<ref>Hinson, Mark. "'Star Trek' actor George Takei is familiar with prejudice". Tallahassee.com. Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved March 25, 2012</ref> wani yanki na 1964 na Yankin Twiligh<ref>Presnell, Don; McGee, Marty (1998). A Critical History of Television's The Twilight Zone, 1959–1964. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 188. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7864-3886-0</nowiki>.</ref> CBS ta ɗauki jigon kiyayyar Amurka da Japan a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali" don haɗawa lokacin da aka haɗa jerin abubuwan.<ref name=":1">Courtney, Steve (October 8, 1992). "Treasures of the Twilight Zone". Hartford Courant. Retrieved January 5, 2020</ref> Ba a ga "Haɗuwar" ba bayan an fara watsa shi har sai da aka fitar da shi a bidiyo a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin Taskokin Twilight Zone.<ref name=":1" /> Takei bako-tauraro a cikin wani shiri na Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yuwu ba a lokacin farkon wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 1966. Ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Jerry Lewis guda biyu, The Big Mouth (wanda ba a san shi ba, 1967) da Wace Hanya zuwa Gaba? (1970). Takei ya ba da labarin shirin Takobin Jafananci a matsayin Soul of Samurai (1969).<ref>The Japanese Sword as the Soul of the Samurai". 1969. Retrieved April 23, 2017</ref> == Manazarta == 370d3p7rs98h3nbqzywfgjbs0fm6kiy 0 103167 647623 2025-06-26T14:30:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 647623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).[1] Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.[2] [3] Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.[4] Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.[3] Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.[5] Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == b7679pqszhtdkr082q5xfikxde6ylcw 647624 647623 2025-06-26T14:31:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 647624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).[1] Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.[2] [3] Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.[4] Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.[3] Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.[5] Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == lsr5dxrg5g0htz5qlm8a9mc2z4j7gpd 647625 647624 2025-06-26T14:31:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.[2] [3] Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.[4] Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.[3] Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.[5] Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == pzdzyetrqbsjhwovc5l0obg0fa8dc4d 647626 647625 2025-06-26T14:32:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.[4] Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.[3] Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.[5] Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == sky23njpsy9sqlwkixl04c73cdh90nw 647627 647626 2025-06-26T14:33:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.[4] Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.[5] Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == s58gtosg5eftzxl0hbdjq6v4w7wbr5x 647628 647627 2025-06-26T14:33:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.[5] Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == pz3961khad1o7ebx8ws8hzgkaahlv7u 647629 647628 2025-06-26T14:34:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.[3][6] Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == lvkayf5ygx4aps6phn8yzaa8zwj3kuo 647630 647629 2025-06-26T14:35:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.[3] An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.[7][8] A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == cnutfwjofaxv8caqau974os72hrbc88 647631 647630 2025-06-26T14:36:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci. An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == m1lo4oi7x5zzqt1v84l9h8jwruobdav 647632 647631 2025-06-26T14:36:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci. An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.[9] Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == sc1uish4ah2ar37br7hboeqk76d8g2e 647633 647632 2025-06-26T14:37:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci. An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.[10] [11] [12] Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == npptxf5ufml2c2um76sf2xxvr7ot5pr 647634 647633 2025-06-26T14:37:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci. An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == awgj14mu0zzyjm8t5kw6si04i7q09tn 647635 647634 2025-06-26T14:38:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci. An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 4tgnttqlbpvtawyotu1lehw88rs4vwf 647636 647635 2025-06-26T14:38:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci. An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 9in4faxt2cqqhm4tm331m6oahe0dbi1 647637 647636 2025-06-26T14:39:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.[13] [14] A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 219v19deaqg22xwykffe6cvnr6ttuj4 647638 647637 2025-06-26T14:40:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.[15] == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == ftlp08heq1eazz1p0mkx4vcjmikrh58 647639 647638 2025-06-26T14:43:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.[16] Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == jysdns4xj3jdlaaoq98ouosszvdiylq 647640 647639 2025-06-26T14:44:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).[17] A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == artv3grpo80gq4yyc4d3gkre9l33gv2 647641 647640 2025-06-26T14:44:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.[18] Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == rec0bcjow5bfyiyvom1a6lkc8k8qsd8 647642 647641 2025-06-26T14:45:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647642 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai.[19] Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."[19]. Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == hmtqcmwkekuu4jqkm3s1965qr1ii1s4 647643 647642 2025-06-26T14:45:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.[20][21] A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 5z8zd66k2r5gw39aqga4008bi24hbub 647644 647643 2025-06-26T14:47:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 6cc0tggn4owo2gffvn8zvnzgr3p2dpp 647645 647644 2025-06-26T14:48:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.[22] Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == dihhbqcqfe447h05mfh41hanlz48jpd 647646 647645 2025-06-26T14:48:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan, [23] gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 0i7b9kga34x2gvokv7xj7ep87bbx6cl 647647 647646 2025-06-26T14:49:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.[24] Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == ae1ii4qebkvj983ns43jqo0kffbn0nr 647648 647647 2025-06-26T14:50:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.[25] A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == m96ddfif2xhsiz2j91aw5gvabizt9pq 647649 647648 2025-06-26T14:50:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.[26] Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 2v71i899stgls1zn92smtkv5stqcc6j 647650 647649 2025-06-26T14:52:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta[27]. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == tsybv5v0622ozfnmv6krb9a1d4brol2 647651 647650 2025-06-26T14:53:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya [28]. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == ei81ycgkwpvbxyeywxdmi6mn1sjxma6 647652 647651 2025-06-26T14:53:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.[29][30][31] Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == qrkq4ry0mec1k1qf3bgqqrqtg3dgpat 647653 647652 2025-06-26T14:54:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == c3f8wc54cnpy63rq2zoa2cpkwlba5ga 647654 647653 2025-06-26T14:55:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == pu3p27hazvox11aww20apezykt1u4w1 647655 647654 2025-06-26T14:55:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).[32] A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == hon4tuyqd4c54agl7vly1ycg48zsdyv 647657 647655 2025-06-26T15:31:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.[33] [34] 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == nt6syzugb111x3ikzujsrv5lof0w9ec 647658 647657 2025-06-26T15:32:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 735zt90yw2brtchc0schuuyh8tfn1tv 647659 647658 2025-06-26T15:33:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.[35] [36] White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == m5f9kz24rpw973ryrthy7pgz77rwmo1 647660 647659 2025-06-26T15:33:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.<ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009</ref> White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == cpoxvya6n2kvbl6amrrs94gfqid05fi 647661 647660 2025-06-26T15:34:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.<ref>White Collar: Cast & Crew | Neal Caffrey played by Matt Bomer". USA Network. USA Network. May 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</ref><ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009</ref> White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.[37] An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == g7bfawg9qiryh3ad9omgb4cpngfn367 647662 647661 2025-06-26T15:37:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647662 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.<ref>White Collar: Cast & Crew | Neal Caffrey played by Matt Bomer". USA Network. USA Network. May 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</ref><ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009</ref> White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.<ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009.</ref> An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba." Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == i3fl3ctxuuodeij1ffrmvfj9iqjueph 647663 647662 2025-06-26T15:38:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.<ref>White Collar: Cast & Crew | Neal Caffrey played by Matt Bomer". USA Network. USA Network. May 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</ref><ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009</ref> White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.<ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009.</ref> An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba."<ref>McNamara, Mary (October 23, 2009). "Television Review: White Collar on USA Network". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</ref> Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.[39] Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == gtqk5mxwivknl3hz818ge7m9uq7a0t9 647664 647663 2025-06-26T15:38:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.<ref>White Collar: Cast & Crew | Neal Caffrey played by Matt Bomer". USA Network. USA Network. May 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</ref><ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009</ref> White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.<ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009.</ref> An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba."<ref>McNamara, Mary (October 23, 2009). "Television Review: White Collar on USA Network". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</ref> Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.<ref>People's Choice Awards 2015: Full List Of Winners". People's Choice Awards. January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay. == Manazarta == 644i58k8p41t1hbfrdy9plc352js7vn 647665 647664 2025-06-26T15:39:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 647665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Staton Bomer''' (/ ˈboʊmər / BOH-mər; an haife shi Oktoba 11, 1977) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ayyukansa sun ba shi yabo da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Choice Television Award, ban da nadin nadin na Emmy Awards guda biyu. Bomer ya fara fitowa a talabijin a shekara ta 2000 akan wasan opera mai suna All My Children. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon tare da Bachelor of Fine Arts digiri. Ba da daɗewa ba, yana da rawar kwangila akan Hasken Jagora, kuma ya bayyana akan nunin farko, gami da Kiran Tru. A cikin 2005, Bomer ya fara fitowa a fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin shirin jirgin sama mai ban sha'awa, sannan a cikin 2007 ya sami karɓuwa tare da maimaita rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin talabijin na NBC Chuck. Daga 2009 zuwa 2014, ya yi tauraro a matsayin con artist Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin Amurka Network White Collar. Bomer yana da rawar tallafi a cikin 2011 mai ban sha'awa A Lokaci, wasan ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Magic Mike na 2012 da mabiyin sa na 2015, da fim ɗin 2016 neo-noir The Nice Guys. A cikin 2015, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami nadin nadi don lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don buga marubucin rufaffiyar a cikin fim ɗin talabijin The Normal Heart. Bomer ya yi baƙon baƙo a kakar wasa ta huɗu na jerin abubuwan ban tsoro na FX na Labarin Horror Labari, kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa babban simintin gyare-gyare na kakarsa ta biyar. Tun daga lokacin ya yi tauraro a matsayin Larry Trainor a cikin Max jerin Doom Patrol (2019 – 2023) da kuma tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu a cikin Miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023).<ref>Zalben, Alex (April 5, 2019). "'Doom Patrol': Matt Bomer's Kelly Clarkson Dance Party With a Sentient, Genderqueer Street Was a Series High Point". Decider. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020</ref> Latterarshen ya ba shi ƙarin lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Primetime Emmy Award. A kan mataki, Bomer ya yi wasa a cikin Dustin Lance Black play 8 a Broadway, da kuma a Wilshire Ebell Theatre a Los Angeles kamar yadda Jeff Zarrillo, mai kara a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta soke California's Proposition 8. A cikin 2018 ya tauraro a cikin farfadowa na Mart Crowley wasa The Boys in the Band on Broadway wasa Donald; ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka a fim din 2020 mai suna iri daya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Matthew Staton Bomer a Webster Groves, Missouri, ga Elizabeth Macy (née Staton) da John O'Neill Bomer IV.<ref>October 11 in History". Contra Costa Times. Associated Press. October 10, 2012. sec. Breaking</ref> Mahaifinsa, dan wasan Dallas Cowboys, ya buga wa kungiyar wasa daga 1972 zuwa 1974.<ref>"John Bomer". Pro Football Archives. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</ref> Matt yana da ’yar’uwa, Megan, da ɗan’uwa, Neill, wanda injiniya ne.<ref>People (July 16, 2015). "50 Facts About Matt Bomer – Magic Mike's Ken". Boomsbeat. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.</ref> Bomer ya yaba wa iyayensa don fahimtar juna lokacin da suka fahimci yaron ya ɗan bambanta da takwarorinsa. "Koyaushe ina da tunani mai zurfi," in ji Bomer.<ref>Rizzo, Carita (September 27, 2017). "Matt Bomer Talks Parenthood, Getting His Start in Acting, and His New Drama 'Walking Out'". Boston Common. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref> Shi ɗan uwa ne mai nisa ga mawaƙin Amurka Justin Timberlake.<ref>Harrison, Lily (August 25, 2014). "Are Matt Bomer and Justin Timberlake Related?! Find Out What the Normal Heart Actor Revealed at the 2014 Emmys". E!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017</ref> Iyalin Bomer na Ingilishi, Welsh, Scotland, Irish, Swiss-Jamus da Faransanci.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref> An girma Bomer a Spring, Texas, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein; shi abokin karatunsa ne na Lee Pace da Lynn Collins.<ref>Silberman, Lindsay (February 15, 2012). "Check out Matt Bomer's High School Yearbook Photo". TV Guide. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</ref><ref>Barker, Andrew (September 30, 2009). "Bomer trades football for acting career". Variety. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</ref> A cikin makarantar sakandare, Bomer ya buga wasan mai karɓa da kuma mai da martani ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantarsa ​​kafin ya yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan yin wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Matt Bomer and Bill Pullman Share Hot Tips for Watching The Super Bowl" <nowiki>[[Parade (magazine)]]</nowiki> Jan. 24, 2020". Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. January 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020</ref><ref>Theatre Gold (June 25, 2015). "Matt Bomer wins Golden Globe". theatregold.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</ref><ref>Beautiful People 2010: Matt Bomer". Paper. March 29, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014</ref> Yana da shekaru 17, ya fara halartan matakin sa na farko a matsayin Matashi Mai tarawa a cikin samar da motar Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar mai suna Desire wanda Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alley ya shirya a cikin gari na Houston. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani samarwa na 1998 na Joseph da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat da Romeo da Juliet a bikin Utah Shakespeare a Cedar City, Utah.<ref>Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 10, 1998). "From Coward to 'Romeo and Juliet,' festival shines". Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013</ref> Bomer ya sami digirin digiri na Fine Arts a wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a 2000.<ref>"The Best of Primetime". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2009</ref> A cikin 1999, Bomer ya yi aiki a matsayin mashaya yayin da ya kwashe shekara guda yana zaune a Galway, Ireland.<ref>Matt Bomer: 'After two days in Galway, I thought: I'll just do another lap around the town'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020</ref> == Sana'a == === 2000–2004: Matsayin farko === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Bomer ya koma birnin New York. Wasan sa na farko a talabijin ya zo ne a cikin 2000 akan hanyar sadarwa ta ABC, lokacin da ya buga Ian Kipling a kan wasan opera mai tsayi mai gudu All My Children.<ref>About the Actors of GL: Matt Bomer". Soapcentral.com. Soap Central. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya fito baƙo a cikin jerin abubuwan ban mamaki Relic Hunter (2002).<ref>"Matt Bomer | Celebrity Keep". Celebrity Keep. July 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2018</ref> A cikin 2001, ya sami rawar kwangila akan wasan opera Guiding Light. Ya buga Ben Reade, halin da ke da alaƙa da iyalai da yawa akan wasan kwaikwayon.<ref>About the Actors | Guiding Light on Soap Central". Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021</ref> Lokacin da Bomer ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin 2003, ficewar sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa; An bayyana Ben ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin karuwai na namiji kuma mai kisan kai. Shekaru daga baya a cikin 2015, Bomer ya yi magana game da shigarsa a cikin jerin: "Na gaya musu cewa kawai su jefa mini nutsewar kicin, kuma sun yi."<ref>Lyon, Joshua (June 24, 2015). "Magic Mike XXL's Matt Bomer Dishes on His Soap Opera Past". InStyle. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref> Matsayinsa na gaba shine a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na allahntaka Tru Calling (2003 – 2004). Tauraro tare da Eliza Dushku, Bomer yayi tauraro a matsayin Luc Johnston, sha'awar fitaccen jarumin jerin wanda Dushku ya buga, a farkon kakar wasa.<ref>Flynn, Gillian (January 9, 2004). "Tru Calling". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018</ref><ref>Stanhope, Kate (August 2, 2011). "Eliza Dushku on Her Steamy White Collar Guest Spot: "I Wanted a Mr. & Mrs Smith Vibe"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018</ref> A cikin 2003, Bomer ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yin tauraro a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Powerhouse samar da Paul Weitz na Caca a New York.<ref>'Roulette', a new play written by acclaimed film director and playwright Paul Weitz, to premiere as part of Powerhouse Theater's special presentations". College Relations Vassar. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</ref> Bayan shekara guda, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Bellport a cikin shirin talabijin na farko na Arewa Shore. === 2005–2009: Sauya zuwa fim da nasara tare da Farin Collar === Allon sa na farko ya faru ne a cikin 2005 wanda ke yin tauraro a cikin Robert Schwentke wanda ya ba da umarni na sirri mai ban tsoro Flightplan,<ref>Flightplan (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2015.</ref> gaban Jodie Foster. Halin Bomer ma'aikacin jirgin ne.<ref>Matt Bomer | Flightplan: Photos". Pop Sugar. April 4, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2017</ref> Fim din ya samu dala miliyan 223.3 a duk duniya, inda ya zama fim na goma sha bakwai da ya fi samun kudi a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Bomer da ya fi samun riba ya zuwa yanzu.<ref>Fightplan (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin slasher Massacre na Texas Chainsaw: Farko (2006), Bomer ya kwatanta Eric, tsohon sojan Yaƙin Vietnam wanda ke tuƙi a cikin Texas don sake shiga bayan an tsara ɗan'uwansa.<ref>Lee, Nathan (October 6, 2006). "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning – Review – Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2018</ref> Ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na farko Amy Coyne (2006); ya taka rawar Case. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin wata budurwa da ta gaji hukumar wasanni ta mahaifinta<ref>Amy Coyne (2006)". IMDb. Archived from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2017</ref>. Matsayinsa na farko da ya jagoranci shine a cikin jerin Matafiya (2007), tare da Logan Marshall-Green, Aaron Stanford da Viola Davis, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na gajere na tsakiyar lokaci wanda aka fara akan ABC a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2007, jerin suna ba da labarin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri biyu, waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci bayan tseren skateboarding a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya<ref>Stanley, Alessandra (May 10, 2007). "After a Museum Is Bombed, the Real Trouble Beginso". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2017</ref>. An soke shirin bayan sassa takwas.<ref>Bianco, Robert (May 10, 2007). "'Traveler' follows familiar path, but it follows it with style". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref><ref>Richmond, Ray (May 10, 2007). "Traveler". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2008</ref><ref>Bianculli, David (May 10, 2007). "Lost lambs on the lam in absurd 'Traveler'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2008.</ref> Yana da rawar goyan baya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Chuck (2007-09).<ref>Matt Bomer & Yvonne Strahovski Bomer as Bryce Larkin (Season one and two)". E!. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</ref> A cikin 2007, Bomer ya ɗauki aikin Ernest Hemingway a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan Crispin Whittell na Villa America a Massachusetts, tare da tauraro a ciki tare da Jennifer Mudge da Nate Corddry.<ref>"Villa America (2007)". Williamstown Theatre Festival. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</ref><ref>Rizzo, Frank (July 15, 2007). "Villa America (2007) – Review". Variety. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018</ref> 2009 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin Bomer yayin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai zane Neal Caffrey a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda na White Collar.<ref>White Collar: Cast & Crew | Neal Caffrey played by Matt Bomer". USA Network. USA Network. May 23, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2017.</ref><ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009</ref> White Collar wanda aka fara a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2009, akan hanyar sadarwa ta Amurka kuma sama da mutane miliyan 5.40 ne suka kalli shi.<ref>Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings for the week ending October 25, 2009". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2009.</ref> An karɓi wasan kwaikwayon tare da farin jini da yabo. Mary McNamara ta jaridar Los Angeles Times ta rubuta: "Kyakkyawan yin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma aikata laifukan jin kai ba shine kawai abubuwan da suka sa wannan ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki mafi girma don fara wannan faɗuwar ba."<ref>McNamara, Mary (October 23, 2009). "Television Review: White Collar on USA Network". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2018.</ref> Bomer ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaɓin mutane a bikin 2015.<ref>People's Choice Awards 2015: Full List Of Winners". People's Choice Awards. January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Bomer ya samar da sassan 19 na White Collar tare da farashi Tim DeKay.<ref>People's Choice Awards 2015: Full List Of Winners". People's Choice Awards. January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017</ref> == Manazarta == p1dgui05kxwll3zeddvbmcjig7piofu 0 103168 647666 2025-06-26T15:51:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1269350970|Eddie Daniels (political activist)]]" 647666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can. == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983. A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001. Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist)Eddie Daniels (political activist){{Reflist|30em}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{Cite book}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8oaavsiny4x2nm9uaxbiszingbij0hg 647667 647666 2025-06-26T15:51:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 647667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can. == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983. A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001. Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{Cite book}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jfzyx9zlrifalpjdpkg5btrbk8q1yet 647668 647667 2025-06-26T15:52:54Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Wallafe-wallafe */ 647668 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can. == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983. A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001. Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p4kqt5i8cahh4kibvrg24esqyjs7bxd 647669 647668 2025-06-26T15:53:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983. A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001. Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9y3pylbs5tant7lwvs8hvpasc7vcwqo 647670 647669 2025-06-26T15:54:16Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Ɗauri */ 647670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eddie-daniels "Eddie Daniels"], South African History Online.</ref> A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001. Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 761mt9fjl9sefok3wznnp0hgocrmv1l 647671 647670 2025-06-26T15:55:16Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Rayuwa ta sirri */ 647671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eddie-daniels "Eddie Daniels"], South African History Online.</ref> A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001.<ref>[http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24 "Author, anti-apartheid activist Eddie Daniels to speak Oct. 24"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165851/http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24/ |date=12 November 2013 }}, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame, 16 October 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |website=www.bgsu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref> Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mygs2x51q5yjt18bnlpilgzm9k50xta 647672 647671 2025-06-26T15:56:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eddie-daniels "Eddie Daniels"], South African History Online.</ref> A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001.<ref>[http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24 "Author, anti-apartheid activist Eddie Daniels to speak Oct. 24"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165851/http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24/ |date=12 November 2013 }}, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame, 16 October 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |website=www.bgsu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref> Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rtf55jxmtp1qdlijvc7h5c3v81jdp21 647673 647672 2025-06-26T15:57:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eddie-daniels "Eddie Daniels"], South African History Online.</ref> A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001.<ref>[http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24 "Author, anti-apartheid activist Eddie Daniels to speak Oct. 24"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165851/http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24/ |date=12 November 2013 }}, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame, 16 October 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |website=www.bgsu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref> Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fww5pn41ezr92ik94pcm15xhb89oi7f 647682 647673 2025-06-26T16:04:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eddie-daniels "Eddie Daniels"], South African History Online.</ref> A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001.<ref>[http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24 "Author, anti-apartheid activist Eddie Daniels to speak Oct. 24"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165851/http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24/ |date=12 November 2013 }}, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame, 16 October 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |website=www.bgsu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref> Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rtf55jxmtp1qdlijvc7h5c3v81jdp21 647684 647682 2025-06-26T16:06:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 Muhammad Idriss Criteria moved page [[Eddie Daniels]] to [[Eddie Daniels (political activist)]] 647682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Daniels''' OLS (25 Oktoba 1928 - 30 Nuwamba 2017) tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar a matsayin fursunonin siyasa a tsibirin Robben, a cikin shekarun da [[Nelson Mandela]] yake ɗaure a can.<ref>http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722062446/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-51 |date=22 July 2015 }} ''CVET interview video''</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Tare da mahaifin da aka haifa a Ingila da mahaifiyar mai Launi, Daniels an rarraba shi ta atomatik a matsayin mai launi, lokacin da ya saba da shi. Ya fi son a kira shi Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Yaronsa ya kasance mai farin ciki sosai a unguwanni na Gundumar shida da Lavender Hill, Cape Town. Tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi da rashin adalci na 'yan sanda sun taimaka wajen samar da ra'ayoyinsa na adalci da halin kirki. Da yake zaune kusa da Table Mountain, Daniels da abokansa suna da damar da za su iya ciyar da lokaci a kan hanya da hawa. == Ilimi da aiki == Daniels ya halarci makarantun gida, kuma ya kammala karatunsa tare da daidaitattun takaddun shaida shida (aji takwas). Yana da ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban yayin da yake ɗan makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Daniels ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa na Merchant, amma dole ne ya jinkirta wannan buri har zuwa daga baya, a cikin shekarar 1954, ya sami damar tafiya whaling. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Bayan kwanakinsa a cikin teku, Daniels ya shiga kasuwancin ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u a Oranjemund, inda ya yi amfani da manyan injuna don share tudun yashi. Tun da babu wanda ya tambaya, an karɓi Daniels a matsayin fari. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Kyawawan daji da zaman kadaici a teku da cikin sahara duk sun burge shi. Tunaninsa na abubuwan da suka faru kamar su farautar kifin kifi na iya yin tasiri mai ɗorewa ga masu sauraronsa. An kashe mutum 94&nbsp;Ft whale a Antarctica shine irin wannan taron. Ya iya isar da tsoro da al'ajabi a cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa. == Gwagwarmaya == Daniels ya kasance mai fahimta musamman, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci rashin daidaiton da ke kewaye da shi. A cikin shekarar 1952 ya fara zama mai himma, halartar tarurruka da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga. Wannan kuma shine farkon shigar Daniels tare da gidansa na siyasa, Jam'iyyar Liberal. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Siyasa == Da ya dawo daga Oranjemund zuwa Cape Town, Daniels ya fahimci ƙarin rashin adalci ta hanyar shigarsa cikin kasuwancin hoto. Ya fara ganin irin azabar da mutane suka sha don kawai ba farare ba ne. Bayan shiga cikin zanga-zangar daban-daban, ya gano cewa Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce daga baya ta zama African Resistance Movement a shekarar 1961 ta amince da ka'idodin (dimokuraɗiyya da adalci a Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba launin fata ba) wanda yake da daraja. "Rana ce ta farin ciki da na shiga jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Africa ta Kudu (LP), domin a can na haɗu da wasu mutane masu kyau da jajirtattun mutane masu sadaukar da kai ga ka'idojin rashin wariyar launin fata da adalci." {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Lokacin da Daniels ya gaya wa [[Walter Sisulu]] yadda ya shiga LP, Sisulu ya yi mamakin cewa Daniels kawai ya tashi ya shiga kungiya bisa ka'idodinta. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar LP da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su, Daniels ya shiga cikin ayyukan zagon ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai shi zama ɗan fursuna na siyasa. {{Sfn|Daniels|1998}} == Ɗauri == Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1979, Daniels yana tsare - don yawancin lokacin a tsibirin Robben. Ya bayyana irin abubuwan da ya faru da jami’an kotu da ‘yan sanda da masu kula da gidajen yari da abokan zaman gidan yari da gaskiya da ban dariya a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa. Ko da yake shi ba memba ne na African National Congress, yana kusa da [[Nelson Mandela]], kuma sau da yawa an ware shi don musayar bayanai. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku, an tsare Daniels a gidan kurkuku har zuwa watan Yuli 1983.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/eddie-daniels "Eddie Daniels"], South African History Online.</ref> A lokacin da yake gidan yari, Daniels ya sami damar ci gaba da karatunsa, inda ya sami digiri na BA da BComm. Bayan da aka ɗage dokar hana shi, ya samu takardar shaidar kammala koyarwa kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa - a lokacin tashin hankalin dalibai da zanga-zangar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A lokacin da ake tsare da shi a gundumar Magisterial na Cape Town, Daniels ya sabunta abokantakarsa da Eleanor Buchanan (yanzu gwauruwa) wanda ya sani tun zamanin Oranjemund. Ba su iya yin aure ba kamar yadda Eleanor ya kasance fari, kuma kawai samun dangantaka mai tsanani yana hadarin karya doka. A cikin shekarar 1983, Daniels da Eleanor sun yi aure wanda ya saba wa Dokar Yankunan Rukuni. Bayan shekaru bakwai, bayan soke dokar, sun sake yin aure, bisa doka, kuma za su yi shekaru masu yawa na farin ciki tare har mutuwar Eleanor a shekarar 2001.<ref>[http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24 "Author, anti-apartheid activist Eddie Daniels to speak Oct. 24"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112165851/http://al.nd.edu/news/12576-author-anti-apartheid-activist-eddie-daniels-to-speak-oct-24/ |date=12 November 2013 }}, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame, 16 October 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |website=www.bgsu.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14}}</ref> Daniels sau da yawa yakan yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje don yin magana a abubuwan da suka faru, yawanci yanayin ilimi, inda ya yawaita gode wa mutane don tallafi a cikin shekaru masu wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BGSU :: Marketing & Communications :: Eddie Daniels |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013810/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/monitor/10-23-06/page24107.html |archive-date=2007-06-14 |website=www.bgsu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014, an nemi Daniels da ya jagoranci bikin Swim na 'Yanci na shekara-shekara, a zaman wani bangare na bikin shekaru 20 na dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu. The Freedom Swim, daga Robben Island zuwa Big Bay, ya kasance yana kokawa a lokacin, saboda yanayi mai wuya da kuma rikitaccen yanayin taron. Shigar da Daniels ya yi ya taimaka wajen haifar da sabuwar rayuwa a cikin taron, kuma jawabin da ya yi a wurin bayar da lambar yabo ya zaburar da sabbin ƴan wasan ninkaya, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu daga yanayi da nasa. Eddie Daniels ya mutu ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 a Somerset West, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward 'Eddie' John Daniels &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/edward-eddie-john-daniels}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Wallafe-wallafe == * {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Eddie |title=There and back: Robben Island, 1964-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Mayibuye Books|isbn=978-1-86808-380-0}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rtf55jxmtp1qdlijvc7h5c3v81jdp21 0 103169 647674 2025-06-26T15:58:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647674 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.[2] A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo[3]. == Manazarta == b8gayapealzelykq3ly6g0p42y3o4pf 647676 647674 2025-06-26T15:59:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647676 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo[3]. == Manazarta == 1drzvpw4p4s4l4h08puj5694p7v2qji 647677 647676 2025-06-26T16:00:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647677 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo<ref>"Monica converts to Islam and quits films". The Times of India. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == 6vf6luzbwxnc0yzp5tk6bnuy66ef0s9 647678 647677 2025-06-26T16:01:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647678 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo<ref>"Monica converts to Islam and quits films". The Times of India. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014, Monica ta musulunta da sabon sunanta M. G. Raheema inda M shine Maruthi Raj (mahaifi) da G is Gracy (mahaifiya).<ref>Sameer (19 October 2015). "Tamil actress Monika converts to Islam and quits cinema". The Siasat Daily – Archive. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref>[5] Mahaifin Monika Hindu ne kuma mahaifiyarta Kirista ce.[6] Rahima ta auri Malik, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Chennai wanda ya fito daga Salem. Malik yana shigowa da fitar da kayan lantarki ne[7]. == Manazarta == o1lnoahpvapreqm6lxzff9g4dvpms4p 647679 647678 2025-06-26T16:02:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647679 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo<ref>"Monica converts to Islam and quits films". The Times of India. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014, Monica ta musulunta da sabon sunanta M. G. Raheema inda M shine Maruthi Raj (mahaifi) da G is Gracy (mahaifiya).<ref>Sameer (19 October 2015). "Tamil actress Monika converts to Islam and quits cinema". The Siasat Daily – Archive. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref><ref>"Film star plans marriage after embracing Islam". Arab News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref> Mahaifin Monika Hindu ne kuma mahaifiyarta Kirista ce.[6] Rahima ta auri Malik, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Chennai wanda ya fito daga Salem. Malik yana shigowa da fitar da kayan lantarki ne[7]. == Manazarta == 2k818w1uf1hok36pxracc4pjnp58bou 647680 647679 2025-06-26T16:03:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647680 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo<ref>"Monica converts to Islam and quits films". The Times of India. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014, Monica ta musulunta da sabon sunanta M. G. Raheema inda M shine Maruthi Raj (mahaifi) da G is Gracy (mahaifiya).<ref>Sameer (19 October 2015). "Tamil actress Monika converts to Islam and quits cinema". The Siasat Daily – Archive. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref><ref>"Film star plans marriage after embracing Islam". Arab News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref> Mahaifin Monika Hindu ne kuma mahaifiyarta Kirista ce.<ref>Another Indian Actress Converts to Islam, quits films. Jafria News. 4 June 2014</ref> Rahima ta auri Malik, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Chennai wanda ya fito daga Salem. Malik yana shigowa da fitar da kayan lantarki ne[7]. == Manazarta == qjqc1u6noosiw7itjic8xl76cj1sdib 647681 647680 2025-06-26T16:04:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647681 wikitext text/x-wiki Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo<ref>"Monica converts to Islam and quits films". The Times of India. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014, Monica ta musulunta da sabon sunanta M. G. Raheema inda M shine Maruthi Raj (mahaifi) da G is Gracy (mahaifiya).<ref>Sameer (19 October 2015). "Tamil actress Monika converts to Islam and quits cinema". The Siasat Daily – Archive. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref><ref>"Film star plans marriage after embracing Islam". Arab News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref> Mahaifin Monika Hindu ne kuma mahaifiyarta Kirista ce.<ref>Another Indian Actress Converts to Islam, quits films. Jafria News. 4 June 2014</ref> Rahima ta auri Malik, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Chennai wanda ya fito daga Salem. Malik yana shigowa da fitar da kayan lantarki ne<ref>"Rahima ties the knot". 11 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</ref>. == Manazarta == 3v1jljjxcmn843ulz2nru5ohy9hafpo 647683 647681 2025-06-26T16:05:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Monica (an haife ta Rekha Maruthiraj) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Indiya ce, wacce ta yi tauraro mafi yawa a cikin fina-finan Tamil.<ref>Kalki interview</ref> Yarinya yar wasan kwaikwayo a farkon 1990s, ta fi fitowa a matsayin goyon baya, kafin ta dauki jagoranci daga karshen 2000s. Wataƙila an fi saninta da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finan Azhagi, Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi da Silandhi. A cikin 2012, ta canza suna zuwa Parvana don fina-finan Malayalam.<ref>Monica will be Parvana in Mollywood. The Times of India (15 January 2017). Retrieved 2 June 2021</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta musulunta, inda ta canza sunanta zuwa M. G. Rahima, ta kuma bayyana cewa ta daina wasan kwaikwayo<ref>"Monica converts to Islam and quits films". The Times of India. 31 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2014, Monica ta musulunta da sabon sunanta M. G. Raheema inda M shine Maruthi Raj (mahaifi) da G is Gracy (mahaifiya).<ref>Sameer (19 October 2015). "Tamil actress Monika converts to Islam and quits cinema". The Siasat Daily – Archive. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref><ref>"Film star plans marriage after embracing Islam". Arab News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</ref> Mahaifin Monika Hindu ne kuma mahaifiyarta Kirista ce.<ref>Another Indian Actress Converts to Islam, quits films. Jafria News. 4 June 2014</ref> Rahima ta auri Malik, wani ɗan kasuwa mazaunin Chennai wanda ya fito daga Salem. Malik yana shigowa da fitar da kayan lantarki ne<ref>"Rahima ties the knot". 11 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</ref>. == Manazarta == 58e9sjlvq17168zg4iauqa53jjmhf8o 0 103170 647685 2025-06-26T16:06:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 Muhammad Idriss Criteria moved page [[Eddie Daniels]] to [[Eddie Daniels (political activist)]] 647685 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Eddie Daniels (political activist)]] nfuhxp8r1d63n80dhfce78qb623cd7w 0 103171 647686 2025-06-26T16:11:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647686 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.[2][3] Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.[4] [5] Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.[6][7] Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == 4rw72gbl41gjtlhgv3z8cok8d131s5n 647687 647686 2025-06-26T16:12:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647687 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref>[3] Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.[4] [5] Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.[6][7] Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == 34j3q7g5lhw55nahexrwwli38ia5iii 647688 647687 2025-06-26T16:13:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647688 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.[4] [5] Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.[6][7] Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == pkd6d2dxqa9e7qaxknhbh6b7vp8kk2n 647689 647688 2025-06-26T16:14:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647689 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> [5] Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.[6][7] Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == a5s13kx62t5gbj7w77nzvy1ahqdzmor 647690 647689 2025-06-26T16:14:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647690 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.[6][7] Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == 3oix27n1bog6wak5s2hf5qvpmftxcwm 647691 647690 2025-06-26T16:15:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647691 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref>[7] Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == t5wpu3xf7td29s9b02bk21d920zuonl 647692 647691 2025-06-26T16:16:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647692 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.[8][9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[10][11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == jd9ydemaow3ngwsm2g0bdkt4ditvxeh 647693 647692 2025-06-26T16:17:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647693 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref>[9] Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == tuh2ch2p7yz2vri6wfbehszk8k5clmv 647695 647693 2025-06-26T16:18:21Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647695 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Clean podium sweeps for RPC and Ukraine on Para biathlon's opening day". Paralympic.org. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.[11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == 2r1cmxh7px4wfhlxr5mokl469xpuu0t 647696 647695 2025-06-26T16:19:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647696 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Clean podium sweeps for RPC and Ukraine on Para biathlon's opening day". Paralympic.org. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.<ref>"Belarus' Yury Holub reigns supreme for second gold medal despite icy slip". Paralympic.org. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref>[11] A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == 4dt9zwjxnc7n9fz8wscyafb6ln53tid 647697 647696 2025-06-26T16:19:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647697 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Clean podium sweeps for RPC and Ukraine on Para biathlon's opening day". Paralympic.org. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.<ref>"Belarus' Yury Holub reigns supreme for second gold medal despite icy slip". Paralympic.org. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (16 January 2022). "Russian trio win again in biathlon at the World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref> A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.[12][13] == Manazarta == o6yu28e11y5pgqlrs8hjc81f9a1xfxj 647699 647697 2025-06-26T16:20:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647699 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Clean podium sweeps for RPC and Ukraine on Para biathlon's opening day". Paralympic.org. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.<ref>"Belarus' Yury Holub reigns supreme for second gold medal despite icy slip". Paralympic.org. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (16 January 2022). "Russian trio win again in biathlon at the World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref> A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.<ref>"Royals crown six new champions as hosts strike cross-country gold on first day". Paralympic.org. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</ref>[13] == Manazarta == nzhe5kzc1h55amuxdacqyynkujj7drb 647700 647699 2025-06-26T16:21:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647700 wikitext text/x-wiki Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Clean podium sweeps for RPC and Ukraine on Para biathlon's opening day". Paralympic.org. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.<ref>"Belarus' Yury Holub reigns supreme for second gold medal despite icy slip". Paralympic.org. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (16 January 2022). "Russian trio win again in biathlon at the World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref> A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.<ref>"Royals crown six new champions as hosts strike cross-country gold on first day". Paralympic.org. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (13 January 2022). "Golubkov and Gretsch among first winners at World Para Snow Sports Championships". ''InsideTheGames.biz''. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> == Manazarta == 1o71l4mq6gg40x8ialtpkf26qne7uv0 647701 647700 2025-06-26T16:22:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yury Holub (an Haife shi 16 Afrilu 1996) ɗan ƙasar Belarus ne namijin da yake fama da matsalar gani na ƙetare skier da biathlete.<ref>"Yury Holub | Paralympic bio". Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya fara wasan nakasassu na farko a lokacin wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 kuma ya ci gaba da neman lambobin yabo 3 ya zuwa yanzu a bayyanarsa ta Paralympic ta farko gami da lambar zinare.<ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref><ref>"Biathlon | Athlete Profile: Yury HOLUB - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.</ref> Ya sami lambar zinare ta farko ta Paralympic bayan ya lashe gasar tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza masu fama da nakasa a lokacin gasar wasannin nakasassu ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018.<ref>"Biathlete Yury Holub wins second gold for Belarus at 2018 Paralympics". Belarus News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> <ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 12.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> Ya kuma yi ikirarin lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar biathlon na maza na 7.5km na nakasasshen gani da kuma tseren gudun kan kilomita 20 na maza kyauta a matsayin wani bangare na wasannin nakasassu na lokacin hunturu na 2018 tare da taimakon jagorar gani, Dzmitry Budzilovich.<ref>"Biathlon | Results Men's 7.5km - Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref><ref>"Cross-Country Skiing | Results Men's 20km Free, Visually Impaired - Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games". www.pyeongchang2018.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018</ref> Ya ci lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza na kilomita 6 na nakasa gani a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya na Para Snow na 2021 da aka gudanar a Lillehammer, Norway.<ref>Houston, Michael (15 January 2022). "Russians take biathlon golds at World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>"Clean podium sweeps for RPC and Ukraine on Para biathlon's opening day". Paralympic.org. 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar zinare a gasar biathlon na maza mai tsawon kilomita 10.<ref>"Belarus' Yury Holub reigns supreme for second gold medal despite icy slip". Paralympic.org. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (16 January 2022). "Russian trio win again in biathlon at the World Para Snow Sports Championships". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</ref> A tseren kankara, ya sami lambar tagulla a tseren kilomita 12.5 na maza.<ref>"Royals crown six new champions as hosts strike cross-country gold on first day". Paralympic.org. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</ref><ref>Houston, Michael (13 January 2022). "Golubkov and Gretsch among first winners at World Para Snow Sports Championships". ''InsideTheGames.biz''. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref> == Manazarta == h8wi510r7nct9zu479tdtbwivxlg5qk 0 103172 647694 2025-06-26T16:18:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291769317|Mohammed Dangor]]" 647694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed Dangor''' ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya kasance Wakilin Dindindin a Majalisar Larduna ta ƙasa tun a watan Yunin 2019. Shi memba ne na tawagar lardin Gauteng mai wakiltar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka. Dangor ya taɓa zama jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a [[Libya]] da [[Siriya|Syria]] da kuma [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin yara tara, Dangor ya shiga gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata tun yana ƙarami. Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata Dangor ya zama jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a [[Libya]] da [[Siriya]] da kuma [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mohammed Dangor on Ahmed Timol and the TRC process – Voice of the Cape |url=https://www.vocfm.co.za/mohammed-dangor-ahmed-timol-trc-process/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.vocfm.co.za}}</ref> == Aikin majalisa == Bayan babban zaɓen shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Dangor a matsayin wakilin dindindin na majalisar lardunan ƙasar daga lardin Gauteng mai wakiltar majalisar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa. Shi ne kaɗai wakilin da ba a rantsar da shi tare da dukkan sauran wakilai na dindindin ba a zaman farko na jam’iyyar NCOP a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2019; An rantsar da shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2019 a Dutsen Tsarin Mulki a [[Johannesburg]] ta Alkalin Shugaba Dustan Mlambo na Sashen Gauteng na Babban Kotun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=SA's newly sworn-in 6th Parliament |url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sas-newly-sworn-6th-parliament |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=SAnews |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ParliamentofRSA|title=Mr Mohammed Dangor, the only remaining designated NCOP Member not sworn in during the first sitting of the Council on 23 May, sworn in today at the Constitutional Hill by Judge President Dustan Mlambo of the Gauteng Division of the High Court #6thParliament}}</ref> === Ayyukan kwamitin === * Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki na haɗin gwiwa * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa da Harkokin Al'adu, Ruwa da Tsabtace-tsabtace da Gidajen Ɗan Adam * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Gyaran Ƙasa, Muhalli, albarkatun ma'adinai da Makamashi * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan korafe-korafe da Ayyukan Zartarwa * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Kasuwancin Jama'a da Sadarwa (Memba na Sauran) * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Tsaro da Adalci * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sufuri, Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa, Ayyukan jama'a da Infrastructure * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Ciniki da Masana'antu, Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Ci gaban Ƙananan Kasuwanci, Yawon Buɗe Ido, Aiki da Aiki == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dangor ɗan uwa ne ga marigayi mataimakin babban sakataren jam'iyyar ANC kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata Jessie Duarte. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Ambassador Mohammed Dangor, wife in ICU following brutal attack |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/former-ambassador-mohammed-dangor-wife-in-icu-following-brutal-attack-20190309 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2019, an shigar da Dangor da matarsa zuwa ICU bayan an kai musu mummunan hari yayin fashi a gidansu da ke [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-09 |title=SA's former Libya ambassador, wife hospitalised after attack |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/crime/sas-former-libya-ambassador-wife-hospitalised-after-attack/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ambassador Mohammed Dangor and wife attacked in brutal robbery |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/former-ambassador-mohammed-dangor-and-wife-attacked-in-brutal-robbery-19757996 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mr Mohammed Dangora taron jama'a * [https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/409 Bayani] a Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5feokflafzr48wvlyk771scs5faha31 647698 647694 2025-06-26T16:20:00Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 647698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed Dangor''' ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya kasance Wakilin Dindindin a Majalisar Larduna ta ƙasa tun a watan Yunin 2019. Shi memba ne na tawagar lardin Gauteng mai wakiltar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka. Dangor ya taɓa zama jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a [[Libya]] da [[Siriya|Syria]] da kuma [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin yara tara, Dangor ya shiga gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata tun yana ƙarami. Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata Dangor ya zama jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a [[Libya]] da [[Siriya]] da kuma [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mohammed Dangor on Ahmed Timol and the TRC process – Voice of the Cape |url=https://www.vocfm.co.za/mohammed-dangor-ahmed-timol-trc-process/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.vocfm.co.za}}</ref> == Aikin majalisa == Bayan babban zaɓen shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Dangor a matsayin wakilin dindindin na majalisar lardunan ƙasar daga lardin Gauteng mai wakiltar majalisar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa. Shi ne kaɗai wakilin da ba a rantsar da shi tare da dukkan sauran wakilai na dindindin ba a zaman farko na jam’iyyar NCOP a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2019; An rantsar da shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2019 a Dutsen Tsarin Mulki a [[Johannesburg]] ta Alkalin Shugaba Dustan Mlambo na Sashen Gauteng na Babban Kotun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=SA's newly sworn-in 6th Parliament |url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sas-newly-sworn-6th-parliament |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=SAnews |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ParliamentofRSA|title=Mr Mohammed Dangor, the only remaining designated NCOP Member not sworn in during the first sitting of the Council on 23 May, sworn in today at the Constitutional Hill by Judge President Dustan Mlambo of the Gauteng Division of the High Court #6thParliament}}</ref> === Ayyukan kwamitin === * Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki na haɗin gwiwa * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa da Harkokin Al'adu, Ruwa da Tsabtace-tsabtace da Gidajen Ɗan Adam * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Gyaran Ƙasa, Muhalli, albarkatun ma'adinai da Makamashi * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan korafe-korafe da Ayyukan Zartarwa * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Kasuwancin Jama'a da Sadarwa (Memba na Sauran) * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Tsaro da Adalci * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sufuri, Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa, Ayyukan jama'a da Infrastructure * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Ciniki da Masana'antu, Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Ci gaban Ƙananan Kasuwanci, Yawon Buɗe Ido, Aiki da Aiki == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dangor ɗan uwa ne ga marigayi mataimakin babban sakataren jam'iyyar ANC kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata Jessie Duarte. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Ambassador Mohammed Dangor, wife in ICU following brutal attack |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/former-ambassador-mohammed-dangor-wife-in-icu-following-brutal-attack-20190309 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2019, an shigar da Dangor da matarsa zuwa ICU bayan an kai musu mummunan hari yayin fashi a gidansu da ke [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-09 |title=SA's former Libya ambassador, wife hospitalised after attack |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/crime/sas-former-libya-ambassador-wife-hospitalised-after-attack/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ambassador Mohammed Dangor and wife attacked in brutal robbery |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/former-ambassador-mohammed-dangor-and-wife-attacked-in-brutal-robbery-19757996 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mr Mohammed Dangora taron jama'a * [https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/409 Bayani] a Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 48n1yjdvytd9wfb1z3qopi92melxw1g 647702 647698 2025-06-26T16:22:52Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Dangor''' ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya kasance Wakilin Dindindin a Majalisar Larduna ta ƙasa tun a watan Yunin 2019. Shi memba ne na tawagar lardin Gauteng mai wakiltar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka. Dangor ya taɓa zama jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a [[Libya]] da [[Siriya|Syria]] da kuma [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin yara tara, Dangor ya shiga gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata tun yana ƙarami. Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata Dangor ya zama jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a [[Libya]] da [[Siriya]] da kuma [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mohammed Dangor on Ahmed Timol and the TRC process – Voice of the Cape |url=https://www.vocfm.co.za/mohammed-dangor-ahmed-timol-trc-process/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.vocfm.co.za}}</ref> == Aikin majalisa == Bayan babban zaɓen shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Dangor a matsayin wakilin dindindin na majalisar lardunan ƙasar daga lardin Gauteng mai wakiltar majalisar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa. Shi ne kaɗai wakilin da ba a rantsar da shi tare da dukkan sauran wakilai na dindindin ba a zaman farko na jam’iyyar NCOP a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 2019; An rantsar da shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni 2019 a Dutsen Tsarin Mulki a [[Johannesburg]] ta Alkalin Shugaba Dustan Mlambo na Sashen Gauteng na Babban Kotun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=SA's newly sworn-in 6th Parliament |url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sas-newly-sworn-6th-parliament |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=SAnews |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ParliamentofRSA|title=Mr Mohammed Dangor, the only remaining designated NCOP Member not sworn in during the first sitting of the Council on 23 May, sworn in today at the Constitutional Hill by Judge President Dustan Mlambo of the Gauteng Division of the High Court #6thParliament}}</ref> === Ayyukan kwamitin === * Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki na haɗin gwiwa * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa da Harkokin Al'adu, Ruwa da Tsabtace-tsabtace da Gidajen Ɗan Adam * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Gyaran Ƙasa, Muhalli, albarkatun ma'adinai da Makamashi * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan korafe-korafe da Ayyukan Zartarwa * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Kasuwancin Jama'a da Sadarwa (Memba na Sauran) * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Tsaro da Adalci * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sufuri, Ayyukan Jama'a da Gudanarwa, Ayyukan jama'a da Infrastructure * Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Ciniki da Masana'antu, Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Ci gaban Ƙananan Kasuwanci, Yawon Buɗe Ido, Aiki da Aiki == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dangor ɗan uwa ne ga marigayi mataimakin babban sakataren jam'iyyar ANC kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata Jessie Duarte. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Ambassador Mohammed Dangor, wife in ICU following brutal attack |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/former-ambassador-mohammed-dangor-wife-in-icu-following-brutal-attack-20190309 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2019, an shigar da Dangor da matarsa zuwa ICU bayan an kai musu mummunan hari yayin fashi a gidansu da ke [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-09 |title=SA's former Libya ambassador, wife hospitalised after attack |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/crime/sas-former-libya-ambassador-wife-hospitalised-after-attack/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former ambassador Mohammed Dangor and wife attacked in brutal robbery |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/former-ambassador-mohammed-dangor-and-wife-attacked-in-brutal-robbery-19757996 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mr Mohammed Dangora taron jama'a * [https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/409 Bayani] a Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5mye18p25tp3eclii7xwe43cyubwz9g 0 103173 647703 2025-06-26T16:40:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1269350961|Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg]]" 647703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg''', an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1937, a [[Cape Town]], farar fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu da ke da hannu a cikin gwagwarmaya na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata. Bayan ta ɗauki wani yaro bakar fata da kuma taimaka wa bakar fata a lokuta daban-daban, ta yi hijira zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]], sannan zuwa [[New Zealand]], inda ta ci gaba da yakin. Ta koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekara ta 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Ƙuruciya da ayyukan farko === An haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1937, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> a [[Cape Town]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}</ref> Matsalolinta da hukumomi sun fara ne a shekara ta 1956, lokacin da ta ɗauki wani yaro baƙar fata kuma ta yanke shawarar tura shi makaranta ta musamman a Worcester, wata unguwa a Cape Town. <ref name=":0" /> 'Yan sanda sun tilasta mata ƙaura, <ref name=":0" /> da ƙari, mijinta da ita sun rasa ayyukansu. <ref name=":2" /> Ta zauna a Claremont, da sauri ta sake fuskantar matsala. A shekarar 1958, ta shigar da ƙara a kan wani ɗan sanda bayan ta shaida shi yana dukan wani bakar fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> Bayan waɗannan abubuwan, Daane-van Rensburg dole ne ya sake motsawa. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1959, ta taimaki wani Ba’indiya wanda mota ta buge ta kuma ta sami gargaɗi daga ‘yan sandan Claremont. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara mai zuwa, 'yan sanda sun kama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu da bindiga bayan ta ba wa baƙaƙen fata ruwanta yayin wata zanga-zanga. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Ƙaura === Ta zaɓi yin hijira a cikin shekarar 1960 tare da danginta kuma ta ƙaura zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]], inda nan take ta tuntuɓi ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daga nan Daane-van Rensburg ta shafe wani lokaci a [[New Zealand]], inda ta shirya ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta yi hulɗa da wasu firaministan ƙasar <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> musamman don yin aiki don soke ziyarar Springbok. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Komawa === Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, an ba ta izinin komawa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 2009, ta karɓi odar Luthuli don "jajircewarta game da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da kamfen ɗinta na 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu a kan dandamali na duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Orders awards 27 March 2009 &#124; South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120122304/https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == Jacqueline Daane-van RensburgJacqueline Daane-van RensburgJacqueline Daane-van RensburgJacqueline Daane-van Rensburg [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p5dd89k6chwuechxnn2au8ucwve2z7u 647704 647703 2025-06-26T16:41:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 647704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg''', an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1937, a [[Cape Town]], farar fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu da ke da hannu a cikin gwagwarmaya na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata. Bayan ta ɗauki wani yaro bakar fata da kuma taimaka wa bakar fata a lokuta daban-daban, ta yi hijira zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]], sannan zuwa [[New Zealand]], inda ta ci gaba da yakin. Ta koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekara ta 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Ƙuruciya da ayyukan farko === An haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1937, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> a [[Cape Town]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}</ref> Matsalolinta da hukumomi sun fara ne a shekara ta 1956, lokacin da ta ɗauki wani yaro baƙar fata kuma ta yanke shawarar tura shi makaranta ta musamman a Worcester, wata unguwa a Cape Town. <ref name=":0" /> 'Yan sanda sun tilasta mata ƙaura, <ref name=":0" /> da ƙari, mijinta da ita sun rasa ayyukansu. <ref name=":2" /> Ta zauna a Claremont, da sauri ta sake fuskantar matsala. A shekarar 1958, ta shigar da ƙara a kan wani ɗan sanda bayan ta shaida shi yana dukan wani bakar fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> Bayan waɗannan abubuwan, Daane-van Rensburg dole ne ya sake motsawa. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1959, ta taimaki wani Ba’indiya wanda mota ta buge ta kuma ta sami gargaɗi daga ‘yan sandan Claremont. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara mai zuwa, 'yan sanda sun kama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu da bindiga bayan ta ba wa baƙaƙen fata ruwanta yayin wata zanga-zanga. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Ƙaura === Ta zaɓi yin hijira a cikin shekarar 1960 tare da danginta kuma ta ƙaura zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]], inda nan take ta tuntuɓi ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daga nan Daane-van Rensburg ta shafe wani lokaci a [[New Zealand]], inda ta shirya ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta yi hulɗa da wasu firaministan ƙasar <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> musamman don yin aiki don soke ziyarar Springbok. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Komawa === Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, an ba ta izinin komawa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 2009, ta karɓi odar Luthuli don "jajircewarta game da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da kamfen ɗinta na 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu a kan dandamali na duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Orders awards 27 March 2009 &#124; South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120122304/https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ha8gptful1q0vrowdzejyun1i6oji21 647705 647704 2025-06-26T16:43:35Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg''', an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1937, a [[Cape Town]], farar fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu da ke da hannu a cikin gwagwarmaya na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata. Bayan ta ɗauki wani yaro bakar fata da kuma taimaka wa bakar fata a lokuta daban-daban, ta yi hijira zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]], sannan zuwa [[New Zealand]], inda ta ci gaba da yakin. Ta koma [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a shekara ta 2004. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Ƙuruciya da ayyukan farko === An haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 1937, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> a [[Cape Town]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}</ref> Matsalolinta da hukumomi sun fara ne a shekara ta 1956, lokacin da ta ɗauki wani yaro baƙar fata kuma ta yanke shawarar tura shi makaranta ta musamman a Worcester, wata unguwa a Cape Town. <ref name=":0" /> 'Yan sanda sun tilasta mata ƙaura, <ref name=":0" /> da ƙari, mijinta da ita sun rasa ayyukansu. <ref name=":2" /> Ta zauna a Claremont, da sauri ta sake fuskantar matsala. A shekarar 1958, ta shigar da ƙara a kan wani ɗan sanda bayan ta shaida shi yana dukan wani bakar fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> Bayan waɗannan abubuwan, Daane-van Rensburg dole ne ya sake motsawa. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1959, ta taimaki wani Ba’indiya wanda mota ta buge ta kuma ta sami gargaɗi daga ‘yan sandan Claremont. <ref name=":0" /> A shekara mai zuwa, 'yan sanda sun kama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu da bindiga bayan ta ba wa baƙaƙen fata ruwanta yayin wata zanga-zanga. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Ƙaura === Ta zaɓi yin hijira a cikin shekarar 1960 tare da danginta kuma ta ƙaura zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]], inda nan take ta tuntuɓi ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Daga nan Daane-van Rensburg ta shafe wani lokaci a [[New Zealand]], inda ta shirya ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kuma ta yi hulɗa da wasu firaministan ƙasar <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> musamman don yin aiki don soke ziyarar Springbok. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Komawa === Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, an ba ta izinin komawa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg |archive-date=2022-08-20 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg Archived] from the original on 2022-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - ) |url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 |website=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937 "Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )"]. ''Official website of the Presidency of South Africa''.</cite></ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 2009, ta karɓi odar Luthuli don "jajircewarta game da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da kamfen ɗinta na 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu a kan dandamali na duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Orders awards 27 March 2009 &#124; South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120122304/https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5vdytr5txofn03rdax7251otnn2z6l3 0 103174 647706 2025-06-26T17:04:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1247388031|Neville Curtis]]" 647706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neville Wilson Curtis''' (an haife shi [[Afirka ta Kudu|a Afirka ta Kudu]] 16 Oktoba 1947; ya mutu Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ne kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu. Iyayen Curtis John (Jack) da Joyce sun kasance masu adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma. Joyce ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar Black Sash kuma mahaifinsa Jack ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Progressive Party, wanda ya yi yakin neman zaɓen alan adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Aiki == Bayan da aka kama shi da jagorantar wani tattaki a shekarar 1968 don neman a saki mutanen da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari'a ba, Neville Curtis ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban NUSAS don cike gurbin da gwamnati ta kori Mataimakin Andrew Murray. Daga nan Curtis ya zama shugaban NUSAS na shekaru biyu masu zuwa daga shekarun 1969, yana jagorantar ayyukanta a matsayin kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata. A matsayin shugaban NUSAS, kuma abokin [[Steve Biko]], Curtis ya goyi bayan ƙirƙirar 1969 na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu]] daban-daban (SASO), ƙungiyar ɗalibai na Black Consciousness Movement. A cikin shekarar 1973 gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta dakatar da Curtis. A cikin watan Satumba na 1974 an tuhume shi da laifin karya umarnin haramtawa, kuma ya gudu daga ƙasar zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda yake da alaƙar dangi. Ya nemi [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafakar siyasa]] kuma gwamnatin Whitlam Labour ta ba shi izinin zama na dindindin. A Ostiraliya, Curtis ya ci gaba da yakin neman zaɓen adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya ci gaba da rangadin magana ga kungiyar ɗalibai ta Australiya a faɗin Australia, [[New Zealand]] da sauran ƙasashe. Ya kuma yi aiki da Sanata Arthur Gietzelt na Jam'iyyar Labour. A cikin shekarar 1984, 'yar'uwar Curtis Jeanette Schoon, wacce ta tsere daga Afirka ta Kudu ita ma, an kashe ta tare da yarta Katryn 'yar shekara shida ta hanyar bam da wani ɗan leken asirin 'yan sanda Craig Williamson ya kawo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Bom ɗin dai ta ce an yi niyya ne ga mijinta, [[Marius Schoon]], wanda kamar ta, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ce; ba a taɓa tabbatar da ko bam ɗin an yi magana da shi ne shi kaɗai ko kuma duka biyun. <ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Curtis ya zauna a Tasmania a cikin shekarar 1980s inda ya zama mai goyon bayan MP Bob Brown mai zaman kansa da ƙungiyar da ta zama Tasmanian Greens. Bayan da aka zaɓi 'yan Greens biyar masu zaman kansu a majalisar dokoki a shekara ta 1989, Curtis ya kafa mujallar ''Daily Planet'' wacce ta ci gaba da zama mujalla ta hukuma ta Greens Tasmania. Curtis ya kasance mai tallafawa jaridar Ostiraliya ''Green Left Weekly'' a cikin shekarar 1991. Curtis ya mutu bayan doguwar jinya a gidansa da ke White Beach, Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] o0y12rqqn6vzi2xje00b7hcu3fqg97j 647709 647706 2025-06-26T17:33:38Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neville Wilson Curtis''' (an haife shi [[Afirka ta Kudu|a Afirka ta Kudu]] 16 Oktoba 1947; ya mutu Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ne kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":0" /> Iyayen Curtis John (Jack) da Joyce sun kasance masu adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma. Joyce ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar Black Sash kuma mahaifinsa Jack ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Progressive Party, wanda ya yi yakin neman zaɓen alan adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Aiki == Bayan da aka kama shi da jagorantar wani tattaki a shekarar 1968 don neman a saki mutanen da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari'a ba, Neville Curtis ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban NUSAS don cike gurbin da gwamnati ta kori Mataimakin Andrew Murray. Daga nan Curtis ya zama shugaban NUSAS na shekaru biyu masu zuwa daga shekarun 1969, yana jagorantar ayyukanta a matsayin kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata.<ref name="NYTJS" /> A matsayin shugaban NUSAS, kuma abokin [[Steve Biko]], Curtis ya goyi bayan ƙirƙirar 1969 na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu]] daban-daban (SASO), ƙungiyar ɗalibai na Black Consciousness Movement. A cikin shekarar 1973 gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta dakatar da Curtis. A cikin watan Satumba na 1974 an tuhume shi da laifin karya umarnin haramtawa, kuma ya gudu daga ƙasar zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda yake da alaƙar dangi. Ya nemi [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafakar siyasa]] kuma gwamnatin Whitlam Labour ta ba shi izinin zama na dindindin. A Ostiraliya, Curtis ya ci gaba da yakin neman zaɓen adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya ci gaba da rangadin magana ga kungiyar ɗalibai ta Australiya a faɗin Australia, [[New Zealand]] da sauran ƙasashe. Ya kuma yi aiki da Sanata Arthur Gietzelt na Jam'iyyar Labour. A cikin shekarar 1984, 'yar'uwar Curtis Jeanette Schoon, wacce ta tsere daga Afirka ta Kudu ita ma, an kashe ta tare da yarta Katryn 'yar shekara shida ta hanyar bam da wani ɗan leken asirin 'yan sanda Craig Williamson ya kawo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Bom ɗin dai ta ce an yi niyya ne ga mijinta, [[Marius Schoon]], wanda kamar ta, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ce; ba a taɓa tabbatar da ko bam ɗin an yi magana da shi ne shi kaɗai ko kuma duka biyun. <ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Curtis ya zauna a Tasmania a cikin shekarar 1980s inda ya zama mai goyon bayan MP Bob Brown mai zaman kansa da ƙungiyar da ta zama Tasmanian Greens. Bayan da aka zaɓi 'yan Greens biyar masu zaman kansu a majalisar dokoki a shekara ta 1989, Curtis ya kafa mujallar ''Daily Planet'' wacce ta ci gaba da zama mujalla ta hukuma ta Greens Tasmania. Curtis ya kasance mai tallafawa jaridar Ostiraliya ''Green Left Weekly'' a cikin shekarar 1991. Curtis ya mutu bayan doguwar jinya a gidansa da ke White Beach, Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 469ai2extgttshzkb3v57chp57xcvf3 647710 647709 2025-06-26T17:34:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neville Wilson Curtis''' (an haife shi [[Afirka ta Kudu|a Afirka ta Kudu]] 16 Oktoba 1947; ya mutu Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ne kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":0" /> Iyayen Curtis John (Jack) da Joyce sun kasance masu adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma. Joyce ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar Black Sash kuma mahaifinsa Jack ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Progressive Party, wanda ya yi yakin neman zaɓen alan adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata.<ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Aiki == Bayan da aka kama shi da jagorantar wani tattaki a shekarar 1968 don neman a saki mutanen da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari'a ba, Neville Curtis ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban NUSAS don cike gurbin da gwamnati ta kori Mataimakin Andrew Murray. Daga nan Curtis ya zama shugaban NUSAS na shekaru biyu masu zuwa daga shekarun 1969, yana jagorantar ayyukanta a matsayin kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata.<ref name="NYTJS" /> A matsayin shugaban NUSAS, kuma abokin [[Steve Biko]], Curtis ya goyi bayan ƙirƙirar 1969 na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu]] daban-daban (SASO), ƙungiyar ɗalibai na Black Consciousness Movement. A cikin shekarar 1973 gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta dakatar da Curtis. A cikin watan Satumba na 1974 an tuhume shi da laifin karya umarnin haramtawa, kuma ya gudu daga ƙasar zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda yake da alaƙar dangi. Ya nemi [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafakar siyasa]] kuma gwamnatin Whitlam Labour ta ba shi izinin zama na dindindin.<ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A Ostiraliya, Curtis ya ci gaba da yakin neman zaɓen adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya ci gaba da rangadin magana ga kungiyar ɗalibai ta Australiya a faɗin Australia, [[New Zealand]] da sauran ƙasashe. Ya kuma yi aiki da Sanata Arthur Gietzelt na Jam'iyyar Labour. A cikin shekarar 1984, 'yar'uwar Curtis Jeanette Schoon, wacce ta tsere daga Afirka ta Kudu ita ma, an kashe ta tare da yarta Katryn 'yar shekara shida ta hanyar bam da wani ɗan leken asirin 'yan sanda Craig Williamson ya kawo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Bom ɗin dai ta ce an yi niyya ne ga mijinta, [[Marius Schoon]], wanda kamar ta, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ce; ba a taɓa tabbatar da ko bam ɗin an yi magana da shi ne shi kaɗai ko kuma duka biyun. <ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Curtis ya zauna a Tasmania a cikin shekarar 1980s inda ya zama mai goyon bayan MP Bob Brown mai zaman kansa da ƙungiyar da ta zama Tasmanian Greens. Bayan da aka zaɓi 'yan Greens biyar masu zaman kansu a majalisar dokoki a shekara ta 1989, Curtis ya kafa mujallar ''Daily Planet'' wacce ta ci gaba da zama mujalla ta hukuma ta Greens Tasmania.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Curtis ya kasance mai tallafawa jaridar Ostiraliya ''Green Left Weekly'' a cikin shekarar 1991. Curtis ya mutu bayan doguwar jinya a gidansa da ke White Beach, Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] qu5ku3fjcerl6dl1k4u54afel8ija0d 647711 647710 2025-06-26T17:36:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Neville Wilson Curtis''' (an haife shi [[Afirka ta Kudu|a Afirka ta Kudu]] 16 Oktoba 1947; ya mutu Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ne kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":0" /> Iyayen Curtis John (Jack) da Joyce sun kasance masu adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma. Joyce ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar Black Sash kuma mahaifinsa Jack ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Progressive Party, wanda ya yi yakin neman zaɓen alan adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata.<ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Aiki == Bayan da aka kama shi da jagorantar wani tattaki a shekarar 1968 don neman a saki mutanen da ake tsare da su ba tare da shari'a ba, Neville Curtis ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban NUSAS don cike gurbin da gwamnati ta kori Mataimakin Andrew Murray. Daga nan Curtis ya zama shugaban NUSAS na shekaru biyu masu zuwa daga shekarun 1969, yana jagorantar ayyukanta a matsayin kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata.<ref name="NYTJS" /> A matsayin shugaban NUSAS, kuma abokin [[Steve Biko]], Curtis ya goyi bayan ƙirƙirar 1969 na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|ƙungiyar ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu]] daban-daban (SASO), ƙungiyar ɗalibai na Black Consciousness Movement. A cikin shekarar 1973 gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta dakatar da Curtis. A cikin watan Satumba na 1974 an tuhume shi da laifin karya umarnin haramtawa, kuma ya gudu daga ƙasar zuwa [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda yake da alaƙar dangi. Ya nemi [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafakar siyasa]] kuma gwamnatin Whitlam Labour ta ba shi izinin zama na dindindin.<ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A Ostiraliya, Curtis ya ci gaba da yakin neman zaɓen adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya ci gaba da rangadin magana ga kungiyar ɗalibai ta Australiya a faɗin Australia, [[New Zealand]] da sauran ƙasashe. Ya kuma yi aiki da Sanata Arthur Gietzelt na Jam'iyyar Labour. A cikin shekarar 1984, 'yar'uwar Curtis Jeanette Schoon, wacce ta tsere daga Afirka ta Kudu ita ma, an kashe ta tare da yarta Katryn 'yar shekara shida ta hanyar bam da wani ɗan leken asirin 'yan sanda Craig Williamson ya kawo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Bom ɗin dai ta ce an yi niyya ne ga mijinta, [[Marius Schoon]], wanda kamar ta, ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ce; ba a taɓa tabbatar da ko bam ɗin an yi magana da shi ne shi kaɗai ko kuma duka biyun. <ref name="NYTJS">{{Cite web |last=Daley |first=Suzanne |date=27 September 1996 |title=South African Links Top Spy To the Slaying of Olof Palme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/south-african-links-top-spy-to-the-slaying-of-olof-palme.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/P/Palme,%20Olof |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Curtis ya zauna a Tasmania a cikin shekarar 1980s inda ya zama mai goyon bayan MP Bob Brown mai zaman kansa da ƙungiyar da ta zama Tasmanian Greens. Bayan da aka zaɓi 'yan Greens biyar masu zaman kansu a majalisar dokoki a shekara ta 1989, Curtis ya kafa mujallar ''Daily Planet'' wacce ta ci gaba da zama mujalla ta hukuma ta Greens Tasmania.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Curtis ya kasance mai tallafawa jaridar Ostiraliya ''Green Left Weekly'' a cikin shekarar 1991. Curtis ya mutu bayan doguwar jinya a gidansa da ke White Beach, Tasmania a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jeanette-eva-schoon-nee-curtis |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] gfqiuwc2d4uet39y6rlfzlxhbe1em91 0 103175 647712 2025-06-26T17:45:47Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 647712 wikitext text/x-wiki hanyar karkashin kasa ce ta Hsuehshan mafi tsawo a taiwan wadda aka bude aranar 16 ga watan yuni a shekarar 2006 ==Bayani== Hanyoyin suna da matsala ta hanyar Hsuehshan Range. Hanyar ta haɗa Taipei ta hanyar New Taipei zuwa Yilan County, [1] ta rage lokacin tafiya daga sa'o'i biyu zuwa rabin sa'a. [2] Ya wuce gundumar karkara ta Pinglin, wanda ya kasance yana karɓar babban zirga-zirga kafin kammala ramin. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman manufofi na gina ramin shine haɗa yammacin gabar Taiwan, inda kashi 95% na yawan jama'a ke zaune, zuwa gabar gabashin tsibirin kuma ta yin hakan magance ci gaban da ba daidai ba a tsibirin.[1] An gina shi tare da ramin matukin jirgi guda ɗaya da manyan ramin biyu don zirga-zirgar gabas da yamma. Jimlar tsawon ita ce kilomita 12.942 kilometres (8.042 mi) (8.042 , yana mai da Hsuehshan Tunnel na tara mafi tsawo a duniya (na biyar a lokacin budewa) kuma na shida mafi tsawo. An buɗe ramin a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 zuwa mummunar tarkon zirga-zirga stm0v4ofi8icj04j078if22xcvpd4tt 647713 647712 2025-06-26T17:47:39Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647713 wikitext text/x-wiki hanyar karkashin kasa ce ta Hsuehshan mafi tsawo a taiwan wadda aka bude aranar 16 ga watan yuni a shekarar 2006 ==Bayani== Hanyoyin suna da matsala ta hanyar Hsuehshan Range. Hanyar ta haɗa Taipei ta hanyar New Taipei zuwa Yilan County, <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5086548.stm</ref> ta rage lokacin tafiya daga sa'o'i biyu zuwa rabin sa'a. <ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/06/22/2003314909</ref>Ya wuce gundumar karkara ta Pinglin, wanda ya kasance yana karɓar babban zirga-zirga kafin kammala ramin. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman manufofi na gina ramin shine haɗa yammacin gabar Taiwan, inda kashi 95% na yawan jama'a ke zaune, zuwa gabar gabashin tsibirin kuma ta yin hakan magance ci gaban da ba daidai ba a tsibirin.[1] An gina shi tare da ramin matukin jirgi guda ɗaya da manyan ramin biyu don zirga-zirgar gabas da yamma. Jimlar tsawon ita ce kilomita 12.942 kilometres (8.042 mi) (8.042 , yana mai da Hsuehshan Tunnel na tara mafi tsawo a duniya (na biyar a lokacin budewa) kuma na shida mafi tsawo. An buɗe ramin a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 zuwa mummunar tarkon zirga-zirga ==manazar guj85hngh183cb3t2jp8l3vgrqgpxlw 647714 647713 2025-06-26T17:54:28Z Mustysummy 21281 647714 wikitext text/x-wiki hanyar karkashin kasa ce ta Hsuehshan mafi tsawo a taiwan wadda aka bude aranar 16 ga watan yuni a shekarar 2006 ==Bayani== Hanyoyin suna da matsala ta hanyar Hsuehshan Range. Hanyar ta haɗa Taipei ta hanyar New Taipei zuwa Yilan County, <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5086548.stm</ref> ta rage lokacin tafiya daga sa'o'i biyu zuwa rabin sa'a. <ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/06/22/2003314909</ref>Ya wuce gundumar karkara ta Pinglin, wanda ya kasance yana karɓar babban zirga-zirga kafin kammala ramin. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman manufofi na gina ramin shine haɗa yammacin gabar Taiwan, inda kashi 95% na yawan jama'a ke zaune, zuwa gabar gabashin tsibirin kuma ta yin hakan magance ci gaban da ba daidai ba a tsibirin.[1] An gina shi tare da ramin matukin jirgi guda ɗaya da manyan ramin biyu don zirga-zirgar gabas da yamma. Jimlar tsawon ita ce kilomita 12.942 kilometres (8.042 mi) (8.042 , yana mai da Hsuehshan Tunnel na tara mafi tsawo a duniya (na biyar a lokacin budewa) kuma na shida mafi tsawo. An buɗe ramin a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 zuwa mummunar tarkon zirga-zirga ==manazar 2b6bbymjolucnhiospc1nw7gbtefk29 647715 647714 2025-06-26T17:57:39Z Mustysummy 21281 saka data box 647715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} hanyar karkashin kasa ce ta Hsuehshan mafi tsawo a taiwan wadda aka bude aranar 16 ga watan yuni a shekarar 2006 ==Bayani== Hanyoyin suna da matsala ta hanyar Hsuehshan Range. Hanyar ta haɗa Taipei ta hanyar New Taipei zuwa Yilan County, <ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5086548.stm</ref> ta rage lokacin tafiya daga sa'o'i biyu zuwa rabin sa'a. <ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/06/22/2003314909</ref>Ya wuce gundumar karkara ta Pinglin, wanda ya kasance yana karɓar babban zirga-zirga kafin kammala ramin. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman manufofi na gina ramin shine haɗa yammacin gabar Taiwan, inda kashi 95% na yawan jama'a ke zaune, zuwa gabar gabashin tsibirin kuma ta yin hakan magance ci gaban da ba daidai ba a tsibirin.[1] An gina shi tare da ramin matukin jirgi guda ɗaya da manyan ramin biyu don zirga-zirgar gabas da yamma. Jimlar tsawon ita ce kilomita 12.942 kilometres (8.042 mi) (8.042 , yana mai da Hsuehshan Tunnel na tara mafi tsawo a duniya (na biyar a lokacin budewa) kuma na shida mafi tsawo. An buɗe ramin a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006 zuwa mummunar tarkon zirga-zirga ==manazar orjvbotzvys7q7tkufe6ymygnalkmcn 0 103176 647716 2025-06-26T18:02:57Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 647716 wikitext text/x-wiki cassette na sauti, ko kawai tef ko cassette, tsarin rikodin tef ne na analog don rikodin sauti da sake kunnawa. Lou Ottens da tawagarsa ne suka kirkireshi a kamfanin Philips na Holland, an saki Compact Cassette a watan Agustan 1963 9cb6atume9dzrm241p1nfa6rgfv3wrc 647717 647716 2025-06-26T18:04:39Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647717 wikitext text/x-wiki cassette na sauti, ko kawai tef ko cassette, tsarin rikodin tef ne na analog don rikodin sauti da sake kunnawa. Lou Ottens da tawagarsa ne suka kirkireshi a<ref>https://www.obsoletemedia.org/compact-cassette/</ref> kamfanin Philips na Holland, an saki Compact Cassette a watan Agustan 1963<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/opinion/our-misplaced-nostalgia-for-cassette-tapes.html</ref> ==Manazarta== e0u3z5y9udkd7fz0b3fft5d3s3wjroj 647718 647717 2025-06-26T18:05:49Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}cassette na sauti, ko kawai tef ko cassette, tsarin rikodin tef ne na analog don rikodin sauti da sake kunnawa. Lou Ottens da tawagarsa ne suka kirkireshi a<ref>https://www.obsoletemedia.org/compact-cassette/</ref> kamfanin Philips na Holland, an saki Compact Cassette a watan Agustan 1963<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/opinion/our-misplaced-nostalgia-for-cassette-tapes.html</ref> ==Manazarta== inti2t7wombo7wkr0sjqaggvl6jt0ig 0 103177 647719 2025-06-26T18:25:22Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 647719 wikitext text/x-wiki rukuni ne mai nisa na tsibirai masu fitattun wuta a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika . Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa uku na yankin Burtaniya na Saint Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha, tare da kundin tsarin mulkinta.[1] Yankin ya kunshi tsibirin Tristan da Cunha, wanda ke da diamita na kusan kilomita 11 (6.8 da kuma yanki na kilomita 98 (38 sq ; wuraren ajiyar namun daji na Tsibirin Gough da tsibirin Inaccessible; da kuma karami, Tsibirin Nightingale marasa zama. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2018, babban tsibirin yana da mazauna dindindin 250, waɗanda duk suna ɗauke da 'yan ƙasa na Kasashen Waje na Burtaniya.[1]  Sauran tsibirai ba su da mazauna, ban da ma'aikatan Afirka ta Kudu na tashar yanayi a tsibirin Gough. ==Tarihi== An fara rubuta tsibirin ne kamar yadda aka gani a cikin 1506 ta hanyar mai binciken Portuguese Tristão da Cunha, kodayake teku mai tsanani ya hana saukowa. Ya yi imanin cewa ba a zaune a cikinsu ba, kuma ya sanya sunan babban tsibirin bayan kansa, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha . Daga baya aka sanya shi daga farkon ambatonsa a kan sigogi na Admiralty na Burtaniya zuwa tsibirin Tristan da Cunha . Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa Portuguese sun fara sauka a shekara ta 1520, lokacin da Las Rafael, wanda Ruy Vaz Pereira ya jagoranci, ya kira a Tristan don ruwa.[1] m4eqqb3da85ai3l592y0wigck9tm39e 647722 647719 2025-06-26T18:27:32Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647722 wikitext text/x-wiki rukuni ne mai nisa na tsibirai masu fitattun wuta a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika . Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa uku na yankin Burtaniya na Saint Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha, tare da kundin tsarin mulkinta.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_fIuAQAAIAAJ</ref> Yankin ya kunshi tsibirin Tristan da Cunha, wanda ke da diamita na kusan kilomita 11 (6.8 da kuma yanki na kilomita 98 (38 sq ; wuraren ajiyar namun daji na Tsibirin Gough da tsibirin Inaccessible; da kuma karami, Tsibirin Nightingale marasa zama. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2018, babban tsibirin yana da mazauna dindindin 250, waɗanda duk suna ɗauke da 'yan ƙasa na Kasashen Waje na Burtaniya.<ref>https://www.tristandc.com/government/news-2023-09-26-philipkendallasi.php</ref>  Sauran tsibirai ba su da mazauna, ban da ma'aikatan Afirka ta Kudu na tashar yanayi a tsibirin Gough.<ref>https://www.tristandc.com/population.php</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara rubuta tsibirin ne kamar yadda aka gani a cikin 1506 ta hanyar mai binciken Portuguese Tristão da Cunha, kodayake teku mai tsanani ya hana saukowa. Ya yi imanin cewa ba a zaune a cikinsu ba, kuma ya sanya sunan babban tsibirin bayan kansa, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha . Daga baya aka sanya shi daga farkon ambatonsa a kan sigogi na Admiralty na Burtaniya zuwa tsibirin Tristan da Cunha . Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa Portuguese sun fara sauka a shekara ta 1520, lokacin da Las Rafael, wanda Ruy Vaz Pereira ya jagoranci, ya kira a Tristan don ruwa. ==Manazarta== 5w6yxn66jojq9xm6kcy40id8f8o2b7t 647723 647722 2025-06-26T18:29:47Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Rukuni ne mai nisa na tsibirai masu fitattun wuta a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika . Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa uku na yankin Burtaniya na Saint Helena, Ascension da Tristan da Cunha, tare da kundin tsarin mulkinta.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_fIuAQAAIAAJ</ref> Yankin ya kunshi tsibirin Tristan da Cunha, wanda ke da diamita na kusan kilomita 11 (6.8 da kuma yanki na kilomita 98 (38 sq ; wuraren ajiyar namun daji na Tsibirin Gough da tsibirin Inaccessible; da kuma karami, Tsibirin Nightingale marasa zama. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2018, babban tsibirin yana da mazauna dindindin 250, waɗanda duk suna ɗauke da 'yan ƙasa na Kasashen Waje na Burtaniya.<ref>https://www.tristandc.com/government/news-2023-09-26-philipkendallasi.php</ref>  Sauran tsibirai ba su da mazauna, ban da ma'aikatan Afirka ta Kudu na tashar yanayi a tsibirin Gough.<ref>https://www.tristandc.com/population.php</ref> ==Tarihi== An fara rubuta tsibirin ne kamar yadda aka gani a cikin 1506 ta hanyar mai binciken Portuguese Tristão da Cunha, kodayake teku mai tsanani ya hana saukowa. Ya yi imanin cewa ba a zaune a cikinsu ba, kuma ya sanya sunan babban tsibirin bayan kansa, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha . Daga baya aka sanya shi daga farkon ambatonsa a kan sigogi na Admiralty na Burtaniya zuwa tsibirin Tristan da Cunha . Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa Portuguese sun fara sauka a shekara ta 1520, lokacin da Las Rafael, wanda Ruy Vaz Pereira ya jagoranci, ya kira a Tristan don ruwa. ==Manazarta== iz9owbdhyr97ax9rwf6lkahizxjxjmg 0 103178 647720 2025-06-26T18:25:27Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274416191|Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention]]" 647720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Afirka''' ( '''Africa CDC''' ) ita ce hukumar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a na kasashe mambobi da kuma karfafa karfin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar su don magance barazanar cututtuka. Gwamnatin Habasha ce ta gabatar da ra'ayin CDC a cikin 2013, yayin wani taro na musamman na tarin fuka/HIV a [[Abuja]], Nigeria. Daga 2013 zuwa 2016, an samar da tsari da ka'idojin Afirka CDC, kuma an ƙaddamar da hukumar ta musamman a hukumance a cikin Janairu 2017. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Hukumar tana da hedikwata a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka a shekarar 2016 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 26 ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci don inganta daidaito tsakanin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin kasashe mambobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] don magance barazanar cututtuka. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Kasashe mambobin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka sun fara tunanin kafa hukumar kula da lafiyar al’umma ta nahiyar a shekarar 2013 a wani taron koli na musamman na kungiyar AU kan cutar HIV, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro a Abuja Najeriya (Yuli 2013). Gwamnatin Habasha a lokacin shugabar kungiyar ta AU ce ta gabatar da wannan shawara. Annobar cutar Ebola a yammacin Afirka a cikin 2014 ta hanzarta kafa Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka, sannan kuma ta tsara fahimtar menene babban manufarta ta kasance tare da karfafa mahimmancin rigakafin gaggawa da mayar da martani ga lafiya. A watan Yulin 2015, taron ministocin kiwon lafiya na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a [[Malabo]], ya amince da dokar hana yaduwar cututtuka ta Afirka, wadda ta yi kira da a gaggauta kafa cibiyar. <ref name="au.int-2017-01-31">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-31 |title=Africa CDC Official Launch |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630023917/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[African Union]]}}</ref> An kaddamar da hukumar a hukumance a watan Janairun 2017. <ref name="About Us" /> <ref name="reliefweb.int-2017-02-02">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |website=[[Reliefweb]]}}</ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> === 2019-21 COVID-19 annoba === Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta taka rawa wajen mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] ta duniya ta 2019-20, wacce ta [[Annobar COVID-19 a Afrika|shafi Afirka]] . A farkon Afrilu 2020, Darakta Dr John Nkengasong ya yi Allah wadai da kalaman wasu masana kimiyya na Faransa guda biyu Farfesa Jean-Paul Mira da Camille Locht da ke ba da shawarar cewa yuwuwar rigakafin [[Tarin fuka|cutar tarin fuka]] don coronavirus a gwada a Afirka a matsayin "abin ƙyama da wariyar launin fata". Tun daga nan Dr Mira ya ba da hakuri kan kalaman nasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2020 |title=Statement of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention on the Potential Clinical Trial of a Tuberculosis Vaccine Protective Against COVID-19 in Africa |url=https://africacdc.org/news/statement-of-the-africa-centres-for-disease-control-and-prevention-on-the-potential-clinical-trial-of-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-protective-against-covid-19-in-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409235754/https://africacdc.org/news/statement-of-the-africa-centres-for-disease-control-and-prevention-on-the-potential-clinical-trial-of-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-protective-against-covid-19-in-africa/ |archive-date=9 April 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2020, Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta tabbatar da kusan mutane 40,000, kusan mutuwar 1,700, kuma sama da 13,000 sun warke, kuma [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ya faru a cikin kasashen Afirka 53. Ya zuwa 18 ga Yuni, 2020, Afirka CDC ta ba da rahoton cewa 52 Membobin Tarayyar Afirka sun sami adadin adadin 267,519, mutuwar 7197, kuma 122,661 sun warke. <ref name="oclc_8662211992" /> An dauki [[Misra|Masar]], [[Aljeriya]], da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar barazanar shigo da kwayar cutar kuma suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin iya dakile barkewar cutar. <ref name="oclc_8662211992">{{Cite journal |last=Staunton |first=Ciara |last2=Swanepoel |first2=Carmen |last3=Labuschaigne |first3=Melodie |date=July 25, 2020 |title=Between a rock and a hard place: COVID-19 and South Africa's response |url=https://academic.oup.com/jlb/article/7/1/lsaa052/5868300 |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=188–199 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsaa052 |issn=2053-9711 |oclc=8662211992 |pmc=7454702 |pmid=3290867}}</ref> Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta kuma yi aiki tare da gidauniyar Jack Ma don rarraba kayan gwajin COVID-19 a duk faɗin nahiyar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, Dr Nkengasong ya yi jayayya da sukar shugaban Tanzaniya John Magufuli na cewa waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun yi kuskure kuma suna ba da tabbataccen ƙarya da yawa. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2021, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Afirka ta ce adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Afirka ya kai 2,854,971 yayin da adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 67,986 sannan 2,361,900 sun warke. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021, kasashe 55 na Tarayyar Afirka sun ba da sanarwar bullar cutar 4,732,150, 127,612 sun mutu, 4,238,275 sun warke. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa CDC |date=May 21, 2021 |title=African Union Member States reporting COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523033110/https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=Africanews}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2021, an ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa don masana'antar rigakafin rigakafi ta Afirka, da nufin haɓaka samar da allurar rigakafi a Afirka. An gano Rwanda, Senegal, da Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ƙasashen da za a iya samar da rigakafin mRNA. Afirka CDC na da niyyar samar da kashi 60% na allurar rigakafin da ake amfani da su a Afirka a shekarar 2040, sabanin kasa da kashi 1% a shekarar 2021. An amince da Asusun Cutar Cutar Afurka a cikin taron Fabrairu 2022. Ana sa ran cewa tsarin mulkin sa zai kasance a cikin watan Yuli na 2023. Na dabam, CDC na Afirka na neman matsayin "mai aiwatarwa" a cikin Asusun Cutar Cutar ta [[Bankin Duniya]] . === Mpox === A cikin watan Agustan 2024, Afirka CDC ta ayyana fashewar mpox na 2024 a matsayin Gaggawa na Lafiyar Jama'a na Tsaron Nahiyar, yayin da ya bazu zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . == Tsarin tsari == [[Fayil:Africa_CDC_Director_Dr._John_Nkengasong_(37892303376).jpg|thumb| Daraktan CDC na Afirka John Nkengasong a [[Kampala]], 2016]] Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta kasance ne a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Afirka CDC a [[Addis Ababa]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], wadda kuma ta ƙunshi Cibiyar Ayyukan Gaggawa na Hukumar. <ref name="reliefweb.int-2017-02-02">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |website=[[Reliefweb]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency"]. ''[[Reliefweb]]''. 2017-02-02. Archived from [https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent"]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 2017-07-27. Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hukumar ta samu jagorancin Darakta Dr John Nkengasong da mataimakin darakta Ahmed Ogwell Ouma . Bayan Ofishin Gudanarwa da Ofishin Kimiyya da Shirye-shiryen, hukumar tana kuma da bangarori da yawa da suka shafi "manufa, diflomasiyya na kiwon lafiya, da sadarwa," "Gudanarwa da gudanarwa," "sa ido da kula da cututtuka," "tsarin gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin sadarwa," "shiryawa da amsa gaggawa," da "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da bincike." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Directory |url=https://africacdc.org/staff-directory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425172113/https://africacdc.org/staff-directory/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2023, Babban Darakta da Majalisar AU ta nada shi ne Dr Jean Kaseya daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Assembly Appoints Dr Jean Kaseya as Director General of the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (AfricaCDC) |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230222/au-assembly-appoints-dr-jean-kaseya-director-general-africa-centers-disease |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=au.int |language=en}}</ref> Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka kuma tana da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar yanki a Masar, Najeriya, Gabon, Zambia da Kenya; wanda ya shafi Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Afirka, Afirka ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Afirka, da Gabashin Afirka bi da bi. <ref name="reliefweb.int-2017-02-02">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |website=[[Reliefweb]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency"]. ''[[Reliefweb]]''. 2017-02-02. Archived from [https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent"]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 2017-07-27. Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Collaborating Centres |url=https://africacdc.org/regional-collaborating-centres/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425160745/https://africacdc.org/regional-collaborating-centres/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka kuma tana gudanar da wata cibiya ta musamman ta Pathogen Genomics Intelligence Institute da Cibiyar Bunkasa Ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa CDC Institutes |url=https://africacdc.org/africa-cdc-institutes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425185117/https://africacdc.org/africa-cdc-institutes/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> == Gine-gine == A shekarar 2018, a gun taron kolin dandalin tattaunawar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Afirka na birnin Beijing, kasar Sin ta sanar da gina hedkwatar CDC a matsayin wani muhimmin aikin hadin gwiwa da kasashen Afirka, bayan nasarar da cibiyar taron AU da hadadden ofishinta suka samu. <ref name="m535">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=心相近｜中非，共"舞"向未来-新华网 |url=http://www.news.cn/world/20240904/3d781f5c35ea4feb814a558cabaa7603/c.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh}}</ref> Ya zuwa Disamba 2020, an riga an fara ƙaddamar da ƙasa kafin jadawalin, kuma a cikin Nuwamba 2021, babban tsarin ya ƙare. A cikin Janairu 2023, an kammala kashi na farko na ginin. <ref name="s622">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=中国援非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工仪式在埃塞俄比亚举行-国家国际发展合作署 |url=http://www.cidca.gov.cn/2023-01/20/c_1211720853.htm |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=国家国际发展合作署 |language=zh}}</ref> <ref name="f410">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=中国援非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工-新华网 |url=http://www.news.cn/photo/2023-01/11/c_1129275285.htm |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh}}</ref> Wannan mataki, wanda ya kai murabba'in murabba'in kusan murabba'in mita 23,600, ya kasance karkashin jagorancin [[CCECC|kamfanin kasar Sin Civil Engineering Group Corporation]], wanda ya hada da gine-ginen ofisoshi biyu, da gine-ginen dakin gwaje-gwaje guda biyu, da wuraren ofisoshin gidaje, cibiyar ba da agajin gaggawa, cibiyar ba da bayanai, dakunan gwaje-gwajen halittu, da kuma gidaje na kwararru. <ref name="s984">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=每日一词∣非洲疾控中心总部项目 Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) headquarters project |url=https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202301/13/WS63c11ebca3102ada8b22b28e.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=中国日报网 |language=zh}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2023, ministan harkokin wajen kasar Sin Qin Gang ya halarci bikin kammala aikin, inda ya sanar da cewa, za a mayar da hedkwatar CDC ga [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]], wadda za ta dauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukanta da gudanar da ayyukanta. <ref name="w910">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=【非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工 成为中非合作新标志】-国家发展和改革委员会 |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/gjhz/zywj/202301/t20230119_1347047.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会}}</ref> <ref name="f961">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=中国援非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工_World湃_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_21547157 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=澎湃新闻-专注时政与思想-ThePaper.cn |language=zh}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jbnucvh6980rfant3fdh0428kh54pyk 647721 647720 2025-06-26T18:25:50Z Sirjat 20447 647721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Afirka''' ( '''Africa CDC''' ) ita ce hukumar kula da lafiyar jama'a ta [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a na kasashe mambobi da kuma karfafa karfin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar su don magance barazanar cututtuka. Gwamnatin Habasha ce ta gabatar da ra'ayin CDC a cikin 2013, yayin wani taro na musamman na tarin fuka/HIV a [[Abuja]], Nigeria. Daga 2013 zuwa 2016, an samar da tsari da ka'idojin Afirka CDC, kuma an ƙaddamar da hukumar ta musamman a hukumance a cikin Janairu 2017. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Hukumar tana da hedikwata a [[Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa, Habasha]] . == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka a shekarar 2016 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 26 ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci don inganta daidaito tsakanin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin kasashe mambobin [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] don magance barazanar cututtuka. <ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430225749/https://africacdc.org/about-us/ |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Kasashe mambobin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka sun fara tunanin kafa hukumar kula da lafiyar al’umma ta nahiyar a shekarar 2013 a wani taron koli na musamman na kungiyar AU kan cutar HIV, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro a Abuja Najeriya (Yuli 2013). Gwamnatin Habasha a lokacin shugabar kungiyar ta AU ce ta gabatar da wannan shawara. Annobar cutar Ebola a yammacin Afirka a cikin 2014 ta hanzarta kafa Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka, sannan kuma ta tsara fahimtar menene babban manufarta ta kasance tare da karfafa mahimmancin rigakafin gaggawa da mayar da martani ga lafiya. A watan Yulin 2015, taron ministocin kiwon lafiya na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a [[Malabo]], ya amince da dokar hana yaduwar cututtuka ta Afirka, wadda ta yi kira da a gaggauta kafa cibiyar. <ref name="au.int-2017-01-31">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-31 |title=Africa CDC Official Launch |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630023917/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20170131/africa-cdc-official-launch |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[African Union]]}}</ref> An kaddamar da hukumar a hukumance a watan Janairun 2017. <ref name="About Us" /> <ref name="reliefweb.int-2017-02-02">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |website=[[Reliefweb]]}}</ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> === 2019-21 COVID-19 annoba === Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta taka rawa wajen mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] ta duniya ta 2019-20, wacce ta [[Annobar COVID-19 a Afrika|shafi Afirka]] . A farkon Afrilu 2020, Darakta Dr John Nkengasong ya yi Allah wadai da kalaman wasu masana kimiyya na Faransa guda biyu Farfesa Jean-Paul Mira da Camille Locht da ke ba da shawarar cewa yuwuwar rigakafin [[Tarin fuka|cutar tarin fuka]] don coronavirus a gwada a Afirka a matsayin "abin ƙyama da wariyar launin fata". Tun daga nan Dr Mira ya ba da hakuri kan kalaman nasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2020 |title=Statement of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention on the Potential Clinical Trial of a Tuberculosis Vaccine Protective Against COVID-19 in Africa |url=https://africacdc.org/news/statement-of-the-africa-centres-for-disease-control-and-prevention-on-the-potential-clinical-trial-of-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-protective-against-covid-19-in-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409235754/https://africacdc.org/news/statement-of-the-africa-centres-for-disease-control-and-prevention-on-the-potential-clinical-trial-of-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-protective-against-covid-19-in-africa/ |archive-date=9 April 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2020, Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta tabbatar da kusan mutane 40,000, kusan mutuwar 1,700, kuma sama da 13,000 sun warke, kuma [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ya faru a cikin kasashen Afirka 53. Ya zuwa 18 ga Yuni, 2020, Afirka CDC ta ba da rahoton cewa 52 Membobin Tarayyar Afirka sun sami adadin adadin 267,519, mutuwar 7197, kuma 122,661 sun warke. <ref name="oclc_8662211992" /> An dauki [[Misra|Masar]], [[Aljeriya]], da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar barazanar shigo da kwayar cutar kuma suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin iya dakile barkewar cutar. <ref name="oclc_8662211992">{{Cite journal |last=Staunton |first=Ciara |last2=Swanepoel |first2=Carmen |last3=Labuschaigne |first3=Melodie |date=July 25, 2020 |title=Between a rock and a hard place: COVID-19 and South Africa's response |url=https://academic.oup.com/jlb/article/7/1/lsaa052/5868300 |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=188–199 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsaa052 |issn=2053-9711 |oclc=8662211992 |pmc=7454702 |pmid=3290867}}</ref> Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta kuma yi aiki tare da gidauniyar Jack Ma don rarraba kayan gwajin COVID-19 a duk faɗin nahiyar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, Dr Nkengasong ya yi jayayya da sukar shugaban Tanzaniya John Magufuli na cewa waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun yi kuskure kuma suna ba da tabbataccen ƙarya da yawa. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2021, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Afirka ta ce adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Afirka ya kai 2,854,971 yayin da adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 67,986 sannan 2,361,900 sun warke. A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021, kasashe 55 na Tarayyar Afirka sun ba da sanarwar bullar cutar 4,732,150, 127,612 sun mutu, 4,238,275 sun warke. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa CDC |date=May 21, 2021 |title=African Union Member States reporting COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210523033110/https://www.africanews.com/2021/05/22/coronavirus-african-union-member-states-reporting-covid-19-cases-as-of-21-may-2021-6-pm-eat/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |access-date=May 28, 2021 |publisher=Africanews}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2021, an ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa don masana'antar rigakafin rigakafi ta Afirka, da nufin haɓaka samar da allurar rigakafi a Afirka. An gano Rwanda, Senegal, da Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ƙasashen da za a iya samar da rigakafin mRNA. Afirka CDC na da niyyar samar da kashi 60% na allurar rigakafin da ake amfani da su a Afirka a shekarar 2040, sabanin kasa da kashi 1% a shekarar 2021. An amince da Asusun Cutar Cutar Afurka a cikin taron Fabrairu 2022. Ana sa ran cewa tsarin mulkin sa zai kasance a cikin watan Yuli na 2023. Na dabam, CDC na Afirka na neman matsayin "mai aiwatarwa" a cikin Asusun Cutar Cutar ta [[Bankin Duniya]] . === Mpox === A cikin watan Agustan 2024, Afirka CDC ta ayyana fashewar mpox na 2024 a matsayin Gaggawa na Lafiyar Jama'a na Tsaron Nahiyar, yayin da ya bazu zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . == Tsarin tsari == [[Fayil:Africa_CDC_Director_Dr._John_Nkengasong_(37892303376).jpg|thumb| Daraktan CDC na Afirka John Nkengasong a [[Kampala]], 2016]] Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka ta kasance ne a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Afirka CDC a [[Addis Ababa]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], wadda kuma ta ƙunshi Cibiyar Ayyukan Gaggawa na Hukumar. <ref name="reliefweb.int-2017-02-02">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |website=[[Reliefweb]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency"]. ''[[Reliefweb]]''. 2017-02-02. Archived from [https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent"]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 2017-07-27. Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Hukumar ta samu jagorancin Darakta Dr John Nkengasong da mataimakin darakta Ahmed Ogwell Ouma . Bayan Ofishin Gudanarwa da Ofishin Kimiyya da Shirye-shiryen, hukumar tana kuma da bangarori da yawa da suka shafi "manufa, diflomasiyya na kiwon lafiya, da sadarwa," "Gudanarwa da gudanarwa," "sa ido da kula da cututtuka," "tsarin gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin sadarwa," "shiryawa da amsa gaggawa," da "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da bincike." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff Directory |url=https://africacdc.org/staff-directory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425172113/https://africacdc.org/staff-directory/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2023, Babban Darakta da Majalisar AU ta nada shi ne Dr Jean Kaseya daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AU Assembly Appoints Dr Jean Kaseya as Director General of the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (AfricaCDC) |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20230222/au-assembly-appoints-dr-jean-kaseya-director-general-africa-centers-disease |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=au.int |language=en}}</ref> Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka kuma tana da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar yanki a Masar, Najeriya, Gabon, Zambia da Kenya; wanda ya shafi Arewacin Afirka, Yammacin Afirka, Afirka ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Afirka, da Gabashin Afirka bi da bi. <ref name="reliefweb.int-2017-02-02">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |website=[[Reliefweb]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180037/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency"]. ''[[Reliefweb]]''. 2017-02-02. Archived from [https://reliefweb.int/report/world/african-union-launches-africa-cdc-continent-wide-public-health-agency the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="cdc.gov-2017-07-27">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-27 |title=Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=2020-04-13 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200322180936/https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent"]. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. 2017-07-27. Archived from [https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/africa-cdc.html the original] on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Collaborating Centres |url=https://africacdc.org/regional-collaborating-centres/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425160745/https://africacdc.org/regional-collaborating-centres/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> Cibiyar CDC ta Afirka kuma tana gudanar da wata cibiya ta musamman ta Pathogen Genomics Intelligence Institute da Cibiyar Bunkasa Ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa CDC Institutes |url=https://africacdc.org/africa-cdc-institutes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425185117/https://africacdc.org/africa-cdc-institutes/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Africa CDC}}</ref> == Gine-gine == A shekarar 2018, a gun taron kolin dandalin tattaunawar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Afirka na birnin Beijing, kasar Sin ta sanar da gina hedkwatar CDC a matsayin wani muhimmin aikin hadin gwiwa da kasashen Afirka, bayan nasarar da cibiyar taron AU da hadadden ofishinta suka samu. <ref name="m535">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=心相近｜中非，共"舞"向未来-新华网 |url=http://www.news.cn/world/20240904/3d781f5c35ea4feb814a558cabaa7603/c.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh}}</ref> Ya zuwa Disamba 2020, an riga an fara ƙaddamar da ƙasa kafin jadawalin, kuma a cikin Nuwamba 2021, babban tsarin ya ƙare. A cikin Janairu 2023, an kammala kashi na farko na ginin. <ref name="s622">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=中国援非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工仪式在埃塞俄比亚举行-国家国际发展合作署 |url=http://www.cidca.gov.cn/2023-01/20/c_1211720853.htm |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=国家国际发展合作署 |language=zh}}</ref> <ref name="f410">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=中国援非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工-新华网 |url=http://www.news.cn/photo/2023-01/11/c_1129275285.htm |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh}}</ref> Wannan mataki, wanda ya kai murabba'in murabba'in kusan murabba'in mita 23,600, ya kasance karkashin jagorancin [[CCECC|kamfanin kasar Sin Civil Engineering Group Corporation]], wanda ya hada da gine-ginen ofisoshi biyu, da gine-ginen dakin gwaje-gwaje guda biyu, da wuraren ofisoshin gidaje, cibiyar ba da agajin gaggawa, cibiyar ba da bayanai, dakunan gwaje-gwajen halittu, da kuma gidaje na kwararru. <ref name="s984">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=每日一词∣非洲疾控中心总部项目 Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) headquarters project |url=https://cn.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202301/13/WS63c11ebca3102ada8b22b28e.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=中国日报网 |language=zh}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2023, ministan harkokin wajen kasar Sin Qin Gang ya halarci bikin kammala aikin, inda ya sanar da cewa, za a mayar da hedkwatar CDC ga [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]], wadda za ta dauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukanta da gudanar da ayyukanta. <ref name="w910">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=【非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工 成为中非合作新标志】-国家发展和改革委员会 |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/gjhz/zywj/202301/t20230119_1347047.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会}}</ref> <ref name="f961">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=中国援非盟非洲疾控中心总部项目竣工_World湃_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_21547157 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=澎湃新闻-专注时政与思想-ThePaper.cn |language=zh}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bofvz1aweuuvqlmct5i1ijdrd3jmekp 0 103179 647727 2025-06-26T18:37:05Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274730089|Jerry Coovadia]]" 647727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hoosen Mahomed "Jerry" Coovadia''' (2 Agusta 1940 - 4 Oktoba 2023) likita ne na Afirka ta Kudu, malami, kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Ya taɓa zama Shugaban Victor Daitz Emeritus kuma Farfesa a Makarantar Magunguna [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal|ta Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]] Nelson Mandela. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hoosen Mahomed Coovadia an haife shi a Durban, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 1940. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hoosen Coovadia, Medical Force in South Africa's H.I.V. Fight, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/hoosen-coovadia-dead.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Kakanninsa sun yi hijira daga [[Indiya]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1880s. Coovadia ya halarci St. Anthony's, makarantar Katolika, daga baya kuma Sastri College, makarantar sakandare. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Coovadia a takaice ya halarci Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya a [[Jami'ar Natal]], wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance mai bambancin launin fata, kafin ya koma [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya don horar da likitanci. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> An karɓe shi a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Grant a Jami'ar Bombay. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koma Durban don yin aiki a asibitin King Edward VIII. Ya yi aikin likitancin yara a jami'ar Natal da kwalejojin likitancin Afirka ta Kudu sannan ya tafi Jami'ar Birmingham, inda ya samu M.Sc. Immunology a shekarar 1974. Daga nan sai ya koma Sashen kula da ilimin yara a Jami'ar Natal, inda ya sami MD a shekarar 1978. <ref name="SAHistory" /> [[Fayil:Prof_Coovadia_and_Anand_Reddi_WAC_2016_Durban,_South_Africa.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Farfesa Coovadia da Anand Reddi a taron Duniya na AIDS na 2016 a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]] An naɗa shi mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Natal a shekarar 1982 da Farfesa Ad Hominem a shekarar 1986. Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2000, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban kula da lafiyar yara da lafiyar yara a Jami'ar Natal. Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Victor Daitz a Binciken Cutar Kanjamau, Darakta na Kimiyyar Halittu a Cibiyar Kula [[Kanjamau|da Cutar Kanjamau]] (HIVAN), da kuma darektan kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Doris Duke a Makarantar Magunguna ta Nelson Mandela a Jami'ar KwaZulu Natal. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Coovadia ya shiga cikin jagorancin United Democratic Front (UDF) a cikin shekarar 1970s. Ya zama shugaban hukumar kula da lafiyar mata da yara, wanda gwamnatin Mandela ta kirkiro. <ref name="Conversation">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=Hoosen Jerry Coovadia |url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/hoosen-jerry-coovadia-173631}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan zartarwa na National Medical and Dental Association (NAMDA), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1982. <ref name="NAMDA">{{Cite journal |last=Coovadia |first=H. M. |date=1999 |title=Sanctions and the struggle for health in South Africa |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=1505–1508 |doi=10.2105/ajph.89.10.1505 |pmc=1508795 |pmid=10511831}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1980s, Coovadia ya mayar da hankali kan al'amurran da suka shafi rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka na yara, amma sai ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankalinsa ya haɗa da cutar kanjamau, musamman watsar da uwa-da- yaro. <ref name="Icon">{{Cite journal |last=Kapp |first=Clare |year=2009 |title=Hoosen Coovadia: an icon of South African health |journal=The Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9692 |pages=777 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61581-6 |pmid=19733772 |s2cid=135448373 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sukar manufofin gwamnatin [[Thabo Mbeki]] kan cutar kanjamau kuma ya yi kamfen sosai don amfani da maganin cutar kanjamau. A shekara ta 2000, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na AIDS a Durban. <ref name="Icon" /> Bayan mutuwar Farfesa Coovadia, shugaba [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya ce, "Za a ji hasarar al'ummarmu a duniya baki ɗaya, amma za mu iya yin alfahari da ta'aziyya daga fitowar kwararre na kimiyya da kuma alamar tausayi da juriya daga ƙasarmu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa mourns passing of pre-eminent scientist and veteran activist Prof Hoosen "Jerry" Coovadia {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-cyril-ramaphosa-mourns-passing-pre-eminent-scientist-and-veteran |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Farfesa Coovadia ya jagoranci wasu fitattun ɗalibai da suka haɗa da Farfesa Salim Abdool Karim, Farfesa [[Quarraisha Abdool Karim]] da masanin Fulbright Anand Reddi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Salim Abdool |title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Salim Abdool Karim: We've lost a great scientist with Jerry Coovadia's passing |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-salim-abdool-karim-weve-lost-a-great-scientist-with-jerry-coovadias-passing-20231005 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reddi |first=Anand |last2=Leeper |first2=Sarah C. |last3=Grobler |first3=Anneke C. |last4=Geddes |first4=Rosemary |last5=France |first5=K. Holly |last6=Dorse |first6=Gillian L. |last7=Vlok |first7=Willem J. |last8=Mntambo |first8=Mbali |last9=Thomas |first9=Monty |last10=Nixon |first10=Kristy |last11=Holst |first11=Helga L. |last12=Karim |first12=Quarraisha Abdool |last13=Rollins |first13=Nigel C. |last14=Coovadia |first14=Hoosen M. |last15=Giddy |first15=Janet |date=2007-03-17 |title=Preliminary outcomes of a paediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy cohort from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=BMC Pediatrics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.1186/1471-2431-7-13 |issn=1471-2431 |pmc=1847430 |pmid=17367540 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dr. Coovadia ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 2023 a gidansa a Durban bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hoosen Coovadia, Medical Force in South Africa's H.I.V. Fight, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/hoosen-coovadia-dead.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * 1999 Tauraron Afirka ta Kudu don ba da gudummawa ga dimokuraɗiyya da lafiya daga Shugaba [[Nelson Mandela]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Medical Association |url=https://www.samedical.org/cmsuploader/viewArticle/2335 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.samedical.org}}</ref> * 2000 lambar yabo ta Nelson Mandela don Lafiya da kare 'Yancin Ɗan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Hoosen Jerry Coovadia |url=https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-hoosen-jerry-coovadia |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=International AIDS Society}}</ref> * 2000 US National Academy of Medicine Zaɓaɓɓen Memba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership Directory |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=ScUJJb9l642H5Dkuw9UxWA%3D%3D |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=U.S. National Academy of Medicine}}</ref> * 2004 Wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu * 2004 Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu, Kimiyya don Medal Zinare na Al'umma * 2013 AAAS Kyautar 'Yanci na Kimiyya da Nauyi <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award Goes to Hoosen Coovadia, a Children's Health Advocate, of South Africa {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/2013-aaas-scientific-freedom-and-responsibility-award-goes-hoosen-coovadia-childrens-health |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.aaas.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Hanyar Amsa ta Allergic Bambanci a cikin Yara tare da Cutar Measles, Jami'ar Natal, Durban, 1977 *   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 12v98sn4eu4d8h1v763bumisckudums 647729 647727 2025-06-26T18:39:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Ayyuka */ 647729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hoosen Mahomed "Jerry" Coovadia''' (2 Agusta 1940 - 4 Oktoba 2023) likita ne na Afirka ta Kudu, malami, kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Ya taɓa zama Shugaban Victor Daitz Emeritus kuma Farfesa a Makarantar Magunguna [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal|ta Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]] Nelson Mandela. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hoosen Mahomed Coovadia an haife shi a Durban, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 1940. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hoosen Coovadia, Medical Force in South Africa's H.I.V. Fight, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/hoosen-coovadia-dead.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Kakanninsa sun yi hijira daga [[Indiya]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1880s. Coovadia ya halarci St. Anthony's, makarantar Katolika, daga baya kuma Sastri College, makarantar sakandare. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Coovadia a takaice ya halarci Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya a [[Jami'ar Natal]], wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance mai bambancin launin fata, kafin ya koma [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya don horar da likitanci. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> An karɓe shi a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Grant a Jami'ar Bombay. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koma Durban don yin aiki a asibitin King Edward VIII. Ya yi aikin likitancin yara a jami'ar Natal da kwalejojin likitancin Afirka ta Kudu sannan ya tafi Jami'ar Birmingham, inda ya samu M.Sc. Immunology a shekarar 1974. Daga nan sai ya koma Sashen kula da ilimin yara a Jami'ar Natal, inda ya sami MD a shekarar 1978. <ref name="SAHistory" /> [[Fayil:Prof_Coovadia_and_Anand_Reddi_WAC_2016_Durban,_South_Africa.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Farfesa Coovadia da Anand Reddi a taron Duniya na AIDS na 2016 a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]] An naɗa shi mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Natal a shekarar 1982 da Farfesa Ad Hominem a shekarar 1986. Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2000, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban kula da lafiyar yara da lafiyar yara a Jami'ar Natal. Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Victor Daitz a Binciken Cutar Kanjamau, Darakta na Kimiyyar Halittu a Cibiyar Kula [[Kanjamau|da Cutar Kanjamau]] (HIVAN), da kuma darektan kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Doris Duke a Makarantar Magunguna ta Nelson Mandela a Jami'ar KwaZulu Natal. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Coovadia ya shiga cikin jagorancin United Democratic Front (UDF) a cikin shekarar 1970s. Ya zama shugaban hukumar kula da lafiyar mata da yara, wanda gwamnatin Mandela ta kirkiro. <ref name="Conversation">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=Hoosen Jerry Coovadia |url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/hoosen-jerry-coovadia-173631}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan zartarwa na National Medical and Dental Association (NAMDA), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1982. <ref name="NAMDA">{{Cite journal |last=Coovadia |first=H. M. |date=1999 |title=Sanctions and the struggle for health in South Africa |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=1505–1508 |doi=10.2105/ajph.89.10.1505 |pmc=1508795 |pmid=10511831}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1980s, Coovadia ya mayar da hankali kan al'amurran da suka shafi rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka na yara, amma sai ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankalinsa ya haɗa da cutar kanjamau, musamman watsar da uwa-da- yaro. <ref name="Icon">{{Cite journal |last=Kapp |first=Clare |year=2009 |title=Hoosen Coovadia: an icon of South African health |journal=The Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9692 |pages=777 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61581-6 |pmid=19733772 |s2cid=135448373 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sukar manufofin gwamnatin [[Thabo Mbeki]] kan cutar kanjamau kuma ya yi kamfen sosai don amfani da maganin cutar kanjamau. A shekara ta 2000, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na AIDS a Durban. <ref name="Icon" /> Bayan mutuwar Farfesa Coovadia, shugaba [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya ce, "Za a ji hasarar al'ummarmu a duniya baki ɗaya, amma za mu iya yin alfahari da ta'aziyya daga fitowar kwararre na kimiyya da kuma alamar tausayi da juriya daga ƙasarmu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa mourns passing of pre-eminent scientist and veteran activist Prof Hoosen "Jerry" Coovadia {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-cyril-ramaphosa-mourns-passing-pre-eminent-scientist-and-veteran |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Farfesa Coovadia ya jagoranci wasu fitattun ɗalibai da suka haɗa da Farfesa Salim Abdool Karim, Farfesa [[Quarraisha Abdool Karim]] da masanin Fulbright Anand Reddi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Salim Abdool |title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Salim Abdool Karim: We've lost a great scientist with Jerry Coovadia's passing |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-salim-abdool-karim-weve-lost-a-great-scientist-with-jerry-coovadias-passing-20231005 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reddi |first=Anand |last2=Leeper |first2=Sarah C. |last3=Grobler |first3=Anneke C. |last4=Geddes |first4=Rosemary |last5=France |first5=K. Holly |last6=Dorse |first6=Gillian L. |last7=Vlok |first7=Willem J. |last8=Mntambo |first8=Mbali |last9=Thomas |first9=Monty |last10=Nixon |first10=Kristy |last11=Holst |first11=Helga L. |last12=Karim |first12=Quarraisha Abdool |last13=Rollins |first13=Nigel C. |last14=Coovadia |first14=Hoosen M. |last15=Giddy |first15=Janet |date=2007-03-17 |title=Preliminary outcomes of a paediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy cohort from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=BMC Pediatrics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.1186/1471-2431-7-13 |issn=1471-2431 |pmc=1847430 |pmid=17367540 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dr. Coovadia ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 2023 a gidansa a Durban bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hoosen Coovadia, Medical Force in South Africa's H.I.V. Fight, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/hoosen-coovadia-dead.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * 1999 Tauraron Afirka ta Kudu don ba da gudummawa ga dimokuraɗiyya da lafiya daga Shugaba [[Nelson Mandela]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Medical Association |url=https://www.samedical.org/cmsuploader/viewArticle/2335 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.samedical.org}}</ref> * 2000 lambar yabo ta Nelson Mandela don Lafiya da kare 'Yancin Ɗan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Hoosen Jerry Coovadia |url=https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-hoosen-jerry-coovadia |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=International AIDS Society}}</ref> * 2000 US National Academy of Medicine Zaɓaɓɓen Memba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership Directory |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=ScUJJb9l642H5Dkuw9UxWA%3D%3D |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=U.S. National Academy of Medicine}}</ref> * 2004 Wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu * 2004 Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu, Kimiyya don Medal Zinare na Al'umma * 2013 AAAS Kyautar 'Yanci na Kimiyya da Nauyi <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award Goes to Hoosen Coovadia, a Children's Health Advocate, of South Africa {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/2013-aaas-scientific-freedom-and-responsibility-award-goes-hoosen-coovadia-childrens-health |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.aaas.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *''Host Allergic Response Variation in Children with Measles Infection'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coovadia, Hoosen Mahomed.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/861191762|title=Host allergic response variation in children with measles infection|oclc=861191762}}</ref> University of Natal, Durban, 1977 *{{cite book|author=John Ehiri|title=Maternal and Child Health: Global Challenges, Programs, and Policies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQLctuByn5EC&pg=PA270|date=3 October 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|chapter = Impact of HIV on the Health of Women Children and Families in Less Developed Countries|isbn=978-0-387-89245-0|pages=270–}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] g1w54uv6kibu9ykwwpop1zbefr76iz5 647732 647729 2025-06-26T18:50:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hoosen Mahomed "Jerry" Coovadia''' (2 Agusta 1940 - 4 Oktoba 2023) likita ne na Afirka ta Kudu, malami, kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Ya taɓa zama Shugaban Victor Daitz Emeritus kuma Farfesa a Makarantar Magunguna [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal|ta Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]] Nelson Mandela. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hoosen Mahomed Coovadia an haife shi a Durban, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 1940. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hoosen Coovadia, Medical Force in South Africa's H.I.V. Fight, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/hoosen-coovadia-dead.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Kakanninsa sun yi hijira daga [[Indiya]] zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1880s. Coovadia ya halarci St. Anthony's, makarantar Katolika, daga baya kuma Sastri College, makarantar sakandare. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Coovadia a takaice ya halarci Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya a [[Jami'ar Natal]], wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance mai bambancin launin fata, kafin ya koma [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya don horar da likitanci. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> An karɓe shi a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiyar Grant a Jami'ar Bombay. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koma Durban don yin aiki a asibitin King Edward VIII. Ya yi aikin likitancin yara a jami'ar Natal da kwalejojin likitancin Afirka ta Kudu sannan ya tafi Jami'ar Birmingham, inda ya samu M.Sc. Immunology a shekarar 1974. Daga nan sai ya koma Sashen kula da ilimin yara a Jami'ar Natal, inda ya sami MD a shekarar 1978. <ref name="SAHistory" /> [[Fayil:Prof_Coovadia_and_Anand_Reddi_WAC_2016_Durban,_South_Africa.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Farfesa Coovadia da Anand Reddi a taron Duniya na AIDS na 2016 a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu]] An naɗa shi mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Natal a shekarar 1982 da Farfesa Ad Hominem a shekarar 1986. Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2000, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa kuma shugaban kula da lafiyar yara da lafiyar yara a Jami'ar Natal. Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Victor Daitz a Binciken Cutar Kanjamau, Darakta na Kimiyyar Halittu a Cibiyar Kula [[Kanjamau|da Cutar Kanjamau]] (HIVAN), da kuma darektan kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Doris Duke a Makarantar Magunguna ta Nelson Mandela a Jami'ar KwaZulu Natal. <ref name="SAHistory">{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=August 2011 |title=Professor Hoosen "Jerry" Mahomed Coovadia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-hoosen-jerry-mahomed-coovadia |access-date=2016-02-14 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Coovadia ya shiga cikin jagorancin United Democratic Front (UDF) a cikin shekarar 1970s. Ya zama shugaban hukumar kula da lafiyar mata da yara, wanda gwamnatin Mandela ta kirkiro. <ref name="Conversation">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=Hoosen Jerry Coovadia |url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/hoosen-jerry-coovadia-173631}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan zartarwa na National Medical and Dental Association (NAMDA), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1982. <ref name="NAMDA">{{Cite journal |last=Coovadia |first=H. M. |date=1999 |title=Sanctions and the struggle for health in South Africa |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=1505–1508 |doi=10.2105/ajph.89.10.1505 |pmc=1508795 |pmid=10511831}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1980s, Coovadia ya mayar da hankali kan al'amurran da suka shafi rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka na yara, amma sai ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankalinsa ya haɗa da cutar kanjamau, musamman watsar da uwa-da- yaro. <ref name="Icon">{{Cite journal |last=Kapp |first=Clare |year=2009 |title=Hoosen Coovadia: an icon of South African health |journal=The Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9692 |pages=777 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61581-6 |pmid=19733772 |s2cid=135448373 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sukar manufofin gwamnatin [[Thabo Mbeki]] kan cutar kanjamau kuma ya yi kamfen sosai don amfani da maganin cutar kanjamau. A shekara ta 2000, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban taron ƙasa da ƙasa na AIDS a Durban. <ref name="Icon" /> Bayan mutuwar Farfesa Coovadia, shugaba [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya ce, "Za a ji hasarar al'ummarmu a duniya baki ɗaya, amma za mu iya yin alfahari da ta'aziyya daga fitowar kwararre na kimiyya da kuma alamar tausayi da juriya daga ƙasarmu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Cyril Ramaphosa mourns passing of pre-eminent scientist and veteran activist Prof Hoosen "Jerry" Coovadia {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/president-cyril-ramaphosa-mourns-passing-pre-eminent-scientist-and-veteran |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Farfesa Coovadia ya jagoranci wasu fitattun ɗalibai da suka haɗa da Farfesa Salim Abdool Karim, Farfesa [[Quarraisha Abdool Karim]] da masanin Fulbright Anand Reddi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Salim Abdool |title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Salim Abdool Karim: We've lost a great scientist with Jerry Coovadia's passing |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-salim-abdool-karim-weve-lost-a-great-scientist-with-jerry-coovadias-passing-20231005 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reddi |first=Anand |last2=Leeper |first2=Sarah C. |last3=Grobler |first3=Anneke C. |last4=Geddes |first4=Rosemary |last5=France |first5=K. Holly |last6=Dorse |first6=Gillian L. |last7=Vlok |first7=Willem J. |last8=Mntambo |first8=Mbali |last9=Thomas |first9=Monty |last10=Nixon |first10=Kristy |last11=Holst |first11=Helga L. |last12=Karim |first12=Quarraisha Abdool |last13=Rollins |first13=Nigel C. |last14=Coovadia |first14=Hoosen M. |last15=Giddy |first15=Janet |date=2007-03-17 |title=Preliminary outcomes of a paediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy cohort from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=BMC Pediatrics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.1186/1471-2431-7-13 |issn=1471-2431 |pmc=1847430 |pmid=17367540 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dr. Coovadia ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 2023 a gidansa a Durban bayan wani lokaci na rashin lafiya. <ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Nolen |first=Stephanie |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hoosen Coovadia, Medical Force in South Africa's H.I.V. Fight, Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/health/hoosen-coovadia-dead.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * 1999 Tauraron Afirka ta Kudu don ba da gudummawa ga dimokuraɗiyya da lafiya daga Shugaba [[Nelson Mandela]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Medical Association |url=https://www.samedical.org/cmsuploader/viewArticle/2335 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.samedical.org}}</ref> * 2000 lambar yabo ta Nelson Mandela don Lafiya da kare 'Yancin Ɗan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Hoosen Jerry Coovadia |url=https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-hoosen-jerry-coovadia |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=International AIDS Society}}</ref> * 2000 US National Academy of Medicine Zaɓaɓɓen Memba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership Directory |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=ScUJJb9l642H5Dkuw9UxWA%3D%3D |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=U.S. National Academy of Medicine}}</ref> * 2004 Wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu * 2004 Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu, Kimiyya don Medal Zinare na Al'umma * 2013 AAAS Kyautar 'Yanci na Kimiyya da Nauyi <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award Goes to Hoosen Coovadia, a Children's Health Advocate, of South Africa {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/2013-aaas-scientific-freedom-and-responsibility-award-goes-hoosen-coovadia-childrens-health |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.aaas.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *''Host Allergic Response Variation in Children with Measles Infection'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coovadia, Hoosen Mahomed.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/861191762|title=Host allergic response variation in children with measles infection|oclc=861191762}}</ref> University of Natal, Durban, 1977 *{{cite book|author=John Ehiri|title=Maternal and Child Health: Global Challenges, Programs, and Policies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQLctuByn5EC&pg=PA270|date=3 October 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|chapter = Impact of HIV on the Health of Women Children and Families in Less Developed Countries|isbn=978-0-387-89245-0|pages=270–}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gil472sxxvcxbanvn2uzsktg4qsk7c4 0 103180 647740 2025-06-26T18:59:36Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 647740 wikitext text/x-wiki kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Hong Kong, wacce ta himmatu ga bunkasa ayyukan matasa. An kafa shi a cikin 1960, Tarayyar ta kasance tana da hannu wajen samar da ayyuka da kayan aiki don ci gaban jiki, zamantakewa, ilimi, al'adu na matasa na Hong Kong. Za'a iya raba ayyukansu zuwa manyan yankuna 12. Kowace shekara, HKFYG tana ba da ayyukan sama da 10,000 waɗanda aka shirya ta fiye da rukunin sabis 60 tare da mahalarta miliyan 5 a kowace shekara.[1] HKFYG ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a makarantun sakandare a Hong Kong. Sun yi 30,000 "Anti-drug in School Resources Packs" kuma sun rarraba su zuwa makarantun sakandare.[2] "Decoding Life" kuma sabon sabis ne na ba da shawara wanda HKFYG ta bayar. Yana taimaka wa matasa su guji tashin hankali na rukuni kuma yana koya musu ƙwarewar magance rikice-rikice.[1] p60jxlepsdlgbgff4c1oq725nmf0sit 647742 647740 2025-06-26T19:01:04Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647742 wikitext text/x-wiki kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Hong Kong, wacce ta himmatu ga bunkasa ayyukan matasa. An kafa shi a cikin 1960, Tarayyar ta kasance tana da hannu wajen samar da ayyuka da kayan aiki don ci gaban jiki, zamantakewa, ilimi, al'adu na matasa na Hong Kong. Za'a iya raba ayyukansu zuwa manyan yankuna 12. Kowace shekara, HKFYG tana ba da ayyukan sama da 10,000 waɗanda aka shirya ta fiye da rukunin sabis 60 tare da mahalarta miliyan 5 a kowace shekara. HKFYG ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a makarantun sakandare a Hong Kong. Sun yi 30,000 "Anti-drug in School Resources Packs" kuma sun rarraba su zuwa makarantun sakandare."Decoding Life" kuma sabon sabis ne na ba da shawara wanda HKFYG ta bayar. Yana taimaka wa matasa su guji tashin hankali na rukuni kuma yana koya musu ƙwarewar magance rikice-rikice.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100110214141/http://www.hkfyg.org.hk/eng/about_us/director.html</ref><ref>http://www.u21.org.hk/partnership/apr2004_issue22/news1_more.htm</ref> ==Manazarta== aej6hpcoybx1u5t0217g9dbp8nkjzxk 647745 647742 2025-06-26T19:02:27Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Hong Kong, wacce ta himmatu ga bunkasa ayyukan matasa. An kafa shi a cikin 1960, Tarayyar ta kasance tana da hannu wajen samar da ayyuka da kayan aiki don ci gaban jiki, zamantakewa, ilimi, al'adu na matasa na Hong Kong. Za'a iya raba ayyukansu zuwa manyan yankuna 12. Kowace shekara, HKFYG tana ba da ayyukan sama da 10,000 waɗanda aka shirya ta fiye da rukunin sabis 60 tare da mahalarta miliyan 5 a kowace shekara. HKFYG ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a makarantun sakandare a Hong Kong. Sun yi 30,000 "Anti-drug in School Resources Packs" kuma sun rarraba su zuwa makarantun sakandare."Decoding Life" kuma sabon sabis ne na ba da shawara wanda HKFYG ta bayar. Yana taimaka wa matasa su guji tashin hankali na rukuni kuma yana koya musu ƙwarewar magance rikice-rikice.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100110214141/http://www.hkfyg.org.hk/eng/about_us/director.html</ref><ref>http://www.u21.org.hk/partnership/apr2004_issue22/news1_more.htm</ref> ==Manazarta== bmch4roo8jpi7yx089swxjx7vjimz14 0 103181 647752 2025-06-26T19:10:13Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 647752 wikitext text/x-wiki Surfing wasa ne na ruwa wanda mutum, mai hawan igiyar ruwa (ko biyu a cikin hawan igiya), yana amfani da allon don hawa a kan sashi na gaba, ko fuska, na motsi na ruwa, wanda yawanci ke ɗaukar mai hawan ruwa zuwa bakin teku. Ana samun raƙuman ruwa da suka dace don hawan igiyar ruwa a bakin teku, amma kuma ana iya samun su a matsayin raƙuman raƙuman da ke tsaye a cikin teku, a cikin tabkuna, a cikin koguna a cikin nau'in ruwa, ko tafkunan raƙuman.<ref>https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=ha&page=Surfing</ref> A lokacin hunturu a arewacin arewa, Arewacin Kogin Oahu, tsibirin na uku mafi girma na Hawaii, an san shi da samun wasu raƙuman ruwa mafi kyau a duniya. Masu hawan igiyar ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna taruwa zuwa hutu kamar Backdoor, Waimea Bay, da Pipeline. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wuraren raƙuman ruwa da yawa a duniya: Teahupo'o, wanda ke bakin tekun Tahiti; California" id="mwTw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mavericks, California">Mavericks, California, Amurka; Cloudbreak, Tavarua Island, Fiji; Superbank, Gold Coast, Australia.<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/5/sebastian-steudtner-surfs-giant-wave-and-smashes-world-record-705874</ref><ref>https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/50-surf-spots/index.html</ref> 6ny6fvpzu0pickwd4fk82jyi8d5ghgf 647753 647752 2025-06-26T19:10:52Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647753 wikitext text/x-wiki Surfing wasa ne na ruwa wanda mutum, mai hawan igiyar ruwa (ko biyu a cikin hawan igiya), yana amfani da allon don hawa a kan sashi na gaba, ko fuska, na motsi na ruwa, wanda yawanci ke ɗaukar mai hawan ruwa zuwa bakin teku. Ana samun raƙuman ruwa da suka dace don hawan igiyar ruwa a bakin teku, amma kuma ana iya samun su a matsayin raƙuman raƙuman da ke tsaye a cikin teku, a cikin tabkuna, a cikin koguna a cikin nau'in ruwa, ko tafkunan raƙuman.<ref>https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=ha&page=Surfing</ref> A lokacin hunturu a arewacin arewa, Arewacin Kogin Oahu, tsibirin na uku mafi girma na Hawaii, an san shi da samun wasu raƙuman ruwa mafi kyau a duniya. Masu hawan igiyar ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna taruwa zuwa hutu kamar Backdoor, Waimea Bay, da Pipeline. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wuraren raƙuman ruwa da yawa a duniya: Teahupo'o, wanda ke bakin tekun Tahiti; California" id="mwTw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mavericks, California">Mavericks, California, Amurka; Cloudbreak, Tavarua Island, Fiji; Superbank, Gold Coast, Australia.<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/5/sebastian-steudtner-surfs-giant-wave-and-smashes-world-record-705874</ref><ref>https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/50-surf-spots/index.html</ref> ==Manazarta== fzjep4umu0jt4eq11wgkfy2j8on9ghw 647754 647753 2025-06-26T19:12:29Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Surfing wasa ne na ruwa wanda mutum, mai hawan igiyar ruwa (ko biyu a cikin hawan igiya), yana amfani da allon don hawa a kan sashi na gaba, ko fuska, na motsi na ruwa, wanda yawanci ke ɗaukar mai hawan ruwa zuwa bakin teku. Ana samun raƙuman ruwa da suka dace don hawan igiyar ruwa a bakin teku, amma kuma ana iya samun su a matsayin raƙuman raƙuman da ke tsaye a cikin teku, a cikin tabkuna, a cikin koguna a cikin nau'in ruwa, ko tafkunan raƙuman.<ref>https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=ha&page=Surfing</ref> A lokacin hunturu a arewacin arewa, Arewacin Kogin Oahu, tsibirin na uku mafi girma na Hawaii, an san shi da samun wasu raƙuman ruwa mafi kyau a duniya. Masu hawan igiyar ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna taruwa zuwa hutu kamar Backdoor, Waimea Bay, da Pipeline. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wuraren raƙuman ruwa da yawa a duniya: Teahupo'o, wanda ke bakin tekun Tahiti; California" id="mwTw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mavericks, California">Mavericks, California, Amurka; Cloudbreak, Tavarua Island, Fiji; Superbank, Gold Coast, Australia.<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/5/sebastian-steudtner-surfs-giant-wave-and-smashes-world-record-705874</ref><ref>https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/50-surf-spots/index.html</ref> ==Manazarta== rpxy1td8gioyai21lgekt3w66k9xt1i 0 103182 647755 2025-06-26T19:22:09Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 647755 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin ruwa ne mai Motar wanda aka yi don jin daɗi, tafiya, ko tsere. [1] [2][3] Babu ma'anar ma'ana, kodayake kalmar gabaɗaya ta shafi tasoshin da ke da ɗakin da aka nufa don amfani da dare ɗaya. Don a kira shi jirgin ruwa, ba kamar jirgin ruwa ba, irin wannan jirgin ruwa na jin daɗi na iya zama akalla ƙafa 33 (10 a tsawon kuma ana iya yin hukunci da shi yana da kyawawan halaye.[4] ms2lrou2tfl3z0s1y2qvg8lprtrw1d5 647756 647755 2025-06-26T19:24:08Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647756 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin ruwa ne mai Motar wanda aka yi don jin daɗi, tafiya, ko tsere. <ref>https://www.boats.com/on-the-water/when-is-a-boat-also-a-yacht/</ref> <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yacht</ref>Babu ma'anar ma'ana, kodayake kalmar gabaɗaya ta shafi tasoshin da ke da ɗakin da aka nufa don amfani da dare ɗaya. Don a kira shi jirgin ruwa, ba kamar jirgin ruwa ba, irin wannan jirgin ruwa na jin daɗi na iya zama akalla ƙafa 33 (10 a tsawon kuma ana iya yin hukunci da shi yana da kyawawan halaye.<ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/yacht</ref> ==Manazarta== hqe2avoy6mkzblzl40vre8gtxpp580o 647757 647756 2025-06-26T19:27:47Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Jirgin ruwa ne mai Motar wanda aka yi don jin daɗi, tafiya, ko tsere. <ref>https://www.boats.com/on-the-water/when-is-a-boat-also-a-yacht/</ref> <ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yacht</ref>Babu ma'anar ma'ana, kodayake kalmar gabaɗaya ta shafi tasoshin da ke da ɗakin da aka nufa don amfani da dare ɗaya. Don a kira shi jirgin ruwa, ba kamar jirgin ruwa ba, irin wannan jirgin ruwa na jin daɗi na iya zama akalla ƙafa 33 (10 a tsawon kuma ana iya yin hukunci da shi yana da kyawawan halaye.<ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/yacht</ref> ==Manazarta== pi4nm3ulu00a4dzdeax4ipus5unq7vo 0 103184 647765 2025-06-26T20:00:24Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 647765 wikitext text/x-wiki aliko dangote wanda yafi kowa kudi a Nahiyar Afrika ato shugaban Kamfanin Dangote Group ya sayi jirgin Ruwa na Yacht wanda ya kai darajar Naira Billion sha Uku da digo biyu<ref>https://shipsandports.com.ng/photos-inside-aliko-dangotes-n13-billion-yacht/</ref> ==Manazarta== i3c821cdwrn5zpw7kv1dip7n4ymumsw 0 103185 647768 2025-06-26T20:05:05Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassaea 647768 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin shugaban kasa na Rasha jirgin sama ne na rundunar shugaban kasa ta Rasha da Shugaban Rasha da sauran jami'an gwamnati suka yi amfani da su. Rundunar sojan kasa tana aiki ne daga Squadron Air na Musamman, ko kuma Special Air Detachment, wani ɓangare na Daraktan Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha. Babban jirgin saman shugaban kasa shine Ilyushin Il-96-300PU mai injin hudu, mai nisa, mai faɗi, Il-96 mai sauyawa sosai, tare da haruffa biyu na ƙarshe suna tsaye don "Command Point" a cikin Rasha. Jirgin saman shugaban kasa ya hada da Ilyushin Il-62, Tupolev Tu-154, da jirgin saman Sukhoi Superjet 100, da sauransu. 1jojhke9owdvynpfgyq26k0x578hzgs 647769 647768 2025-06-26T20:06:27Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647769 wikitext text/x-wiki Jirgin shugaban kasa na Rasha jirgin sama ne na rundunar shugaban kasa ta Rasha da Shugaban Rasha da sauran jami'an gwamnati suka yi amfani da su. Rundunar sojan kasa tana aiki ne daga Squadron Air na Musamman, ko kuma Special Air Detachment, wani ɓangare na Daraktan Shugaban Tarayyar Rasha. Babban jirgin saman shugaban kasa shine Ilyushin Il-96-300PU mai injin hudu, mai nisa, mai faɗi, Il-96 mai sauyawa sosai, tare da haruffa biyu na ƙarshe suna tsaye don "Command Point" a cikin Rasha. Jirgin saman shugaban kasa ya hada da Ilyushin Il-62, Tupolev Tu-154, da jirgin saman Sukhoi Superjet 100, da sauransu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_presidential_aircraft</ref> ==Manazrta== jdm5ruaotrjkf6z6a3n2t27mf0mvgfm 0 103186 647773 2025-06-26T20:13:15Z Mustysummy 21281 SABUWAR FASSARA 647773 wikitext text/x-wiki wani gidan sarauta ne na Italiyanci wanda ke kan iyakar Tekun Baƙi kusa da Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, Rasha . Wannan hadaddun ya fara zuwa ga jama'a a shekara ta 2010 bayan mai ba da labari Sergei Kolesnikov ya buga wata wasika ga shugaban Rasha Dmitry Medvedev yana fallasa ginin fadar. Kolesnikov ya kuma bayyana cewa Nikolai Shamalov ne ke gudanar da aikin wanda ke aiki a madadin Vladimir Putin.[1] Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa Alexander Ponomarenko yana da mallakar. jxby63nd03ceb1n863xkrdzhtjpxuf1 647774 647773 2025-06-26T20:14:23Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 647774 wikitext text/x-wiki wani gidan sarauta ne na Italiyanci wanda ke kan iyakar Tekun Baƙi kusa da Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, Rasha . Wannan hadaddun ya fara zuwa ga jama'a a shekara ta 2010 bayan mai ba da labari Sergei Kolesnikov ya buga wata wasika ga shugaban Rasha Dmitry Medvedev yana fallasa ginin fadar. Kolesnikov ya kuma bayyana cewa Nikolai Shamalov ne ke gudanar da aikin wanda ke aiki a madadin Vladimir Putin.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/20/europe/putin-palace-navalny-russia-intl/index.html</ref> Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa Alexander Ponomarenko yana da mallakar.<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894747004</ref> ==Manzarta== 0jdqn3rgifedteczgs9d31m53404i2z 647776 647774 2025-06-26T20:16:03Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Wani gidan sarauta ne na Italiyanci wanda ke kan iyakar Tekun Baƙi kusa da Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai, Rasha . Wannan hadaddun ya fara zuwa ga jama'a a shekara ta 2010 bayan mai ba da labari Sergei Kolesnikov ya buga wata wasika ga shugaban Rasha Dmitry Medvedev yana fallasa ginin fadar. Kolesnikov ya kuma bayyana cewa Nikolai Shamalov ne ke gudanar da aikin wanda ke aiki a madadin Vladimir Putin.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/20/europe/putin-palace-navalny-russia-intl/index.html</ref> Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa Alexander Ponomarenko yana da mallakar.<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894747004</ref> ==Manzarta== b7y0jctvs5c4u1c25u91wpgoj1v10aa 0 103187 647781 2025-06-26T20:22:54Z Mustysummy 21281 SABUWAR FASSARA 647781 wikitext text/x-wiki ihohin da suka biyo bayan Soviet, wanda kuma ake kira tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet [1] ko tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, sune jihohin da suka fito / sake fitowa daga rushewar Tarayyar Soviétique a 1991. Kafin samun 'yancin kansu, sun kasance a matsayin Jamhuriyar Tarayya, waɗanda suka kasance manyan' yan majalisa na Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai jihohi 15 na bayan Soviet gabaɗaya: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Rasha, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan. Kowace daga cikin wadannan kasashe sun gaji Jamhuriyar Tarayyarsu: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonia SSR, Georgia SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvia SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Rasha SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukraine SSR, da Uzbek SSR. A Rasha, ana amfani da kalmar "kusa da kasashen waje" ( ) a wasu lokuta don komawa ga jihohin bayan Soviet ban da Rasha. ci4avmwsdn8tmmogtip1sulkua6xlmj 647782 647781 2025-06-26T20:24:25Z Mustysummy 21281 SAKA MANAZARTA 647782 wikitext text/x-wiki ihohin da suka biyo bayan Soviet, wanda kuma ake kira tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230614/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1805/managing_conflict_in_the_former_soviet_union.html</ref> ko tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, sune jihohin da suka fito / sake fitowa daga rushewar Tarayyar Soviétique a 1991. Kafin samun 'yancin kansu, sun kasance a matsayin Jamhuriyar Tarayya, waɗanda suka kasance manyan' yan majalisa na Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai jihohi 15 na bayan Soviet gabaɗaya: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Rasha, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan. Kowace daga cikin wadannan kasashe sun gaji Jamhuriyar Tarayyarsu: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonia SSR, Georgia SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvia SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Rasha SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukraine SSR, da Uzbek SSR. A Rasha, ana amfani da kalmar "kusa da kasashen waje" a wasu lokuta don komawa ga jihohin bayan Soviet ban da Rasha.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13523270701674558</ref> ==mANZARTA== cb0yoma4xw0clb9fsfr88l30gx9h8cm 647783 647782 2025-06-26T20:24:55Z Mustysummy 21281 647783 wikitext text/x-wiki ihohin da suka biyo bayan Soviet, wanda kuma ake kira tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230614/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1805/managing_conflict_in_the_former_soviet_union.html</ref> ko tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, sune jihohin da suka fito / sake fitowa daga rushewar Tarayyar Soviétique a 1991. Kafin samun 'yancin kansu, sun kasance a matsayin Jamhuriyar Tarayya, waɗanda suka kasance manyan' yan majalisa na Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai jihohi 15 na bayan Soviet gabaɗaya: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Rasha, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan. Kowace daga cikin wadannan kasashe sun gaji Jamhuriyar Tarayyarsu: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonia SSR, Georgia SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvia SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Rasha SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukraine SSR, da Uzbek SSR. A Rasha, ana amfani da kalmar "kusa da kasashen waje" a wasu lokuta don komawa ga jihohin bayan Soviet ban da Rasha.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13523270701674558</ref> ==MANAZARTA== pmwb48yhk6wnghgl9fqviyefxwegg8p 647784 647783 2025-06-26T20:26:38Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 647784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jihohin da suka biyo bayan Soviet, wanda kuma ake kira tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230614/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1805/managing_conflict_in_the_former_soviet_union.html</ref> ko tsoffin jamhuriyoyin Soviet, sune jihohin da suka fito / sake fitowa daga rushewar Tarayyar Soviétique a 1991. Kafin samun 'yancin kansu, sun kasance a matsayin Jamhuriyar Tarayya, waɗanda suka kasance manyan' yan majalisa na Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai jihohi 15 na bayan Soviet gabaɗaya: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Rasha, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan. Kowace daga cikin wadannan kasashe sun gaji Jamhuriyar Tarayyarsu: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonia SSR, Georgia SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvia SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Rasha SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukraine SSR, da Uzbek SSR. A Rasha, ana amfani da kalmar "kusa da kasashen waje" a wasu lokuta don komawa ga jihohin bayan Soviet ban da Rasha.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13523270701674558</ref> ==MANAZARTA== jlesrq58oh2h56qgilurofhlbw5u8o5 0 103188 647790 2025-06-26T20:59:57Z Erdnernie 21045 Na kirkiri sabon mukalla akan motar Ford Model T 647790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ford Model T mota ce ta tarihi wadda kamfanin Ford Motor Company na ƙasar Amurka ya kera daga 1908 zuwa 1927. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mota ta farko da ta saukar da farashin motoci saboda hanyar samarwa ta layin hada-hada (assembly line), wanda ya sa mota ta zama mai sauƙin saye ga mutane da yawa. Ford Model T ta kasance sananne a duniya saboda ƙarfin gina ta da sauƙin amfani da ita. == Tarihi == Henry Ford, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Ford, ya ƙirƙira Model T a shekara ta 1908. Ya so ya samar da mota mai sauƙin tuƙi kuma mai araha ga kowa. A lokacin, motoci suna da tsada sosai kuma mutane kaɗan ne kawai za su iya siyan su. Saboda hanyar samarwa ta layin hada-hada, farashin Model T ya ragu daga $825 a 1908 zuwa $260 a 1925. Wannan ya sa miliyoyin mutane suka sami damar mallakar mota. An kera Model T har zuwa 1927, inda aka samar da motoci sama da miliyan 15. Saboda shahararta, an ji ta a ƙasashen duniya da yawa, amma ba a san amfani da ita sosai a yankunan Hausa a lokacin saboda ƙarancin hanyoyin mota da tsadar mai.<ref> Model T | Description & Facts | Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/Model-T</ref> == Bayanan Fasahar Kirkira == Injiniya: Model T tana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai ƙarfin 20 horsepower, wanda ke iya kaiwa saurin mil 45 a sa’a (72 km/h). An gina injin a cikin guda ɗaya (monobloc), wanda ya sa ya zama mai sauƙin kera. Mai: Injin yana aiki da man fetur, amma kuma yana iya aiki da man kerosene ko ethanol, ko da yake man fetur ya fi yawa saboda araha. Tsarin Tuƙi: Tana da tsarin tuƙi na planetary, wanda ake sarrafawa da ƙafafu maimakon lefa na hannu. Wannan ya sa tuƙi ya zama mai wuya ga masu koyo.<ref> The Model T - Ford Corporate: https://corporate.ford.com/articles/history/the-model-t.html</ref> Launi: A farkon, ana samun ta da launuka daban-daban kamar ja, kore, da shuɗi, amma daga 1914 zuwa 1925, Ford ya ce “duk abokin ciniki zai iya samun mota da kowane launi da yake so, muddin baƙi ne,” saboda baƙin fenti yana bushewa da sauri kuma mai araha ne. Birki: Model T ba ta da birki na zamani. An yi amfani da bandeji a cikin gear da kuma a wajen ƙafafun baya don tsayar da mota. <ref>Ford Model T - Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T</ref> == Hotuna == <Gallery> </Gallery> == Nassoshi == 72cec31uidjc34ko3rlaul6yvox2nx0 647791 647790 2025-06-26T21:05:28Z Erdnernie 21045 Na dora hoto akan mukalla 647791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ford Model T mota ce ta tarihi wadda kamfanin Ford Motor Company na ƙasar Amurka ya kera daga 1908 zuwa 1927. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mota ta farko da ta saukar da farashin motoci saboda hanyar samarwa ta layin hada-hada (assembly line), wanda ya sa mota ta zama mai sauƙin saye ga mutane da yawa. Ford Model T ta kasance sananne a duniya saboda ƙarfin gina ta da sauƙin amfani da ita. == Tarihi == Henry Ford, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Ford, ya ƙirƙira Model T a shekara ta 1908. Ya so ya samar da mota mai sauƙin tuƙi kuma mai araha ga kowa. A lokacin, motoci suna da tsada sosai kuma mutane kaɗan ne kawai za su iya siyan su. Saboda hanyar samarwa ta layin hada-hada, farashin Model T ya ragu daga $825 a 1908 zuwa $260 a 1925. Wannan ya sa miliyoyin mutane suka sami damar mallakar mota. An kera Model T har zuwa 1927, inda aka samar da motoci sama da miliyan 15. Saboda shahararta, an ji ta a ƙasashen duniya da yawa, amma ba a san amfani da ita sosai a yankunan Hausa a lokacin saboda ƙarancin hanyoyin mota da tsadar mai.<ref> Model T | Description & Facts | Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/Model-T</ref> == Bayanan Fasahar Kirkira == Injiniya: Model T tana da injin mai silinda hudu (four-cylinder engine) mai ƙarfin 20 horsepower, wanda ke iya kaiwa saurin mil 45 a sa’a (72 km/h). An gina injin a cikin guda ɗaya (monobloc), wanda ya sa ya zama mai sauƙin kera. Mai: Injin yana aiki da man fetur, amma kuma yana iya aiki da man kerosene ko ethanol, ko da yake man fetur ya fi yawa saboda araha. Tsarin Tuƙi: Tana da tsarin tuƙi na planetary, wanda ake sarrafawa da ƙafafu maimakon lefa na hannu. Wannan ya sa tuƙi ya zama mai wuya ga masu koyo.<ref> The Model T - Ford Corporate: https://corporate.ford.com/articles/history/the-model-t.html</ref> Launi: A farkon, ana samun ta da launuka daban-daban kamar ja, kore, da shuɗi, amma daga 1914 zuwa 1925, Ford ya ce “duk abokin ciniki zai iya samun mota da kowane launi da yake so, muddin baƙi ne,” saboda baƙin fenti yana bushewa da sauri kuma mai araha ne. Birki: Model T ba ta da birki na zamani. An yi amfani da bandeji a cikin gear da kuma a wajen ƙafafun baya don tsayar da mota. <ref>Ford Model T - Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T</ref> == Hotuna == <Gallery> File:Ford Model T BW 2018-07-15 13-17-15.jpg|Ford_Model_T_BW_2018-07-15_13-17-15 </Gallery> == Nassoshi == nktpf5mv9689dyai5t8d58e14l5iho7 0 103189 647794 2025-06-26T21:12:33Z Bikhrah 15061 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292468824|Mango]]" 647794 wikitext text/x-wiki === Abincin abinci === Mangoes gabaɗaya suna da ɗanɗano, kodayake dandano da ƙwayoyin nama sun bambanta a duk faɗin cultivars; wasu, kamar Alphonso, suna da taushi, mai ɗanɗano mai kama da fure da ya wuce gona da iri, yayin da wasu, kamar Tommy Atkins, sun fi ƙarfi tare da ƙwayoyi. fatar mangoro mara tsufa, mai tsami, ko wanda aka dafa, amma yana da damar haifar da cututtukan cututtukani na leɓuna, gingiva, ko harshe a cikin mutane masu saukin kamuwa.<ref name="Sareen">{{Cite journal |last=Sareen |first=Richa |last2=Shah |first2=Ashok |year=2011 |title=Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango |journal=Asia Pacific Allergy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=43–9 |doi=10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.1.43 |issn=2233-8276 |pmc=3206236 |pmid=22053296}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Carabao_mangoes_(Philippines).jpg|The "hedgehog" style of preparation on Carabao mangoes Fayil:Mango_inner.png|Alphonso mango chunks Fayil:MANGO_SEASON_(562892060).jpg|Yankakken Ataulfo manmanwaro Fayil:Glass_of_Mango_Juice.jpg|Kofin ruwan mangwaro Fayil:Mango_Chutney.jpg|Mango chutney Fayil:Green_mangoes_with_vinegar,_chili,_salt,_and_soy_sauce_(Philippines)_01.jpg|Sour unripe mangoes eaten with shrimp paste, salt, chili, vinegar or soy sauce in the [[Filipin|Philippines]] Fayil:Mangoes_sold_in_India.jpg|Many varieties of mango from India </gallery> 9ugd914kxdtu8dgioddv9h69cfywr7c 3 103190 647796 2025-06-26T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647796 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AirportExpert! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AirportExpert|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 852dfpgqjrub061u2vjyee2lvjghacu 3 103191 647797 2025-06-26T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647797 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yelps! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yelps|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) ie5br3hjpprqretfe6g9mc108e2v7xi 3 103192 647798 2025-06-26T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647798 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kofiarkohbaidoo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kofiarkohbaidoo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) ckocwrvie4qaqhq8gos731gd6wfnx3y 3 103193 647799 2025-06-26T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647799 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SalviaRomana! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SalviaRomana|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) a5ft34u181osrufn2urfn147cxhau17 3 103194 647800 2025-06-26T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647800 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Быхсищшщшщшщоузд! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Быхсищшщшщшщоузд|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) f1zhbmuohv9u3k4dkxfuexsc23czyyk 3 103195 647801 2025-06-26T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647801 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmad Garba Alpha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmad Garba Alpha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) jixz7l89ho8mdyqgkeu6kss17v9nkd3 3 103196 647802 2025-06-26T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647802 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abba Tukur Muazu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abba Tukur Muazu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) m35nw5agdbztj8a6opptfb3k973bo41 3 103197 647803 2025-06-26T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647803 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rami mohamad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rami mohamad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 9qgtbqlqihbk2a3c82knfrciqn7rbth 3 103198 647804 2025-06-26T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647804 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hauwa1969! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hauwa1969|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 59v91da0zetqu59bqu2a2k9hk8peycc 3 103199 647805 2025-06-26T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647805 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Emrayz7! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Emrayz7|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 0i1kbkjnzdy9g9p4i4ao82yhtgbn33w 3 103200 647806 2025-06-26T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647806 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hanhhhhnguyent! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hanhhhhnguyent|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) qbkweejq5a8z9b5ofy83qwl8ruzxlfb 3 103201 647807 2025-06-26T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647807 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Arewa77777! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Arewa77777|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 5g8y3aynponjrfcfo500lb92qjg6vhk 3 103202 647808 2025-06-26T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647808 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Harrieta171! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Harrieta171|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 6k58cu8t28rqkc48vhqyh0yinhmxint 3 103203 647809 2025-06-26T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647809 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf Mohammed sani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf Mohammed sani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) qreq6q40h9xkhwo2u5rm61kpl70lbjo 3 103204 647810 2025-06-26T21:27:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647810 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NamHistory! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NamHistory|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 1ep9qvyzdq1fs6xxnc82ug3pqczqw89 3 103205 647811 2025-06-26T21:27:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647811 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Husaini Sulaiman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Husaini Sulaiman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 82q87bkb5pdsepffzbpusyc6p7jot8m 3 103206 647812 2025-06-26T21:27:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647812 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zefito! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zefito|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) q2iwkk7ni9x4nac9zyh64bst9ttq25j 3 103207 647813 2025-06-26T21:28:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647813 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pikkupapupata! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pikkupapupata|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) c3ec8cp4itw6y4uhptz6iwsag3svan6 3 103208 647814 2025-06-26T21:28:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647814 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Caiquebueno16! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Caiquebueno16|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) ll0hxsl0n7dd7sx4up017vfsqhngzud 3 103209 647815 2025-06-26T21:28:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 647815 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JairFKennedy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JairFKennedy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 26 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) 7a3p76jzqd799jk79e2ku660ef0vtjc 0 103210 647821 2025-06-26T22:28:45Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1229726638|Africans in Hong Kong]]" 647821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image}} '''’Yan Afirka a Hong Kong''' sun zama ƙaramin adadin mazauna Hong Kong . == Yawan jama'a == Akwai jimillar 'yan Afirka 4,697 da ke zaune a Hong Kong a shekarar 2021 a cewar Cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. 3,545 mazauna gari ne kuma 1,052 ba masu da'awar lalata ba ne. Rushewa tsakanin talakawa mazauna; 1,937 maza da 1,708 mata. Rushewa a tsakanin masu da'awar rashin sakewa; Maza 831 da mata 221 <ref name="africacenterhk.com">{{Cite web |title=Africa Center Hong Kong – Rebranding Blackness |url=http://www.africacenterhk.com}}</ref> Jimillar al'ummar sun hada da bakin haure daga [[Kudancin Afirka]], wadanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 200 mazauna kuma sun kunshi 'yan Afirka ne daga kasashen Turai . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Adams Bodomo}}</ref> 'Yan Afirka sun fara zama a Hong Kong a cikin 1990s, masu zuwa yawanci 'yan kasuwa ne da ke zuwa Hong Kong don yin kasuwanci, ko yin yarjejeniya da Mainland China ta hanyar dillali. Da yawa sun zauna, wanda ya haifar da yawancin mutanen Afirka a halin yanzu suna zama a Hong Kong. Kimanin rabin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong suna zaune a Yuen Long, tare da wani taro a Chungking Mansions a gundumar Tsim Sha Tsui ta Kowloon . Wasu fitattun ‘yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun hada da Innocent Mutanga, wani ma’aikacin bankin saka hannun jari tare da Goldman Sachs wanda ya zo Hong Kong da HKD 200 kacal kuma ya yi aiki tukuru daga rashin matsuguni har ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji a Hong Kong kuma yana gudanar da cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=African banker invites Asians to change their views of black people |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3090534/hes-leading-conversation-about-changing-asian-views-black-people-refugee}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=【少數族裔】首位非洲難民讀中大 第一位獲得學生簽證 |url=https://www.hk01.com/隱形香港/456181/少數族裔-首位非洲難民讀中大-申請簽證靠查法例k-o-移民官}} </ref> A tarihi, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun kasance 'yan kasuwa, masu mu'amala da wayoyin hannu da na'urorin lantarki don fitar da kasuwa a shagunan Chungking Mansions, amma wannan yana canzawa cikin sauri yayin da 'yan Afirka suka zabi Xiaobei na Guangzhou don wannan kasuwancin. Akwai korafe-korafe 492 na nuna musu wariyar launin fata daga 2015 zuwa 2020. tbisp2wkfsqn1towm1d9ko7d9lo62mb 647822 647821 2025-06-26T22:29:05Z Sirjat 20447 647822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''’Yan Afirka a Hong Kong''' sun zama ƙaramin adadin mazauna Hong Kong . == Yawan jama'a == Akwai jimillar 'yan Afirka 4,697 da ke zaune a Hong Kong a shekarar 2021 a cewar Cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. 3,545 mazauna gari ne kuma 1,052 ba masu da'awar lalata ba ne. Rushewa tsakanin talakawa mazauna; 1,937 maza da 1,708 mata. Rushewa a tsakanin masu da'awar rashin sakewa; Maza 831 da mata 221 <ref name="africacenterhk.com">{{Cite web |title=Africa Center Hong Kong – Rebranding Blackness |url=http://www.africacenterhk.com}}</ref> Jimillar al'ummar sun hada da bakin haure daga [[Kudancin Afirka]], wadanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 200 mazauna kuma sun kunshi 'yan Afirka ne daga kasashen Turai . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Adams Bodomo}}</ref> 'Yan Afirka sun fara zama a Hong Kong a cikin 1990s, masu zuwa yawanci 'yan kasuwa ne da ke zuwa Hong Kong don yin kasuwanci, ko yin yarjejeniya da Mainland China ta hanyar dillali. Da yawa sun zauna, wanda ya haifar da yawancin mutanen Afirka a halin yanzu suna zama a Hong Kong. Kimanin rabin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong suna zaune a Yuen Long, tare da wani taro a Chungking Mansions a gundumar Tsim Sha Tsui ta Kowloon . Wasu fitattun ‘yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun hada da Innocent Mutanga, wani ma’aikacin bankin saka hannun jari tare da Goldman Sachs wanda ya zo Hong Kong da HKD 200 kacal kuma ya yi aiki tukuru daga rashin matsuguni har ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji a Hong Kong kuma yana gudanar da cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=African banker invites Asians to change their views of black people |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3090534/hes-leading-conversation-about-changing-asian-views-black-people-refugee}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=【少數族裔】首位非洲難民讀中大 第一位獲得學生簽證 |url=https://www.hk01.com/隱形香港/456181/少數族裔-首位非洲難民讀中大-申請簽證靠查法例k-o-移民官}} </ref> A tarihi, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun kasance 'yan kasuwa, masu mu'amala da wayoyin hannu da na'urorin lantarki don fitar da kasuwa a shagunan Chungking Mansions, amma wannan yana canzawa cikin sauri yayin da 'yan Afirka suka zabi Xiaobei na Guangzhou don wannan kasuwancin. Akwai korafe-korafe 492 na nuna musu wariyar launin fata daga 2015 zuwa 2020. 9u2tpexpj9owsmzk1f4q9fu9d6x14a4 647823 647822 2025-06-26T22:30:37Z Sirjat 20447 647823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <gallery> Lawrence01.JPG|[[Lawrence Chimezie Akandu]] 2013_Godfred_Karikari_HKG.jpg|[[Godfred Karikari]] HK_SunHei_Jean-Jacques_Kilama.JPG|[[Jean-Jacques Kilama]] </gallery> '''’Yan Afirka a Hong Kong''' sun zama ƙaramin adadin mazauna Hong Kong . == Yawan jama'a == Akwai jimillar 'yan Afirka 4,697 da ke zaune a Hong Kong a shekarar 2021 a cewar Cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. 3,545 mazauna gari ne kuma 1,052 ba masu da'awar lalata ba ne. Rushewa tsakanin talakawa mazauna; 1,937 maza da 1,708 mata. Rushewa a tsakanin masu da'awar rashin sakewa; Maza 831 da mata 221 <ref name="africacenterhk.com">{{Cite web |title=Africa Center Hong Kong – Rebranding Blackness |url=http://www.africacenterhk.com}}</ref> Jimillar al'ummar sun hada da bakin haure daga [[Kudancin Afirka]], wadanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 200 mazauna kuma sun kunshi 'yan Afirka ne daga kasashen Turai . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Adams Bodomo}}</ref> 'Yan Afirka sun fara zama a Hong Kong a cikin 1990s, masu zuwa yawanci 'yan kasuwa ne da ke zuwa Hong Kong don yin kasuwanci, ko yin yarjejeniya da Mainland China ta hanyar dillali. Da yawa sun zauna, wanda ya haifar da yawancin mutanen Afirka a halin yanzu suna zama a Hong Kong. Kimanin rabin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong suna zaune a Yuen Long, tare da wani taro a Chungking Mansions a gundumar Tsim Sha Tsui ta Kowloon . Wasu fitattun ‘yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun hada da Innocent Mutanga, wani ma’aikacin bankin saka hannun jari tare da Goldman Sachs wanda ya zo Hong Kong da HKD 200 kacal kuma ya yi aiki tukuru daga rashin matsuguni har ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji a Hong Kong kuma yana gudanar da cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=African banker invites Asians to change their views of black people |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3090534/hes-leading-conversation-about-changing-asian-views-black-people-refugee}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=【少數族裔】首位非洲難民讀中大 第一位獲得學生簽證 |url=https://www.hk01.com/隱形香港/456181/少數族裔-首位非洲難民讀中大-申請簽證靠查法例k-o-移民官}} </ref> A tarihi, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun kasance 'yan kasuwa, masu mu'amala da wayoyin hannu da na'urorin lantarki don fitar da kasuwa a shagunan Chungking Mansions, amma wannan yana canzawa cikin sauri yayin da 'yan Afirka suka zabi Xiaobei na Guangzhou don wannan kasuwancin. Akwai korafe-korafe 492 na nuna musu wariyar launin fata daga 2015 zuwa 2020. g1kiy1iwl02qxp06l0r1k5oyf68z4vg 647824 647823 2025-06-26T22:31:02Z Sirjat 20447 /* Yawan jama'a */ 647824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <gallery> Lawrence01.JPG|[[Lawrence Chimezie Akandu]] 2013_Godfred_Karikari_HKG.jpg|[[Godfred Karikari]] HK_SunHei_Jean-Jacques_Kilama.JPG|[[Jean-Jacques Kilama]] </gallery> '''’Yan Afirka a Hong Kong''' sun zama ƙaramin adadin mazauna Hong Kong . == Yawan jama'a == Akwai jimillar 'yan Afirka 4,697 da ke zaune a Hong Kong a shekarar 2021 a cewar Cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. 3,545 mazauna gari ne kuma 1,052 ba masu da'awar lalata ba ne. Rushewa tsakanin talakawa mazauna; 1,937 maza da 1,708 mata. Rushewa a tsakanin masu da'awar rashin sakewa; Maza 831 da mata 221 <ref name="africacenterhk.com">{{Cite web |title=Africa Center Hong Kong – Rebranding Blackness |url=http://www.africacenterhk.com}}</ref> Jimillar al'ummar sun hada da bakin haure daga [[Kudancin Afirka]], wadanda adadinsu ya kai kusan 200 mazauna kuma sun kunshi 'yan Afirka ne daga kasashen Turai . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Adams Bodomo}}</ref> 'Yan Afirka sun fara zama a Hong Kong a cikin 1990s, masu zuwa yawanci 'yan kasuwa ne da ke zuwa Hong Kong don yin kasuwanci, ko yin yarjejeniya da Mainland China ta hanyar dillali. Da yawa sun zauna, wanda ya haifar da yawancin mutanen Afirka a halin yanzu suna zama a Hong Kong. Kimanin rabin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong suna zaune a Yuen Long, tare da wani taro a Chungking Mansions a gundumar Tsim Sha Tsui ta Kowloon . Wasu fitattun ‘yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun hada da Innocent Mutanga, wani ma’aikacin bankin saka hannun jari tare da Goldman Sachs wanda ya zo Hong Kong da HKD 200 kacal kuma ya yi aiki tukuru daga rashin matsuguni har ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji a Hong Kong kuma yana gudanar da cibiyar Afirka ta Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=African banker invites Asians to change their views of black people |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3090534/hes-leading-conversation-about-changing-asian-views-black-people-refugee}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=【少數族裔】首位非洲難民讀中大 第一位獲得學生簽證 |url=https://www.hk01.com/隱形香港/456181/少數族裔-首位非洲難民讀中大-申請簽證靠查法例k-o-移民官}} </ref> A tarihi, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Afirka a Hong Kong sun kasance 'yan kasuwa, masu mu'amala da wayoyin hannu da na'urorin lantarki don fitar da kasuwa a shagunan Chungking Mansions, amma wannan yana canzawa cikin sauri yayin da 'yan Afirka suka zabi Xiaobei na Guangzhou don wannan kasuwancin. Akwai korafe-korafe 492 na nuna musu wariyar launin fata daga 2015 zuwa 2020. == Manazarta == h7c3eqpuqmqpvhkuae781nav99cu47o 0 103211 647830 2025-06-26T22:39:20Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292458442|Gora Ebrahim]]" 647830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Gora Ebrahim''' (29 Mayu 1936 - 25 Nuwamba 1999) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata . Ya kasance sakataren harkokin wajen jam’iyyar Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma ya wakilci jam’iyyar a majalisar dokokin kasar daga 1994 zuwa 1999. Jim kadan bayan ya rasa kujerarsa ta ‘yan majalisa a watan Yunin 1999, kuma jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa a watan Nuwamban wannan shekarar, ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC). == Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata == An haifi Ibrahim a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1936 a [[Durban]] a tsohuwar lardin Natal . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Ahmed Gora Ebrahim |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Shi da kaninsa, Ebrahim Ismail, dukansu sun kasance suna siyasa a ƙuruciyarsu, a cikin yanayinsa a Trotskyite Circles a [[Jami'ar Natal]] da [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, yayin da ɗan'uwansa ya shiga ANC, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Christopher |date=2023-01-05 |title=Beyond Fear: By Ebrahim Ebrahim. Johannesburg: Jacana, 2022. xi + 300 pp. ISBN 978 1 4314 3232 5. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2157472 |journal=South African Historical Journal |language=en |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2157472 |issn=0258-2473 |s2cid=255723457 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orkin |first=Mark |date=1992 |title='Democracy Knows No Colour': Rationales for Guerrilla Involvement among Black South Africans |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637303 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=642–669 |doi=10.1080/03057079208708330 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637303 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ya shiga PAC a 1957 kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a 1963 bayan an dakatar da jam'iyyar. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa, Ibrahim ya kasance fitaccen wakilin kungiyar ta PAC a kasashen waje, a lokuta daban-daban yana aiki a matsayin babban wakilinta a Masar, da Iraki, da Sin, da Zimbabwe, da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York . A cikin 1969, mai tushe a [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya]], an nada shi a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje na PAC. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Ahmed Gora Ebrahim |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=South African History Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim "Ahmed Gora Ebrahim"]. ''South African History Online''. 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance memba na kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na launin fata ba, kuma ya kasance shugaban riko a lokacin da aka tsare [[Dennis Brutus]], kuma a cikin shekaru biyar da ya yi a Iraki, ya kasance editan <nowiki><i id="mwNw">Baghdad Observer</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":1" /> Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1990, bayan da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haramta PAC, kuma yana cikin tawagar PAC a tattaunawar da ta kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata . <ref name=":1" /> == Aikin siyasa bayan wariyar launin fata == A zabukan farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, an zabi Ebrahim a matsayin wakilin PAC a majalisar dokokin kasar. Bayan wa'adi daya a majalisar, ya rasa kujerarsa a babban zaben 1999, inda PAC ta yi kasa a gwiwa. Bayan zaben dai rahotannin kafafen yada labarai sun nuna cewa Ebrahim na gab da ficewa daga jam'iyyar PAC zuwa jam'iyyar ANC, wadda bisa dukkan alamu ta ba shi mukamin diflomasiyya; sai ya koma ba da jimawa ba. == Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa == Ebrahim ya sadu da matarsa Xaviere, Bafaranshiya, a China, inda ta yi aikin fassara. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, da namiji da mace, wadanda aka haifa a gudun hijira a Tanzaniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Ahmed Gora Ebrahim |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=South African History Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim "Ahmed Gora Ebrahim"]. ''South African History Online''. 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Watanni bayan shiga ANC, Ibrahim ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1999 a gidansa da ke Berea, Johannesburg bayan fama da [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] . == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 7psocvc4f83wl1m4o9zh1myxe1fmuuw 647831 647830 2025-06-26T22:39:35Z Sirjat 20447 647831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmed Gora Ebrahim''' (29 Mayu 1936 - 25 Nuwamba 1999) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma tsohon mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata . Ya kasance sakataren harkokin wajen jam’iyyar Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata kuma ya wakilci jam’iyyar a majalisar dokokin kasar daga 1994 zuwa 1999. Jim kadan bayan ya rasa kujerarsa ta ‘yan majalisa a watan Yunin 1999, kuma jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa a watan Nuwamban wannan shekarar, ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC). == Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata == An haifi Ibrahim a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1936 a [[Durban]] a tsohuwar lardin Natal . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Ahmed Gora Ebrahim |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Shi da kaninsa, Ebrahim Ismail, dukansu sun kasance suna siyasa a ƙuruciyarsu, a cikin yanayinsa a Trotskyite Circles a [[Jami'ar Natal]] da [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, yayin da ɗan'uwansa ya shiga ANC, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Christopher |date=2023-01-05 |title=Beyond Fear: By Ebrahim Ebrahim. Johannesburg: Jacana, 2022. xi + 300 pp. ISBN 978 1 4314 3232 5. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02582473.2022.2157472 |journal=South African Historical Journal |language=en |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2022.2157472 |issn=0258-2473 |s2cid=255723457 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orkin |first=Mark |date=1992 |title='Democracy Knows No Colour': Rationales for Guerrilla Involvement among Black South Africans |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637303 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=642–669 |doi=10.1080/03057079208708330 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=2637303 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ya shiga PAC a 1957 kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a 1963 bayan an dakatar da jam'iyyar. <ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa, Ibrahim ya kasance fitaccen wakilin kungiyar ta PAC a kasashen waje, a lokuta daban-daban yana aiki a matsayin babban wakilinta a Masar, da Iraki, da Sin, da Zimbabwe, da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York . A cikin 1969, mai tushe a [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam, Tanzaniya]], an nada shi a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje na PAC. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Ahmed Gora Ebrahim |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=South African History Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim "Ahmed Gora Ebrahim"]. ''South African History Online''. 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance memba na kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na launin fata ba, kuma ya kasance shugaban riko a lokacin da aka tsare [[Dennis Brutus]], kuma a cikin shekaru biyar da ya yi a Iraki, ya kasance editan <nowiki><i id="mwNw">Baghdad Observer</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":1" /> Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1990, bayan da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haramta PAC, kuma yana cikin tawagar PAC a tattaunawar da ta kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata . <ref name=":1" /> == Aikin siyasa bayan wariyar launin fata == A zabukan farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, an zabi Ebrahim a matsayin wakilin PAC a majalisar dokokin kasar. Bayan wa'adi daya a majalisar, ya rasa kujerarsa a babban zaben 1999, inda PAC ta yi kasa a gwiwa. Bayan zaben dai rahotannin kafafen yada labarai sun nuna cewa Ebrahim na gab da ficewa daga jam'iyyar PAC zuwa jam'iyyar ANC, wadda bisa dukkan alamu ta ba shi mukamin diflomasiyya; sai ya koma ba da jimawa ba. == Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa == Ebrahim ya sadu da matarsa Xaviere, Bafaranshiya, a China, inda ta yi aikin fassara. Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, da namiji da mace, wadanda aka haifa a gudun hijira a Tanzaniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Ahmed Gora Ebrahim |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=South African History Online}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ahmed-gora-ebrahim "Ahmed Gora Ebrahim"]. ''South African History Online''. 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Watanni bayan shiga ANC, Ibrahim ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1999 a gidansa da ke Berea, Johannesburg bayan fama da [[Ciwon zuciya|bugun zuciya]] . == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] i5j8vfi61lxynu1xro1nsd8rnyofvqn 0 103212 647850 2025-06-26T23:16:26Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1133021726|Archives Africaines (Belgium)]]" 647850 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruanda-Urundi, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi, 1885-1962, Ruanda-Urundi, '''Archives''' of the Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign a Brussels ya ƙunshi bayanan da suka danganci Kongo Free State . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au développement |title=Archives africaines |url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/fr/documentation/archives/sections_et_collections/archives_africaines |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Kingdom of Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> {{Sfn|Van Grieken-Taverniers|1981}} An canja wurin tarihin a cikin 1960 zuwa Ministère belge des Affaires étrangères. {{Sfn|Deslaurier|2003}} A cikin 2015 ma'ajiyar kayan tarihin sun tafi Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian, tsarin da ake sa ran zai ci gaba har zuwa 2018. <ref name="fps2015">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=As from 2015 the FPS Foreign Affairs transfers the so-called 'Africa Archives' to the State Archives |url=http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011115314/http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |archive-date=11 October 2017 |website=[[Arch.be]]}}</ref> The Archives Africaines ya hada da "takardun tarihin tsohuwar ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka (kilomita 5), tarihin Gwamnan-Janar na Kongo (kilomita 4.5), da fayiloli akan tsoffin ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka (kilomita 1.4)." <ref name="fps2015" /> == Taskoki == [[Fayil:StoryoftheCongoFreeState_238.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Ofishin Buga na Jihar Kwango a Boma, kusan 1890s-1900s]] Rubuce-rubuce kafin 1906 sun yi karanci. "Tun a shekarar 1888 Leopold II ya kirkiro wani sabis na adana kayan tarihi ga kasarsa ta Congo Free da ke aiki a matsayin wani bangare na Departement de l'Interieur a Brussels. Sarkin ya kafa ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi a matsayin dukiyarsa, duk da haka; kuma a cikin 1906 an lalata manyan bayanan gudanarwa na Jamhuriyar Kwango ta Freedom." Tun daga 2015 an tsara manyan bayanan ta hanyar ofishi na asali (" fonds "). {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} === Fonds Ministère des Colonies === Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanai daga Ministère des Colonies. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Sfn|Dickerman|1982}} {{Div col}} * 3e DG - Travaux Publics * Actes officiels * Affaires Étrangères * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre * Agriculture * Bibliothèque * Bien-Être Indigène * Brevets * Cadastre * Service cartographique (maps) * Colonat * Colonisation et Crédit au colonat * Cabinets ministériels * Conseil Colonial * Conseil Supérieur * Contrôle financier * Direction Générale des Services Administratifs * Distinctions honorifiques * Douanes * École coloniale * Enseignement * Finances * [[Force Publique]] (militarized police) * Hygiène * [[Institut Royal Colonial Belge]] * Impôts des Sociétés * Inspecteur Général du Service Juridique * Jardin Colonial * Justice * Justice - Successions * Justice - Kimbanguisme * Mines * Missions * Office des Cités Africaines * Office Colonial * Personnalités civiles * Plan décennal * Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones * Presse * Rapports Annuels du Congo belge * Rapports Annuels du Rwanda-Urundi * Régime foncier * Service social * Statuts des sociétés administratives * Sûreté * Terres * {{Interlanguage link|Université coloniale de Belgique|fr}} * Privés {{Div col end}} === Fonds Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville === Wadannan bayanan sun isa Belgium a cikin 1960. Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanan daga Gwamnatin Général de Léopoldville. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville * Association des Fonctionnaires et des Agents coloniaux (association of colonial officials) * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre (indigenous affairs and labour) * Bulletins d'Inscription * Cabinet du Gouverneur Général (office of the governor general) * Enseignement et Travail (labour training) * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville - Justice * Missions et Enseignement * Mobilisation Civile * Service du Personnel d'Afrique * Service du Personnel Indigène * Successions * Sûreté (security) {{Div col end}} === Ruanda-Urundi === Bayanan da ke cikin wannan rukunin sun isa Belgium a cikin 1961. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} * Ruanda-Urundi * Ruanda * Burundi == Ma'aikata == Masu adana kayan tarihi na Afirkaines sun haɗa da Claudine Dekais (kusan 1996). {{Sfn|Legros|1996}} Madeleine van Grieken-Taverniers mawallafin tarihin Ministere des Colonies, kusan 1955-1958. == Duba kuma == * Ministan Mallaka (Belgium) * Bibliothèque Africaine, wani ɓangare na Bibliothèque des Affaires Etrangères, wanda FPS harkokin waje ke kulawa * Rukunin Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian 2 - Ma'ajiyar Joseph Cuvelier, wanda ya haɗa da kayan da suka shafi Belgian Kongo, da dai sauransu. * Belgian Royal Museum for Central Africa, wanda ya hada da kayan tarihi == Magana == qlllfmfpgd09gthmy9p4e8p9f1ka5k2 647851 647850 2025-06-26T23:16:45Z Sirjat 20447 647851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ruanda-Urundi, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi, 1885-1962, Ruanda-Urundi, '''Archives''' of the Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign a Brussels ya ƙunshi bayanan da suka danganci Kongo Free State . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au développement |title=Archives africaines |url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/fr/documentation/archives/sections_et_collections/archives_africaines |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Kingdom of Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> {{Sfn|Van Grieken-Taverniers|1981}} An canja wurin tarihin a cikin 1960 zuwa Ministère belge des Affaires étrangères. {{Sfn|Deslaurier|2003}} A cikin 2015 ma'ajiyar kayan tarihin sun tafi Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian, tsarin da ake sa ran zai ci gaba har zuwa 2018. <ref name="fps2015">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=As from 2015 the FPS Foreign Affairs transfers the so-called 'Africa Archives' to the State Archives |url=http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011115314/http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |archive-date=11 October 2017 |website=[[Arch.be]]}}</ref> The Archives Africaines ya hada da "takardun tarihin tsohuwar ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka (kilomita 5), tarihin Gwamnan-Janar na Kongo (kilomita 4.5), da fayiloli akan tsoffin ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka (kilomita 1.4)." <ref name="fps2015" /> == Taskoki == [[Fayil:StoryoftheCongoFreeState_238.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Ofishin Buga na Jihar Kwango a Boma, kusan 1890s-1900s]] Rubuce-rubuce kafin 1906 sun yi karanci. "Tun a shekarar 1888 Leopold II ya kirkiro wani sabis na adana kayan tarihi ga kasarsa ta Congo Free da ke aiki a matsayin wani bangare na Departement de l'Interieur a Brussels. Sarkin ya kafa ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi a matsayin dukiyarsa, duk da haka; kuma a cikin 1906 an lalata manyan bayanan gudanarwa na Jamhuriyar Kwango ta Freedom." Tun daga 2015 an tsara manyan bayanan ta hanyar ofishi na asali (" fonds "). {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} === Fonds Ministère des Colonies === Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanai daga Ministère des Colonies. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Sfn|Dickerman|1982}} {{Div col}} * 3e DG - Travaux Publics * Actes officiels * Affaires Étrangères * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre * Agriculture * Bibliothèque * Bien-Être Indigène * Brevets * Cadastre * Service cartographique (maps) * Colonat * Colonisation et Crédit au colonat * Cabinets ministériels * Conseil Colonial * Conseil Supérieur * Contrôle financier * Direction Générale des Services Administratifs * Distinctions honorifiques * Douanes * École coloniale * Enseignement * Finances * [[Force Publique]] (militarized police) * Hygiène * [[Institut Royal Colonial Belge]] * Impôts des Sociétés * Inspecteur Général du Service Juridique * Jardin Colonial * Justice * Justice - Successions * Justice - Kimbanguisme * Mines * Missions * Office des Cités Africaines * Office Colonial * Personnalités civiles * Plan décennal * Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones * Presse * Rapports Annuels du Congo belge * Rapports Annuels du Rwanda-Urundi * Régime foncier * Service social * Statuts des sociétés administratives * Sûreté * Terres * {{Interlanguage link|Université coloniale de Belgique|fr}} * Privés {{Div col end}} === Fonds Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville === Wadannan bayanan sun isa Belgium a cikin 1960. Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanan daga Gwamnatin Général de Léopoldville. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville * Association des Fonctionnaires et des Agents coloniaux (association of colonial officials) * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre (indigenous affairs and labour) * Bulletins d'Inscription * Cabinet du Gouverneur Général (office of the governor general) * Enseignement et Travail (labour training) * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville - Justice * Missions et Enseignement * Mobilisation Civile * Service du Personnel d'Afrique * Service du Personnel Indigène * Successions * Sûreté (security) {{Div col end}} === Ruanda-Urundi === Bayanan da ke cikin wannan rukunin sun isa Belgium a cikin 1961. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} * Ruanda-Urundi * Ruanda * Burundi == Ma'aikata == Masu adana kayan tarihi na Afirkaines sun haɗa da Claudine Dekais (kusan 1996). {{Sfn|Legros|1996}} Madeleine van Grieken-Taverniers mawallafin tarihin Ministere des Colonies, kusan 1955-1958. == Duba kuma == * Ministan Mallaka (Belgium) * Bibliothèque Africaine, wani ɓangare na Bibliothèque des Affaires Etrangères, wanda FPS harkokin waje ke kulawa * Rukunin Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian 2 - Ma'ajiyar Joseph Cuvelier, wanda ya haɗa da kayan da suka shafi Belgian Kongo, da dai sauransu. * Belgian Royal Museum for Central Africa, wanda ya hada da kayan tarihi == Magana == 2duz62c6anwj6o3w1j3afhgdmsdzq5z 647852 647851 2025-06-26T23:17:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Magana */ 647852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ruanda-Urundi, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi, 1885-1962, Ruanda-Urundi, '''Archives''' of the Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign a Brussels ya ƙunshi bayanan da suka danganci Kongo Free State . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au développement |title=Archives africaines |url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/fr/documentation/archives/sections_et_collections/archives_africaines |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Kingdom of Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> {{Sfn|Van Grieken-Taverniers|1981}} An canja wurin tarihin a cikin 1960 zuwa Ministère belge des Affaires étrangères. {{Sfn|Deslaurier|2003}} A cikin 2015 ma'ajiyar kayan tarihin sun tafi Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian, tsarin da ake sa ran zai ci gaba har zuwa 2018. <ref name="fps2015">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=As from 2015 the FPS Foreign Affairs transfers the so-called 'Africa Archives' to the State Archives |url=http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011115314/http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |archive-date=11 October 2017 |website=[[Arch.be]]}}</ref> The Archives Africaines ya hada da "takardun tarihin tsohuwar ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka (kilomita 5), tarihin Gwamnan-Janar na Kongo (kilomita 4.5), da fayiloli akan tsoffin ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka (kilomita 1.4)." <ref name="fps2015" /> == Taskoki == [[Fayil:StoryoftheCongoFreeState_238.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Ofishin Buga na Jihar Kwango a Boma, kusan 1890s-1900s]] Rubuce-rubuce kafin 1906 sun yi karanci. "Tun a shekarar 1888 Leopold II ya kirkiro wani sabis na adana kayan tarihi ga kasarsa ta Congo Free da ke aiki a matsayin wani bangare na Departement de l'Interieur a Brussels. Sarkin ya kafa ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi a matsayin dukiyarsa, duk da haka; kuma a cikin 1906 an lalata manyan bayanan gudanarwa na Jamhuriyar Kwango ta Freedom." Tun daga 2015 an tsara manyan bayanan ta hanyar ofishi na asali (" fonds "). {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} === Fonds Ministère des Colonies === Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanai daga Ministère des Colonies. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Sfn|Dickerman|1982}} {{Div col}} * 3e DG - Travaux Publics * Actes officiels * Affaires Étrangères * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre * Agriculture * Bibliothèque * Bien-Être Indigène * Brevets * Cadastre * Service cartographique (maps) * Colonat * Colonisation et Crédit au colonat * Cabinets ministériels * Conseil Colonial * Conseil Supérieur * Contrôle financier * Direction Générale des Services Administratifs * Distinctions honorifiques * Douanes * École coloniale * Enseignement * Finances * [[Force Publique]] (militarized police) * Hygiène * [[Institut Royal Colonial Belge]] * Impôts des Sociétés * Inspecteur Général du Service Juridique * Jardin Colonial * Justice * Justice - Successions * Justice - Kimbanguisme * Mines * Missions * Office des Cités Africaines * Office Colonial * Personnalités civiles * Plan décennal * Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones * Presse * Rapports Annuels du Congo belge * Rapports Annuels du Rwanda-Urundi * Régime foncier * Service social * Statuts des sociétés administratives * Sûreté * Terres * {{Interlanguage link|Université coloniale de Belgique|fr}} * Privés {{Div col end}} === Fonds Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville === Wadannan bayanan sun isa Belgium a cikin 1960. Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanan daga Gwamnatin Général de Léopoldville. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville * Association des Fonctionnaires et des Agents coloniaux (association of colonial officials) * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre (indigenous affairs and labour) * Bulletins d'Inscription * Cabinet du Gouverneur Général (office of the governor general) * Enseignement et Travail (labour training) * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville - Justice * Missions et Enseignement * Mobilisation Civile * Service du Personnel d'Afrique * Service du Personnel Indigène * Successions * Sûreté (security) {{Div col end}} === Ruanda-Urundi === Bayanan da ke cikin wannan rukunin sun isa Belgium a cikin 1961. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} * Ruanda-Urundi * Ruanda * Burundi == Ma'aikata == Masu adana kayan tarihi na Afirkaines sun haɗa da Claudine Dekais (kusan 1996). {{Sfn|Legros|1996}} Madeleine van Grieken-Taverniers mawallafin tarihin Ministere des Colonies, kusan 1955-1958. == Duba kuma == * Ministan Mallaka (Belgium) * Bibliothèque Africaine, wani ɓangare na Bibliothèque des Affaires Etrangères, wanda FPS harkokin waje ke kulawa * Rukunin Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian 2 - Ma'ajiyar Joseph Cuvelier, wanda ya haɗa da kayan da suka shafi Belgian Kongo, da dai sauransu. * Belgian Royal Museum for Central Africa, wanda ya hada da kayan tarihi == Magana == {{reflist}} 0xre4j4h1fi6ti1m08qx9bu6axcr6f2 647853 647852 2025-06-26T23:18:06Z Sirjat 20447 /* Magana */ 647853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ruanda-Urundi, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi, 1885-1962, Ruanda-Urundi, '''Archives''' of the Belgian Federal Public Service Foreign a Brussels ya ƙunshi bayanan da suka danganci Kongo Free State . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Affaires étrangères, Commerce extérieur et Coopération au développement |title=Archives africaines |url=https://diplomatie.belgium.be/fr/documentation/archives/sections_et_collections/archives_africaines |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Kingdom of Belgium |language=fr}}</ref> {{Sfn|Van Grieken-Taverniers|1981}} An canja wurin tarihin a cikin 1960 zuwa Ministère belge des Affaires étrangères. {{Sfn|Deslaurier|2003}} A cikin 2015 ma'ajiyar kayan tarihin sun tafi Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian, tsarin da ake sa ran zai ci gaba har zuwa 2018. <ref name="fps2015">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title=As from 2015 the FPS Foreign Affairs transfers the so-called 'Africa Archives' to the State Archives |url=http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011115314/http://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=news&r=all-news&a=2014-12-11-as-from-2015-the-fps-foreign-affairs-transfers-the-so-called-africa-archives-to-the-state-archives |archive-date=11 October 2017 |website=[[Arch.be]]}}</ref> The Archives Africaines ya hada da "takardun tarihin tsohuwar ma'aikatar mulkin mallaka (kilomita 5), tarihin Gwamnan-Janar na Kongo (kilomita 4.5), da fayiloli akan tsoffin ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka (kilomita 1.4)." <ref name="fps2015" /> == Taskoki == [[Fayil:StoryoftheCongoFreeState_238.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Ofishin Buga na Jihar Kwango a Boma, kusan 1890s-1900s]] Rubuce-rubuce kafin 1906 sun yi karanci. "Tun a shekarar 1888 Leopold II ya kirkiro wani sabis na adana kayan tarihi ga kasarsa ta Congo Free da ke aiki a matsayin wani bangare na Departement de l'Interieur a Brussels. Sarkin ya kafa ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi a matsayin dukiyarsa, duk da haka; kuma a cikin 1906 an lalata manyan bayanan gudanarwa na Jamhuriyar Kwango ta Freedom." Tun daga 2015 an tsara manyan bayanan ta hanyar ofishi na asali (" fonds "). {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} === Fonds Ministère des Colonies === Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanai daga Ministère des Colonies. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Sfn|Dickerman|1982}} {{Div col}} * 3e DG - Travaux Publics * Actes officiels * Affaires Étrangères * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre * Agriculture * Bibliothèque * Bien-Être Indigène * Brevets * Cadastre * Service cartographique (maps) * Colonat * Colonisation et Crédit au colonat * Cabinets ministériels * Conseil Colonial * Conseil Supérieur * Contrôle financier * Direction Générale des Services Administratifs * Distinctions honorifiques * Douanes * École coloniale * Enseignement * Finances * [[Force Publique]] (militarized police) * Hygiène * [[Institut Royal Colonial Belge]] * Impôts des Sociétés * Inspecteur Général du Service Juridique * Jardin Colonial * Justice * Justice - Successions * Justice - Kimbanguisme * Mines * Missions * Office des Cités Africaines * Office Colonial * Personnalités civiles * Plan décennal * Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones * Presse * Rapports Annuels du Congo belge * Rapports Annuels du Rwanda-Urundi * Régime foncier * Service social * Statuts des sociétés administratives * Sûreté * Terres * {{Interlanguage link|Université coloniale de Belgique|fr}} * Privés {{Div col end}} === Fonds Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville === Wadannan bayanan sun isa Belgium a cikin 1960. Masu biyowa jerin rukunonin bayanai ne a cikin mafi girman saitin bayanan daga Gwamnatin Général de Léopoldville. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville * Association des Fonctionnaires et des Agents coloniaux (association of colonial officials) * Affaires Indigènes et Main-d'OEuvre (indigenous affairs and labour) * Bulletins d'Inscription * Cabinet du Gouverneur Général (office of the governor general) * Enseignement et Travail (labour training) * Gouvernement Général de Léopoldville - Justice * Missions et Enseignement * Mobilisation Civile * Service du Personnel d'Afrique * Service du Personnel Indigène * Successions * Sûreté (security) {{Div col end}} === Ruanda-Urundi === Bayanan da ke cikin wannan rukunin sun isa Belgium a cikin 1961. {{Sfn|Piret|2015}} * Ruanda-Urundi * Ruanda * Burundi == Ma'aikata == Masu adana kayan tarihi na Afirkaines sun haɗa da Claudine Dekais (kusan 1996). {{Sfn|Legros|1996}} Madeleine van Grieken-Taverniers mawallafin tarihin Ministere des Colonies, kusan 1955-1958. == Duba kuma == * Ministan Mallaka (Belgium) * Bibliothèque Africaine, wani ɓangare na Bibliothèque des Affaires Etrangères, wanda FPS harkokin waje ke kulawa * Rukunin Tarihi na Ƙasar Belgian 2 - Ma'ajiyar Joseph Cuvelier, wanda ya haɗa da kayan da suka shafi Belgian Kongo, da dai sauransu. * Belgian Royal Museum for Central Africa, wanda ya hada da kayan tarihi == Magana == {{reflist}} ==Bibiyar Tarihi== {{refbegin}} ;A Turanci * {{cite journal |title=Africanist Archival Research in Brussels |author1= Carol Dickerman |author2= David Northrup |journal= [[History in Africa]] |volume= 9 |jstor=3171618 |year= 1982 |pages= 359–365 |doi= 10.2307/3171618 |s2cid= 161432913 |ref= {{harvid|Dickerman|1982}} }} * {{cite journal |title=Guide to African Archives in Belgium |author1= Hugues Legros |author2= Curtis A. Keim |journal= History in Africa |volume= 23 |jstor=3171951 |year=1996 |pages= 401–409 |doi= 10.2307/3171951 |s2cid= 153497192 |ref= {{harvid|Legros|1996}} }} * {{cite journal |title=Reviving the Remains of Colonization: The Belgian Colonial Archives in Brussels |author= Bérengère Piret |doi=10.1017/hia.2015.1 |journal=History in Africa |volume =42|year= 2015 |pages= 419–431 |s2cid= 159891525 |ref= {{harvid|Piret|2015}} }} ;A sauran harsuna * {{cite journal |author=E. T. Neven |title= De Archiefdienst in Belgisch-Kongo |language=nl |journal= Archives, Bibliothèques et Musées de Belgique |oclc=2052930 |volume=21 |number=2 |year= 1950 }} (part 2 in v.22, no.1, 1951) * {{citation |author= Madeleine van Grieken-Taverniers |title= Inventaire des archives des affaires étrangères de l'Etat indépendant du Congo et Ministère des colonies, 1885-1914 |language=fr, nl |publisher=[[Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales]] |url= http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(NS)_T.II,2_VAN%20GRIEKEN-TAVERNIERS%20M._Archives%20de%20l'E.I.C.%20et%20du%20ministère%20des%20Colonies%20(1885-1914)_1955.pdf |year= 1955 }} {{free access}} * {{citation |author1=Emil van Grieken |author2= Madeleine van Grieken-Taverniers |url=http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_morales_politique/Hum.Sc.(NS)_T.XII,2_VAN%20GRIEKEN%20E.%20-%20VAN%20GRIEKEN-TAVERNIERS%20M._Les%20archives%20inventoriées%20au%20Ministère%20des%20Colonies_1958.pdf |title=Les archives inventoriées au Ministère des colonies |language=fr |publisher=Académie royale des sciences coloniales |location=Brussels |oclc=2139800 |series= Mémoires de la classe des Sciences Morales et Politiques |volume=12 |year=1958 }} {{free access}} (Includes bibliography) * {{citation |author=Emile J.L.M. Vandewoude |oclc=3049243 |title= Documents pour servir a la connaissance des populations du Congo Belge |location= Leopoldville |publisher= Section Documentation des Archives du Congo Belge |language=fr |year= 1958 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=_uusaSfMLfoC&pg=PA365] * {{cite journal |author=Bogumil Jewsiewicki |title=Les archives administratives zaïroises de l'époque coloniale |journal= [[Annales Aequatoria]] |volume=1 |number=1 |url= http://www.aequatoria.be/04engels/020publications_en/0237ann_texte_integral_en.htm |language=fr |jstor=25836252 |year= 1980 |pages=169–184 }} {{free access}} * {{citation |author =M. Van Grieken-Taverniers |title= La colonisation belge en Afrique Centrale. Guide des Archives africaines du ministère des Affaires africaines (1885-1962) |location= Brussels |publisher= Ministère des Affaires étrangères |year=1981 |language=fr |ref= {{harvid|Van Grieken-Taverniers|1981}} }} * {{cite journal |author=Christine Deslaurier |title= La documentation africaine à Bruxelles. Les fonds du ministère belge des Affaires étrangères (Burundi, Congo, Rwanda) |journal= [[Afrique & Histoire]] |number=1 |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-et-histoire-2003-1-page-223.htm |via=[[Cairn.info]] |language=fr |year= 2003 |ref= {{harvid|Deslaurier|2003}} }}{{free access}} * {{citation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012213010/http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20141205-belgique-archives-coloniales-chercheurs-petittion-lettre-ouverte-charles-michel |url-status=dead |archivedate= 12 October 2017 |url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20141205-belgique-archives-coloniales-chercheurs-petittion-lettre-ouverte-charles-michel |language=fr |title=Archives coloniales belges: les chercheurs en émoi |work= [[Rfi.fr]] |date= 5 December 2014 }} {{refend}} asj2294pssy4bribq3nx1veprcpgnd8 0 103213 647855 2025-06-26T23:34:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281472589|Michael Coetzee]]" 647855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Coetzee''' (25 Agusta 1959 - 13 Yuni 2014) ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu ne, shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa kuma sakataren Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="IOLnews">{{Cite web |last=van Schie, Kristen |date=22 June 2014 |title=Coetzee was 'consummate public servant' |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Weekend Argus}}</ref> <ref name="Enca">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Parliamentary secretary Michael Coetzee laid to rest |url=http://www.enca.com/parliament-secretary-michael-coetzee-laid-rest |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=eNCA}}</ref> <ref name="CityPress">{{Cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa honours 'courageous' Michael Coetzee |url=http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/cyril-ramaphosa-honours-courageous-michael-coetzee/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622112910/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/cyril-ramaphosa-honours-courageous-michael-coetzee/ |archive-date=22 June 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=City Press}}</ref> <ref name="MG">{{Cite web |last=SAPA |date=21 June 2014 |title=Ramaphosa honours Parliament's 'courageous' Coetzee |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-21-ramaphosa-honours-parliaments-courageous-coetzee |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> == Gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata == Coetzee ya sami rinjaye daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a lokacin da yake makarantar sakandaren Uitenhage da kuma yanayin siyasa na [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s da farkon 1980s. An ɗauki Coetzee a cikin shekarar 1981 da aka haramta wa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka kuma ya shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A shekara ta 1983 gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta kama shi saboda shigarsa cikin jam'iyyar ANC bayan da aka samu wasu takardu tare da bayanansa a wani samame da sojojin Afirka ta Kudu suka jagoranta zuwa Lesotho. An kama shi ne a shekarar 1983 bayan da aka samu bayanan da ke alakanta shi da haramtacciyar kungiyar a wani samame da kungiyar SADF ta kai Lesotho, inda wasu daga cikin gine-ginen ƙarƙashin ktasa na ANC suka kasance. Daga nan ne aka tuhume shi da laifin yin rantsuwa kan kin bayar da shaida a kan wasu ‘yan jam’iyyar ANC kuma ya shafe shekara guda a [[Allandale Prison|gidan yarin Allandale]]. Bayan gidan yari, Coetzee ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar masana'antu ta masana'antu masu sinadarai a Gabashin London inda ya taimaka wajen kafa babbar ƙungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|COSATU]]. <ref name="IOLnews">{{Cite web |last=van Schie, Kristen |date=22 June 2014 |title=Coetzee was 'consummate public servant' |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Weekend Argus}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_Schie,_Kristen2014">van Schie, Kristen (22 June 2014). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo "Coetzee was 'consummate public servant'"]. Weekend Argus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> An ɗauki Coetzee a matsayin muhimmin mai shirya siyasa a cikin ANC da kuma yaki da t wariyar launin fata. <ref name="SundayIndpt">{{Cite web |last=Phillip, Kate |date=22 June 2014 |title=A man who inspired love, loyalty |url=http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/a-man-who-inspired-love-loyalty-1.1707124#.U6bHh_mSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Bayan zaɓen Dimokuraɗiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994 ya zama sakataren majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng. Bayan shekaru takwas a cikin shekarar 2002 an naɗa shi mataimakin sakataren majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu kuma an kara masa girma zuwa sakatare a shekarar 2012. <ref name="IOLnews">{{Cite web |last=van Schie, Kristen |date=22 June 2014 |title=Coetzee was 'consummate public servant' |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Weekend Argus}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_Schie,_Kristen2014">van Schie, Kristen (22 June 2014). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo "Coetzee was 'consummate public servant'"]. Weekend Argus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mutuwa == Coetzee ya mutu da ciwon daji a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] gonuxmwmvonn9l0q755tqrjls3xj3vb 647856 647855 2025-06-26T23:37:05Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Coetzee''' (25 Agusta 1959 - 13 Yuni 2014) ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu ne, shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa kuma sakataren Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="IOLnews">{{Cite web |last=van Schie, Kristen |date=22 June 2014 |title=Coetzee was 'consummate public servant' |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Weekend Argus}}</ref> <ref name="Enca">{{Cite web |date=21 June 2014 |title=Parliamentary secretary Michael Coetzee laid to rest |url=http://www.enca.com/parliament-secretary-michael-coetzee-laid-rest |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=eNCA}}</ref> <ref name="CityPress">{{Cite web |title=Cyril Ramaphosa honours 'courageous' Michael Coetzee |url=http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/cyril-ramaphosa-honours-courageous-michael-coetzee/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622112910/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/cyril-ramaphosa-honours-courageous-michael-coetzee/ |archive-date=22 June 2014 |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=City Press}}</ref> <ref name="MG">{{Cite web |last=SAPA |date=21 June 2014 |title=Ramaphosa honours Parliament's 'courageous' Coetzee |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-21-ramaphosa-honours-parliaments-courageous-coetzee |access-date=23 June 2014 |publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]}}</ref> == Gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata == Coetzee ya sami rinjaye daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a lokacin da yake makarantar sakandaren Uitenhage da kuma yanayin siyasa na [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]] a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s da farkon 1980s. An ɗauki Coetzee a cikin shekarar 1981 da aka haramta wa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka kuma ya shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A shekara ta 1983 gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta kama shi saboda shigarsa cikin jam'iyyar ANC bayan da aka samu wasu takardu tare da bayanansa a wani samame da sojojin Afirka ta Kudu suka jagoranta zuwa Lesotho. An kama shi ne a shekarar 1983 bayan da aka samu bayanan da ke alakanta shi da haramtacciyar kungiyar a wani samame da kungiyar SADF ta kai Lesotho, inda wasu daga cikin gine-ginen ƙarƙashin ktasa na ANC suka kasance. Daga nan ne aka tuhume shi da laifin yin rantsuwa kan kin bayar da shaida a kan wasu ‘yan jam’iyyar ANC kuma ya shafe shekara guda a [[Allandale Prison|gidan yarin Allandale]]. Bayan gidan yari, Coetzee ya yi aiki da ƙungiyar masana'antu ta masana'antu masu sinadarai a Gabashin London inda ya taimaka wajen kafa babbar ƙungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|COSATU]]. <ref name="IOLnews">{{Cite web |last=van Schie, Kristen |date=22 June 2014 |title=Coetzee was 'consummate public servant' |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Weekend Argus}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_Schie,_Kristen2014">van Schie, Kristen (22 June 2014). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo "Coetzee was 'consummate public servant'"]. Weekend Argus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> An ɗauki Coetzee a matsayin muhimmin mai shirya siyasa a cikin ANC da kuma yaki da t wariyar launin fata. <ref name="SundayIndpt">{{Cite web |last=Phillip, Kate |date=22 June 2014 |title=A man who inspired love, loyalty |url=http://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/a-man-who-inspired-love-loyalty-1.1707124#.U6bHh_mSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Bayan zaɓen Dimokuraɗiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994 ya zama sakataren majalisar dokokin lardin Gauteng. Bayan shekaru takwas a cikin shekarar 2002 an naɗa shi mataimakin sakataren majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu kuma an kara masa girma zuwa sakatare a shekarar 2012. <ref name="IOLnews">{{Cite web |last=van Schie, Kristen |date=22 June 2014 |title=Coetzee was 'consummate public servant' |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo |access-date=22 June 2014 |publisher=Weekend Argus}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvan_Schie,_Kristen2014">van Schie, Kristen (22 June 2014). [http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/coetzee-was-consummate-public-servant-1.1707126#.U6afUPmSySo "Coetzee was 'consummate public servant'"]. Weekend Argus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Mutuwa == Coetzee ya mutu da ciwon daji a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 89b9m9sdiuyunjs1q31vqbu700fna73 0 103214 647857 2025-06-27T00:15:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290147085|Renfrew Christie]]" 647857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renfrew Leslie Christie''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu kuma memba na ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid wanda ke gudanar da ayyukanta na sirri na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], reshen ƙungiyar 'yan majalissar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa, ya ba da bayanan sirri da suka ba da damar fashewar 1982 na tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Koeberg. An kama Christie, an azabtar da shi, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari a ƙarƙashin dokar ta'addanci, 1967 saboda ba da bayanai kan shirin nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu ga ANC. <ref name="sahi_Renf">{{Cite web |last= |date=15 March 2012 |title=Renfrew Leslie Christie |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/renfrew-leslie-christie |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=South African History Online |language= |quote=}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun yi niyya ne don dakile gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da makaman kare dangi, musamman makamin nukiliya na gwamnati na ɓoye. Ayyukansa sun jinkirta ci gaban shirin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu da shekaru da yawa. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref> An saki Christie a cikin shekarar 1986 bayan ya karɓi tayin [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] na 'yanci don musanya shi don ya janye tashin hankalin siyasa. Bayan faɗuwar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Christie ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi a [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]]. Lokacin da [[BBC]] ta tambaye shi ko yana alfahari da yin leken asiri a jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2018, Christie ya ce, "Kwarai kuwa, ina aiki ne da sojojin [[Nelson Mandela]], wato [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]. Ina matukar alfahari da hakan, mun ci nasara, mun samu dimokuraɗiyya, mun samu daftarin doka, mun samu kotun tsarin mulki, ta yi aiki." <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 "Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb"]. ''[[Sabis na Duniya na BBC|BBC World Service]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafai == * {{Cite book|ref=0}} * {{Cite book|ref=0}} == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 Hirar Audio na Sashen Duniya na BBC: Shaida] * [https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?kid=163-572-119 Tattaunawar Bidiyo don Afirka ta Kudu: Cire wariyar launin fata, Gina Dimokuradiyya] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-convicted-south-african-terrorist-talks-about-the-future-of-his-country/ Tattaunawar kan layi don Vice] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 8p7zzy5wdi4nz0iwy6p2kfodnxppq8i 647858 647857 2025-06-27T00:17:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 647858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renfrew Leslie Christie''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu kuma memba na ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid wanda ke gudanar da ayyukanta na sirri na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], reshen ƙungiyar 'yan majalissar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa, ya ba da bayanan sirri da suka ba da damar fashewar 1982 na tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Koeberg. An kama Christie, an azabtar da shi, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari a ƙarƙashin dokar ta'addanci, 1967 saboda ba da bayanai kan shirin nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu ga ANC. <ref name="sahi_Renf">{{Cite web |last= |date=15 March 2012 |title=Renfrew Leslie Christie |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/renfrew-leslie-christie |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=South African History Online |language= |quote=}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun yi niyya ne don dakile gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da makaman kare dangi, musamman makamin nukiliya na gwamnati na ɓoye. Ayyukansa sun jinkirta ci gaban shirin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu da shekaru da yawa. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref> An saki Christie a cikin shekarar 1986 bayan ya karɓi tayin [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] na 'yanci don musanya shi don ya janye tashin hankalin siyasa. Bayan faɗuwar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Christie ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi a [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]]. Lokacin da [[BBC]] ta tambaye shi ko yana alfahari da yin leken asiri a jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2018, Christie ya ce, "Kwarai kuwa, ina aiki ne da sojojin [[Nelson Mandela]], wato [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]. Ina matukar alfahari da hakan, mun ci nasara, mun samu dimokuraɗiyya, mun samu daftarin doka, mun samu kotun tsarin mulki, ta yi aiki." <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 "Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb"]. ''[[Sabis na Duniya na BBC|BBC World Service]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafai == * {{Cite book|ref=0}} * {{Cite book|ref=0}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 Hirar Audio na Sashen Duniya na BBC: Shaida] * [https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?kid=163-572-119 Tattaunawar Bidiyo don Afirka ta Kudu: Cire wariyar launin fata, Gina Dimokuradiyya] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-convicted-south-african-terrorist-talks-about-the-future-of-his-country/ Tattaunawar kan layi don Vice] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] pxjqsawxrp18useczu6ob6ew6t37luv 647859 647858 2025-06-27T00:20:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renfrew Leslie Christie''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu kuma memba na ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid wanda ke gudanar da ayyukanta na sirri na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], reshen ƙungiyar 'yan majalissar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa, ya ba da bayanan sirri da suka ba da damar fashewar 1982 na tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Koeberg.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|work=[[BBC World Service]]|access-date= 2018-02-20|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1|title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb}}</ref> An kama Christie, an azabtar da shi, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari a ƙarƙashin dokar ta'addanci, 1967 saboda ba da bayanai kan shirin nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu ga ANC. <ref name="sahi_Renf">{{Cite web |last= |date=15 March 2012 |title=Renfrew Leslie Christie |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/renfrew-leslie-christie |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=South African History Online |language= |quote=}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun yi niyya ne don dakile gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da makaman kare dangi, musamman makamin nukiliya na gwamnati na ɓoye. Ayyukansa sun jinkirta ci gaban shirin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu da shekaru da yawa. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref> An saki Christie a cikin shekarar 1986 bayan ya karɓi tayin [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] na 'yanci don musanya shi don ya janye tashin hankalin siyasa.<ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> Bayan faɗuwar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Christie ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi a [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]].<ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> Lokacin da [[BBC]] ta tambaye shi ko yana alfahari da yin leken asiri a jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2018, Christie ya ce, "Kwarai kuwa, ina aiki ne da sojojin [[Nelson Mandela]], wato [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]. Ina matukar alfahari da hakan, mun ci nasara, mun samu dimokuraɗiyya, mun samu daftarin doka, mun samu kotun tsarin mulki, ta yi aiki." <ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> == Littattafai == * {{Cite book|ref=0}} * {{Cite book|ref=0}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 Hirar Audio na Sashen Duniya na BBC: Shaida] * [https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?kid=163-572-119 Tattaunawar Bidiyo don Afirka ta Kudu: Cire wariyar launin fata, Gina Dimokuradiyya] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-convicted-south-african-terrorist-talks-about-the-future-of-his-country/ Tattaunawar kan layi don Vice] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] ozz5a7hthu70omb0ds4vjvy8poomr5j 647860 647859 2025-06-27T00:21:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Littattafai */ 647860 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renfrew Leslie Christie''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu kuma memba na ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid wanda ke gudanar da ayyukanta na sirri na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], reshen ƙungiyar 'yan majalissar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa, ya ba da bayanan sirri da suka ba da damar fashewar 1982 na tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Koeberg.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|work=[[BBC World Service]]|access-date= 2018-02-20|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1|title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb}}</ref> An kama Christie, an azabtar da shi, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari a ƙarƙashin dokar ta'addanci, 1967 saboda ba da bayanai kan shirin nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu ga ANC. <ref name="sahi_Renf">{{Cite web |last= |date=15 March 2012 |title=Renfrew Leslie Christie |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/renfrew-leslie-christie |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=South African History Online |language= |quote=}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun yi niyya ne don dakile gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da makaman kare dangi, musamman makamin nukiliya na gwamnati na ɓoye. Ayyukansa sun jinkirta ci gaban shirin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu da shekaru da yawa. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref> An saki Christie a cikin shekarar 1986 bayan ya karɓi tayin [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] na 'yanci don musanya shi don ya janye tashin hankalin siyasa.<ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> Bayan faɗuwar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Christie ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi a [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]].<ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> Lokacin da [[BBC]] ta tambaye shi ko yana alfahari da yin leken asiri a jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2018, Christie ya ce, "Kwarai kuwa, ina aiki ne da sojojin [[Nelson Mandela]], wato [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]. Ina matukar alfahari da hakan, mun ci nasara, mun samu dimokuraɗiyya, mun samu daftarin doka, mun samu kotun tsarin mulki, ta yi aiki." <ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> == Littattafai == *{{cite book|author=Renfrew Christie|title=The Electrification of South Africa, 1905-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJrFtwEACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=British Library|display-authors=0}} *{{cite book|author=Renfrew Christie|title=Electricity, Industry and Class in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA0NFdZOK7QC|year=1984|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-854-7|display-authors=0}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 Hirar Audio na Sashen Duniya na BBC: Shaida] * [https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?kid=163-572-119 Tattaunawar Bidiyo don Afirka ta Kudu: Cire wariyar launin fata, Gina Dimokuradiyya] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-convicted-south-african-terrorist-talks-about-the-future-of-his-country/ Tattaunawar kan layi don Vice] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 3zh862l7uceu8o1ziazd3i8uvizd0m5 647861 647860 2025-06-27T00:25:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Renfrew Leslie Christie''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu kuma memba na ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid wanda ke gudanar da ayyukanta na sirri na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], reshen ƙungiyar 'yan majalissar dokokin Afirka ta ƙasa, ya ba da bayanan sirri da suka ba da damar fashewar 1982 na tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Koeberg.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|work=[[BBC World Service]]|access-date= 2018-02-20|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1|title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb}}</ref> An kama Christie, an azabtar da shi, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari a ƙarƙashin dokar ta'addanci, 1967 saboda ba da bayanai kan shirin nukiliya na Afirka ta Kudu ga ANC. <ref name="sahi_Renf">{{Cite web |last= |date=15 March 2012 |title=Renfrew Leslie Christie |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/renfrew-leslie-christie |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=South African History Online |language= |quote=}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun yi niyya ne don dakile gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu da makaman kare dangi, musamman makamin nukiliya na gwamnati na ɓoye. Ayyukansa sun jinkirta ci gaban shirin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu da shekaru da yawa. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web |title=Spying On South Africa's Nuclear Bomb |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 |access-date=2018-02-20 |website=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref> An saki Christie a cikin shekarar 1986 bayan ya karɓi tayin [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] na 'yanci don musanya shi don ya janye tashin hankalin siyasa.<ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> Bayan faɗuwar mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Christie ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi a [[Jami'ar Yammacin Cape|Jami'ar Western Cape]].<ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> Lokacin da [[BBC]] ta tambaye shi ko yana alfahari da yin leken asiri a jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2018, Christie ya ce, "Kwarai kuwa, ina aiki ne da sojojin [[Nelson Mandela]], wato [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]. Ina matukar alfahari da hakan, mun ci nasara, mun samu dimokuraɗiyya, mun samu daftarin doka, mun samu kotun tsarin mulki, ta yi aiki." <ref name="wash_Sout">{{Cite news |title=South Africa Releases Prisoner |last=Sparks |first=Allister |author-link=Allister Sparks |newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 December 1986 |access-date=7 September 2018 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/12/03/south-africa-releases-prisoner/44bb9c2a-d0b2-42cb-9c0f-8b92093e04fa/?noredirect=on |quote=}}</ref> == Littattafai == *{{cite book|author=Renfrew Christie|title=The Electrification of South Africa, 1905-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJrFtwEACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=British Library|display-authors=0}} *{{cite book|author=Renfrew Christie|title=Electricity, Industry and Class in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA0NFdZOK7QC|year=1984|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-854-7|display-authors=0}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csvtw1 Hirar Audio na Sashen Duniya na BBC: Shaida] * [https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?kid=163-572-119 Tattaunawar Bidiyo don Afirka ta Kudu: Cire wariyar launin fata, Gina Dimokuradiyya] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-convicted-south-african-terrorist-talks-about-the-future-of-his-country/ Tattaunawar kan layi don Vice] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] eofl01gtow889ets9995wow98pr2uj2 0 103215 647862 2025-06-27T00:36:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1268358382|Moss Chikane]]" 647862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moses Mabokela "Moss" Chikane''' (1949 - 17 Oktoba 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=Chikane died with boots on |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20181026/281767040212890 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Sowetan |via=PressReader}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya wakilci jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-09-23 |title=Moss Chikane In The Firing Line |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-23-moss-chikane-in-the-firing-line/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-09-23 |title=Exiles Committee a Hotbed Of Corruption |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-23-exiles-committee-a-hotbed-of-corruption/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-07 |title=Activists hide as UDF men held |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-07-activists-hide-as-udf-men-held/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-18 |title=ANC stalwart Moss Chikane dies at 69 |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-at-69/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a Kotun Delmas Treason Trial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Jenna |date=18 October 2018 |title=ANC stalwart Moss Chikane dies |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-20181018 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=UDF activist and MP Moss Chikane has died |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-10-18-udf-activist-and-mp-moss-chikane-has-died/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988-12-09 |title=Delmas – last message from the dock |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1988-12-09-00-delmas-last-message-from-the-dock/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] iwhkts9ax7sp9i7idqfl5cdzyrly7n1 647863 647862 2025-06-27T00:39:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moses Mabokela "Moss" Chikane''' (1949 - 17 Oktoba 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=Chikane died with boots on |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20181026/281767040212890 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Sowetan |via=PressReader}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata wanda ya wakilci jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-09-23 |title=Moss Chikane In The Firing Line |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-23-moss-chikane-in-the-firing-line/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-09-23 |title=Exiles Committee a Hotbed Of Corruption |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1994-09-23-exiles-committee-a-hotbed-of-corruption/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-07 |title=Activists hide as UDF men held |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-07-activists-hide-as-udf-men-held/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-18 |title=ANC stalwart Moss Chikane dies at 69 |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-at-69/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> An yanke masa hukunci a Kotun Delmas Treason Trial. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Etheridge |first=Jenna |date=18 October 2018 |title=ANC stalwart Moss Chikane dies |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/anc-stalwart-moss-chikane-dies-20181018 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=UDF activist and MP Moss Chikane has died |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-10-18-udf-activist-and-mp-moss-chikane-has-died/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1988-12-09 |title=Delmas – last message from the dock |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1988-12-09-00-delmas-last-message-from-the-dock/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] p9tg4oggrv3wyflu1h1q3qcmsp6d8ne 0 103216 647866 2025-06-27T00:52:08Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1285406623|Sarah Carneson]]" 647866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Carneson''' (17 Yuni 1916 - 30 Oktoba 2015) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai shirya ma'aikata kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sarah Rubin a cikin shekarar 1916, a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Gabashin Turai Yahudawa baƙi Zelic Rubin (mai tela) da Anna Rubin. Iyayenta suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ƙaramin Rubin ya shiga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta matasa tun yana matashi. <ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Sarah Carneson |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sarah-carneson |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Aiki == Sarah Rubin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Johannesburg, a matsayin budurwa, kuma ta kasance memba na League da Fascism da War. Ta koyar da darussan karatu ga ma'aikata, kuma ta yi aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai na jam'iyyar, a Johannesburg. Daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1940, ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar kwadago, tare da ma'aikatan taba da ma'aikatan sukari a [[Durban]]. A cikin shekarar 1945, ta zama babban sakatariya na Ƙungiyar Railways da Harbors ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ke [[Cape Town]]. An dakatar da Sarah da mijinta duka daga taron jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu ta shekarar 1950. Ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ya kai ga kama Fred Carneson da kuma shari'a a shekarar 1956. Sarah Carneson kuma an tsare ta, a cikin shekarar 1960, kuma an ba da izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarƙashin kulawa, a Cape Town. An ɗaure Fred a shekara ta 1965, kuma Sarah ta bar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1968. A Ingila ta ci gaba da aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago, kuma a jaridar ''Morning Star''. An sake haɗuwa da Carneson a cikin shekarar 1972, a gudun hijira a [[Landan|London]]. Ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1991. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sarah Rubin ta auri Fred Carneson a shekarar 1943, yayin da yake kan aiki a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Suna da yara uku: Lynn, John, da Ruth. Sarah ta yi takaba sa’ad da Fred Carneson ya mutu a shekara ta 2000. Ta rasu a shekarar 2015 tana da shekaru 99 a Muizenberg, Cape Town. An gudanar da wani "bikin tunawa da ƙasa" a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya samu halartar shugabannin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, da na African National Congress, da [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Cosatu]]. 'Yar su Lynn ta buga tarihin Carneson, ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo: Rayuwa da Zamani na Fred da Sarah Carneson'' (2011). <ref>Carneson, Lynn, ''Red in the Rainbow: The Life and Times of Fred and Sarah Carneson'' (Random House, 2011). {{ISBN|9781770220850}}.</ref> Akwai wani nuni mai alaƙa game da Carnesons, kuma mai suna ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo'', a [[Slave Lodge, Cape Town|Gidan Tarihi na Slave Lodge]] a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] igzhgu0zjltkp5fmdz3ar3zbj0p4to0 647867 647866 2025-06-27T00:52:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Carneson''' (17 Yuni 1916 - 30 Oktoba 2015) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai shirya ma'aikata kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sarah Rubin a cikin shekarar 1916, a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Gabashin Turai Yahudawa baƙi Zelic Rubin (mai tela) da Anna Rubin. Iyayenta suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ƙaramin Rubin ya shiga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta matasa tun yana matashi.<ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Sarah Carneson |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sarah-carneson |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Aiki == Sarah Rubin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Johannesburg, a matsayin budurwa, kuma ta kasance memba na League da Fascism da War. Ta koyar da darussan karatu ga ma'aikata, kuma ta yi aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai na jam'iyyar, a Johannesburg. Daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1940, ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar kwadago, tare da ma'aikatan taba da ma'aikatan sukari a [[Durban]]. A cikin shekarar 1945, ta zama babban sakatariya na Ƙungiyar Railways da Harbors ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ke [[Cape Town]]. An dakatar da Sarah da mijinta duka daga taron jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu ta shekarar 1950. Ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ya kai ga kama Fred Carneson da kuma shari'a a shekarar 1956. Sarah Carneson kuma an tsare ta, a cikin shekarar 1960, kuma an ba da izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarƙashin kulawa, a Cape Town. An ɗaure Fred a shekara ta 1965, kuma Sarah ta bar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1968. A Ingila ta ci gaba da aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago, kuma a jaridar ''Morning Star''. An sake haɗuwa da Carneson a cikin shekarar 1972, a gudun hijira a [[Landan|London]]. Ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1991. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sarah Rubin ta auri Fred Carneson a shekarar 1943, yayin da yake kan aiki a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Suna da yara uku: Lynn, John, da Ruth. Sarah ta yi takaba sa’ad da Fred Carneson ya mutu a shekara ta 2000. Ta rasu a shekarar 2015 tana da shekaru 99 a Muizenberg, Cape Town. An gudanar da wani "bikin tunawa da ƙasa" a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya samu halartar shugabannin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, da na African National Congress, da [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Cosatu]]. 'Yar su Lynn ta buga tarihin Carneson, ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo: Rayuwa da Zamani na Fred da Sarah Carneson'' (2011). <ref>Carneson, Lynn, ''Red in the Rainbow: The Life and Times of Fred and Sarah Carneson'' (Random House, 2011). {{ISBN|9781770220850}}.</ref> Akwai wani nuni mai alaƙa game da Carnesons, kuma mai suna ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo'', a [[Slave Lodge, Cape Town|Gidan Tarihi na Slave Lodge]] a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] odyegaq9grahg84madzljzx9otkt44g 647868 647867 2025-06-27T00:54:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Aiki */ 647868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Carneson''' (17 Yuni 1916 - 30 Oktoba 2015) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai shirya ma'aikata kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sarah Rubin a cikin shekarar 1916, a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Gabashin Turai Yahudawa baƙi Zelic Rubin (mai tela) da Anna Rubin. Iyayenta suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ƙaramin Rubin ya shiga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta matasa tun yana matashi.<ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Sarah Carneson |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sarah-carneson |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Aiki == Sarah Rubin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Johannesburg, a matsayin budurwa, kuma ta kasance memba na League da Fascism da War. Ta koyar da darussan karatu ga ma'aikata, kuma ta yi aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai na jam'iyyar, a Johannesburg. Daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1940, ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar kwadago, tare da ma'aikatan taba da ma'aikatan sukari a [[Durban]]. A cikin shekarar 1945, ta zama babban sakatariya na Ƙungiyar Railways da Harbors ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ke [[Cape Town]].<ref name="MGObit">{{cite news|first=Shaun |last=de Waal|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-11-15-sarah-carneson-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-sas-freedom-struggle/|title=Sarah Carneson: A lifetime dedicated to SA's freedom struggle|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=15 November 2015|access-date= 13 April 2025}}</ref> An dakatar da Sarah da mijinta duka daga taron jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu ta shekarar 1950. Ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ya kai ga kama Fred Carneson da kuma shari'a a shekarar 1956. Sarah Carneson kuma an tsare ta, a cikin shekarar 1960, kuma an ba da izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarƙashin kulawa, a Cape Town. An ɗaure Fred a shekara ta 1965, kuma Sarah ta bar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1968. A Ingila ta ci gaba da aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago, kuma a jaridar ''Morning Star''. An sake haɗuwa da Carneson a cikin shekarar 1972, a gudun hijira a [[Landan|London]]. Ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1991.<ref>[http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-d7d4-Liberation-hero-and-ex-Star-worker-Sarah-Carneson-dies#.WB_q4dxZJXk "Liberation Hero and Ex-Star Worker Sarah Carneson Dies"], ''People's Daily Morning Star'' (6 November 2015).{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902182636/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-d7d4-Liberation-hero-and-ex-Star-worker-Sarah-Carneson-dies#.WB_q4dxZJXk |date=2 September 2017 }}.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sarah Rubin ta auri Fred Carneson a shekarar 1943, yayin da yake kan aiki a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Suna da yara uku: Lynn, John, da Ruth. Sarah ta yi takaba sa’ad da Fred Carneson ya mutu a shekara ta 2000. Ta rasu a shekarar 2015 tana da shekaru 99 a Muizenberg, Cape Town. An gudanar da wani "bikin tunawa da ƙasa" a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya samu halartar shugabannin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, da na African National Congress, da [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Cosatu]]. 'Yar su Lynn ta buga tarihin Carneson, ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo: Rayuwa da Zamani na Fred da Sarah Carneson'' (2011). <ref>Carneson, Lynn, ''Red in the Rainbow: The Life and Times of Fred and Sarah Carneson'' (Random House, 2011). {{ISBN|9781770220850}}.</ref> Akwai wani nuni mai alaƙa game da Carnesons, kuma mai suna ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo'', a [[Slave Lodge, Cape Town|Gidan Tarihi na Slave Lodge]] a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] lmxzp1y0av3itust9lh9zoyqxbahsi0 647869 647868 2025-06-27T00:56:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Rayuwa ta sirri */ 647869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Carneson''' (17 Yuni 1916 - 30 Oktoba 2015) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai shirya ma'aikata kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sarah Rubin a cikin shekarar 1916, a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Gabashin Turai Yahudawa baƙi Zelic Rubin (mai tela) da Anna Rubin. Iyayenta suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ƙaramin Rubin ya shiga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta matasa tun yana matashi.<ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Sarah Carneson |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sarah-carneson |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Aiki == Sarah Rubin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Johannesburg, a matsayin budurwa, kuma ta kasance memba na League da Fascism da War. Ta koyar da darussan karatu ga ma'aikata, kuma ta yi aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai na jam'iyyar, a Johannesburg. Daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1940, ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar kwadago, tare da ma'aikatan taba da ma'aikatan sukari a [[Durban]]. A cikin shekarar 1945, ta zama babban sakatariya na Ƙungiyar Railways da Harbors ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ke [[Cape Town]].<ref name="MGObit">{{cite news|first=Shaun |last=de Waal|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-11-15-sarah-carneson-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-sas-freedom-struggle/|title=Sarah Carneson: A lifetime dedicated to SA's freedom struggle|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=15 November 2015|access-date= 13 April 2025}}</ref> An dakatar da Sarah da mijinta duka daga taron jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu ta shekarar 1950. Ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ya kai ga kama Fred Carneson da kuma shari'a a shekarar 1956. Sarah Carneson kuma an tsare ta, a cikin shekarar 1960, kuma an ba da izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarƙashin kulawa, a Cape Town. An ɗaure Fred a shekara ta 1965, kuma Sarah ta bar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1968. A Ingila ta ci gaba da aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago, kuma a jaridar ''Morning Star''. An sake haɗuwa da Carneson a cikin shekarar 1972, a gudun hijira a [[Landan|London]]. Ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1991.<ref>[http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-d7d4-Liberation-hero-and-ex-Star-worker-Sarah-Carneson-dies#.WB_q4dxZJXk "Liberation Hero and Ex-Star Worker Sarah Carneson Dies"], ''People's Daily Morning Star'' (6 November 2015).{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902182636/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-d7d4-Liberation-hero-and-ex-Star-worker-Sarah-Carneson-dies#.WB_q4dxZJXk |date=2 September 2017 }}.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sarah Rubin ta auri Fred Carneson a shekarar 1943, yayin da yake kan aiki a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Suna da yara uku: Lynn, John, da Ruth. Sarah ta yi takaba sa’ad da Fred Carneson ya mutu a shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{cite news|first=Denis |last=Herbstein|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/sep/18/guardianobituaries |title=Obituary: Fred Carneson|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 September 2000|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> Ta rasu a shekarar 2015 tana da shekaru 99 a Muizenberg, Cape Town.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris |last=Barron|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2015-11-08-obituary-sarah-carneson-feisty-communist-harassed-and-exiled-for-her-beliefs/ |title=Obituary: Sarah Carneson, feisty communist harassed and exiled for her beliefs|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=8 November 2015|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> An gudanar da wani "bikin tunawa da ƙasa" a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya samu halartar shugabannin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, da na African National Congress, da [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Cosatu]].<ref>Bernardo, Carla (5 December 2015), "SACP’s Sarah Carneson remembered", ''IOL''.</ref> 'Yar su Lynn ta buga tarihin Carneson, ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo: Rayuwa da Zamani na Fred da Sarah Carneson'' (2011). <ref>Carneson, Lynn, ''Red in the Rainbow: The Life and Times of Fred and Sarah Carneson'' (Random House, 2011). {{ISBN|9781770220850}}.</ref> Akwai wani nuni mai alaƙa game da Carnesons, kuma mai suna ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo'', a [[Slave Lodge, Cape Town|Gidan Tarihi na Slave Lodge]] a shekarar 2015.<ref>[https://www.iziko.org.za/exhibitions/red-in-the-rainbow/ "the Red in the Rainbow"], ''Iziko Museums of South Africa'' (3 November 2015). Retrieved 13 April 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] 02tjpxxz2jilpnvoej3g6vsnuxa0dzt 647870 647869 2025-06-27T00:57:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Carneson''' (17 Yuni 1916 - 30 Oktoba 2015) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai shirya ma'aikata kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sarah Rubin a cikin shekarar 1916, a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu, 'yar Gabashin Turai Yahudawa baƙi Zelic Rubin (mai tela) da Anna Rubin. Iyayenta suna cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ƙaramin Rubin ya shiga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta matasa tun yana matashi.<ref name="SAHO">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Sarah Carneson |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sarah-carneson |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> == Aiki == Sarah Rubin ta yi aiki a ofisoshin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a Johannesburg, a matsayin budurwa, kuma ta kasance memba na League da Fascism da War. Ta koyar da darussan karatu ga ma'aikata, kuma ta yi aiki a kantin sayar da littattafai na jam'iyyar, a Johannesburg. Daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1940, ta kasance tare da ƙungiyar kwadago, tare da ma'aikatan taba da ma'aikatan sukari a [[Durban]]. A cikin shekarar 1945, ta zama babban sakatariya na Ƙungiyar Railways da Harbors ta Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ke [[Cape Town]].<ref name="MGObit">{{cite news|first=Shaun |last=de Waal|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-11-15-sarah-carneson-a-lifetime-dedicated-to-sas-freedom-struggle/|title=Sarah Carneson: A lifetime dedicated to SA's freedom struggle|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=15 November 2015|access-date= 13 April 2025}}</ref> An dakatar da Sarah da mijinta duka daga taron jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu ta shekarar 1950. Ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ya kai ga kama Fred Carneson da kuma shari'a a shekarar 1956. Sarah Carneson kuma an tsare ta, a cikin shekarar 1960, kuma an ba da izinin ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarƙashin kulawa, a Cape Town. An ɗaure Fred a shekara ta 1965, kuma Sarah ta bar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1968. A Ingila ta ci gaba da aiki da kungiyoyin kwadago, kuma a jaridar ''Morning Star''. An sake haɗuwa da Carneson a cikin shekarar 1972, a gudun hijira a [[Landan|London]]. Ma'auratan sun koma Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1991.<ref>[http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-d7d4-Liberation-hero-and-ex-Star-worker-Sarah-Carneson-dies#.WB_q4dxZJXk "Liberation Hero and Ex-Star Worker Sarah Carneson Dies"], ''People's Daily Morning Star'' (6 November 2015).{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902182636/http://www.morningstaronline.co.uk/a-d7d4-Liberation-hero-and-ex-Star-worker-Sarah-Carneson-dies#.WB_q4dxZJXk |date=2 September 2017 }}.</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sarah Rubin ta auri Fred Carneson a shekarar 1943, yayin da yake kan aiki a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Suna da yara uku: Lynn, John, da Ruth. Sarah ta yi takaba sa’ad da Fred Carneson ya mutu a shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{cite news|first=Denis |last=Herbstein|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/sep/18/guardianobituaries |title=Obituary: Fred Carneson|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 September 2000|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> Ta rasu a shekarar 2015 tana da shekaru 99 a Muizenberg, Cape Town.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris |last=Barron|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2015-11-08-obituary-sarah-carneson-feisty-communist-harassed-and-exiled-for-her-beliefs/ |title=Obituary: Sarah Carneson, feisty communist harassed and exiled for her beliefs|newspaper=Sunday Times|date=8 November 2015|access-date=13 April 2025}}</ref> An gudanar da wani "bikin tunawa da ƙasa" a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya samu halartar shugabannin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu, da na African National Congress, da [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Cosatu]].<ref>Bernardo, Carla (5 December 2015), "SACP’s Sarah Carneson remembered", ''IOL''.</ref> 'Yar su Lynn ta buga tarihin Carneson, ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo: Rayuwa da Zamani na Fred da Sarah Carneson'' (2011). <ref>Carneson, Lynn, ''Red in the Rainbow: The Life and Times of Fred and Sarah Carneson'' (Random House, 2011). {{ISBN|9781770220850}}.</ref> Akwai wani nuni mai alaƙa game da Carnesons, kuma mai suna ''Red a cikin Bakan gizo'', a [[Slave Lodge, Cape Town|Gidan Tarihi na Slave Lodge]] a shekarar 2015.<ref>[https://www.iziko.org.za/exhibitions/red-in-the-rainbow/ "the Red in the Rainbow"], ''Iziko Museums of South Africa'' (3 November 2015). Retrieved 13 April 2025.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] qd9ldl4ibb6r3xl92bvvn8hapx6c42z 0 103219 647885 2025-06-27T05:09:57Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282476673|Belgian apologies to the Congo]]" 647885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uzurin Beljiyam ga Kongo''' shine batun muhawarar al'umma a [[Beljik|Beljiyam]] game da nuna uzuri game da rawar da kasar ta taka a cikin [[Ayyukan Zalunci a Ƙasar Kwango|ta'asar da aka yi a cikin 'Yancin Kwango]] (ko Jamhuriyar Kwango mai 'yancin kai) da [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1960, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Ruanda-Urundi (1924-1919). A karni na 21, hukumomi da wakilai da dama na gwamnatin Belgium sun nemi afuwar wasu bangarori na mulkin mallaka na Belgium a kasashen Kongo, Ruwanda da Burundi, musamman tun daga shekarar 2018. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan irin uzurin da lamarin zai dace da wanda ya kamata ya bayyana, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai zama dole ba. Bugu da ƙari, an tattauna yadda za a fi dacewa da kayan mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba, ciki har da mutum-mutumi, sunayen tituna, da kuma tsarin gidajen tarihi. == Muhawara ta siyasa == [[Fayil:Esclave_fouetté_avec_une_chicotte,_État_indépendant_du_Congo.jpg|thumb| Zaluntar wani dan Kwango.]] [[Fayil:Victim_of_Congo_atrocities,_Congo,_ca._1890-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19).jpg|thumb| Misali na sanannen yanke hannu a cikin Jihar 'Yancin Kwango.]] A cikin jawabin jama'a na Belgium, Sarkin Leopold na biyu na Belgium (r. 1865-1909), wanda ya mulki Kongo Free State a matsayin mallakarsa na kashin kansa daga 1885 zuwa 1908, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar nauyin farko na ta'asar da aka yi a can a wancan lokacin mulkin mallaka. A farkon karni na 21, ana lalata mutum-mutumin Leopold II akai-akai saboda wannan dalili. Misali, mutum-mutumin Leopold da ke dandalin Al'arshi a Brussels an yi masa tabo sau da yawa da fenti. === 2018 === A cikin watan Yunin 2018, bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, a karon farko a Belgium an sanya wa wani fili sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]], wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya sami ‘yancin kai na Kongo (30 Yuni 1960), amma an kashe shi a watan Janairu 1961 bisa umarnin gwamnatin Belgium. Masu fafutuka tun da farko sun ba da shawarar sanya sunan babban filin da ba shi da suna bayan Lumumba a cikin gundumar Ixelles/Elsene da ke makwabtaka da shi, amma a cikin 2016 magajin garin Dominique Dufourny (MR) ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar. <ref name="De Coninck" /> A watan Agustan 2018, wani lamari ya faru a bikin Pukkellop, inda wasu mahalarta suka rera wakokin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka. 'Yan siyasa sun yi tir da lamarin. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara na tarayya ya umurci mawakan da su ziyarci wurin tunawa da Kazerne Dossin, Cibiyar adana kayan tarihi da kuma Documentation Center kan Holocaust da ‘Yancin Bil Adama da ke sansanin wucewa na Mechelen don samun ilimi na tilas. Bayan zaben kananan hukumomi na Belgium na 14 Oktoba 2018, Pierre Kompany ( cdH ) ya zama magajin gari na farko baƙar fata a Belgium, wato a cikin gundumar Brussels na Ganshoren . A cikin shirin muhawarar talabijin ''na C'est pas tous les jours dimanche'' a RTL-TVI, Kompany (wanda aka haifa a [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] ) ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da su nuna uzuri ga Kongo da sunan Belgium. A cikin wannan nunin, Wakilin Richard Miller ( MR ) ya ce ya fi son bayyana uzuri "a cikin sunan kansa". Daga Nuwamba 2018 zuwa Janairu 2019, Canvas ya watsa shirye-shiryen shirin ''Kinderen van de kolonie'' ( ''Yaran Mulkin Mallaka'' ), wanda ya tada muhawarar jama'a tun ma kafin sakin na farko ya fito. A cewar masana, wannan shi ne fim na farko da aka gabatar da al'ummar Belgian da hotuna da faifan bidiyo daga Kongo 'ba tare da duba ta fuskar farfagandar mulkin mallaka ba. === 2019 === Bayan da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai suna "Kwawara kan Al'ummar Afirka" ya buga wani rahoto a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2019 wanda ya nuna cewa uzuri ga mulkin mallaka na baya zai dace, 'yan siyasa da dama sun nuna niyyar shiga muhawara game da batun. Firayim Minista Charles Michel ( MR ) ya ce ya sami rahoton "bakon abu ne". Komawa cikin 2010, mahaifinsa Louis Michel har yanzu yana kwatanta Leopold II a matsayin "jarumi mai kishi ga karamar ƙasa kamar Belgium". Hakazalika, ministan raya kasa Alexander De Croo ( Open Vld ) ya gano sukar da masana suka yi kan gidan kayan tarihi na Afirka da aka gyara a matsayin abin ban mamaki. 'Yar majalisar dokokin Flemish Sabine de Bethune ( CD&amp;amp;V ), da kanta haifaffen [[Kinshasa]] (sai ''Léopoldville/Leopoldstad'' ) a cikin Belgian Kongo, ta gabatar da wani kuduri a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu don kaddamar da bincike na tarihi game da kisan gillar da dan mulkin mallaka na Belgian ya yi a Kongo bayan zaben Tarayyar Belgium na 26 ga Mayu 2019 . Jam'iyyun adawa Groen, Ecolo da kuma sp.a sun dade suna kira ga irin wannan binciken. Jam'iyyar gwamnati Open Vld ta bayyana cewa tana son yin la'akari da neman gafara bayan zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. A cikin shirin muhawara na Eén ''De Zevende Dag'', shugaban N-VA Bart De Wever ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan "gafarar tarihi", yana nuna cewa ya kamata a "duba shugaban kasa" don bayyana shi, saboda alakar da ke tsakanin Kongo da Leopold II. Bishop na Katolika na Kongo Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da ''Terzake'' na Maris 2019 cewa akwai "masu mahimmanci" a cikin Kongo a yau fiye da gafarar mulkin mallaka, "kamar ci gaban kasa", in ji shi. Ya nuna damuwarsa cewa, idan aka nemi afuwar mulkin mallaka, "za a bude wasu takardu", kuma mutane za su yi nisa sosai. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a tsakanin mazauna Flanders kan yuwuwar neman gafarar Kongo. An yi hakan ne a lokacin wani zaɓe na VRT, RTBF, ''De Standaard'' da ''La Libre Belgique'' game da aniyar jefa ƙuri'a na mutane a zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. An bukaci mahalarta taron da su yi tsokaci game da wannan sanarwa mai zuwa: "Ya kamata Belgium ta nemi afuwar Kongo a hukumance kan laifukan da ta aikata a lokacin mulkin mallaka." 51% na masu amsa sun yarda, 32% basu yarda ba. === 2020 === Bayan zanga-zangar George Floyd a watan Mayun 2020, an sake yin muhawara kan wariyar launin fata da wariya a Belgium, kuma tambayar yiwuwar neman afuwar Kongo ta sake kunno kai. An sake lalata wasu mutum-mutumi na Leopold II, da kuma mutum-mutumi na Leopold II na Belgium, Ekeren ya lalace sosai har aka cire shi. A cikin watan Yuni 2020, wannan sabunta hankali ya jagoranci Shugaban Chamber Patrick Dewael ya ba da shawarar samar da "kwamitin sulhu" a cikin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda zai yi bincike kan yadda za a magance mafi kyawun mulkin mallaka a baya, da yuwuwar neman afuwa ga Kongo. A lokaci guda, shugabannin jam'iyyar irin su Joachim Coens (CD&V) da Conner Rousseau (sp.a) sun yi magana game da neman afuwar, inda Coens ya bayyana a fili ga Sarki Philip da gwamnatin tarayya kan wannan aiki. === 2024 === A cikin Disamba 2024, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Brussels ta sami Beljiyam da alhakin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda yadda take kula da yara Métis (gaurayawan kabilanci), tare da ba da umarnin biyan diyya ga matan Métis biyar da suka shigar da kara a jihar. == Shirye-shiryen da aka cimma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sy8fk8fhuq0kaux1pedmapekyvww1fh 647886 647885 2025-06-27T05:10:15Z Sirjat 20447 647886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uzurin Beljiyam ga Kongo''' shine batun muhawarar al'umma a [[Beljik|Beljiyam]] game da nuna uzuri game da rawar da kasar ta taka a cikin [[Ayyukan Zalunci a Ƙasar Kwango|ta'asar da aka yi a cikin 'Yancin Kwango]] (ko Jamhuriyar Kwango mai 'yancin kai) da [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1960, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Ruanda-Urundi (1924-1919). A karni na 21, hukumomi da wakilai da dama na gwamnatin Belgium sun nemi afuwar wasu bangarori na mulkin mallaka na Belgium a kasashen Kongo, Ruwanda da Burundi, musamman tun daga shekarar 2018. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan irin uzurin da lamarin zai dace da wanda ya kamata ya bayyana, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai zama dole ba. Bugu da ƙari, an tattauna yadda za a fi dacewa da kayan mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba, ciki har da mutum-mutumi, sunayen tituna, da kuma tsarin gidajen tarihi. == Muhawara ta siyasa == [[Fayil:Esclave_fouetté_avec_une_chicotte,_État_indépendant_du_Congo.jpg|thumb| Zaluntar wani dan Kwango.]] [[Fayil:Victim_of_Congo_atrocities,_Congo,_ca._1890-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19).jpg|thumb| Misali na sanannen yanke hannu a cikin Jihar 'Yancin Kwango.]] A cikin jawabin jama'a na Belgium, Sarkin Leopold na biyu na Belgium (r. 1865-1909), wanda ya mulki Kongo Free State a matsayin mallakarsa na kashin kansa daga 1885 zuwa 1908, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar nauyin farko na ta'asar da aka yi a can a wancan lokacin mulkin mallaka. A farkon karni na 21, ana lalata mutum-mutumin Leopold II akai-akai saboda wannan dalili. Misali, mutum-mutumin Leopold da ke dandalin Al'arshi a Brussels an yi masa tabo sau da yawa da fenti. === 2018 === A cikin watan Yunin 2018, bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, a karon farko a Belgium an sanya wa wani fili sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]], wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya sami ‘yancin kai na Kongo (30 Yuni 1960), amma an kashe shi a watan Janairu 1961 bisa umarnin gwamnatin Belgium. Masu fafutuka tun da farko sun ba da shawarar sanya sunan babban filin da ba shi da suna bayan Lumumba a cikin gundumar Ixelles/Elsene da ke makwabtaka da shi, amma a cikin 2016 magajin garin Dominique Dufourny (MR) ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar. <ref name="De Coninck" /> A watan Agustan 2018, wani lamari ya faru a bikin Pukkellop, inda wasu mahalarta suka rera wakokin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka. 'Yan siyasa sun yi tir da lamarin. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara na tarayya ya umurci mawakan da su ziyarci wurin tunawa da Kazerne Dossin, Cibiyar adana kayan tarihi da kuma Documentation Center kan Holocaust da ‘Yancin Bil Adama da ke sansanin wucewa na Mechelen don samun ilimi na tilas. Bayan zaben kananan hukumomi na Belgium na 14 Oktoba 2018, Pierre Kompany ( cdH ) ya zama magajin gari na farko baƙar fata a Belgium, wato a cikin gundumar Brussels na Ganshoren . A cikin shirin muhawarar talabijin ''na C'est pas tous les jours dimanche'' a RTL-TVI, Kompany (wanda aka haifa a [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] ) ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da su nuna uzuri ga Kongo da sunan Belgium. A cikin wannan nunin, Wakilin Richard Miller ( MR ) ya ce ya fi son bayyana uzuri "a cikin sunan kansa". Daga Nuwamba 2018 zuwa Janairu 2019, Canvas ya watsa shirye-shiryen shirin ''Kinderen van de kolonie'' ( ''Yaran Mulkin Mallaka'' ), wanda ya tada muhawarar jama'a tun ma kafin sakin na farko ya fito. A cewar masana, wannan shi ne fim na farko da aka gabatar da al'ummar Belgian da hotuna da faifan bidiyo daga Kongo 'ba tare da duba ta fuskar farfagandar mulkin mallaka ba. === 2019 === Bayan da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai suna "Kwawara kan Al'ummar Afirka" ya buga wani rahoto a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2019 wanda ya nuna cewa uzuri ga mulkin mallaka na baya zai dace, 'yan siyasa da dama sun nuna niyyar shiga muhawara game da batun. Firayim Minista Charles Michel ( MR ) ya ce ya sami rahoton "bakon abu ne". Komawa cikin 2010, mahaifinsa Louis Michel har yanzu yana kwatanta Leopold II a matsayin "jarumi mai kishi ga karamar ƙasa kamar Belgium". Hakazalika, ministan raya kasa Alexander De Croo ( Open Vld ) ya gano sukar da masana suka yi kan gidan kayan tarihi na Afirka da aka gyara a matsayin abin ban mamaki. 'Yar majalisar dokokin Flemish Sabine de Bethune ( CD&amp;amp;V ), da kanta haifaffen [[Kinshasa]] (sai ''Léopoldville/Leopoldstad'' ) a cikin Belgian Kongo, ta gabatar da wani kuduri a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu don kaddamar da bincike na tarihi game da kisan gillar da dan mulkin mallaka na Belgian ya yi a Kongo bayan zaben Tarayyar Belgium na 26 ga Mayu 2019 . Jam'iyyun adawa Groen, Ecolo da kuma sp.a sun dade suna kira ga irin wannan binciken. Jam'iyyar gwamnati Open Vld ta bayyana cewa tana son yin la'akari da neman gafara bayan zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. A cikin shirin muhawara na Eén ''De Zevende Dag'', shugaban N-VA Bart De Wever ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan "gafarar tarihi", yana nuna cewa ya kamata a "duba shugaban kasa" don bayyana shi, saboda alakar da ke tsakanin Kongo da Leopold II. Bishop na Katolika na Kongo Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da ''Terzake'' na Maris 2019 cewa akwai "masu mahimmanci" a cikin Kongo a yau fiye da gafarar mulkin mallaka, "kamar ci gaban kasa", in ji shi. Ya nuna damuwarsa cewa, idan aka nemi afuwar mulkin mallaka, "za a bude wasu takardu", kuma mutane za su yi nisa sosai. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a tsakanin mazauna Flanders kan yuwuwar neman gafarar Kongo. An yi hakan ne a lokacin wani zaɓe na VRT, RTBF, ''De Standaard'' da ''La Libre Belgique'' game da aniyar jefa ƙuri'a na mutane a zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. An bukaci mahalarta taron da su yi tsokaci game da wannan sanarwa mai zuwa: "Ya kamata Belgium ta nemi afuwar Kongo a hukumance kan laifukan da ta aikata a lokacin mulkin mallaka." 51% na masu amsa sun yarda, 32% basu yarda ba. === 2020 === Bayan zanga-zangar George Floyd a watan Mayun 2020, an sake yin muhawara kan wariyar launin fata da wariya a Belgium, kuma tambayar yiwuwar neman afuwar Kongo ta sake kunno kai. An sake lalata wasu mutum-mutumi na Leopold II, da kuma mutum-mutumi na Leopold II na Belgium, Ekeren ya lalace sosai har aka cire shi. A cikin watan Yuni 2020, wannan sabunta hankali ya jagoranci Shugaban Chamber Patrick Dewael ya ba da shawarar samar da "kwamitin sulhu" a cikin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda zai yi bincike kan yadda za a magance mafi kyawun mulkin mallaka a baya, da yuwuwar neman afuwa ga Kongo. A lokaci guda, shugabannin jam'iyyar irin su Joachim Coens (CD&V) da Conner Rousseau (sp.a) sun yi magana game da neman afuwar, inda Coens ya bayyana a fili ga Sarki Philip da gwamnatin tarayya kan wannan aiki. === 2024 === A cikin Disamba 2024, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Brussels ta sami Beljiyam da alhakin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda yadda take kula da yara Métis (gaurayawan kabilanci), tare da ba da umarnin biyan diyya ga matan Métis biyar da suka shigar da kara a jihar. == Shirye-shiryen da aka cimma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ia4ip8kvu4yrrcmhfhyve0oddxn6pec 647887 647886 2025-06-27T05:13:53Z Sirjat 20447 /* Shirye-shiryen da aka cimma */ 647887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uzurin Beljiyam ga Kongo''' shine batun muhawarar al'umma a [[Beljik|Beljiyam]] game da nuna uzuri game da rawar da kasar ta taka a cikin [[Ayyukan Zalunci a Ƙasar Kwango|ta'asar da aka yi a cikin 'Yancin Kwango]] (ko Jamhuriyar Kwango mai 'yancin kai) da [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1960, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Ruanda-Urundi (1924-1919). A karni na 21, hukumomi da wakilai da dama na gwamnatin Belgium sun nemi afuwar wasu bangarori na mulkin mallaka na Belgium a kasashen Kongo, Ruwanda da Burundi, musamman tun daga shekarar 2018. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan irin uzurin da lamarin zai dace da wanda ya kamata ya bayyana, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai zama dole ba. Bugu da ƙari, an tattauna yadda za a fi dacewa da kayan mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba, ciki har da mutum-mutumi, sunayen tituna, da kuma tsarin gidajen tarihi. == Muhawara ta siyasa == [[Fayil:Esclave_fouetté_avec_une_chicotte,_État_indépendant_du_Congo.jpg|thumb| Zaluntar wani dan Kwango.]] [[Fayil:Victim_of_Congo_atrocities,_Congo,_ca._1890-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19).jpg|thumb| Misali na sanannen yanke hannu a cikin Jihar 'Yancin Kwango.]] A cikin jawabin jama'a na Belgium, Sarkin Leopold na biyu na Belgium (r. 1865-1909), wanda ya mulki Kongo Free State a matsayin mallakarsa na kashin kansa daga 1885 zuwa 1908, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar nauyin farko na ta'asar da aka yi a can a wancan lokacin mulkin mallaka. A farkon karni na 21, ana lalata mutum-mutumin Leopold II akai-akai saboda wannan dalili. Misali, mutum-mutumin Leopold da ke dandalin Al'arshi a Brussels an yi masa tabo sau da yawa da fenti. === 2018 === A cikin watan Yunin 2018, bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, a karon farko a Belgium an sanya wa wani fili sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]], wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya sami ‘yancin kai na Kongo (30 Yuni 1960), amma an kashe shi a watan Janairu 1961 bisa umarnin gwamnatin Belgium. Masu fafutuka tun da farko sun ba da shawarar sanya sunan babban filin da ba shi da suna bayan Lumumba a cikin gundumar Ixelles/Elsene da ke makwabtaka da shi, amma a cikin 2016 magajin garin Dominique Dufourny (MR) ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar. <ref name="De Coninck" /> A watan Agustan 2018, wani lamari ya faru a bikin Pukkellop, inda wasu mahalarta suka rera wakokin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka. 'Yan siyasa sun yi tir da lamarin. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara na tarayya ya umurci mawakan da su ziyarci wurin tunawa da Kazerne Dossin, Cibiyar adana kayan tarihi da kuma Documentation Center kan Holocaust da ‘Yancin Bil Adama da ke sansanin wucewa na Mechelen don samun ilimi na tilas. Bayan zaben kananan hukumomi na Belgium na 14 Oktoba 2018, Pierre Kompany ( cdH ) ya zama magajin gari na farko baƙar fata a Belgium, wato a cikin gundumar Brussels na Ganshoren . A cikin shirin muhawarar talabijin ''na C'est pas tous les jours dimanche'' a RTL-TVI, Kompany (wanda aka haifa a [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] ) ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da su nuna uzuri ga Kongo da sunan Belgium. A cikin wannan nunin, Wakilin Richard Miller ( MR ) ya ce ya fi son bayyana uzuri "a cikin sunan kansa". Daga Nuwamba 2018 zuwa Janairu 2019, Canvas ya watsa shirye-shiryen shirin ''Kinderen van de kolonie'' ( ''Yaran Mulkin Mallaka'' ), wanda ya tada muhawarar jama'a tun ma kafin sakin na farko ya fito. A cewar masana, wannan shi ne fim na farko da aka gabatar da al'ummar Belgian da hotuna da faifan bidiyo daga Kongo 'ba tare da duba ta fuskar farfagandar mulkin mallaka ba. === 2019 === Bayan da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai suna "Kwawara kan Al'ummar Afirka" ya buga wani rahoto a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2019 wanda ya nuna cewa uzuri ga mulkin mallaka na baya zai dace, 'yan siyasa da dama sun nuna niyyar shiga muhawara game da batun. Firayim Minista Charles Michel ( MR ) ya ce ya sami rahoton "bakon abu ne". Komawa cikin 2010, mahaifinsa Louis Michel har yanzu yana kwatanta Leopold II a matsayin "jarumi mai kishi ga karamar ƙasa kamar Belgium". Hakazalika, ministan raya kasa Alexander De Croo ( Open Vld ) ya gano sukar da masana suka yi kan gidan kayan tarihi na Afirka da aka gyara a matsayin abin ban mamaki. 'Yar majalisar dokokin Flemish Sabine de Bethune ( CD&amp;amp;V ), da kanta haifaffen [[Kinshasa]] (sai ''Léopoldville/Leopoldstad'' ) a cikin Belgian Kongo, ta gabatar da wani kuduri a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu don kaddamar da bincike na tarihi game da kisan gillar da dan mulkin mallaka na Belgian ya yi a Kongo bayan zaben Tarayyar Belgium na 26 ga Mayu 2019 . Jam'iyyun adawa Groen, Ecolo da kuma sp.a sun dade suna kira ga irin wannan binciken. Jam'iyyar gwamnati Open Vld ta bayyana cewa tana son yin la'akari da neman gafara bayan zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. A cikin shirin muhawara na Eén ''De Zevende Dag'', shugaban N-VA Bart De Wever ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan "gafarar tarihi", yana nuna cewa ya kamata a "duba shugaban kasa" don bayyana shi, saboda alakar da ke tsakanin Kongo da Leopold II. Bishop na Katolika na Kongo Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da ''Terzake'' na Maris 2019 cewa akwai "masu mahimmanci" a cikin Kongo a yau fiye da gafarar mulkin mallaka, "kamar ci gaban kasa", in ji shi. Ya nuna damuwarsa cewa, idan aka nemi afuwar mulkin mallaka, "za a bude wasu takardu", kuma mutane za su yi nisa sosai. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a tsakanin mazauna Flanders kan yuwuwar neman gafarar Kongo. An yi hakan ne a lokacin wani zaɓe na VRT, RTBF, ''De Standaard'' da ''La Libre Belgique'' game da aniyar jefa ƙuri'a na mutane a zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. An bukaci mahalarta taron da su yi tsokaci game da wannan sanarwa mai zuwa: "Ya kamata Belgium ta nemi afuwar Kongo a hukumance kan laifukan da ta aikata a lokacin mulkin mallaka." 51% na masu amsa sun yarda, 32% basu yarda ba. === 2020 === Bayan zanga-zangar George Floyd a watan Mayun 2020, an sake yin muhawara kan wariyar launin fata da wariya a Belgium, kuma tambayar yiwuwar neman afuwar Kongo ta sake kunno kai. An sake lalata wasu mutum-mutumi na Leopold II, da kuma mutum-mutumi na Leopold II na Belgium, Ekeren ya lalace sosai har aka cire shi. A cikin watan Yuni 2020, wannan sabunta hankali ya jagoranci Shugaban Chamber Patrick Dewael ya ba da shawarar samar da "kwamitin sulhu" a cikin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda zai yi bincike kan yadda za a magance mafi kyawun mulkin mallaka a baya, da yuwuwar neman afuwa ga Kongo. A lokaci guda, shugabannin jam'iyyar irin su Joachim Coens (CD&V) da Conner Rousseau (sp.a) sun yi magana game da neman afuwar, inda Coens ya bayyana a fili ga Sarki Philip da gwamnatin tarayya kan wannan aiki. === 2024 === A cikin Disamba 2024, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Brussels ta sami Beljiyam da alhakin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda yadda take kula da yara Métis (gaurayawan kabilanci), tare da ba da umarnin biyan diyya ga matan Métis biyar da suka shigar da kara a jihar. == Ayyuka da aka kammala == === Neman gafara ga dangin Lumumba === [[File:Anefo 910-9740 De Congolese2.jpg|thumb|Patrice Lumumba a Brussels a 1960.]] A farkon shekarun 2000, wani kwamiti na majalisar dokokin Belgium ya gudanar da bincike kan cikakken yanayin da aka kashe Patrice Lumumba a 1961, wanda shi ne Firayim Minista na farko na Jamhuriyar Congo ta Farko, da kuma tantance ko wasu 'yan siyasan Belgium sun taka rawa. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2001, kwamitin ya fitar da rahotonsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lachambre.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/lmb/312_6_volume1.pdf |title=Verslag van de parlementaire onderzoekscommissie belast met het vaststellen van de precieze omstandigheden waarin Patrice Lumumba werd vermoord en van de eventuele betrokkenheid daarbij van Belgische politici vol. I |publisher=Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers |date=16 November 2001 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa ko da yake babu wata shaida kai tsaye da ke nuna gwamnatin Belgium ta da hannu, tana da "alhakin ɗabi'a" kan halin da ya kai ga kashe Lumumba. Shugaban kwamitin Geert Versnick ya bukaci gwamnati ta ba da gafara ga dangin Lumumba, sannan jam’iyyun Agalev da Ecolo suka bukaci a biya diyya don al’ummar Congo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst06022002_001 |title=België biedt excuses aan voor Lumumba |author=Bart Beirlant |work=De Standaard |date=6 February 2002 |access-date=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> A shekarar 2002, Firayim Minista Guy Verhofstadt (VLD) ya nemi afuwa a madadin Belgium bisa halin da kasar ta taka wajen kashe Lumumba.<ref name="DE_STANDAARD_11020219">{{Cite news |url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20190211_04169029 |title=VN-experten vragen Belgische excuses voor koloniaal verleden |author=mg, yd |work=De Standaard |date=11 February 2019 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Ministan Harkokin Waje Louis Michel (MR) ya karanta jawabi a gaban Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2002, inda ya nemi gafara a madadin gwamnatin Belgium ga dangin Lumumba, Mpolo da Okito, da kuma jama'ar Congo. Ko da yake Michel bai yi amfani da kalmar "alhakin ɗabi'a" ba, ya ce wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar da Belgians sun da hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka kai ga mutuwar Lumumba.<ref>{{Cite news |url= |format= |title= BELGA NEXT: Moord op Lumumba: België biedt zijn excuses aan |publisher=Belga |language=nl |date=5 February 2002 |access-date= }}</ref> === Filin Patrice Lumumba === A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2018, magajin garin Brussels Philippe Close (PS) ya bude Filin Patrice Lumumba a cikin birnin Brussels bayan majalisar gari ta amince da canza sunan a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2018.<ref name="De Coninck">{{Cite news |url=https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/lumumba-heeft-dan-toch-zijn-eigen-plein-tje-in-brussel-baf2a361/ |title=Lumumba heeft dan toch zijn eigen plein (tje) in Brussel |author=Douglas De Coninck |work=De Morgen |date=1 July 2018 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="Lumumbasquare VRT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/04/24/brussel-krijgt-een-plein-vernoemd-naar-patrice-lumumba/ |title=Brussel krijgt een plein vernoemd naar Patrice Lumumba |author=Belga |work=VRT NWS |date=24 April 2018 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Akwai irin wannan bukata a wasu garuruwa na kasar. A watan Janairu 2019, gwamnatin birnin Ghent ta bayyana cewa tana son girmama Lumumba da suna a titi ko fili. A baya, wasu masu fafutuka sun sauya sunan Titin Leopold II zuwa 'Titun Patrice Lumumba'.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hln.be/regio/gent/eerbetoon-aan-vermoorde-congolees-gent-krijgt-een-lumumbastraat~a45c3485/ |title=Eerbetoon aan vermoorde Congolees: Gent krijgt een Lumumbastraat |author=Sabine Van Damme |work=Het Laatste Nieuws |date=22 January 2019 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> A Janairu 2021, gwamnatin Ghent ta sanar da cewa za a canza sunan Titin Leopold II cikin shekara guda, kuma sunan Patrice Lumumba yana kan gaba daga jerin sunayen da za a iya amfani da su, ko da yake har yanzu ba a tabbatar ba ko za a sa masa wannan sunan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20210121_96144084 |title=Stad Gent schrapt Leopold II-laan, bewoners krijgen compensatie voor adreswijziging |author=Bert Staes |work=Het Nieuwsblad |date=21 January 2021 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> === AfricaMuseum === Ziyarar Sarki Philip na Belgium zuwa sabunta gidan tarihin Royal Museum for Central Africa (AfricaMuseum) da aka shirya a watan Disamba 2018 an soke ta, kamar yadda 'yan jarida suka ce, saboda muhawara da ke gudana, kuma Sarki ya so ya kasance tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bruzz.be/samenleving/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum-2018-12-04 |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=EDB |work=BRUZZ |date=4 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum~af491f17/ |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=Bruno Struys |work=Het Laatste Nieuws |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum-bf491f17/ |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=Bruno Struys |work=De Morgen |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="VRT_NWS_03122018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/12/03/koning-filip-niet-naar-heropening-africamuseum-tervuren/ |title=Koning Filip niet naar heropening AfricaMuseum Tervuren |author=Kristien Bonneure |work=VRT NWS |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> An kafa AfricaMuseum tun a farkon karni na 20 ta hannun Sarki Leopold II, wanda a lokacin shine mallakin Congo Free State.<ref name="VRT_NWS_03122018"/> Gidan tarihin ya samo asali ne daga wani baje kolin mallaka a cikin Brussels International Exposition (1897).<ref name="van Zijst">{{Cite news |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2262602-omstreden-africamuseum-verbouwd-maar-is-er-wel-genoeg-veranderd |title=Omstreden Africamuseum verbouwd, maar is er wel genoeg veranderd? |author=Elise van Zijst |work=NOS |date=8 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Saboda yawan jama'ar da suka ziyarce shi, aka mayar da shi na dindindin a 1904, aka gama gini a 1910.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> A farkon bayyanar da aka fara, akwai wani sashi da ake kira "gidan namun daji na mutane", inda Leopold II ya kawo Congolese 200 zuwa Belgium don nuna rayuwarsu. Daga cikin su, 7 sun mutu. A lokacin bude sabon gidan tarihin a 2018, an sanya alamar tunawa da su.<ref name="van Zijst"/> === Neman gafara ga 'ya'yan jini biyu === Daga 1959 zuwa 1962, a lokacin da Belgian Congo da Ruanda-Urundi suka sami ‘yanci, kusan yara 1,000 da suka fito daga iyayen Belgium da mata Congolese an kwashe su zuwa Belgium, an raba su da iyayensu. Mafi yawansu ba su da takardu kuma an ajiye su a gidan marayu da makarantu na Katolika. A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019, Firayim Minista Charles Michel ya nemi afuwa a madadin Belgium.<ref name="Paelinck">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/04/03/premier-michel-biedt-excuses-aan-voor-behandeling-metiskinderen/ |title=Premier Michel biedt excuses aan voor behandeling metiskinderen uit koloniale periode |author=Gianni Paelinck |work=VRT NWS |date=3 April 2019 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Kafin hakan, shugaban majalisa Siegfried Bracke (N-VA) ya yi bayani kan tarihin wannan lamari, da kuma cewa wannan gafarar ta samo asali ne daga wasu kudurori da majalisa ta amince da su a Flanders, Senate, da Majalisar Wakilai.<ref name="Kamanayo">{{Cite book |last=Kamanayo |first=Georges |date=May 2020 |title=Tussen twee werelden. Een leven in Europa en Afrika. |url=https://docplayer.nl/207639165-Tussen-t-wee-werelden-tus-u-sen-n-twee-were-r-ld-l-e-d-n-n-p-r-p-e-r-ss-e-ind-n-d-d-d.html |location= |publisher=Polis |pages=22–27 |isbn=9789463105255 |accessdate=30 June 2021}}</ref> Bayan haka ne Charles Michel ya yi jawabin da aka karɓa da tafi, ciki har da daga ‘yan majalisa da wasu yaran jini biyu da suka halarta.<ref name="Paelinck"/> === Nadamar Sarkin Belgium ga Shugaban Congo === A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2020, yayin bikin shekaru 60 da samun ‘yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo, Sarki Philip ya rubuta wasika ga Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi. A ciki, ya ce: "Wannan tarihi yana da abubuwan kirki da kuma mawuyacin lokaci. A lokacin Congo Free State, an aikata ayyuka masu zafi da tashin hankali. A mulkin mallaka kuma, an ci gaba da wahala da tozarci. Ina bayyana matukar nadama kan wadannan raunuka na tarihi."<ref name="Filip">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/06/30/koning-filip-betuigt-diepste-spijt-voor-belgische-wandaden-in/ |title=Koning Filip betuigt "diepste spijt" voor Belgische wandaden in Congo |author=Belga |work=VRT NWS |date=30 June 2020 |accessdate=30 June 2021}}</ref> Wannan ne karo na farko da wani sarkin Belgium ya fito fili ya bayyana irin wadannan ayyuka.<ref name="Filip"/> Wasikar ta zo ne bayan wasu kiraye-kirayen da Joachim Coens (CD&V) da wasu suka yi na neman afuwa.<ref name="Coens"/> Duk da haka, bai ambaci rawar Sarki Leopold II ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105 |accessdate=2 July 2020 |work=BBC News |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka sun ce bai nemi gafara sosai ba.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/europe/belgium-drc-leopold-ii-regrets-scli-intl/index.html |title=Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize |author=Rob Picheta |work=CNN |date=1 July 2020 |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> qinfeeo20nn44zscyty217kqn66293q 647888 647887 2025-06-27T05:14:35Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nadamar Sarkin Belgium ga Shugaban Congo */ 647888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uzurin Beljiyam ga Kongo''' shine batun muhawarar al'umma a [[Beljik|Beljiyam]] game da nuna uzuri game da rawar da kasar ta taka a cikin [[Ayyukan Zalunci a Ƙasar Kwango|ta'asar da aka yi a cikin 'Yancin Kwango]] (ko Jamhuriyar Kwango mai 'yancin kai) da [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1960, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Ruanda-Urundi (1924-1919). A karni na 21, hukumomi da wakilai da dama na gwamnatin Belgium sun nemi afuwar wasu bangarori na mulkin mallaka na Belgium a kasashen Kongo, Ruwanda da Burundi, musamman tun daga shekarar 2018. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan irin uzurin da lamarin zai dace da wanda ya kamata ya bayyana, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai zama dole ba. Bugu da ƙari, an tattauna yadda za a fi dacewa da kayan mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba, ciki har da mutum-mutumi, sunayen tituna, da kuma tsarin gidajen tarihi. == Muhawara ta siyasa == [[Fayil:Esclave_fouetté_avec_une_chicotte,_État_indépendant_du_Congo.jpg|thumb| Zaluntar wani dan Kwango.]] [[Fayil:Victim_of_Congo_atrocities,_Congo,_ca._1890-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19).jpg|thumb| Misali na sanannen yanke hannu a cikin Jihar 'Yancin Kwango.]] A cikin jawabin jama'a na Belgium, Sarkin Leopold na biyu na Belgium (r. 1865-1909), wanda ya mulki Kongo Free State a matsayin mallakarsa na kashin kansa daga 1885 zuwa 1908, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar nauyin farko na ta'asar da aka yi a can a wancan lokacin mulkin mallaka. A farkon karni na 21, ana lalata mutum-mutumin Leopold II akai-akai saboda wannan dalili. Misali, mutum-mutumin Leopold da ke dandalin Al'arshi a Brussels an yi masa tabo sau da yawa da fenti. === 2018 === A cikin watan Yunin 2018, bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, a karon farko a Belgium an sanya wa wani fili sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]], wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya sami ‘yancin kai na Kongo (30 Yuni 1960), amma an kashe shi a watan Janairu 1961 bisa umarnin gwamnatin Belgium. Masu fafutuka tun da farko sun ba da shawarar sanya sunan babban filin da ba shi da suna bayan Lumumba a cikin gundumar Ixelles/Elsene da ke makwabtaka da shi, amma a cikin 2016 magajin garin Dominique Dufourny (MR) ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar. <ref name="De Coninck" /> A watan Agustan 2018, wani lamari ya faru a bikin Pukkellop, inda wasu mahalarta suka rera wakokin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka. 'Yan siyasa sun yi tir da lamarin. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara na tarayya ya umurci mawakan da su ziyarci wurin tunawa da Kazerne Dossin, Cibiyar adana kayan tarihi da kuma Documentation Center kan Holocaust da ‘Yancin Bil Adama da ke sansanin wucewa na Mechelen don samun ilimi na tilas. Bayan zaben kananan hukumomi na Belgium na 14 Oktoba 2018, Pierre Kompany ( cdH ) ya zama magajin gari na farko baƙar fata a Belgium, wato a cikin gundumar Brussels na Ganshoren . A cikin shirin muhawarar talabijin ''na C'est pas tous les jours dimanche'' a RTL-TVI, Kompany (wanda aka haifa a [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] ) ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da su nuna uzuri ga Kongo da sunan Belgium. A cikin wannan nunin, Wakilin Richard Miller ( MR ) ya ce ya fi son bayyana uzuri "a cikin sunan kansa". Daga Nuwamba 2018 zuwa Janairu 2019, Canvas ya watsa shirye-shiryen shirin ''Kinderen van de kolonie'' ( ''Yaran Mulkin Mallaka'' ), wanda ya tada muhawarar jama'a tun ma kafin sakin na farko ya fito. A cewar masana, wannan shi ne fim na farko da aka gabatar da al'ummar Belgian da hotuna da faifan bidiyo daga Kongo 'ba tare da duba ta fuskar farfagandar mulkin mallaka ba. === 2019 === Bayan da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai suna "Kwawara kan Al'ummar Afirka" ya buga wani rahoto a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2019 wanda ya nuna cewa uzuri ga mulkin mallaka na baya zai dace, 'yan siyasa da dama sun nuna niyyar shiga muhawara game da batun. Firayim Minista Charles Michel ( MR ) ya ce ya sami rahoton "bakon abu ne". Komawa cikin 2010, mahaifinsa Louis Michel har yanzu yana kwatanta Leopold II a matsayin "jarumi mai kishi ga karamar ƙasa kamar Belgium". Hakazalika, ministan raya kasa Alexander De Croo ( Open Vld ) ya gano sukar da masana suka yi kan gidan kayan tarihi na Afirka da aka gyara a matsayin abin ban mamaki. 'Yar majalisar dokokin Flemish Sabine de Bethune ( CD&amp;amp;V ), da kanta haifaffen [[Kinshasa]] (sai ''Léopoldville/Leopoldstad'' ) a cikin Belgian Kongo, ta gabatar da wani kuduri a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu don kaddamar da bincike na tarihi game da kisan gillar da dan mulkin mallaka na Belgian ya yi a Kongo bayan zaben Tarayyar Belgium na 26 ga Mayu 2019 . Jam'iyyun adawa Groen, Ecolo da kuma sp.a sun dade suna kira ga irin wannan binciken. Jam'iyyar gwamnati Open Vld ta bayyana cewa tana son yin la'akari da neman gafara bayan zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. A cikin shirin muhawara na Eén ''De Zevende Dag'', shugaban N-VA Bart De Wever ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan "gafarar tarihi", yana nuna cewa ya kamata a "duba shugaban kasa" don bayyana shi, saboda alakar da ke tsakanin Kongo da Leopold II. Bishop na Katolika na Kongo Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da ''Terzake'' na Maris 2019 cewa akwai "masu mahimmanci" a cikin Kongo a yau fiye da gafarar mulkin mallaka, "kamar ci gaban kasa", in ji shi. Ya nuna damuwarsa cewa, idan aka nemi afuwar mulkin mallaka, "za a bude wasu takardu", kuma mutane za su yi nisa sosai. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a tsakanin mazauna Flanders kan yuwuwar neman gafarar Kongo. An yi hakan ne a lokacin wani zaɓe na VRT, RTBF, ''De Standaard'' da ''La Libre Belgique'' game da aniyar jefa ƙuri'a na mutane a zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. An bukaci mahalarta taron da su yi tsokaci game da wannan sanarwa mai zuwa: "Ya kamata Belgium ta nemi afuwar Kongo a hukumance kan laifukan da ta aikata a lokacin mulkin mallaka." 51% na masu amsa sun yarda, 32% basu yarda ba. === 2020 === Bayan zanga-zangar George Floyd a watan Mayun 2020, an sake yin muhawara kan wariyar launin fata da wariya a Belgium, kuma tambayar yiwuwar neman afuwar Kongo ta sake kunno kai. An sake lalata wasu mutum-mutumi na Leopold II, da kuma mutum-mutumi na Leopold II na Belgium, Ekeren ya lalace sosai har aka cire shi. A cikin watan Yuni 2020, wannan sabunta hankali ya jagoranci Shugaban Chamber Patrick Dewael ya ba da shawarar samar da "kwamitin sulhu" a cikin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda zai yi bincike kan yadda za a magance mafi kyawun mulkin mallaka a baya, da yuwuwar neman afuwa ga Kongo. A lokaci guda, shugabannin jam'iyyar irin su Joachim Coens (CD&V) da Conner Rousseau (sp.a) sun yi magana game da neman afuwar, inda Coens ya bayyana a fili ga Sarki Philip da gwamnatin tarayya kan wannan aiki. === 2024 === A cikin Disamba 2024, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Brussels ta sami Beljiyam da alhakin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda yadda take kula da yara Métis (gaurayawan kabilanci), tare da ba da umarnin biyan diyya ga matan Métis biyar da suka shigar da kara a jihar. == Ayyuka da aka kammala == === Neman gafara ga dangin Lumumba === [[File:Anefo 910-9740 De Congolese2.jpg|thumb|Patrice Lumumba a Brussels a 1960.]] A farkon shekarun 2000, wani kwamiti na majalisar dokokin Belgium ya gudanar da bincike kan cikakken yanayin da aka kashe Patrice Lumumba a 1961, wanda shi ne Firayim Minista na farko na Jamhuriyar Congo ta Farko, da kuma tantance ko wasu 'yan siyasan Belgium sun taka rawa. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2001, kwamitin ya fitar da rahotonsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lachambre.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/lmb/312_6_volume1.pdf |title=Verslag van de parlementaire onderzoekscommissie belast met het vaststellen van de precieze omstandigheden waarin Patrice Lumumba werd vermoord en van de eventuele betrokkenheid daarbij van Belgische politici vol. I |publisher=Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers |date=16 November 2001 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa ko da yake babu wata shaida kai tsaye da ke nuna gwamnatin Belgium ta da hannu, tana da "alhakin ɗabi'a" kan halin da ya kai ga kashe Lumumba. Shugaban kwamitin Geert Versnick ya bukaci gwamnati ta ba da gafara ga dangin Lumumba, sannan jam’iyyun Agalev da Ecolo suka bukaci a biya diyya don al’ummar Congo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst06022002_001 |title=België biedt excuses aan voor Lumumba |author=Bart Beirlant |work=De Standaard |date=6 February 2002 |access-date=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> A shekarar 2002, Firayim Minista Guy Verhofstadt (VLD) ya nemi afuwa a madadin Belgium bisa halin da kasar ta taka wajen kashe Lumumba.<ref name="DE_STANDAARD_11020219">{{Cite news |url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20190211_04169029 |title=VN-experten vragen Belgische excuses voor koloniaal verleden |author=mg, yd |work=De Standaard |date=11 February 2019 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Ministan Harkokin Waje Louis Michel (MR) ya karanta jawabi a gaban Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2002, inda ya nemi gafara a madadin gwamnatin Belgium ga dangin Lumumba, Mpolo da Okito, da kuma jama'ar Congo. Ko da yake Michel bai yi amfani da kalmar "alhakin ɗabi'a" ba, ya ce wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar da Belgians sun da hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka kai ga mutuwar Lumumba.<ref>{{Cite news |url= |format= |title= BELGA NEXT: Moord op Lumumba: België biedt zijn excuses aan |publisher=Belga |language=nl |date=5 February 2002 |access-date= }}</ref> === Filin Patrice Lumumba === A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2018, magajin garin Brussels Philippe Close (PS) ya bude Filin Patrice Lumumba a cikin birnin Brussels bayan majalisar gari ta amince da canza sunan a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2018.<ref name="De Coninck">{{Cite news |url=https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/lumumba-heeft-dan-toch-zijn-eigen-plein-tje-in-brussel-baf2a361/ |title=Lumumba heeft dan toch zijn eigen plein (tje) in Brussel |author=Douglas De Coninck |work=De Morgen |date=1 July 2018 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="Lumumbasquare VRT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/04/24/brussel-krijgt-een-plein-vernoemd-naar-patrice-lumumba/ |title=Brussel krijgt een plein vernoemd naar Patrice Lumumba |author=Belga |work=VRT NWS |date=24 April 2018 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Akwai irin wannan bukata a wasu garuruwa na kasar. A watan Janairu 2019, gwamnatin birnin Ghent ta bayyana cewa tana son girmama Lumumba da suna a titi ko fili. A baya, wasu masu fafutuka sun sauya sunan Titin Leopold II zuwa 'Titun Patrice Lumumba'.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hln.be/regio/gent/eerbetoon-aan-vermoorde-congolees-gent-krijgt-een-lumumbastraat~a45c3485/ |title=Eerbetoon aan vermoorde Congolees: Gent krijgt een Lumumbastraat |author=Sabine Van Damme |work=Het Laatste Nieuws |date=22 January 2019 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> A Janairu 2021, gwamnatin Ghent ta sanar da cewa za a canza sunan Titin Leopold II cikin shekara guda, kuma sunan Patrice Lumumba yana kan gaba daga jerin sunayen da za a iya amfani da su, ko da yake har yanzu ba a tabbatar ba ko za a sa masa wannan sunan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20210121_96144084 |title=Stad Gent schrapt Leopold II-laan, bewoners krijgen compensatie voor adreswijziging |author=Bert Staes |work=Het Nieuwsblad |date=21 January 2021 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> === AfricaMuseum === Ziyarar Sarki Philip na Belgium zuwa sabunta gidan tarihin Royal Museum for Central Africa (AfricaMuseum) da aka shirya a watan Disamba 2018 an soke ta, kamar yadda 'yan jarida suka ce, saboda muhawara da ke gudana, kuma Sarki ya so ya kasance tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bruzz.be/samenleving/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum-2018-12-04 |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=EDB |work=BRUZZ |date=4 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum~af491f17/ |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=Bruno Struys |work=Het Laatste Nieuws |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum-bf491f17/ |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=Bruno Struys |work=De Morgen |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="VRT_NWS_03122018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/12/03/koning-filip-niet-naar-heropening-africamuseum-tervuren/ |title=Koning Filip niet naar heropening AfricaMuseum Tervuren |author=Kristien Bonneure |work=VRT NWS |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> An kafa AfricaMuseum tun a farkon karni na 20 ta hannun Sarki Leopold II, wanda a lokacin shine mallakin Congo Free State.<ref name="VRT_NWS_03122018"/> Gidan tarihin ya samo asali ne daga wani baje kolin mallaka a cikin Brussels International Exposition (1897).<ref name="van Zijst">{{Cite news |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2262602-omstreden-africamuseum-verbouwd-maar-is-er-wel-genoeg-veranderd |title=Omstreden Africamuseum verbouwd, maar is er wel genoeg veranderd? |author=Elise van Zijst |work=NOS |date=8 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Saboda yawan jama'ar da suka ziyarce shi, aka mayar da shi na dindindin a 1904, aka gama gini a 1910.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> A farkon bayyanar da aka fara, akwai wani sashi da ake kira "gidan namun daji na mutane", inda Leopold II ya kawo Congolese 200 zuwa Belgium don nuna rayuwarsu. Daga cikin su, 7 sun mutu. A lokacin bude sabon gidan tarihin a 2018, an sanya alamar tunawa da su.<ref name="van Zijst"/> === Neman gafara ga 'ya'yan jini biyu === Daga 1959 zuwa 1962, a lokacin da Belgian Congo da Ruanda-Urundi suka sami ‘yanci, kusan yara 1,000 da suka fito daga iyayen Belgium da mata Congolese an kwashe su zuwa Belgium, an raba su da iyayensu. Mafi yawansu ba su da takardu kuma an ajiye su a gidan marayu da makarantu na Katolika. A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019, Firayim Minista Charles Michel ya nemi afuwa a madadin Belgium.<ref name="Paelinck">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/04/03/premier-michel-biedt-excuses-aan-voor-behandeling-metiskinderen/ |title=Premier Michel biedt excuses aan voor behandeling metiskinderen uit koloniale periode |author=Gianni Paelinck |work=VRT NWS |date=3 April 2019 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Kafin hakan, shugaban majalisa Siegfried Bracke (N-VA) ya yi bayani kan tarihin wannan lamari, da kuma cewa wannan gafarar ta samo asali ne daga wasu kudurori da majalisa ta amince da su a Flanders, Senate, da Majalisar Wakilai.<ref name="Kamanayo">{{Cite book |last=Kamanayo |first=Georges |date=May 2020 |title=Tussen twee werelden. Een leven in Europa en Afrika. |url=https://docplayer.nl/207639165-Tussen-t-wee-werelden-tus-u-sen-n-twee-were-r-ld-l-e-d-n-n-p-r-p-e-r-ss-e-ind-n-d-d-d.html |location= |publisher=Polis |pages=22–27 |isbn=9789463105255 |accessdate=30 June 2021}}</ref> Bayan haka ne Charles Michel ya yi jawabin da aka karɓa da tafi, ciki har da daga ‘yan majalisa da wasu yaran jini biyu da suka halarta.<ref name="Paelinck"/> === Nadamar Sarkin Belgium ga Shugaban Congo === A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2020, yayin bikin shekaru 60 da samun ‘yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo, Sarki Philip ya rubuta wasika ga Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi. A ciki, ya ce: "Wannan tarihi yana da abubuwan kirki da kuma mawuyacin lokaci. A lokacin Congo Free State, an aikata ayyuka masu zafi da tashin hankali. A mulkin mallaka kuma, an ci gaba da wahala da tozarci. Ina bayyana matukar nadama kan wadannan raunuka na tarihi."<ref name="Filip">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/06/30/koning-filip-betuigt-diepste-spijt-voor-belgische-wandaden-in/ |title=Koning Filip betuigt "diepste spijt" voor Belgische wandaden in Congo |author=Belga |work=VRT NWS |date=30 June 2020 |accessdate=30 June 2021}}</ref> Wannan ne karo na farko da wani sarkin Belgium ya fito fili ya bayyana irin wadannan ayyuka.<ref name="Filip"/> Wasikar ta zo ne bayan wasu kiraye-kirayen da Joachim Coens (CD&V) da wasu suka yi na neman afuwa.<ref name="Coens"/> Duk da haka, bai ambaci rawar Sarki Leopold II ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105 |accessdate=2 July 2020 |work=BBC News |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka sun ce bai nemi gafara sosai ba.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/europe/belgium-drc-leopold-ii-regrets-scli-intl/index.html |title=Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize |author=Rob Picheta |work=CNN |date=1 July 2020 |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 8yg6lfkpdptsgklxg7zgvn7zwg2akwz 0 103220 647901 2025-06-27T05:47:16Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279668539|Bus Bloc]]" 647901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bus_Bloc_posts_in_1894.jpg|thumb|240x240px| SAB Bus Bloc yana aikawa a cikin taswirar 1894. Kogin Ruki na sama da ke saman kogin Momboyo kuma ana kiransa kogin Busira]] {{Location map+|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} '''Bus Bloc''', ko '''Bloc de la Busira-Momboyo''', ya kasance babban rangwame a cikin Kongo Free State, daga baya [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]], sarrafa ta Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB). Ya rufe ƙasa tare da tsakanin kogin Busira da kogin Momboyo . Tun da farko hukumar SAB ta yi amfani da mutanen yankin cikin rashin tausayi wajen neman robar, kuma da yawa sun mutu. == Farashin SAB == Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 1894 Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB) tana da masana'antu da mukamai 83, ciki har da wasu a cikin yankin Faransa zuwa yammacin [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] da kogin [[Kogin Ubangi|Ubangi]] . Taswirar ta nuna kamfanin yana da matsayi a saman kogin Ruki (watau Busira) a [[Mbilankamba II|Bilakamba]], [[Bombomba|Bombimba]], Bussira Manene, Moniaca, Bocoté da [[Yolongo]] . Hakanan yana da matsayi a Bomputu akan Kogin Lengué (Salonga), da mukamai a Balalondzy, Ivulu da Ivuku akan kogin Momboyo . {{Sfn|Map: Société anonyme belge ...}} The post a Monieka bisa hukuma kafa a 1901. {{Sfn|Boelaert|Vinck|Lonkama|1996}} == Rangwame == ''Kamfanin Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie'' (CCCI) an bai wa haƙƙin {{Convert|50,000|ha}} na fili don dawo da ayyukanta na nazarin aikin layin dogo na Matadi-Léopoldville . {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} {{Convert|138000|ha}} na yarjejeniyar CCCI ya kasance a cikin babban yankin Bus Bloc, amma daga cikin wannan {{Convert|123000|ha}} sun kasance a waje da iyakokinta na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} SAB tana da {{Convert|2000|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Kamfanin Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo (CFC) an ba shi {{Convert|1500|ha}} na fili a kowane {{Convert|1|km}} na layin da aka sanya cikin aiki, da kuma tsiri mai tsayin {{Convert|200|m}} fadi tare da layin dogo. {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} CFC ta zaɓi {{Convert|11500|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba, kuma har zuwa 1901 har yanzu tana da {{Convert|539326|ha}} ba a ware ba. A cikin yarjejeniyar da aka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1901, kasar Kongo Free State ta amince da ware ragowar hekta 539,326 na CFC a wani yanki tsakanin kogin Salonga da Busira, da kuma kara wani {{Convert|500000|ha}}, muddin wannan ya hada da {{Convert|168512|ha}} An ware shi a cikin kwarin Busira-Momboyo, wanda ya zama yanki guda. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} [[Fayil:Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg|thumb| 1906 ''Punch'' cartoon da ke nuna Leopold II na Belgium a matsayin maciji yana kai hari ga mutanen Kongo]] An ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin a daidaita kan iyakokin ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarshe a cikin wata yarjejeniya a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1904. An rage fadada da hekta 500,000 zuwa {{Convert|333535|ha}}, wanda ya ba da jimillar {{Convert|1041373|ha}} . Jihar ta kwace wasu filaye a wajen kungiyar, amma ta bar gonakin Busira-Manene. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Hukumar ta CFC ce ta rike mafi yawan filayen, yayin da CCCI ke da kashi biyu na {{Convert|123000|ha}} da {{Convert|15000|ha}} kuma SAB tana da karamin yanki na {{Convert|12|ha}} . An keɓe wasu filaye don ƴan ƙasa ko don amfanin jama'a. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Tarihi == A karkashin yarjejeniyar 27 Disamba 1901 SAB ne ke da alhakin cin gajiyar masana'antu, noma da kasuwanci na Bloc kuma ta sami wani kaso na abin da aka samu na diyya. An raba haƙƙin mallaka, tare da CFC ta sami rabi kuma CCCI da SAB kowanne ya sami kwata. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Tsakanin 1902 da 1910 SAB ta ƙaddamar da mafi yawan ayyukanta ga kamfanonin ''Compagnie du Kasaï'' da ''Société du Busira'' . Bayan wannan, SAB ya sake haɓakawa yayin da tsarin rangwamen ya ƙare a hankali. {{Sfn|De Roo}} A cikin 1911 Charles Batjoens ya jagoranci manufa don iyakance Bus Bloc a Bussanga (Equateur). {{Sfn|Batjoens, Charles ... Africa Museum}} ‘Yan kasar Beljiyam sun yi wa al’ummar yankin mugun hali tare da tilasta musu fitar da roba a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro. An kiyasta cewa dubban daruruwan mutane sun mutu a matsayin wadanda aka kashe ga wakilan Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR) ko na SAB a cikin Bus-Bloc. [1] Likitan Ba'amurke Louis Jaggard (1877-1951) a aikin Monieka yayi magana a cikin 1917 tare da ba'a ga 'yan kasuwa 30 ko makamancin haka a Bussira, 4 miles (6.4 km) nesa, wanda ya zo masa magani. Ya kira su "low down farar shara". Tawayen da ya fara a Sankuru a cikin 1920 ya bazu zuwa ga SAB's Bus Bloc a kan Upper Busira. 'Yan tawayen sun kai hari kan ofisoshin gwamnati, wuraren kasuwanci, masana'antu, gidaje da kuma wani cocin Katolika. Sojojin sun isa a watan Maris na 1921 kuma a cikin watanni biyar masu zuwa sun kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 115. A ranar 21 ga Maris 1927 SAB ta sami duk haƙƙoƙin ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar. Babban jari da adadin hannun jari a cikin SAB ya ƙaru, kuma an biya CCCI da CFC tare da hannun jari a SAB. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1937 an mayar da Bus Bloc zuwa jihar, babban yanki mai girman {{Convert|1041773|ha}} . An biya SAB ta kuɗi da kuma a cikin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hayes|1940}} A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1937 an buɗe duk yankin don ciniki cikin 'yanci. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} 24p9wemyghqznqun3566hp6m07nmxdt 647902 647901 2025-06-27T05:47:41Z Sirjat 20447 647902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bus_Bloc_posts_in_1894.jpg|thumb|240x240px| SAB Bus Bloc yana aikawa a cikin taswirar 1894. Kogin Ruki na sama da ke saman kogin Momboyo kuma ana kiransa kogin Busira]] '''Bus Bloc''', ko '''Bloc de la Busira-Momboyo''', ya kasance babban rangwame a cikin Kongo Free State, daga baya [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]], sarrafa ta Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB). Ya rufe ƙasa tare da tsakanin kogin Busira da kogin Momboyo . Tun da farko hukumar SAB ta yi amfani da mutanen yankin cikin rashin tausayi wajen neman robar, kuma da yawa sun mutu. == Farashin SAB == Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 1894 Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB) tana da masana'antu da mukamai 83, ciki har da wasu a cikin yankin Faransa zuwa yammacin [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] da kogin [[Kogin Ubangi|Ubangi]] . Taswirar ta nuna kamfanin yana da matsayi a saman kogin Ruki (watau Busira) a [[Mbilankamba II|Bilakamba]], [[Bombomba|Bombimba]], Bussira Manene, Moniaca, Bocoté da [[Yolongo]] . Hakanan yana da matsayi a Bomputu akan Kogin Lengué (Salonga), da mukamai a Balalondzy, Ivulu da Ivuku akan kogin Momboyo . {{Sfn|Map: Société anonyme belge ...}} The post a Monieka bisa hukuma kafa a 1901. {{Sfn|Boelaert|Vinck|Lonkama|1996}} == Rangwame == ''Kamfanin Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie'' (CCCI) an bai wa haƙƙin {{Convert|50,000|ha}} na fili don dawo da ayyukanta na nazarin aikin layin dogo na Matadi-Léopoldville . {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} {{Convert|138000|ha}} na yarjejeniyar CCCI ya kasance a cikin babban yankin Bus Bloc, amma daga cikin wannan {{Convert|123000|ha}} sun kasance a waje da iyakokinta na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} SAB tana da {{Convert|2000|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Kamfanin Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo (CFC) an ba shi {{Convert|1500|ha}} na fili a kowane {{Convert|1|km}} na layin da aka sanya cikin aiki, da kuma tsiri mai tsayin {{Convert|200|m}} fadi tare da layin dogo. {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} CFC ta zaɓi {{Convert|11500|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba, kuma har zuwa 1901 har yanzu tana da {{Convert|539326|ha}} ba a ware ba. A cikin yarjejeniyar da aka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1901, kasar Kongo Free State ta amince da ware ragowar hekta 539,326 na CFC a wani yanki tsakanin kogin Salonga da Busira, da kuma kara wani {{Convert|500000|ha}}, muddin wannan ya hada da {{Convert|168512|ha}} An ware shi a cikin kwarin Busira-Momboyo, wanda ya zama yanki guda. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} [[Fayil:Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg|thumb| 1906 ''Punch'' cartoon da ke nuna Leopold II na Belgium a matsayin maciji yana kai hari ga mutanen Kongo]] An ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin a daidaita kan iyakokin ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarshe a cikin wata yarjejeniya a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1904. An rage fadada da hekta 500,000 zuwa {{Convert|333535|ha}}, wanda ya ba da jimillar {{Convert|1041373|ha}} . Jihar ta kwace wasu filaye a wajen kungiyar, amma ta bar gonakin Busira-Manene. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Hukumar ta CFC ce ta rike mafi yawan filayen, yayin da CCCI ke da kashi biyu na {{Convert|123000|ha}} da {{Convert|15000|ha}} kuma SAB tana da karamin yanki na {{Convert|12|ha}} . An keɓe wasu filaye don ƴan ƙasa ko don amfanin jama'a. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Tarihi == A karkashin yarjejeniyar 27 Disamba 1901 SAB ne ke da alhakin cin gajiyar masana'antu, noma da kasuwanci na Bloc kuma ta sami wani kaso na abin da aka samu na diyya. An raba haƙƙin mallaka, tare da CFC ta sami rabi kuma CCCI da SAB kowanne ya sami kwata. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Tsakanin 1902 da 1910 SAB ta ƙaddamar da mafi yawan ayyukanta ga kamfanonin ''Compagnie du Kasaï'' da ''Société du Busira'' . Bayan wannan, SAB ya sake haɓakawa yayin da tsarin rangwamen ya ƙare a hankali. {{Sfn|De Roo}} A cikin 1911 Charles Batjoens ya jagoranci manufa don iyakance Bus Bloc a Bussanga (Equateur). {{Sfn|Batjoens, Charles ... Africa Museum}} ‘Yan kasar Beljiyam sun yi wa al’ummar yankin mugun hali tare da tilasta musu fitar da roba a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro. An kiyasta cewa dubban daruruwan mutane sun mutu a matsayin wadanda aka kashe ga wakilan Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR) ko na SAB a cikin Bus-Bloc. [1] Likitan Ba'amurke Louis Jaggard (1877-1951) a aikin Monieka yayi magana a cikin 1917 tare da ba'a ga 'yan kasuwa 30 ko makamancin haka a Bussira, 4 miles (6.4 km) nesa, wanda ya zo masa magani. Ya kira su "low down farar shara". Tawayen da ya fara a Sankuru a cikin 1920 ya bazu zuwa ga SAB's Bus Bloc a kan Upper Busira. 'Yan tawayen sun kai hari kan ofisoshin gwamnati, wuraren kasuwanci, masana'antu, gidaje da kuma wani cocin Katolika. Sojojin sun isa a watan Maris na 1921 kuma a cikin watanni biyar masu zuwa sun kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 115. A ranar 21 ga Maris 1927 SAB ta sami duk haƙƙoƙin ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar. Babban jari da adadin hannun jari a cikin SAB ya ƙaru, kuma an biya CCCI da CFC tare da hannun jari a SAB. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1937 an mayar da Bus Bloc zuwa jihar, babban yanki mai girman {{Convert|1041773|ha}} . An biya SAB ta kuɗi da kuma a cikin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hayes|1940}} A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1937 an buɗe duk yankin don ciniki cikin 'yanci. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} pkibijbq7j3ypndmonhveq6bcvr6dhl 647903 647902 2025-06-27T05:48:06Z Sirjat 20447 647903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Bus_Bloc_posts_in_1894.jpg|thumb|240x240px| SAB Bus Bloc yana aikawa a cikin taswirar 1894. Kogin Ruki na sama da ke saman kogin Momboyo kuma ana kiransa kogin Busira]] '''Bus Bloc''', ko '''Bloc de la Busira-Momboyo''', ya kasance babban rangwame a cikin Kongo Free State, daga baya [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]], sarrafa ta Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB). Ya rufe ƙasa tare da tsakanin kogin Busira da kogin Momboyo . Tun da farko hukumar SAB ta yi amfani da mutanen yankin cikin rashin tausayi wajen neman robar, kuma da yawa sun mutu. == Farashin SAB == Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 1894 Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB) tana da masana'antu da mukamai 83, ciki har da wasu a cikin yankin Faransa zuwa yammacin [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] da kogin [[Kogin Ubangi|Ubangi]] . Taswirar ta nuna kamfanin yana da matsayi a saman kogin Ruki (watau Busira) a [[Mbilankamba II|Bilakamba]], [[Bombomba|Bombimba]], Bussira Manene, Moniaca, Bocoté da [[Yolongo]] . Hakanan yana da matsayi a Bomputu akan Kogin Lengué (Salonga), da mukamai a Balalondzy, Ivulu da Ivuku akan kogin Momboyo . {{Sfn|Map: Société anonyme belge ...}} The post a Monieka bisa hukuma kafa a 1901. {{Sfn|Boelaert|Vinck|Lonkama|1996}} == Rangwame == ''Kamfanin Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie'' (CCCI) an bai wa haƙƙin {{Convert|50,000|ha}} na fili don dawo da ayyukanta na nazarin aikin layin dogo na Matadi-Léopoldville . {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} {{Convert|138000|ha}} na yarjejeniyar CCCI ya kasance a cikin babban yankin Bus Bloc, amma daga cikin wannan {{Convert|123000|ha}} sun kasance a waje da iyakokinta na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} SAB tana da {{Convert|2000|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Kamfanin Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo (CFC) an ba shi {{Convert|1500|ha}} na fili a kowane {{Convert|1|km}} na layin da aka sanya cikin aiki, da kuma tsiri mai tsayin {{Convert|200|m}} fadi tare da layin dogo. {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} CFC ta zaɓi {{Convert|11500|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba, kuma har zuwa 1901 har yanzu tana da {{Convert|539326|ha}} ba a ware ba. A cikin yarjejeniyar da aka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1901, kasar Kongo Free State ta amince da ware ragowar hekta 539,326 na CFC a wani yanki tsakanin kogin Salonga da Busira, da kuma kara wani {{Convert|500000|ha}}, muddin wannan ya hada da {{Convert|168512|ha}} An ware shi a cikin kwarin Busira-Momboyo, wanda ya zama yanki guda. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} [[Fayil:Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg|thumb| 1906 ''Punch'' cartoon da ke nuna Leopold II na Belgium a matsayin maciji yana kai hari ga mutanen Kongo]] An ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin a daidaita kan iyakokin ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarshe a cikin wata yarjejeniya a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1904. An rage fadada da hekta 500,000 zuwa {{Convert|333535|ha}}, wanda ya ba da jimillar {{Convert|1041373|ha}} . Jihar ta kwace wasu filaye a wajen kungiyar, amma ta bar gonakin Busira-Manene. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Hukumar ta CFC ce ta rike mafi yawan filayen, yayin da CCCI ke da kashi biyu na {{Convert|123000|ha}} da {{Convert|15000|ha}} kuma SAB tana da karamin yanki na {{Convert|12|ha}} . An keɓe wasu filaye don ƴan ƙasa ko don amfanin jama'a. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Tarihi == A karkashin yarjejeniyar 27 Disamba 1901 SAB ne ke da alhakin cin gajiyar masana'antu, noma da kasuwanci na Bloc kuma ta sami wani kaso na abin da aka samu na diyya. An raba haƙƙin mallaka, tare da CFC ta sami rabi kuma CCCI da SAB kowanne ya sami kwata. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Tsakanin 1902 da 1910 SAB ta ƙaddamar da mafi yawan ayyukanta ga kamfanonin ''Compagnie du Kasaï'' da ''Société du Busira'' . Bayan wannan, SAB ya sake haɓakawa yayin da tsarin rangwamen ya ƙare a hankali. {{Sfn|De Roo}} A cikin 1911 Charles Batjoens ya jagoranci manufa don iyakance Bus Bloc a Bussanga (Equateur). {{Sfn|Batjoens, Charles ... Africa Museum}} ‘Yan kasar Beljiyam sun yi wa al’ummar yankin mugun hali tare da tilasta musu fitar da roba a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro. An kiyasta cewa dubban daruruwan mutane sun mutu a matsayin wadanda aka kashe ga wakilan Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR) ko na SAB a cikin Bus-Bloc. [1] Likitan Ba'amurke Louis Jaggard (1877-1951) a aikin Monieka yayi magana a cikin 1917 tare da ba'a ga 'yan kasuwa 30 ko makamancin haka a Bussira, 4 miles (6.4 km) nesa, wanda ya zo masa magani. Ya kira su "low down farar shara". Tawayen da ya fara a Sankuru a cikin 1920 ya bazu zuwa ga SAB's Bus Bloc a kan Upper Busira. 'Yan tawayen sun kai hari kan ofisoshin gwamnati, wuraren kasuwanci, masana'antu, gidaje da kuma wani cocin Katolika. Sojojin sun isa a watan Maris na 1921 kuma a cikin watanni biyar masu zuwa sun kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 115. A ranar 21 ga Maris 1927 SAB ta sami duk haƙƙoƙin ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar. Babban jari da adadin hannun jari a cikin SAB ya ƙaru, kuma an biya CCCI da CFC tare da hannun jari a SAB. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1937 an mayar da Bus Bloc zuwa jihar, babban yanki mai girman {{Convert|1041773|ha}} . An biya SAB ta kuɗi da kuma a cikin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hayes|1940}} A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1937 an buɗe duk yankin don ciniki cikin 'yanci. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} 58o09tsv3jbc03af4gixy5q94maezdj 647905 647903 2025-06-27T05:49:39Z Sirjat 20447 /* Bayanan kula */ 647905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Bus_Bloc_posts_in_1894.jpg|thumb|240x240px| SAB Bus Bloc yana aikawa a cikin taswirar 1894. Kogin Ruki na sama da ke saman kogin Momboyo kuma ana kiransa kogin Busira]] '''Bus Bloc''', ko '''Bloc de la Busira-Momboyo''', ya kasance babban rangwame a cikin Kongo Free State, daga baya [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]], sarrafa ta Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB). Ya rufe ƙasa tare da tsakanin kogin Busira da kogin Momboyo . Tun da farko hukumar SAB ta yi amfani da mutanen yankin cikin rashin tausayi wajen neman robar, kuma da yawa sun mutu. == Farashin SAB == Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 1894 Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo (SAB) tana da masana'antu da mukamai 83, ciki har da wasu a cikin yankin Faransa zuwa yammacin [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] da kogin [[Kogin Ubangi|Ubangi]] . Taswirar ta nuna kamfanin yana da matsayi a saman kogin Ruki (watau Busira) a [[Mbilankamba II|Bilakamba]], [[Bombomba|Bombimba]], Bussira Manene, Moniaca, Bocoté da [[Yolongo]] . Hakanan yana da matsayi a Bomputu akan Kogin Lengué (Salonga), da mukamai a Balalondzy, Ivulu da Ivuku akan kogin Momboyo . {{Sfn|Map: Société anonyme belge ...}} The post a Monieka bisa hukuma kafa a 1901. {{Sfn|Boelaert|Vinck|Lonkama|1996}} == Rangwame == ''Kamfanin Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie'' (CCCI) an bai wa haƙƙin {{Convert|50,000|ha}} na fili don dawo da ayyukanta na nazarin aikin layin dogo na Matadi-Léopoldville . {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} {{Convert|138000|ha}} na yarjejeniyar CCCI ya kasance a cikin babban yankin Bus Bloc, amma daga cikin wannan {{Convert|123000|ha}} sun kasance a waje da iyakokinta na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} SAB tana da {{Convert|2000|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Kamfanin Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo (CFC) an ba shi {{Convert|1500|ha}} na fili a kowane {{Convert|1|km}} na layin da aka sanya cikin aiki, da kuma tsiri mai tsayin {{Convert|200|m}} fadi tare da layin dogo. {{Sfn|Heyse|1940}} CFC ta zaɓi {{Convert|11500|ha}} a cikin Bus Bloc na gaba, kuma har zuwa 1901 har yanzu tana da {{Convert|539326|ha}} ba a ware ba. A cikin yarjejeniyar da aka yi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1901, kasar Kongo Free State ta amince da ware ragowar hekta 539,326 na CFC a wani yanki tsakanin kogin Salonga da Busira, da kuma kara wani {{Convert|500000|ha}}, muddin wannan ya hada da {{Convert|168512|ha}} An ware shi a cikin kwarin Busira-Momboyo, wanda ya zama yanki guda. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} [[Fayil:Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg|thumb| 1906 ''Punch'' cartoon da ke nuna Leopold II na Belgium a matsayin maciji yana kai hari ga mutanen Kongo]] An ɗauki ɗan lokaci kafin a daidaita kan iyakokin ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarshe a cikin wata yarjejeniya a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1904. An rage fadada da hekta 500,000 zuwa {{Convert|333535|ha}}, wanda ya ba da jimillar {{Convert|1041373|ha}} . Jihar ta kwace wasu filaye a wajen kungiyar, amma ta bar gonakin Busira-Manene. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Hukumar ta CFC ce ta rike mafi yawan filayen, yayin da CCCI ke da kashi biyu na {{Convert|123000|ha}} da {{Convert|15000|ha}} kuma SAB tana da karamin yanki na {{Convert|12|ha}} . An keɓe wasu filaye don ƴan ƙasa ko don amfanin jama'a. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Tarihi == A karkashin yarjejeniyar 27 Disamba 1901 SAB ne ke da alhakin cin gajiyar masana'antu, noma da kasuwanci na Bloc kuma ta sami wani kaso na abin da aka samu na diyya. An raba haƙƙin mallaka, tare da CFC ta sami rabi kuma CCCI da SAB kowanne ya sami kwata. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} Tsakanin 1902 da 1910 SAB ta ƙaddamar da mafi yawan ayyukanta ga kamfanonin ''Compagnie du Kasaï'' da ''Société du Busira'' . Bayan wannan, SAB ya sake haɓakawa yayin da tsarin rangwamen ya ƙare a hankali. {{Sfn|De Roo}} A cikin 1911 Charles Batjoens ya jagoranci manufa don iyakance Bus Bloc a Bussanga (Equateur). {{Sfn|Batjoens, Charles ... Africa Museum}} ‘Yan kasar Beljiyam sun yi wa al’ummar yankin mugun hali tare da tilasta musu fitar da roba a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro. An kiyasta cewa dubban daruruwan mutane sun mutu a matsayin wadanda aka kashe ga wakilan Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR) ko na SAB a cikin Bus-Bloc. [1] Likitan Ba'amurke Louis Jaggard (1877-1951) a aikin Monieka yayi magana a cikin 1917 tare da ba'a ga 'yan kasuwa 30 ko makamancin haka a Bussira, 4 miles (6.4 km) nesa, wanda ya zo masa magani. Ya kira su "low down farar shara". Tawayen da ya fara a Sankuru a cikin 1920 ya bazu zuwa ga SAB's Bus Bloc a kan Upper Busira. 'Yan tawayen sun kai hari kan ofisoshin gwamnati, wuraren kasuwanci, masana'antu, gidaje da kuma wani cocin Katolika. Sojojin sun isa a watan Maris na 1921 kuma a cikin watanni biyar masu zuwa sun kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 115. A ranar 21 ga Maris 1927 SAB ta sami duk haƙƙoƙin ƙasa a cikin ƙungiyar. Babban jari da adadin hannun jari a cikin SAB ya ƙaru, kuma an biya CCCI da CFC tare da hannun jari a SAB. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1937 an mayar da Bus Bloc zuwa jihar, babban yanki mai girman {{Convert|1041773|ha}} . An biya SAB ta kuɗi da kuma a cikin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Hayes|1940}} A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1937 an buɗe duk yankin don ciniki cikin 'yanci. {{Sfn|Heyse|1938}} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} ==Majiya== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |url=https://archives.africamuseum.be/agents/people/605 |accessdate=2021-03-26 |title=Batjoens, Charles |publisher=Africa Museum |ref={{harvid|Batjoens, Charles ... Africa Museum}} }} * {{citation |title=Arrivée des blancs sur les bords des riviéres equatoriales (Partie II et fin) |language=fr |last1=Boelaert |first1=E. |last2=Vinck |first2=H. |last3=Lonkama |first3=Ch. |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=17 |year=1996 |pages=7–416 |publisher=Honoré Vinck |jstor=25837249 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25837249 |accessdate=2021-03-24}} * {{citation |url=https://www.wur.nl/upload_mm/c/a/a/14dc7b71-a247-4ec2-b3d7-615caed02936_De%20Roo%20-%20AEHW%20-%20Negotiation%20colonial%20tariff%20policies.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-20 |last=De Roo |first=Bas |title=Negotiating colonial tariff policies. Customs and commerce in the Congo (1886–1914) |type=thesis}} * {{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20525978.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-19 |last=Hayes |first=Th. |title=La politique des concessions foncieres au congo belge |journal=Revue d'histoire moderne |volume=15e |issue=41/42 |series=Nouv. Ser. Tome 9: Etudes sur l'histoire de Belgique |date=Jan–May 1940 |pages=88–104 |publisher=Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine|jstor=20525978 }} * {{citation |url=http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/BULLETINS_MEDEDELINGEN/1938-1.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-26 |language=fr |last=Heyse |first=T. |publisher=Institut Royal Colonial Beige |journal=Bulletin des séances |volume=IX |year=1938 |title=Section des sciences morales et politiques}} * {{citation |title=La politique des concessions foncieres au congo belge |first=Th. |language=fr |last=Heyse |journal=Revue d'histoire moderne |volume=15e |issue=41/42 |series=Nouv. Ser. Tome 9: Etudes sur l'histoire de Belgique |date=January–May 1940 |pages=88–104 |publisher=Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine |jstor=20525978 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20525978 |accessdate=2021-03-23}} * {{citation |last=Hunt|first=Nancy Rose|title=A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_G0-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82 |year=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7524-1}} * {{citation |last=Kanyarwunga|first=Jean I.N.|title=République Démocratique du Congo. Les générations condamnées.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtYtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |accessdate=2021-03-26|publisher=Jean I. N. KANYARWUNGA|id=GGKEY:XXKYNRXTHAH}} * {{citation |url=https://bibliotheque-numerique.chambery.fr/collection/item/23960-societe-anonyme-belge-pour-le-commerce-du-haut-congo-emplacement-des-83-factoreries-et-postes-au-1er-janvier-1894-supplement-au-mouvement-geographique-du-28-octobre-1894 |accessdate=2021-03-19 |title=Map: Société anonyme belge pour le commerce du Haut-Congo : emplacement des 83 factoreries et postes au 1er janvier 1894 |journal=Mouvement géographique |date=28 October 1894 |publisher=Institut national de géographie |location=Brussels |ref={{harvid|Map: Société anonyme belge ...}} }} {{refend}} ojz1i2n8e43jp62ilh6to3t5yfzka1u 0 103221 647914 2025-06-27T06:00:06Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259567969|Colonial University of Belgium]]" 647914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Campus_Middelheim_Building_A.jpg|thumb|350x350px| Ginin tsohuwar Jami'ar mulkin mallaka a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin rectorate na Jami'ar Antwerp da wurin zama na Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Antwerp . ]] '''Jami'ar mulkin mallaka na Belgium''' ( {{langx|fr|Université coloniale de Belgique}} , {{langx|nl|Koloniale Hogeschool van België}} ) wata cibiya ce ta ilimi mai zurfi da ke [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] . An kafa cibiyar a cikin 1920, an kafa cibiyar don shirya ɗalibai don sana'o'i a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka a cikin [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi . An canza mata suna '''Cibiyar Jami'ar Ƙasashen Waje''' ( {{langx|fr|Institut universitaire des territoires d'outre-mer}} , INUTUM; {{langx|nl|Universitair Instituut voor de Overzeese Gebieden}} UNIVOG) a cikin 1949. An narkar da shi a cikin 1962. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1908, matsin lambar jama'a da yunkurin diflomasiyya ya kai ga kawo karshen mulkin Leopold II na Jamhuriyar Kwango 'Yanci da kuma mamaye Kongo a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Belgium, wanda aka sani da " [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]] ". Domin horar da mazauna nan gaba don aikin gudanarwa (babban) a cikin mulkin mallaka, an dauki matakin ne don gano ''École colonial supérieure'' ( Dutch : ''Hogere Koloniale School'' ) ta Dokar Sarauta ta 11 Fabrairu 1920 ta Louis Franck, Ministan Mallaka . A cikin 1923, an sake fasalin makarantar don zama ''Jami'ar colonial de Belgique'' ( Yaren mutanen Holland : ''Koloniale Hoogeschool van België (UNIVOG)'' ). An kaddamar da gine-ginen da ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Budadden Jirgin Sama na Middelheim a watan Nuwamba 1923 da Sarki Albert I na Belgium ya kaddamar. Kanar Charles Lemaire shi ne darakta, wanda Laftanar Laude ya gaje shi a lokacin mutuwarsa a 1926. A cikin Maris 1929, babban ginin ya lalace sakamakon mummunar gobara, amma nan da nan aka sake gina shi. An buɗe wannan sabon ginin a watan Mayu 1931. An sake canza sunan cibiyar a cikin 1949 zuwa Institut universitaire des territoires d'outre-mer ko INUTOM (Yaren mutanen Holland: Universitair Instituut voor de Overzeese Gebieden, wanda aka rage zuwa UNIOG, daga baya UNIVOG)). Kasancewarta cibiya ce a matakin jami'a, ta ba da digiri na ilimin mulkin mallaka da na gudanarwa, da kuma ilimin kasuwanci da na mulkin mallaka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Kongo a 1960, an dakatar da INUTOM a cikin 1962. An sayar da ɗakin karatu a cikin 1963, kuma INUTOM ya haɗu tare da ''Rijkshandelshogeschool'' ( [[Turanci]] : Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasa) da ''Hoger Instituut voor Vertalers en Tolken'' (Turanci: Cibiyar Ilimin Ilimi don Masu Fassara da Masu Fassara) zuwa ''Rijksuniversitair Centrum Antwerpen'' (RUCA: National University) Daga hadewar cibiyar tare da hadin gwiwar sashen kasa da kasa na ''Rijkshandelshogeschool'', ''Kwalejin voor Ontwikkelingslanden'' (Turanci: Kwalejin Kasashe masu tasowa) ta fito. A cikin 2000 ''Kwalejin voor Ontwikkelingslanden'' ta sake hadewa, wannan lokacin tare da ''Centrum Derde Wereld'' (Turanci: Cibiyar Duniya ta Uku) na Cibiyar Jami'ar Saint Ignatius don kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Ci Gaba (IOB). A zamanin yau, ginin jami'a yana aiki azaman Ginin A na Cibiyar Middelheim na Jami'ar Antwerp . A gaban babbar kofar shiga, har yanzu ana iya ganin tauraro mai kaifi biyar na tutar kasar Belgium. == Dalibai == An kafa ƙungiyar ɗaliban ''ƙungiyar des Étudiants'' a École colonial supérieure a cikin 1921, kuma ta daina wanzuwa a cikin 1965. == Farfesa == * Jean-Marie Derscheid (1901-1944) == Tambayoyi == * A cewar wani almara na birnin Antwerp, ya kamata a binne giwa a ƙarƙashin ginin jami'ar. Lokacin da gobara ta tashi a circus Sarrasani a cikin 1932, Uwargidan giwa ta mutu. An ba da kyautar gawar ga farfesa Hasse, masanin halittu a cibiyar. Ya gudanar da binciken gawar gawar dabbar tare da dalibansa, bayan haka Hasse da dalibansa suka binne gawarwakin a kusa da cibiyar. Bayan wani gidan talabijin na Antwerp na gida ya yi wani labari na almara na birni, sun gano cewa an sake binne giwar a 1934 kuma a zamanin yau ana adana shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Halitta a Brussels . <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Radio 1 (Belgium)|Radio 1]] |date=3 September 2011 |title=De verloren olifant |url=https://radio1.be/de-verloren-olifant |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Radio 1 (Belgium)|Radio 1]]}}</ref> * Jami'ar Antwerp ta sanya wa wani dakin tarihi sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]] a ginin tsohuwar jami'ar mulkin mallaka. == Magana == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://id.erfgoed.net/erfgoedobjecten/7344 Bayanin ginin akan gidan yanar gizon kayan aikin Flemish na gado maras motsi] * [https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/about-uantwerp/faculties/institute-of-development-policy/ Yanar Gizo na Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa (IOB)] l2ugjslrm38gmmgf645es6rwhpzwqg7 647915 647914 2025-06-27T06:01:10Z Sirjat 20447 647915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Campus_Middelheim_Building_A.jpg|thumb|350x350px| Ginin tsohuwar Jami'ar mulkin mallaka a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin rectorate na Jami'ar Antwerp da wurin zama na Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Antwerp . ]] '''Jami'ar mulkin mallaka na Belgium''' wata cibiya ce ta ilimi mai zurfi da ke [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] . An kafa cibiyar a cikin 1920, an kafa cibiyar don shirya ɗalibai don sana'o'i a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka a cikin [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi . An canza mata suna '''Cibiyar Jami'ar Ƙasashen Waje''' UNIVOG a cikin 1949. An narkar da shi a cikin 1962. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1908, matsin lambar jama'a da yunkurin diflomasiyya ya kai ga kawo karshen mulkin Leopold II na Jamhuriyar Kwango 'Yanci da kuma mamaye Kongo a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Belgium, wanda aka sani da " [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]] ". Domin horar da mazauna nan gaba don aikin gudanarwa (babban) a cikin mulkin mallaka, an dauki matakin ne don gano ''École colonial supérieure'' ( Dutch : ''Hogere Koloniale School'' ) ta Dokar Sarauta ta 11 Fabrairu 1920 ta Louis Franck, Ministan Mallaka . A cikin 1923, an sake fasalin makarantar don zama ''Jami'ar colonial de Belgique'' ( Yaren mutanen Holland : ''Koloniale Hoogeschool van België (UNIVOG)'' ). An kaddamar da gine-ginen da ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Budadden Jirgin Sama na Middelheim a watan Nuwamba 1923 da Sarki Albert I na Belgium ya kaddamar. Kanar Charles Lemaire shi ne darakta, wanda Laftanar Laude ya gaje shi a lokacin mutuwarsa a 1926. A cikin Maris 1929, babban ginin ya lalace sakamakon mummunar gobara, amma nan da nan aka sake gina shi. An buɗe wannan sabon ginin a watan Mayu 1931. An sake canza sunan cibiyar a cikin 1949 zuwa Institut universitaire des territoires d'outre-mer ko INUTOM (Yaren mutanen Holland: Universitair Instituut voor de Overzeese Gebieden, wanda aka rage zuwa UNIOG, daga baya UNIVOG)). Kasancewarta cibiya ce a matakin jami'a, ta ba da digiri na ilimin mulkin mallaka da na gudanarwa, da kuma ilimin kasuwanci da na mulkin mallaka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Kongo a 1960, an dakatar da INUTOM a cikin 1962. An sayar da ɗakin karatu a cikin 1963, kuma INUTOM ya haɗu tare da ''Rijkshandelshogeschool'' ( [[Turanci]] : Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasa) da ''Hoger Instituut voor Vertalers en Tolken'' (Turanci: Cibiyar Ilimin Ilimi don Masu Fassara da Masu Fassara) zuwa ''Rijksuniversitair Centrum Antwerpen'' (RUCA: National University) Daga hadewar cibiyar tare da hadin gwiwar sashen kasa da kasa na ''Rijkshandelshogeschool'', ''Kwalejin voor Ontwikkelingslanden'' (Turanci: Kwalejin Kasashe masu tasowa) ta fito. A cikin 2000 ''Kwalejin voor Ontwikkelingslanden'' ta sake hadewa, wannan lokacin tare da ''Centrum Derde Wereld'' (Turanci: Cibiyar Duniya ta Uku) na Cibiyar Jami'ar Saint Ignatius don kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Ci Gaba (IOB). A zamanin yau, ginin jami'a yana aiki azaman Ginin A na Cibiyar Middelheim na Jami'ar Antwerp . A gaban babbar kofar shiga, har yanzu ana iya ganin tauraro mai kaifi biyar na tutar kasar Belgium. == Dalibai == An kafa ƙungiyar ɗaliban ''ƙungiyar des Étudiants'' a École colonial supérieure a cikin 1921, kuma ta daina wanzuwa a cikin 1965. == Farfesa == * Jean-Marie Derscheid (1901-1944) == Tambayoyi == * A cewar wani almara na birnin Antwerp, ya kamata a binne giwa a ƙarƙashin ginin jami'ar. Lokacin da gobara ta tashi a circus Sarrasani a cikin 1932, Uwargidan giwa ta mutu. An ba da kyautar gawar ga farfesa Hasse, masanin halittu a cibiyar. Ya gudanar da binciken gawar gawar dabbar tare da dalibansa, bayan haka Hasse da dalibansa suka binne gawarwakin a kusa da cibiyar. Bayan wani gidan talabijin na Antwerp na gida ya yi wani labari na almara na birni, sun gano cewa an sake binne giwar a 1934 kuma a zamanin yau ana adana shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Halitta a Brussels . <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Radio 1 (Belgium)|Radio 1]] |date=3 September 2011 |title=De verloren olifant |url=https://radio1.be/de-verloren-olifant |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Radio 1 (Belgium)|Radio 1]]}}</ref> * Jami'ar Antwerp ta sanya wa wani dakin tarihi sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]] a ginin tsohuwar jami'ar mulkin mallaka. == Magana == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://id.erfgoed.net/erfgoedobjecten/7344 Bayanin ginin akan gidan yanar gizon kayan aikin Flemish na gado maras motsi] * [https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/about-uantwerp/faculties/institute-of-development-policy/ Yanar Gizo na Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa (IOB)] or0unp9md56waohklgsigm01ihch3nu 647916 647915 2025-06-27T06:01:41Z Sirjat 20447 /* Magana */ 647916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Campus_Middelheim_Building_A.jpg|thumb|350x350px| Ginin tsohuwar Jami'ar mulkin mallaka a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin rectorate na Jami'ar Antwerp da wurin zama na Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Antwerp . ]] '''Jami'ar mulkin mallaka na Belgium''' wata cibiya ce ta ilimi mai zurfi da ke [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] . An kafa cibiyar a cikin 1920, an kafa cibiyar don shirya ɗalibai don sana'o'i a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka a cikin [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] da Ruanda-Urundi . An canza mata suna '''Cibiyar Jami'ar Ƙasashen Waje''' UNIVOG a cikin 1949. An narkar da shi a cikin 1962. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1908, matsin lambar jama'a da yunkurin diflomasiyya ya kai ga kawo karshen mulkin Leopold II na Jamhuriyar Kwango 'Yanci da kuma mamaye Kongo a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Belgium, wanda aka sani da " [[Belgian Congo|Belgian Kongo]] ". Domin horar da mazauna nan gaba don aikin gudanarwa (babban) a cikin mulkin mallaka, an dauki matakin ne don gano ''École colonial supérieure'' ( Dutch : ''Hogere Koloniale School'' ) ta Dokar Sarauta ta 11 Fabrairu 1920 ta Louis Franck, Ministan Mallaka . A cikin 1923, an sake fasalin makarantar don zama ''Jami'ar colonial de Belgique'' ( Yaren mutanen Holland : ''Koloniale Hoogeschool van België (UNIVOG)'' ). An kaddamar da gine-ginen da ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Budadden Jirgin Sama na Middelheim a watan Nuwamba 1923 da Sarki Albert I na Belgium ya kaddamar. Kanar Charles Lemaire shi ne darakta, wanda Laftanar Laude ya gaje shi a lokacin mutuwarsa a 1926. A cikin Maris 1929, babban ginin ya lalace sakamakon mummunar gobara, amma nan da nan aka sake gina shi. An buɗe wannan sabon ginin a watan Mayu 1931. An sake canza sunan cibiyar a cikin 1949 zuwa Institut universitaire des territoires d'outre-mer ko INUTOM (Yaren mutanen Holland: Universitair Instituut voor de Overzeese Gebieden, wanda aka rage zuwa UNIOG, daga baya UNIVOG)). Kasancewarta cibiya ce a matakin jami'a, ta ba da digiri na ilimin mulkin mallaka da na gudanarwa, da kuma ilimin kasuwanci da na mulkin mallaka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Kongo a 1960, an dakatar da INUTOM a cikin 1962. An sayar da ɗakin karatu a cikin 1963, kuma INUTOM ya haɗu tare da ''Rijkshandelshogeschool'' ( [[Turanci]] : Makarantar Kasuwancin Kasa) da ''Hoger Instituut voor Vertalers en Tolken'' (Turanci: Cibiyar Ilimin Ilimi don Masu Fassara da Masu Fassara) zuwa ''Rijksuniversitair Centrum Antwerpen'' (RUCA: National University) Daga hadewar cibiyar tare da hadin gwiwar sashen kasa da kasa na ''Rijkshandelshogeschool'', ''Kwalejin voor Ontwikkelingslanden'' (Turanci: Kwalejin Kasashe masu tasowa) ta fito. A cikin 2000 ''Kwalejin voor Ontwikkelingslanden'' ta sake hadewa, wannan lokacin tare da ''Centrum Derde Wereld'' (Turanci: Cibiyar Duniya ta Uku) na Cibiyar Jami'ar Saint Ignatius don kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Ci Gaba (IOB). A zamanin yau, ginin jami'a yana aiki azaman Ginin A na Cibiyar Middelheim na Jami'ar Antwerp . A gaban babbar kofar shiga, har yanzu ana iya ganin tauraro mai kaifi biyar na tutar kasar Belgium. == Dalibai == An kafa ƙungiyar ɗaliban ''ƙungiyar des Étudiants'' a École colonial supérieure a cikin 1921, kuma ta daina wanzuwa a cikin 1965. == Farfesa == * Jean-Marie Derscheid (1901-1944) == Tambayoyi == * A cewar wani almara na birnin Antwerp, ya kamata a binne giwa a ƙarƙashin ginin jami'ar. Lokacin da gobara ta tashi a circus Sarrasani a cikin 1932, Uwargidan giwa ta mutu. An ba da kyautar gawar ga farfesa Hasse, masanin halittu a cibiyar. Ya gudanar da binciken gawar gawar dabbar tare da dalibansa, bayan haka Hasse da dalibansa suka binne gawarwakin a kusa da cibiyar. Bayan wani gidan talabijin na Antwerp na gida ya yi wani labari na almara na birni, sun gano cewa an sake binne giwar a 1934 kuma a zamanin yau ana adana shi a Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Halitta a Brussels . <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Radio 1 (Belgium)|Radio 1]] |date=3 September 2011 |title=De verloren olifant |url=https://radio1.be/de-verloren-olifant |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Radio 1 (Belgium)|Radio 1]]}}</ref> * Jami'ar Antwerp ta sanya wa wani dakin tarihi sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]] a ginin tsohuwar jami'ar mulkin mallaka. == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://id.erfgoed.net/erfgoedobjecten/7344 Bayanin ginin akan gidan yanar gizon kayan aikin Flemish na gado maras motsi] * [https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/about-uantwerp/faculties/institute-of-development-policy/ Yanar Gizo na Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa (IOB)] 49wo7ci5crc6rlp7xblmea2pas45k6i 0 103222 647917 2025-06-27T06:04:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Kirkirar muqala 647917 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.[1][2][3] Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References Fage[gyara tushe] Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.[4] Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.[5] axpm0a3ajbsrf1cat9t601ylnhbeyq9 647942 647917 2025-06-27T06:22:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647942 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref>[2][3] Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References Fage[gyara tushe] Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.[4] Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.[5] == Manazarta == bf0wb2n3gsq9nwiyz1p2dptivh6psmo 647943 647942 2025-06-27T06:23:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647943 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref>[3] Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References Fage[gyara tushe] Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.[4] Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.[5] == Manazarta == 2mwy1enpq3h758wj51lxia0vmzarsyj 647946 647943 2025-06-27T06:23:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647946 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References Fage[gyara tushe] Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.[4] Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.[5] == Manazarta == 6wi0p60yntpn7rvuyuyir5hgblw73um 647949 647946 2025-06-27T06:25:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647949 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.[5] == Manazarta == ai542ic8sbuaazg9j4jyqfl7acdncza 647950 647949 2025-06-27T06:25:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647950 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.<ref>Nicole Boulter (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2002, p. 355 (CERCOR).; DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> == Manazarta == ekps5g95w3zhon2gzk16tegypgebwf7 647956 647950 2025-06-27T06:27:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647956 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.<ref>Nicole Boulter (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2002, p. 355 (CERCOR).; DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> == Aiki == A cikin kasida ta Episcopal an naɗa Bernard Anduze bishop na biyu da biyu, yana zaune tsakanin Bégon [fr] da Frotaire [fr], ɗan Bernard the Viscount of Nimes.<ref>Alfred Baudrillart e.a., Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, t. VIII, 1935, p. 705.; BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858, p.308.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli 971, ya gudanar da taro inda ya gudanar da shari'a tsakanin county Raymond II da Amelius, Bishop na Agde, wadanda ke rikici don mallakar cocin St. Martin da wasu kauyuka a cikin gundumar Agde. Bernard da sauran alƙalai sun yanke shawarar goyon bayan Amelius.[7] A cikin 985, ya ƙara dukiyar cocinsa. Don haka, Archbishop na Arles ya ba shi filin zama a Saint-Etienne, a cikin gundumar Uzès, da Cocin St. Cézaire na Gauzignan. A ranar 16 ga Maris 985, ya ba da kirga Sigismund ƙaramin kiwo na Coci na Uwargidanmu, muddin canons sun dasa gonar inabin da Sigismund zai kasance a rayuwarsa sannan ya koma coci bayan mutuwar Sigismund.[8][9]. A cikin wasiyyarsa, an ba da gudummawa ga majami'u goma sha takwas, ciki har da Uzès da Nîmes. Ɗansa, Raymond II, tare da mahaifiyarsa, Countess Berthe ya tabbatar da waɗannan kyaututtuka kuma ya ba Cocin Uwargidanmu, inda Bernard kujeru, wani yanki mai zaman kansa a cikin gundumar Nîmes a cikin yankin Aimargues da Teillan. == Manazarta == 020rypltsys89qz6aekdvy3emxw4nea 647959 647956 2025-06-27T06:33:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647959 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.<ref>Nicole Boulter (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2002, p. 355 (CERCOR).; DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> == Aiki == A cikin kasida ta <ref>Claude De Vic e.a., Histoire générale du Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives, t. III, (Toulouse, Privat, 1872), pp168-169.</ref>Episcopal an naɗa Bernard Anduze bishop na biyu da biyu, yana zaune tsakanin Bégon [fr] da Frotaire [fr], ɗan Bernard the Viscount of Nimes.<ref>Alfred Baudrillart e.a., Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, t. VIII, 1935, p. 705.; BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858, p.308.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli 971, ya gudanar da taro inda ya gudanar da shari'a tsakanin county Raymond II da Amelius, Bishop na Agde, wadanda ke rikici don mallakar cocin St. Martin da wasu kauyuka a cikin gundumar Agde. Bernard da sauran alƙalai sun yanke shawarar goyon bayan Amelius. A cikin 985, ya ƙara dukiyar cocinsa. Don haka, Archbishop na Arles ya ba shi filin zama a Saint-Etienne, a cikin gundumar Uzès, da Cocin St. Cézaire na Gauzignan. A ranar 16 ga Maris 985, ya ba da kirga Sigismund ƙaramin kiwo na Coci na Uwargidanmu, muddin canons sun dasa gonar inabin da Sigismund zai kasance a rayuwarsa sannan ya koma coci bayan mutuwar Sigismund.[8][9]. A cikin wasiyyarsa, an ba da gudummawa ga majami'u goma sha takwas, ciki har da Uzès da Nîmes. Ɗansa, Raymond II, tare da mahaifiyarsa, Countess Berthe ya tabbatar da waɗannan kyaututtuka kuma ya ba Cocin Uwargidanmu, inda Bernard kujeru, wani yanki mai zaman kansa a cikin gundumar Nîmes a cikin yankin Aimargues da Teillan. == Manazarta == n5xa6ncyzikh3nl1jrqzo7xqebkruyo 647960 647959 2025-06-27T06:34:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647960 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.<ref>Nicole Boulter (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2002, p. 355 (CERCOR).; DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> == Aiki == A cikin kasida ta <ref>Claude De Vic e.a., Histoire générale du Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives, t. III, (Toulouse, Privat, 1872), pp168-169.</ref>Episcopal an naɗa Bernard Anduze bishop na biyu da biyu, yana zaune tsakanin Bégon [fr] da Frotaire [fr], ɗan Bernard the Viscount of Nimes.<ref>Alfred Baudrillart e.a., Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, t. VIII, 1935, p. 705.; BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858, p.308.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli 971, ya gudanar da taro inda ya gudanar da shari'a tsakanin county Raymond II da Amelius, Bishop na Agde, wadanda ke rikici don mallakar cocin St. Martin da wasu kauyuka a cikin gundumar Agde. Bernard da sauran alƙalai sun yanke shawarar goyon bayan Amelius. A cikin 985, ya ƙara dukiyar cocinsa. Don haka, Archbishop na Arles ya ba shi filin zama a Saint-Etienne, a cikin gundumar Uzès, da Cocin St. Cézaire na Gauzignan. A ranar 16 ga Maris 985, ya ba da kirga Sigismund ƙaramin kiwo na Coci na Uwargidanmu, muddin canons sun dasa gonar inabin da Sigismund zai kasance a rayuwarsa sannan ya koma coci bayan mutuwar Sigismund.<ref>J BAalteau, Dictionnaire de biographie française, vol.2, Paris, 1936, p. 1020.</ref>[9]. A cikin wasiyyarsa, an ba da gudummawa ga majami'u goma sha takwas, ciki har da Uzès da Nîmes. Ɗansa, Raymond II, tare da mahaifiyarsa, Countess Berthe ya tabbatar da waɗannan kyaututtuka kuma ya ba Cocin Uwargidanmu, inda Bernard kujeru, wani yanki mai zaman kansa a cikin gundumar Nîmes a cikin yankin Aimargues da Teillan. == Manazarta == 2g0atbjzbd4o893z4jsi6e3uf3wo6a3 647964 647960 2025-06-27T06:47:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647964 wikitext text/x-wiki Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.<ref>Nicole Boulter (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2002, p. 355 (CERCOR).; DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> == Aiki == A cikin kasida ta <ref>Claude De Vic e.a., Histoire générale du Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives, t. III, (Toulouse, Privat, 1872), pp168-169.</ref>Episcopal an naɗa Bernard Anduze bishop na biyu da biyu, yana zaune tsakanin Bégon [fr] da Frotaire [fr], ɗan Bernard the Viscount of Nimes.<ref>Alfred Baudrillart e.a., Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, t. VIII, 1935, p. 705.; BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858, p.308.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli 971, ya gudanar da taro inda ya gudanar da shari'a tsakanin county Raymond II da Amelius, Bishop na Agde, wadanda ke rikici don mallakar cocin St. Martin da wasu kauyuka a cikin gundumar Agde. Bernard da sauran alƙalai sun yanke shawarar goyon bayan Amelius. A cikin 985, ya ƙara dukiyar cocinsa. Don haka, Archbishop na Arles ya ba shi filin zama a Saint-Etienne, a cikin gundumar Uzès, da Cocin St. Cézaire na Gauzignan. A ranar 16 ga Maris 985, ya ba da kirga Sigismund ƙaramin kiwo na Coci na Uwargidanmu, muddin canons sun dasa gonar inabin da Sigismund zai kasance a rayuwarsa sannan ya koma coci bayan mutuwar Sigismund.<ref>J BAalteau, Dictionnaire de biographie française, vol.2, Paris, 1936, p. 1020.</ref><ref>MÉNARD Léon, Histoire civile, ecclésiastique et littéraire de la ville de Nîmes. Avec textes et notes. Suivie de dissertations historiques et critiques sur ses antiquités, et de diverses observations sur son histoire naturelle, t. I, Nîmes, Typographie Clavel-Ballivet, 1873, p. 132- 137.</ref>. A cikin wasiyyarsa, an ba da gudummawa ga majami'u goma sha takwas, ciki har da Uzès da Nîmes. Ɗansa, Raymond II, tare da mahaifiyarsa, Countess Berthe ya tabbatar da waɗannan kyaututtuka kuma ya ba Cocin Uwargidanmu, inda Bernard kujeru, wani yanki mai zaman kansa a cikin gundumar Nîmes a cikin yankin Aimargues da Teillan. == Manazarta == eisa9otuuzha840j9nkvfy2xz4gd50j 647965 647964 2025-06-27T06:49:27Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bernard d'Anduze bishop ne na Nîmes, Faransa daga 949 zuwa 986.<ref>BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858.</ref><ref>BOUTER Nicole (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Étienne, Université de Saint-Étienne, 2002 (CERCOR).</ref><ref>DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Career3Duba kuma4References == Fage == Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gidan Anduze, wanda ya mallaki babban gida na Lower Languedoc, wanda aka tabbatar tun farkon karni na goma.<ref>Jean Favier, Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Paris, Fayard, 1993, p. 44.</ref>Bernard ɗan'uwan Peter I ne, na farko na Ubangijin Anduze. Nîmes Cathedral Sau da yawa escopates a Faransa a wannan lokacin ana daukar su a matsayin gado na wasu iyalai masu karfi kuma wannan shine abin da muke gani a cikin taron bishop na Nimes. Daga tsakiyar karni na goma, babban taron bishop na Nîmes ana sarrafa shi tare da kirga na Toulouse (masters County Nîmes) da Trencavel (Viscount na Albi). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha ɗaya, wurin zama ya canza tsakanin membobin iyali Trencavel da dangin Anduze. A lokacin bishop na Nîmes ya kasance mutum mai iko sosai.<ref>Nicole Boulter (éd.), Ecrire son histoire : les communautés régulières face à leur passé : actes du 5e colloque international du CERCOR, Saint-Etienne, Université de Saint-Etienne, 2002, p. 355 (CERCOR).; DEBAX Hélène, La féodalité languedocienne XIe-XIIe siècles: serments, hommages et fiefs dans le Languedoc des Trencavel, Toulouse, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2003, p. 46 (Tempus).</ref> == Aiki == A cikin kasida ta <ref>Claude De Vic e.a., Histoire générale du Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives, t. III, (Toulouse, Privat, 1872), pp168-169.</ref>Episcopal an naɗa Bernard Anduze bishop na biyu da biyu, yana zaune tsakanin Bégon [fr] da Frotaire [fr], ɗan Bernard the Viscount of Nimes.<ref>Alfred Baudrillart e.a., Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique, t. VIII, 1935, p. 705.; BOUCARUT Jean-Louis, Instructions historiques et théologiques sur les sacrements. Tirées principalement des Pères et des Ecrivains ecclésiastiques des XII premiers siècles, tome IV, Nîmes, Bedot, Nîmes/Paris, 1858, p.308.</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuli 971, ya gudanar da taro inda ya gudanar da shari'a tsakanin county Raymond II da Amelius, Bishop na Agde, wadanda ke rikici don mallakar cocin St. Martin da wasu kauyuka a cikin gundumar Agde. Bernard da sauran alƙalai sun yanke shawarar goyon bayan Amelius. A cikin 985, ya ƙara dukiyar cocinsa. Don haka, Archbishop na Arles ya ba shi filin zama a Saint-Etienne, a cikin gundumar Uzès, da Cocin St. Cézaire na Gauzignan. A ranar 16 ga Maris 985, ya ba da kirga Sigismund ƙaramin kiwo na Coci na Uwargidanmu, muddin canons sun dasa gonar inabin da Sigismund zai kasance a rayuwarsa sannan ya koma coci bayan mutuwar Sigismund.<ref>J BAalteau, Dictionnaire de biographie française, vol.2, Paris, 1936, p. 1020.</ref><ref>MÉNARD Léon, Histoire civile, ecclésiastique et littéraire de la ville de Nîmes. Avec textes et notes. Suivie de dissertations historiques et critiques sur ses antiquités, et de diverses observations sur son histoire naturelle, t. I, Nîmes, Typographie Clavel-Ballivet, 1873, p. 132- 137.</ref>. A cikin wasiyyarsa, an ba da gudummawa ga majami'u goma sha takwas, ciki har da Uzès da Nîmes. Ɗansa, Raymond II, tare da mahaifiyarsa, Countess Berthe ya tabbatar da waɗannan kyaututtuka kuma ya ba Cocin Uwargidanmu, inda Bernard kujeru, wani yanki mai zaman kansa a cikin gundumar Nîmes a cikin yankin Aimargues da Teillan. == Manazarta == 2xuozhvbfzlpugw5et8kt3yu27knkij 0 103223 647921 2025-06-27T06:11:18Z Najaatuhd 25547 Kirkira shafi 647921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arden cho''' jb76z7e8r59dhgjxb5z76lvq74vovlh 647923 647921 2025-06-27T06:12:07Z Najaatuhd 25547 647923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. 6bszye5zl2f8353nj4lmhphk914d4bn 647925 647923 2025-06-27T06:13:17Z Najaatuhd 25547 647925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' tckcpejhm0lim8mlt2u1uet4l08itge 647927 647925 2025-06-27T06:13:29Z Najaatuhd 25547 647927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. 9sg9gnk4waq0m4cabg2cq8i0ohjuqpl 647928 647927 2025-06-27T06:15:29Z Najaatuhd 25547 647928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' 61ygu6x4cy7k8x67hp7s6q5np33rlm1 647930 647928 2025-06-27T06:15:48Z Najaatuhd 25547 647930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya.[11] kq5zpvdk8qbwz6r7df2f8cv0nyhcckn 647931 647930 2025-06-27T06:16:43Z Najaatuhd 25547 647931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. 9b2yv1t5aschgc719rczpj9h3laxtpz 647933 647931 2025-06-27T06:17:39Z Najaatuhd 25547 647933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. lmlxxwiyujmxh0iqgnlo88cjcz95wxl 647935 647933 2025-06-27T06:18:44Z Najaatuhd 25547 647935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == aou87xp3eiynh8cv5rgop8o2ff7hsjl 647936 647935 2025-06-27T06:19:17Z Najaatuhd 25547 647936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. fscgxp60o0wg060w8s1y39d97bt4vfs 647938 647936 2025-06-27T06:20:14Z Najaatuhd 25547 647938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. Yin tallah luhteyqwurq3s90j7sljgcusfovhqcq 647941 647938 2025-06-27T06:21:51Z Najaatuhd 25547 647941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. eonpqpcv6x0f1sgohkfyybo2onqbfj2 647944 647941 2025-06-27T06:23:24Z Najaatuhd 25547 647944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == sq9s3w3rrru2n7ms8t1v0n1l92qm7y2 647947 647944 2025-06-27T06:23:55Z Najaatuhd 25547 647947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka.[23] A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".[9] Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.[24] Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf.[3][4] Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. 1l4qalll6m7p2m93wkgq72d2ayftles 647948 647947 2025-06-27T06:24:54Z Najaatuhd 25547 647948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka.[23] A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".[9] Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.[24] Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf.[3][4] Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. '''Sauran harkokin kasuwanci''' h1kap5iok0gvztjf4g21x9n5eok5co8 647951 647948 2025-06-27T06:26:21Z Najaatuhd 25547 647951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka.[23] A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".[9] Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.[24] Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf.[3][4] Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. '''Sauran harkokin kasuwanci''' Cho ƙwararren ɗan wasan karta ne kuma tana wasa tun 2002. Ta fafata a cikin Babban Taron Duniya na 2018 na Poker, inda ta sanya 662nd tare da $21,750.[25] Babban kuɗinta na rayuwa shine a cikin Janairu 2024 a gasar PGT $1,000,000 freeroll: ta zo na biyu, ta ci $200,000.[26] A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an sanar da cewa Cho ya zama Shugaba na Leonard & Church, wani kamfanin agogo na birnin New York. 3a2rsp3kufwk46ci7e71nly0m9wjui6 647955 647951 2025-06-27T06:27:34Z Najaatuhd 25547 647955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka.[23] A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".[9] Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.[24] Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf.[3][4] Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. '''Sauran harkokin kasuwanci''' Cho ƙwararren ɗan wasan karta ne kuma tana wasa tun 2002. Ta fafata a cikin Babban Taron Duniya na 2018 na Poker, inda ta sanya 662nd tare da $21,750.[25] Babban kuɗinta na rayuwa shine a cikin Janairu 2024 a gasar PGT $1,000,000 freeroll: ta zo na biyu, ta ci $200,000.[26] A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an sanar da cewa Cho ya zama Shugaba na Leonard & Church, wani kamfanin agogo na birnin New York. == rayuwar sirri == mybvbyjrnm94jpjxzgurvfsj4affljo 647957 647955 2025-06-27T06:28:18Z Najaatuhd 25547 647957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho [1] (an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985) [2] yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf[3] [4] da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi a Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.[5] [6] [7] Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.[3] Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.[6] Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.[8] A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.[9] A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; [9] ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.[8] Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.[15] A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.[17] A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.[18] Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.[19] Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul.[9] A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka.[23] A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".[9] Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.[24] Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf.[3][4] Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. '''Sauran harkokin kasuwanci''' Cho ƙwararren ɗan wasan karta ne kuma tana wasa tun 2002. Ta fafata a cikin Babban Taron Duniya na 2018 na Poker, inda ta sanya 662nd tare da $21,750.[25] Babban kuɗinta na rayuwa shine a cikin Janairu 2024 a gasar PGT $1,000,000 freeroll: ta zo na biyu, ta ci $200,000.[26] A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an sanar da cewa Cho ya zama Shugaba na Leonard & Church, wani kamfanin agogo na birnin New York. == rayuwar sirri == Cho Kirista ne.[6] Cho tana da baƙar bel a wasan taekwondo kuma ta girma horo tare da mahaifinta, wanda babban malami ne.[5] A baya ta yi soyayya da ɗan wasan barkwanci na Youtube Ryan Higa.[28] A cikin Afrilu 2021, a tsakiyar tashin hankali a cikin nuna wariyar launin fata na Asiya game da cutar ta COVID-19, Cho ta ce tana tafiya karenta lokacin da wani mutum ya kira ta da zage-zage yana barazana ga rayuwarta. Ta dauko karenta da gudu a lokacin da ya matso kusa da ita. Ta ce karuwar laifukan ƙiyayya “ya haifar da da yawa daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa [na yara]. 5l9eixoyt2u5vnyok5i482uejzeimei 647961 647957 2025-06-27T06:35:04Z Najaatuhd 25547 647961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho <ref>"Arden Cho". ''Amazon Prime Video''. Archivedfrom the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 4,2021.</ref>(an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985)<ref>Cho, Arden (August 16, 2017). "Thanks for all the birthday wishes!!! Feeling like I'm 12 today, thank you babiespic.twitter.com/1Kwvj9SPW4". ''@arden_cho''. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref>yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf<ref>Low, Elaine (March 21, 2014). "Actress Arden Cho on ''Teen Wolf'', Being Bullied, and the Friend Zone". ''Mochi Magazine''. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2016.</ref><ref>BJ Panda Bear (September 27, 2019). "Flaunt Premiere | Arden Cho "SIMPLY"". ''Flaunt Magazine''. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref>da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi an Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.<ref>CAAM (October 15, 2014). "Arden Cho Grows up, and Kicks Butt, on "Teen Wolf"". ''CAAM Home''. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref>Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul. A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka. A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf. Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. '''Sauran harkokin kasuwanci''' Cho ƙwararren ɗan wasan karta ne kuma tana wasa tun 2002. Ta fafata a cikin Babban Taron Duniya na 2018 na Poker, inda ta sanya 662nd tare da $21,750.Babban kuɗinta na rayuwa shine a cikin Janairu 2024 a gasar PGT $1,000,000 freeroll: ta zo na biyu, ta ci $200,000.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an sanar da cewa Cho ya zama Shugaba na Leonard & Church, wani kamfanin agogo na birnin New York. == rayuwar sirri == Cho Kirista ne. Cho tana da baƙar bel a wasan taekwondo kuma ta girma horo tare da mahaifinta, wanda babban malami ne.A baya ta yi soyayya da ɗan wasan barkwanci na Youtube Ryan Higa. A cikin Afrilu 2021, a tsakiyar tashin hankali a cikin nuna wariyar launin fata na Asiya game da cutar ta COVID-19, Cho ta ce tana tafiya karenta lokacin da wani mutum ya kira ta da zage-zage yana barazana ga rayuwarta. Ta dauko karenta da gudu a lokacin da ya matso kusa da ita. Ta ce karuwar laifukan ƙiyayya “ya haifar da da yawa daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa [na yara]. moga94tkg1y1so7hvcrbqqk9l4vydcb 647962 647961 2025-06-27T06:35:35Z Najaatuhd 25547 647962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arden cho''' Arden Lim Cho <ref>"Arden Cho". ''Amazon Prime Video''. Archivedfrom the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 4,2021.</ref>(an haife shi a watan Agusta 16, 1985)<ref>Cho, Arden (August 16, 2017). "Thanks for all the birthday wishes!!! Feeling like I'm 12 today, thank you babiespic.twitter.com/1Kwvj9SPW4". ''@arden_cho''. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref>yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba'amurke, mawaƙa kuma abin ƙira da aka sani don nuna Kira Yukimura a cikin jerin talabijin na 2011 MTV Teen Wolf<ref>Low, Elaine (March 21, 2014). "Actress Arden Cho on ''Teen Wolf'', Being Bullied, and the Friend Zone". ''Mochi Magazine''. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2016.</ref><ref>BJ Panda Bear (September 27, 2019). "Flaunt Premiere | Arden Cho "SIMPLY"". ''Flaunt Magazine''. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref>da Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin talabijin na 2022 Netflix Abokin Abokin Hulɗa. '''Rayuwar farko''' Cho an haife shi an Amarillo, Texas ga iyayen Koriya-Amurka kuma an girma shi a San Antonio da Plano, Texas.<ref>CAAM (October 15, 2014). "Arden Cho Grows up, and Kicks Butt, on "Teen Wolf"". ''CAAM Home''. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref>Ta girma a yankunan da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru ne, ta kan ji kamar bakuwa. Tun tana karama, an zalunce ta kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti sau biyu saboda raunukan da aka yi mata.Daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Apple Valley, Minnesota.Cho ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign da niyyar zama lauya.A nan ne ta fara karatun wasan kwaikwayo na farko kuma ta fara sha'awar wannan sana'a.A can, ta kuma zama mafi fallasa ga al'adun Asiya na Amurka gabaɗaya; ta kuma shiga cikin Nunin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Asiya ta Asiya. '''Aiki''' '''wasan kwaikwayo''' Bayan ta dawo daga Kenya, ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, inda ta yi ayyukan da ba su dace ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake ba ta da wani darajar allo a lokacin, wakilinta na farko ya ɗauke ta saboda ci gaba da fasahar kiɗan da ta yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da ballet, cello, da piano.Cho ya fito a fina-finai, jerin talabijin, da tallace-tallace a Amurka da Asiya. A cikin 2008, Cho ya buga babban jagorar Hyori (ƙaramin sigar da Megan Lee ke bugawa) a cikin ɗan gajeren fim My First Crush, wanda Rocky Jo ya jagoranta. A cikin 2011, ta fito a cikin rawar Pru, abokiyar Paige McCullers (Lindsey Shaw) a cikin Season 1, Episode 20 ("Wani don Kallon Ni"), na ABC Family show Pretty Little Liars. Ta kuma fito a matsayin Gia a cikin fim din dodo Mega Python vs. Gatoroid, wanda Mary Lambert ta jagoranta. A cikin 2014, Cho ya shiga jerin shirye-shiryen TV Teen Wolf a matsayin Kira, farawa a matsayin mai maimaita hali a cikin kakar 3 amma an inganta shi zuwa babban rawar wasan kwaikwayo a kakar wasa ta 4. A cikin Afrilu 2016, gabanin jawabinta a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago don Watan Fadakarwa na Asiya ta Amurka, Cho ta buga bidiyon YouTube akan tashar ta ta sirri da ke nuna cewa ba za ta dawo don kakar 6 na Teen Wolf ba.A cikin 2017, an jefa Cho a matsayin mai maimaita hali a lokacin 3 na Chicago Med a matsayin 'yar'uwar Dr. Ethan Choi.A cikin 2022, Cho yayi tauraro a matsayin jagorar Ingrid Yun a cikin jerin Netflix Partner Track. Bugu da ƙari, an jefa ta a matsayin Yuni a cikin 2024 Netflix karbuwa na Avatar: The Last Airbender. == YouTube == A baya Cho ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar haɗin gwiwar "Articoke da Peachie" tare da Grace Su. Tun daga lokacin an rufe asusun.Ta kuma fito a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizon KTown Cowboys.Tana da tashar YouTube ta kanta, ardenBcho, tare da bidiyo sama da 300, galibi suna nuna vlogging, murfin waƙa, da bidiyon kiɗa na asali. Tana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da 531,000 har zuwa Mayu 2025. '''Yin tallah''' Cho ta lashe gasar Miss Korea Chicago ta 2004, inda ta ba ta damar shiga gasar Miss Korea Pageant a Seoul. A wani lokaci, ta kasance cikin tattaunawa don wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Koriya amma ta yi nisa daga damar saboda asarar nauyi da bukatun filastik. A cikin 2010, alamar kwaskwarima ta Clinique ta sanar da Cho a matsayin abin ƙira don sabon yakin neman tallarsu a Asiya. An kaddamar da yakin ne a tsakiyar watan Nuwambar 2010. Cho ta yi samfurin don Reebok Korea a 2010 da kuma Nike Japan a 2008. Ta kuma yi samfurin Apple da Alexander McQueen kuma ta fito a cikin Vogue, Purple Fashion da Mujallar Nylon. == waka == A cikin 2010, ɗan wasan Cho da Ktown Cowboys Shane Yoon sun kasance MCs don ziyarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Koriya ta JYJ a Amurka. A cikin 2011, Cho ta fito da waƙarta ta farko, "Ni Yarinya ce kawai".Cho shi ne mawallafi, mawaki kuma mawaƙa; Ed Huang ya kasance marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Cho ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ya ƙirƙira da kansa don ɗaya akan YouTube mai nuna Tim Lacatena.Cho na da shirin rangadin halarta ta farko ta EP My True Happy a cikin 2013 kafin ta sauko da rawar da take takawa akan Teen Wolf. Cho ta kaddamar da waƙar tata mai suna "Simply" a cikin Satumba 2019. '''Sauran harkokin kasuwanci''' Cho ƙwararren ɗan wasan karta ne kuma tana wasa tun 2002. Ta fafata a cikin Babban Taron Duniya na 2018 na Poker, inda ta sanya 662nd tare da $21,750.Babban kuɗinta na rayuwa shine a cikin Janairu 2024 a gasar PGT $1,000,000 freeroll: ta zo na biyu, ta ci $200,000.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2019, an sanar da cewa Cho ya zama Shugaba na Leonard & Church, wani kamfanin agogo na birnin New York. == rayuwar sirri == Cho Kirista ne. Cho tana da baƙar bel a wasan taekwondo kuma ta girma horo tare da mahaifinta, wanda babban malami ne.A baya ta yi soyayya da ɗan wasan barkwanci na Youtube Ryan Higa. A cikin Afrilu 2021, a tsakiyar tashin hankali a cikin nuna wariyar launin fata na Asiya game da cutar ta COVID-19, Cho ta ce tana tafiya karenta lokacin da wani mutum ya kira ta da zage-zage yana barazana ga rayuwarta. Ta dauko karenta da gudu a lokacin da ya matso kusa da ita. Ta ce karuwar laifukan ƙiyayya “ya haifar da da yawa daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan tunawa [na yara]. == manazarta == le90g0zwfwu8o1b0mc5tesuqw3k5oxg 0 103224 647937 2025-06-27T06:20:12Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281311543|CONAKAT]]" 647937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Katanga''' ( {{Langx|fr|Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga}} ; '''CONAKAT''' ) na daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar [[Belgian Congo|Beljiyam Kongo]] kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Moïse Tshombe da ministan cikin gida Godefroid Munongo ne suka jagoranta. Ta zama jam'iyya mai mulki ta jihar Katanga wacce ayyana 'yancin kai ya haifar da rikicin Kongo . == Tarihi == === Samuwar === Tshombe, Munongo, Dominique Diur, da sauransu sun kafa ''ƙungiyar Confedération des ƙungiyoyin kabilun du Katanga'' a cikin Nuwamba 1958 a matsayin martani ga ci gaban yanayin siyasa na zamantakewa a lardin Katanga, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] . A lokacin, bakin haure daga wasu sassa na Kongo, musamman Lulua da Baluba na lardin Kasai, su ne kashi 38% na al'ummar Katanga. "Sahihancin Katangiza" suna kiran su da wulakanci da "baƙi". <ref name="Heraclides60">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heraclides|2012}}</ref> Shugaban CONAKAT na farko shi ne Munongo, wanda cikin gaggawa aka tilasta masa mika ragamar mulki ga Tshombe saboda aikinsa a aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja}}</ref> CONAKAT ta yi takara a zaɓen ƙasa na 1960 akan shirin yanki (ciki har da buƙatar mulkin kai na Katanga da fifita haraji). Jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 8 ne kawai daga cikin kujerun majalisar dokokin Kongo 137 a shekarar 1960. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1960, a karkashin makwanni biyu bayan 'yancin kai na Kongo, shugaban CONAKAT Tshombe ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jihar Katanga da farkon rikicin Kongo . === Jihar Katanga === {{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}} CONAKAT ta zama babbar jam'iyya mai mulki a jihar Katanga yayin da take rike da kujeru 58 daga cikin kujeru 64 na majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma mafi yawan mukaman majalisar ministoci. Jam'iyyar ta mulki Katanga har zuwa shekarar 1963 lokacin da aka tilasta mata mika wuya a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da 'yan adawar Kongo. === Bayan mika wuya === A shekara ta 1965 bayan sake shigar da Katanga cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango Tshombe ya zama firaministan Kongo sannan Munongo ya zama ministan cikin gida. A babban zaben 1965 CONAKAT ta zo na biyu, inda ta samu kuri'u sama da dubu 178, kashi 7.2% na yawan kuri'un. Jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru 9 a majalisar dokokin kasar kuma tana kawance da kawancen CONACO na kasar baki daya karkashin jagorancin firaminista Tshombe. Kawancen ya samu kujeru 80 amma duk da wannan Évariste Kimba, wanda tsohon memba ne na CONAKAT amma a yanzu shugaban Kongo Democratic Front, an nada shi Firayim Minista. Joseph Mobutu ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki a watan Nuwamba 1965 kuma zai mayar da kasar Kongo kasa mai jam’iyya daya a karkashin Popular Movement of the Revolution wadda ta rusa CONAKAT da karfi tare da kowace jam’iyyar siyasa. == Ambato == * {{Cite book}} oj2b70pmk4kxe2j6ifru9ju0he9b74f 647939 647937 2025-06-27T06:20:57Z Sirjat 20447 647939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Katanga''' (Faransanci;Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga; '''CONAKAT''' ) na daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar [[Belgian Congo|Beljiyam Kongo]] kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Moïse Tshombe da ministan cikin gida Godefroid Munongo ne suka jagoranta. Ta zama jam'iyya mai mulki ta jihar Katanga wacce ayyana 'yancin kai ya haifar da rikicin Kongo . == Tarihi == === Samuwar === Tshombe, Munongo, Dominique Diur, da sauransu sun kafa ''ƙungiyar Confedération des ƙungiyoyin kabilun du Katanga'' a cikin Nuwamba 1958 a matsayin martani ga ci gaban yanayin siyasa na zamantakewa a lardin Katanga, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] . A lokacin, bakin haure daga wasu sassa na Kongo, musamman Lulua da Baluba na lardin Kasai, su ne kashi 38% na al'ummar Katanga. "Sahihancin Katangiza" suna kiran su da wulakanci da "baƙi". <ref name="Heraclides60">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heraclides|2012}}</ref> Shugaban CONAKAT na farko shi ne Munongo, wanda cikin gaggawa aka tilasta masa mika ragamar mulki ga Tshombe saboda aikinsa a aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja}}</ref> CONAKAT ta yi takara a zaɓen ƙasa na 1960 akan shirin yanki (ciki har da buƙatar mulkin kai na Katanga da fifita haraji). Jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 8 ne kawai daga cikin kujerun majalisar dokokin Kongo 137 a shekarar 1960. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1960, a karkashin makwanni biyu bayan 'yancin kai na Kongo, shugaban CONAKAT Tshombe ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jihar Katanga da farkon rikicin Kongo . === Jihar Katanga === {{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}} CONAKAT ta zama babbar jam'iyya mai mulki a jihar Katanga yayin da take rike da kujeru 58 daga cikin kujeru 64 na majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma mafi yawan mukaman majalisar ministoci. Jam'iyyar ta mulki Katanga har zuwa shekarar 1963 lokacin da aka tilasta mata mika wuya a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da 'yan adawar Kongo. === Bayan mika wuya === A shekara ta 1965 bayan sake shigar da Katanga cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango Tshombe ya zama firaministan Kongo sannan Munongo ya zama ministan cikin gida. A babban zaben 1965 CONAKAT ta zo na biyu, inda ta samu kuri'u sama da dubu 178, kashi 7.2% na yawan kuri'un. Jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru 9 a majalisar dokokin kasar kuma tana kawance da kawancen CONACO na kasar baki daya karkashin jagorancin firaminista Tshombe. Kawancen ya samu kujeru 80 amma duk da wannan Évariste Kimba, wanda tsohon memba ne na CONAKAT amma a yanzu shugaban Kongo Democratic Front, an nada shi Firayim Minista. Joseph Mobutu ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki a watan Nuwamba 1965 kuma zai mayar da kasar Kongo kasa mai jam’iyya daya a karkashin Popular Movement of the Revolution wadda ta rusa CONAKAT da karfi tare da kowace jam’iyyar siyasa. == Ambato == * {{Cite book}} et7tj711mmq49u2bin1nfcb2eflfrm6 647940 647939 2025-06-27T06:21:11Z Sirjat 20447 647940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Katanga''' (Faransanci;Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga; '''CONAKAT''' ) na daya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar [[Belgian Congo|Beljiyam Kongo]] kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Moïse Tshombe da ministan cikin gida Godefroid Munongo ne suka jagoranta. Ta zama jam'iyya mai mulki ta jihar Katanga wacce ayyana 'yancin kai ya haifar da rikicin Kongo . == Tarihi == === Samuwar === Tshombe, Munongo, Dominique Diur, da sauransu sun kafa ''ƙungiyar Confedération des ƙungiyoyin kabilun du Katanga'' a cikin Nuwamba 1958 a matsayin martani ga ci gaban yanayin siyasa na zamantakewa a lardin Katanga, [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] . A lokacin, bakin haure daga wasu sassa na Kongo, musamman Lulua da Baluba na lardin Kasai, su ne kashi 38% na al'ummar Katanga. "Sahihancin Katangiza" suna kiran su da wulakanci da "baƙi". <ref name="Heraclides60">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heraclides|2012}}</ref> Shugaban CONAKAT na farko shi ne Munongo, wanda cikin gaggawa aka tilasta masa mika ragamar mulki ga Tshombe saboda aikinsa a aikin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja}}</ref> CONAKAT ta yi takara a zaɓen ƙasa na 1960 akan shirin yanki (ciki har da buƙatar mulkin kai na Katanga da fifita haraji). Jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 8 ne kawai daga cikin kujerun majalisar dokokin Kongo 137 a shekarar 1960. A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1960, a karkashin makwanni biyu bayan 'yancin kai na Kongo, shugaban CONAKAT Tshombe ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jihar Katanga da farkon rikicin Kongo . === Jihar Katanga === {{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}} CONAKAT ta zama babbar jam'iyya mai mulki a jihar Katanga yayin da take rike da kujeru 58 daga cikin kujeru 64 na majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma mafi yawan mukaman majalisar ministoci. Jam'iyyar ta mulki Katanga har zuwa shekarar 1963 lokacin da aka tilasta mata mika wuya a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da 'yan adawar Kongo. === Bayan mika wuya === A shekara ta 1965 bayan sake shigar da Katanga cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango Tshombe ya zama firaministan Kongo sannan Munongo ya zama ministan cikin gida. A babban zaben 1965 CONAKAT ta zo na biyu, inda ta samu kuri'u sama da dubu 178, kashi 7.2% na yawan kuri'un. Jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru 9 a majalisar dokokin kasar kuma tana kawance da kawancen CONACO na kasar baki daya karkashin jagorancin firaminista Tshombe. Kawancen ya samu kujeru 80 amma duk da wannan Évariste Kimba, wanda tsohon memba ne na CONAKAT amma a yanzu shugaban Kongo Democratic Front, an nada shi Firayim Minista. Joseph Mobutu ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki a watan Nuwamba 1965 kuma zai mayar da kasar Kongo kasa mai jam’iyya daya a karkashin Popular Movement of the Revolution wadda ta rusa CONAKAT da karfi tare da kowace jam’iyyar siyasa. == Ambato == * {{Cite book}} mn357tx8bbdjow19d206pvhjqacbotk 0 103225 647966 2025-06-27T06:52:26Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282390217|List of renamed places in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]" 647966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Mapcongo1914.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Kongo Belgian, 1914]] Wannan jerin sunayen wurare ne na garuruwa da garuruwa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] da aka canza daga baya bayan kawo karshen [[Belgian Congo|mulkin mallaka na Belgium]] . Sunaye na zamanin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna da nau'i biyu, ɗaya a cikin Faransanci kuma ɗaya a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, yana nuna manyan harsuna biyu na Belgium . Yawancin waɗannan sunaye an zaɓi su ne bayan bayanan ƙasa ko kuma manyan ƴan mulkin mallaka. Yawancin canje-canjen suna sun faru a ƙarƙashin shirin ingantacce a cikin 1960s da 1970s lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Mobutu Sese Seko . A wasu lokuta, sunayen suna da ainihin amfani kafin mulkin mallaka ko kuma an riga an yi amfani da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Mobutu ya kuma canza sunan kasar daga Kongo zuwa Zaire . A yau, masu magana da turawa na Faransanci da Dutch suna amfani da sunayen wuraren Kongo na zamani. [[Fayil:Kinshasa_Congo.jpg|thumb| [[Kinshasa]], wanda aka fi sani da Léopoldville ko Leopoldstad]] [[Fayil:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg|thumb| [[Lubumbashi]], wanda aka fi sani da Élisabethville ko Elisabethstad]] [[Fayil:Kisangani_rond-point_Cathédrale_et_Congo_Palace.jpg|thumb| [[Kisangani]], wanda aka fi sani da Stanleyville ko Stanleystad]] [[Fayil:Stadsaanzichten_f.JPG|thumb| Mbandaka, tsohon Coquilhatville ko Cocquilhatstad]] == Alamar ƙasa da sharuddan yanki == [[Fayil:Maluku.jpg|thumb| Pool Malebo, tsohon Stanley Pool]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" !Sunan yanzu ! Tsohon suna a Faransanci ! Tsohon suna a cikin Dutch ! Tsohon suna |- | Boyoma Falls | Stanley Falls | Stanleywatervallen | An yi suna don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Lake Mai-Ndombe | Lac Léopold II | Leopold II Meer | An yi masa suna don girmama Sarki Leopold II, Sarki-Mallakin Jihar Kwango |- | Pool Malebo | colspan="2" | Stanley Pool | An yi suna don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Mayombe | colspan="2" | Crystal | |- | [[Filin shakatawa na Virunga|Virunga National Park]] | Parc Albert | Albert Park | An yi suna don girmama Sarki Albert I |} |} == Magana == 86ycx069fvv2wu6kcxw8mgjhf6p0kqk 647968 647966 2025-06-27T06:52:47Z Sirjat 20447 647968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mapcongo1914.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Kongo Belgian, 1914]] Wannan jerin sunayen wurare ne na garuruwa da garuruwa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] da aka canza daga baya bayan kawo karshen [[Belgian Congo|mulkin mallaka na Belgium]] . Sunaye na zamanin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna da nau'i biyu, ɗaya a cikin Faransanci kuma ɗaya a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, yana nuna manyan harsuna biyu na Belgium . Yawancin waɗannan sunaye an zaɓi su ne bayan bayanan ƙasa ko kuma manyan ƴan mulkin mallaka. Yawancin canje-canjen suna sun faru a ƙarƙashin shirin ingantacce a cikin 1960s da 1970s lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Mobutu Sese Seko . A wasu lokuta, sunayen suna da ainihin amfani kafin mulkin mallaka ko kuma an riga an yi amfani da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Mobutu ya kuma canza sunan kasar daga Kongo zuwa Zaire . A yau, masu magana da turawa na Faransanci da Dutch suna amfani da sunayen wuraren Kongo na zamani. [[Fayil:Kinshasa_Congo.jpg|thumb| [[Kinshasa]], wanda aka fi sani da Léopoldville ko Leopoldstad]] [[Fayil:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg|thumb| [[Lubumbashi]], wanda aka fi sani da Élisabethville ko Elisabethstad]] [[Fayil:Kisangani_rond-point_Cathédrale_et_Congo_Palace.jpg|thumb| [[Kisangani]], wanda aka fi sani da Stanleyville ko Stanleystad]] [[Fayil:Stadsaanzichten_f.JPG|thumb| Mbandaka, tsohon Coquilhatville ko Cocquilhatstad]] == Alamar ƙasa da sharuddan yanki == [[Fayil:Maluku.jpg|thumb| Pool Malebo, tsohon Stanley Pool]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" !Sunan yanzu ! Tsohon suna a Faransanci ! Tsohon suna a cikin Dutch ! Tsohon suna |- | Boyoma Falls | Stanley Falls | Stanleywatervallen | An yi suna don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Lake Mai-Ndombe | Lac Léopold II | Leopold II Meer | An yi masa suna don girmama Sarki Leopold II, Sarki-Mallakin Jihar Kwango |- | Pool Malebo | colspan="2" | Stanley Pool | An yi suna don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Mayombe | colspan="2" | Crystal | |- | [[Filin shakatawa na Virunga|Virunga National Park]] | Parc Albert | Albert Park | An yi suna don girmama Sarki Albert I |} |} == Magana == 55mtfms6ru6s8ejgjeq1i3ak7r38cst 648060 647968 2025-06-27T09:38:55Z Sirjat 20447 /* Alamar ƙasa da sharuddan yanki */ 648060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mapcongo1914.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Kongo Belgian, 1914]] Wannan jerin sunayen wurare ne na garuruwa da garuruwa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] da aka canza daga baya bayan kawo karshen [[Belgian Congo|mulkin mallaka na Belgium]] . Sunaye na zamanin mulkin mallaka sun kasance suna da nau'i biyu, ɗaya a cikin Faransanci kuma ɗaya a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, yana nuna manyan harsuna biyu na Belgium . Yawancin waɗannan sunaye an zaɓi su ne bayan bayanan ƙasa ko kuma manyan ƴan mulkin mallaka. Yawancin canje-canjen suna sun faru a ƙarƙashin shirin ingantacce a cikin 1960s da 1970s lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Mobutu Sese Seko . A wasu lokuta, sunayen suna da ainihin amfani kafin mulkin mallaka ko kuma an riga an yi amfani da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Mobutu ya kuma canza sunan kasar daga Kongo zuwa Zaire . A yau, masu magana da turawa na Faransanci da Dutch suna amfani da sunayen wuraren Kongo na zamani. [[Fayil:Kinshasa_Congo.jpg|thumb| [[Kinshasa]], wanda aka fi sani da Léopoldville ko Leopoldstad]] [[Fayil:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg|thumb| [[Lubumbashi]], wanda aka fi sani da Élisabethville ko Elisabethstad]] [[Fayil:Kisangani_rond-point_Cathédrale_et_Congo_Palace.jpg|thumb| [[Kisangani]], wanda aka fi sani da Stanleyville ko Stanleystad]] [[Fayil:Stadsaanzichten_f.JPG|thumb| Mbandaka, tsohon Coquilhatville ko Cocquilhatstad]] == Alamar ƙasa da sharuddan yanki == [[Fayil:Maluku.jpg|thumb| Pool Malebo, tsohon Stanley Pool]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Sabon suna !! Tsohon suna a Faransanci !! Tsohon suna a Holanci !! Wanda aka radawa suna |- | Aketi || Aketi Port-Chaltin || Aketi-Chaltinhaven || An radawa suna ne don girmama Louis-Napoléon Chaltin, jami'in soja na mulkin mallaka a Congo Free State |- | Bandundu || Banningville || Banningstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Émile Banning, babban jami'in gwamnati na Belgium kuma abokin shawarar Sarki Leopold II |- | Boteka || colspan="2" | Flandria || Flanders, yanki ne a Belgium |- | Bukavu || Costermansville || Costermansstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Paul Costermans, jami'in mulkin mallaka a Congo, a 1927 |- | Djokupunda || Charlesville || Charlesstad || |- | Gombe (Kinshasa) || colspan="2" | Kalina || An radawa suna ne don girmama E. Kalina, sojan Austria wanda ya mutu a 1883 |- | Ilebo || Port-Francqui || Francquihaven || An radawa suna ne don girmama Émile Francqui, attajiri kuma mai bayar da agaji |- | Isiro || colspan="2" | Paulis || An radawa suna ne don girmama Albert Paulis |- | Kalemie || Albertville || Albertstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Sarki Albert I na Belgium |- | Kananga || Luluabourg || Luluaburg || An samo sunan ne daga Kogin Lulua |- | Kasa-Vubu (Kinshasa) || colspan="2" | Dendale || |- | Kikwit || colspan="2" | Poto-Poto{{efn|Tun daga 1937. Kafin haka, ana kiran garin da Makaku ko Makal.}} || |- | Kindu || Kindu Port-Émpain || Kindu Empain-Haven || An radawa suna ne don girmama Edouard Empain, attajirin Belgian |- | Kinshasa || Léopoldville || Leopoldstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Sarki Leopold II na Belgium, Sarkin Congo Free State |- | Kirungu || Baudouinville || Boudewijnstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Yarima Baudouin na Belgium, ɗan'uwan Leopold II |- | Kisangani || Stanleyville || Stanleystad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Kwilu Ngongo || colspan="2" | Moerbeke || An radawa suna ne daga garin Moerbeke a Belgium, garin Maurice Lippens, babban jari mai saka hannun jari a masana'antar sukari |- | Likasi || Jadotville || Jadotstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Jean Jadot, attajiri kuma masana'antar Belgian |- | Lingwala (Kinshasa) || colspan="2" | Saint-Jean || An radawa suna ne don girmama Saint John, ɗaya daga cikin almajiran Yesu |- | Lubao || colspan="2" | Sentery || |- | Lubumbashi || Élisabethville || Elisabethstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Sarauniya Elisabeth na Belgium |- | Lufu-Toto || colspan="2" | Cattier || An radawa suna ne don girmama Félicien Cattier, attajiri |- | Luila || colspan="2" | Wolter || |- | Lokandu || colspan="2" | Riba-Riba|| |- | Lokutu || colspan="2" | Elisabetha || An radawa suna ne don girmama Sarauniya Elisabeth na Belgium |- | Lusanga || Leverville || Leverstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama William Lever, ɗan kasuwa ɗan Birtaniya kuma wanda ya kafa Lever Brothers, wanda ke da kamfani a Congo (HCB) |- | Makanza || Nouvelle-Anvers || Nieuw Antwerpen || An radawa suna ne daga tashar Antwerp a Belgium |- | Makiso || colspan="2" | Stanley || An radawa suna ne don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Mapangu || colspan="2" | Brabanta || An radawa suna ne daga yanki na Brabant a Belgium |- | Matonge (Kinshasa) || colspan="2" | Renkin || An radawa suna ne don girmama Jules Renkin, ɗan siyasa na Belgian, Ministan Mulkin Mallaka da Firayim Minista |- | Mbandaka || Coquilhatville{{efn|Tsohon sunan yana da "Équateurville"}} || Cocquilhatstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Camille Coquilhat, jami'in mulkin mallaka kuma wanda ya kafa garin |- | Mbanza-Ngungu || Thysville || Thysstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Albert Thys, ɗan kasuwa kuma masanin mulkin mallaka |- | Mobayi-Mbongo || Banzyville || Banzystad || |- | Mbuji-Mayi || colspan="2" | Bakwanga || |- | Ngaliema (Kinshasa) || colspan="2" | Stanley || An radawa suna ne don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Nsiamfumu || colspan="2" | Vista || |- | Nzoro || Vankerckhovenville || Vankerckhovenstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Willem Frans Van Kerckhoven, ɗan binciken Belgian |- | Tshilundu || colspan="2" | Mérode || An radawa suna ne don girmama gidan sarauta na Mérode |- | Ubundu || Ponthierville || Ponthierstad || An radawa suna ne don girmama Pierre Ponthier, sojan mulkin mallaka |} |} == Alƙaluma == {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" !Sunan yanzu ! Tsohon suna a Faransanci ! Tsohon suna a cikin Dutch ! Tsohon suna |- | Boyoma Falls | Stanley Falls | Stanleywatervallen | An yi suna don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Lake Mai-Ndombe | Lac Léopold II | Leopold II Meer | An yi masa suna don girmama Sarki Leopold II, Sarki-Mallakin Jihar Kwango |- | Pool Malebo | colspan="2" | Stanley Pool | An yi suna don girmama Henry Morton Stanley, mai bincike |- | Mayombe | colspan="2" | Crystal | |- | [[Filin shakatawa na Virunga|Virunga National Park]] | Parc Albert | Albert Park | An yi suna don girmama Sarki Albert I |} |} == Magana == ljcmedr8v1fyb3o3yqppt5mxcx5j14r 0 103226 647969 2025-06-27T06:57:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647969 wikitext text/x-wiki Diese Kaminskis jerin talabijin ne na Jamus wanda ke yin tauraro Nick Hein a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na ƴan'uwa uku da ba su cancanta ba waɗanda ke gudanar da wurin jana'izar.<ref>"UFC: Nick Hein – policeman, actor and fighter – makes his octagon debut against Drew Dober in Berlin". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref>[3][4] Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Storyline3Cast4Episode list5References6Hanyoyin waje == Fage == Jigo na nunin fage ne na docu-soaps ta shirye-shiryen talabijin. An watsa shi azaman ɓangare na shirin talabijin na TVLab.[5] == Labari == 'Yan'uwan rabin rabin Bernd, Michael da Marco Kaminski su ne cikakken slobs kuma ba za su iya bambanta ba. Bernd mai juyayi yana fama da neuroses, Michael yana jin kunya da butulci kuma Marco wawa ne mai sha'awar biki. Bugu da kari, budurwar Marco Sandy, wani tanned ba mai zurfi mai zurfi ba. Tare suka karɓi wani gidan jana'izar da aka yi a Cologne saboda rashin wasu ayyukan yi. Abin baƙin ciki, su ne cikakken 'yan koyo a cikin wannan kasuwanci da kuma samun daga daya bala'i zuwa na gaba, amma ba su rasa su yarda da kai da kuma m kerawa. Karkashin taken "Nuna mani wanda baya mutuwa!" suna kula da abokan cinikinsu fiye ko žasa da girmamawa[6]. == Manazarta == 5ue68dnb9t2ratin0kwpnh8owixpe0e 647970 647969 2025-06-27T06:58:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647970 wikitext text/x-wiki Diese Kaminskis jerin talabijin ne na Jamus wanda ke yin tauraro Nick Hein a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na ƴan'uwa uku da ba su cancanta ba waɗanda ke gudanar da wurin jana'izar.<ref>"UFC: Nick Hein – policeman, actor and fighter – makes his octagon debut against Drew Dober in Berlin". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>"TVLab" bei ZDFNeo: Das Zweite auf der Jagd nach Frischfleisch". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref>[4] Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Storyline3Cast4Episode list5References6Hanyoyin waje == Fage == Jigo na nunin fage ne na docu-soaps ta shirye-shiryen talabijin. An watsa shi azaman ɓangare na shirin talabijin na TVLab.[5] == Labari == 'Yan'uwan rabin rabin Bernd, Michael da Marco Kaminski su ne cikakken slobs kuma ba za su iya bambanta ba. Bernd mai juyayi yana fama da neuroses, Michael yana jin kunya da butulci kuma Marco wawa ne mai sha'awar biki. Bugu da kari, budurwar Marco Sandy, wani tanned ba mai zurfi mai zurfi ba. Tare suka karɓi wani gidan jana'izar da aka yi a Cologne saboda rashin wasu ayyukan yi. Abin baƙin ciki, su ne cikakken 'yan koyo a cikin wannan kasuwanci da kuma samun daga daya bala'i zuwa na gaba, amma ba su rasa su yarda da kai da kuma m kerawa. Karkashin taken "Nuna mani wanda baya mutuwa!" suna kula da abokan cinikinsu fiye ko žasa da girmamawa[6]. == Manazarta == 97tmto0reqlbw4scxqq8n0zj64z4bd3 647971 647970 2025-06-27T06:59:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647971 wikitext text/x-wiki Diese Kaminskis jerin talabijin ne na Jamus wanda ke yin tauraro Nick Hein a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na ƴan'uwa uku da ba su cancanta ba waɗanda ke gudanar da wurin jana'izar.<ref>"UFC: Nick Hein – policeman, actor and fighter – makes his octagon debut against Drew Dober in Berlin". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>"TVLab" bei ZDFNeo: Das Zweite auf der Jagd nach Frischfleisch". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>ZDFneo schickt "Diese Kaminskis" doch noch in Serie". DWDL. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Storyline3Cast4Episode list5References6Hanyoyin waje == Fage == Jigo na nunin fage ne na docu-soaps ta shirye-shiryen talabijin. An watsa shi azaman ɓangare na shirin talabijin na TVLab.[5] == Labari == 'Yan'uwan rabin rabin Bernd, Michael da Marco Kaminski su ne cikakken slobs kuma ba za su iya bambanta ba. Bernd mai juyayi yana fama da neuroses, Michael yana jin kunya da butulci kuma Marco wawa ne mai sha'awar biki. Bugu da kari, budurwar Marco Sandy, wani tanned ba mai zurfi mai zurfi ba. Tare suka karɓi wani gidan jana'izar da aka yi a Cologne saboda rashin wasu ayyukan yi. Abin baƙin ciki, su ne cikakken 'yan koyo a cikin wannan kasuwanci da kuma samun daga daya bala'i zuwa na gaba, amma ba su rasa su yarda da kai da kuma m kerawa. Karkashin taken "Nuna mani wanda baya mutuwa!" suna kula da abokan cinikinsu fiye ko žasa da girmamawa[6]. == Manazarta == ow6wi2ook1j0un3cqvu5g8xdsu78wtc 647972 647971 2025-06-27T06:59:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647972 wikitext text/x-wiki Diese Kaminskis jerin talabijin ne na Jamus wanda ke yin tauraro Nick Hein a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na ƴan'uwa uku da ba su cancanta ba waɗanda ke gudanar da wurin jana'izar.<ref>"UFC: Nick Hein – policeman, actor and fighter – makes his octagon debut against Drew Dober in Berlin". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>"TVLab" bei ZDFNeo: Das Zweite auf der Jagd nach Frischfleisch". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>ZDFneo schickt "Diese Kaminskis" doch noch in Serie". DWDL. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Storyline3Cast4Episode list5References6Hanyoyin waje == Fage == Jigo na nunin fage ne na docu-soaps ta shirye-shiryen talabijin. An watsa shi azaman ɓangare na shirin talabijin na TVLab.<ref>Beisel, Karoline Meta. ""Diese Kaminskis" auf ZDF neo - Tiefer legen geht immer". Süddeutsche.de.</ref> == Labari == 'Yan'uwan rabin rabin Bernd, Michael da Marco Kaminski su ne cikakken slobs kuma ba za su iya bambanta ba. Bernd mai juyayi yana fama da neuroses, Michael yana jin kunya da butulci kuma Marco wawa ne mai sha'awar biki. Bugu da kari, budurwar Marco Sandy, wani tanned ba mai zurfi mai zurfi ba. Tare suka karɓi wani gidan jana'izar da aka yi a Cologne saboda rashin wasu ayyukan yi. Abin baƙin ciki, su ne cikakken 'yan koyo a cikin wannan kasuwanci da kuma samun daga daya bala'i zuwa na gaba, amma ba su rasa su yarda da kai da kuma m kerawa. Karkashin taken "Nuna mani wanda baya mutuwa!" suna kula da abokan cinikinsu fiye ko žasa da girmamawa[6]. == Manazarta == i9xae7mw7rrby28tut29zjvvuu1lvrt 647973 647972 2025-06-27T07:05:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647973 wikitext text/x-wiki Diese Kaminskis jerin talabijin ne na Jamus wanda ke yin tauraro Nick Hein a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na ƴan'uwa uku da ba su cancanta ba waɗanda ke gudanar da wurin jana'izar.<ref>"UFC: Nick Hein – policeman, actor and fighter – makes his octagon debut against Drew Dober in Berlin". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>"TVLab" bei ZDFNeo: Das Zweite auf der Jagd nach Frischfleisch". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>ZDFneo schickt "Diese Kaminskis" doch noch in Serie". DWDL. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Storyline3Cast4Episode list5References6Hanyoyin waje == Fage == Jigo na nunin fage ne na docu-soaps ta shirye-shiryen talabijin. An watsa shi azaman ɓangare na shirin talabijin na TVLab.<ref>Beisel, Karoline Meta. ""Diese Kaminskis" auf ZDF neo - Tiefer legen geht immer". Süddeutsche.de.</ref> == Labari == 'Yan'uwan rabin rabin Bernd, Michael da Marco Kaminski su ne cikakken slobs kuma ba za su iya bambanta ba. Bernd mai juyayi yana fama da neuroses, Michael yana jin kunya da butulci kuma Marco wawa ne mai sha'awar biki. Bugu da kari, budurwar Marco Sandy, wani tanned ba mai zurfi mai zurfi ba. Tare suka karɓi wani gidan jana'izar da aka yi a Cologne saboda rashin wasu ayyukan yi. Abin baƙin ciki, su ne cikakken 'yan koyo a cikin wannan kasuwanci da kuma samun daga daya bala'i zuwa na gaba, amma ba su rasa su yarda da kai da kuma m kerawa. Karkashin taken "Nuna mani wanda baya mutuwa!" suna kula da abokan cinikinsu fiye ko žasa da girmamawa<ref>Presseportal ZDF". Retrieved 2019-04-18.</ref> == Manazarta == isgeixh6jsg3wnwqkbi38tufugo2f4x 647974 647973 2025-06-27T07:14:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 647974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Diese Kaminskis jerin talabijin ne na Jamus wanda ke yin tauraro Nick Hein a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku na ƴan'uwa uku da ba su cancanta ba waɗanda ke gudanar da wurin jana'izar.<ref>"UFC: Nick Hein – policeman, actor and fighter – makes his octagon debut against Drew Dober in Berlin". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>"TVLab" bei ZDFNeo: Das Zweite auf der Jagd nach Frischfleisch". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref><ref>ZDFneo schickt "Diese Kaminskis" doch noch in Serie". DWDL. Retrieved 2014-06-01.</ref> Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Background2Storyline3Cast4Episode list5References6Hanyoyin waje == Fage == Jigo na nunin fage ne na docu-soaps ta shirye-shiryen talabijin. An watsa shi azaman ɓangare na shirin talabijin na TVLab.<ref>Beisel, Karoline Meta. ""Diese Kaminskis" auf ZDF neo - Tiefer legen geht immer". Süddeutsche.de.</ref> == Labari == 'Yan'uwan rabin rabin Bernd, Michael da Marco Kaminski su ne cikakken slobs kuma ba za su iya bambanta ba. Bernd mai juyayi yana fama da neuroses, Michael yana jin kunya da butulci kuma Marco wawa ne mai sha'awar biki. Bugu da kari, budurwar Marco Sandy, wani tanned ba mai zurfi mai zurfi ba. Tare suka karɓi wani gidan jana'izar da aka yi a Cologne saboda rashin wasu ayyukan yi. Abin baƙin ciki, su ne cikakken 'yan koyo a cikin wannan kasuwanci da kuma samun daga daya bala'i zuwa na gaba, amma ba su rasa su yarda da kai da kuma m kerawa. Karkashin taken "Nuna mani wanda baya mutuwa!" suna kula da abokan cinikinsu fiye ko žasa da girmamawa<ref>Presseportal ZDF". Retrieved 2019-04-18.</ref> == Manazarta == ajqd4rx5d31vmxjty5pleswx3if3b8g 0 103227 647975 2025-06-27T07:26:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Kirkirar muqala 647975 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. [4] [5] The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. [6] An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.[7][8][9] An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. thaegqqbxtoutorfauwt5zalmddnkap 647976 647975 2025-06-27T07:27:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647976 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> [5] The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. [6] An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.[7][8][9] An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == sybalfzdbsi9l8gtkuxsa09dla5724e 647977 647976 2025-06-27T07:28:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647977 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. [6] An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.[7][8][9] An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == r26ip4qo7ysapomcu3yeuwb4imtfq5m 647978 647977 2025-06-27T07:29:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647978 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.[7][8][9] An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == 5le6vluu4bws34265x4vxbvmivnkbad 647979 647978 2025-06-27T07:31:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647979 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref>[8][9] An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == 4d9v0ljkiy6p7cmeibmlnbjlq787k8v 647980 647979 2025-06-27T07:32:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647980 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref>[9] An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == l1e1ly3c616aykxds9rb07whbszv0d8 647981 647980 2025-06-27T07:33:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647981 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.[10] Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == cq1x4ztk8ci1mgg1tsc8kmqx9p8qm1o 647982 647981 2025-06-27T07:34:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647982 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.[11]. == Manazarta == 4m9zbjk9eco7g2tbco1vqg98k4xv28v 647984 647982 2025-06-27T07:36:02Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647984 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Manazarta == 5nrujvdyiiwmpmsdyafwvo9vutyl99r 647985 647984 2025-06-27T07:39:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647985 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[15][16] Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.[17] == Manazarta == 7ez29gf3dl3gc6qw8w6bdtv3hg4ve77 647986 647985 2025-06-27T07:40:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647986 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref>[16] Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.[17] == Manazarta == acoivx46cdpdru7faibf5r7nrrt8dk5 647987 647986 2025-06-27T07:40:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647987 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.[17] == Manazarta == 3b5wfl7g7xl7q0ahfcvcpjvzinr5u99 647988 647987 2025-06-27T07:41:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647988 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpy Flame Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == fj8u7fvjzojux6eqfszou6awhjahfim 647990 647988 2025-06-27T07:46:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 647990 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 2g1shl1jhu70xjxn48qhmcynmsvjkhz 648055 647990 2025-06-27T09:36:38Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648055 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.[18] A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.[9] Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka.[19] A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.[20] An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.[21][22][23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 04l1hy9wwkcidf0z54h6xi85xx9lwar 648058 648055 2025-06-27T09:37:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648058 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.[9] Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka.[19] A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.[20] An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.[21][22][23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> htk7fx0pbm426broyg5swvn3t43ynoy 648059 648058 2025-06-27T09:38:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648059 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.[9] Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.[20] An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.[21][22][23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> qh3mx3na91rkjmaxxehqw36ama7oa59 648062 648059 2025-06-27T09:39:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648062 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.[20] An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.[21][22][23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 81b3ux57bxq5chnw9mnxm0wae7h51op 648064 648062 2025-06-27T09:39:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648064 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.[21][22][23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> p4ucs57hc2tem600u9tu5c69d5cr5av 648067 648064 2025-06-27T09:41:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648067 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>[22][23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 91ez10lmxo6lqha9ivuow0mghp9cm5k 648069 648067 2025-06-27T09:42:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648069 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>[23][24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> igbaakcflb451eggxw9fol4skqm7t00 648071 648069 2025-06-27T09:44:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648071 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>[24][25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> q3vm9nosj6caxr7zdp2roxeorlx7ty5 648072 648071 2025-06-27T09:44:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648072 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>[25][26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> dkv6l48clhuyxu0g33n35znfz2i1evw 648075 648072 2025-06-27T09:45:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648075 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bidiyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>[26] A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> ic68f9ix4zazjsgihm49drpdq06p79r 648077 648075 2025-06-27T09:46:31Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648077 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> ru8k4bzh37k4v1kaq9o6rwax8p18i4n 648084 648077 2025-06-27T09:49:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648084 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)[28] "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)[29] "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 8yxw18k55rd4y0wqel8ifiw28b73m5l 648088 648084 2025-06-27T09:50:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648088 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)[29] "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 7oy2tfnt8pe5vdz38ypjmnx8nnwd81u 648090 648088 2025-06-27T09:51:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648090 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 05q7br1h1cncsxrrc53ct8i7737nx7q 648103 648090 2025-06-27T09:59:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648103 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) [31] 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) [32] 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) [33] 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) [34] 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) [35] 10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) [37] 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 9zyaxeg3c5kxufdurvwxas7m9fb7fbw 648105 648103 2025-06-27T10:00:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648105 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) [32] 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) [33] 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) [34] 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) [35] 10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) [37] 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 372f6yywd9wuib3oghgcibjdsj32s07 648106 648105 2025-06-27T10:01:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648106 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) [33] 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) [34] 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) [35] 10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) [37] 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> ajcnicetx4q2cytis5ujk99wurn4epv 648107 648106 2025-06-27T10:02:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648107 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) [34] 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) [35] 10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) [37] 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> q9z4nca7dq2gm4hmsa94n280xtqjzqw 648108 648107 2025-06-27T10:03:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648108 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) [35] 10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) [37] 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> qexcgpide0vyix59us0lw3ladmcw7oe 648110 648108 2025-06-27T10:04:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648110 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42 Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) [37] 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 2ebqoc43b9zief6whc3y7n7q1zhuz6n 648111 648110 2025-06-27T10:05:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648111 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) [38] 17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> nqux814s5fy9mxcjn70i9in33v6809r 648114 648111 2025-06-27T10:06:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648114 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) [36] 47 Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 6juyreqm0bqtop2b77kefzkcitwd408 648116 648114 2025-06-27T10:07:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648116 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) [40] 21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> j028qr1zd4xa2wiqnn3mnl70egd3ap4 648125 648116 2025-06-27T10:11:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648125 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 Takaddun shaida Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[41] Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. Tarihin sakewa Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> i3h5zrql684gkn3xt5pahbsmhokjzq6 648141 648125 2025-06-27T10:19:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648141 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 == Takardar sheda == Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)<ref>"Brazilian single certifications – Iggy Azalea – Mo Bounce" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. == Tarihi == Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam [5] Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> oj5frc94q02wwutsvypt7ouqmkez7rf 648143 648141 2025-06-27T10:20:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648143 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 == Takardar sheda == Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)<ref>"Brazilian single certifications – Iggy Azalea – Mo Bounce" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. == Tarihi == Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam<ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani [42] 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> itq4afk5sqhub13f98o2qiqf6xuusnp 648144 648143 2025-06-27T10:22:48Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648144 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 == Takardar sheda == Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)<ref>"Brazilian single certifications – Iggy Azalea – Mo Bounce" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. == Tarihi == Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam<ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani <ref>"Top 40/Rhythmic > Future Releases". All Access. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.</ref> 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani [43] Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> f3thlz9afd3spimp3eskkm7ybiosu51 648145 648144 2025-06-27T10:24:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648145 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 == Takardar sheda == Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)<ref>"Brazilian single certifications – Iggy Azalea – Mo Bounce" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. == Tarihi == Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam<ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani <ref>"Top 40/Rhythmic > Future Releases". All Access. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.</ref> 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani <ref>"Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases". All Access. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.</ref> Birane na zamani [44] == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> 2ve1j6m6a3yijb82cef4856fi7vdo4q 648147 648145 2025-06-27T10:25:17Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648147 wikitext text/x-wiki Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 == Takardar sheda == Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)<ref>"Brazilian single certifications – Iggy Azalea – Mo Bounce" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. == Tarihi == Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam<ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani <ref>"Top 40/Rhythmic > Future Releases". All Access. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.</ref> 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani <ref>"Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases". All Access. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.</ref> Birane na zamani <ref>Urban/UAC Future Releases". All Access. All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> swb3vtf5dj8trwhhwon1rsdqqxgiyvw 648149 648147 2025-06-27T10:28:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatin bayanai 648149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mo Bounce" waƙa ce da mawakin Ostiraliya Iggy Azalea ya yi rikodin. An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 kuma an yi muhawara a gidan rediyon Zane Lowe's Beats 1. <ref>Lee, Christina (18 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Poses In Skimpyme Print Bikini For 'Mo Bounce' Single Art". ''Idolator''. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref> <ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Stereotypes and Far East Movement ne suka shirya ta. <ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017</ref> An yi wa waƙar dariya tun farkon Maris tare da sanya hotuna daban-daban a shafukanta na sada zumunta, wasu daga cikinsu GIF ne.<ref>Wass, Mike (6 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Teases New Single (?) '#MoBounce' With Eye-Popping Pics". Idolator. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</ref><ref>Whaley, Natelegé (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce': When and where to listen to the song drop". Mic. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref> An fara fitar da waƙar ne a matsayin ta biyu daga kundi na studio dinta na biyu mai zuwa, sannan mai suna Distortion Distortion, kafin a ajiye shi kuma a soke kundin.<ref>"Iggy Azalea Changes Album Name to 'Surviving the Summer', Shares Four New Tracks". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 19 February 2018.</ref> Lokaci ya sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi munin wakokin 2017.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". 22 December 2017</ref>. == Karbuwa == Billboard yayi sharhi cewa "lokacin jin daɗi da jin daɗi da ƙarar waƙoƙi suna kwatanta waƙar farin ciki mai<ref>Samantha Vincenty (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Returns With 'Mo Bounce', Gifts Us With Twerking GIFs". PopCrush. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> daɗi kuma watakila rayuwarta [Iggy] a yanzu." 2014" da "ultra-catchy", kuma yana nuna "dama mai karfi ce da take bukata."<ref>Phull, Hardeep (23 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' is the best thing she's done for years". New York Post. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> "Mo Bounce" yana cikin aikin da aka gane na Stereotype wanda ya tabbatar da wanda ya samar da su na Shekara, wanda ba na yau da kullum ba a 60th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>Feeney, Nolan (28 November 2017). "The 7 biggest snubs from the 2018 Grammy nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref><ref>Cantor, Brian (28 November 2017). "Grammys: Calvin Harris, Greg Kurstin, Blake Mills, NO ID, Stereotypes Nominated For Producer Of Year". Headline Planet. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</ref> Mujallar Time ta sanya ta a matsayin waƙa ta biyar mafi muni a cikin 2017, tana mai cewa "maimaita 'bounce, bounce, bounce' chorus ya kasance jinkiri" daga kalmomin Azalea.<ref>"The Top 10 Worst Songs of 2017". Time. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.</ref> == Bidiyon wakar == Daraktan Lil Internet ne ya harbe bi<ref>Geffen, Sasha (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's Butt Has A Message For Trump In Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". MTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref>diyon kiɗan a Hong Kong a ƙarshen Fabrairu.<ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Vevo ta sanar da cewa za a fara nuna bidiyon a ranar 24 ga Maris.<ref>Chronicle, Deccan (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea is all set to drop her new single Mo Bounce tomorrow!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref> A ranar 21 ga Maris, Iggy Azalea ta buga jerin GIF akan bayanin martabarta na Twitter daga bidiyon kiɗan yayin da take haɗin gwiwa tare da Giphy don sakin saitin talla.<ref>Hunter, Christopher (22 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea Twerk in Teaser for Her 'Mo Bounce' Video". XXL. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>Akwai lokutta da yawa inda 'yan mata ke yin tsalle, da kuma Iggy yana yin haka. A ranar 22 ga Maris, Vevo ya fitar da bidiyo na daƙiƙa 20 yana haɓaka ɗayan Iggy Azalea.<ref>Wass, Mike (22 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea's 'Mo Bounce' Is A Furious Banger: Listen To A Preview". Idolator. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan na hukuma akan 24 Maris 2017 akan Vevo.<ref>Havens, Lyndsey (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Twerks Her Way Through 'Mo Bounce' Video: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Fisher, Kendall (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Takes Over Tokyo in Twerk-Filled, Booty-Baring 'Mo Bounce' Music Video". E!. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Hunter, Christopher (24 March 2017). "Watch Iggy Azalea's New Video for 'Mo Bounce'". XXL. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Brown, Eric Renner (24 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea takes Hong Kong in 'Mo Bounce' video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 60 akan YouTube. == Lissafin wakoqi == Zazzagewar dijital (Siffantacce)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "I Bounce" - 3.42<ref>"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar dijital (Tsaftataccen sigar)<ref>"Mo Bounce – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.</ref> "Na Buga" - 3:42 Zazzagewar dijital (Remixes EP)<ref>"Mo Bounce (Remixes) – Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017</ref> "I Bounce" (Deadly Zoo Remix) - 3:20 "I Bounce" (Eden Prince Remix) - 3:02 "Na Bounce" (Dirtcaps Remix) - 3:38 == Jaddawali == Chart (2017) Kololuwa matsayi Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Report (Issue #1414)" ARIA Top 100 Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved May 3, 2017</ref>63 Urban Ostiraliya (ARIA) <ref>"ARIA Urban Singles Chart". ARIA. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017</ref> 8 Kanada (Kanada Hot 100) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> 87 Zazzagewar Faransa (SNEP) <ref>"Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 13, 2017)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</ref> 136 Jamus (Deutsche Black Charts) <ref>"Deutsche Urban Charts". Trendcharts. Media Control. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> 13 New Zealand Masu Neman Zafafa (RMNZ) <ref>"NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 3 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</ref>10 Scotland (OCC) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". ''Billboard''. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</ref> Zazzagewar Singles na Burtaniya (OCC) 53 Mu bubbling a karkashin hot 100 (takardar kudi) <ref>"Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</ref>17 Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Hip-Hip-Hop (Billboard) [39] 2 Waƙoƙin Ƙwallon Rawar Amurka (Billboard) <ref>"Iggy Azalea Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</ref>21 == Takardar sheda == Takaddun shaida na yanki ƙwararrun raka'a/tallace-tallace Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)<ref>"Brazilian single certifications – Iggy Azalea – Mo Bounce" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</ref>Zinare 30,000‡ ‡ Adadin tallace-tallace+ masu gudana bisa takaddun shaida kaɗai. == Tarihi == Lakabin Tsarin Kwanan Ƙasa Ref. Duniya 23 Maris 2017 Zazzagewar Dijital Def Jam<ref>"Mo Bounce - Single by Iggy Azalea". iTunes Store. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> Amurka 4 Afrilu 2017 Rhythmic na zamani <ref>"Top 40/Rhythmic > Future Releases". All Access. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.</ref> 11 ga Afrilu, 2017 rediyon zamani <ref>"Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases". All Access. 24 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.</ref> Birane na zamani <ref>Urban/UAC Future Releases". All Access. All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /><ref>Wass, Mike (20 March 2017). "Iggy Azalea Reveals 'Mo Bounce' Production Credits & Roll Out Details". Idolator. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</ref> rh9mnu3sgxfzsovw981w469a3ndft3z 0 103228 647992 2025-06-27T08:29:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1269350941|Fort Calata]]" 647992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School. Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans. == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda. Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare. Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12. A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs. An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979. A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara. == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani. An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya". == Manazarta == Welcome to Gboard clipboard, any text you copy will be saved here.Welcome to Gboard clipboard, any text you copy will be saved here.Welcome to Gboard clipboard, any text you copy will be saved here.{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Tarihin Fort Calata a thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ Game da Cradock hudu a cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ Labarin da ke bayan hoton Cradock Four a heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ewx2koa8k3jm8ugx9k05a3kkhddzuc1 647993 647992 2025-06-27T08:30:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 647993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School. Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans. == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda. Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare. Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12. A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs. An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979. A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara. == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani. An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Tarihin Fort Calata a thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ Game da Cradock hudu a cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ Labarin da ke bayan hoton Cradock Four a heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 85rgbqqce1qmoo35iowc4z5winr5802 647994 647993 2025-06-27T08:32:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda. Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare. Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12. A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs. An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979. A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara. == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani. An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Tarihin Fort Calata a thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ Game da Cradock hudu a cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ Labarin da ke bayan hoton Cradock Four a heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n1x27zlduhl2slm4k9d75ciuvtmyrpa 647995 647994 2025-06-27T08:35:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Aiki da siyasa */ 647995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare.<ref name="cradock4.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=Cradock Four: Garden of remembrance|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083250/http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12.<ref name="trc">{{cite web|url= http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans%5Chrvel1/calata.htm|title= N Calata|website=Department of Justice|publisher= |access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara.<ref name="MG1995">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/article/1995-06-02-ten-years-on-who-killed-matthew-goniwe|title= Ten years on, who killed Matthew Goniwe |website=Mail & Guardian|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online |date=2 June 1995|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani. An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Tarihin Fort Calata a thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ Game da Cradock hudu a cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ Labarin da ke bayan hoton Cradock Four a heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s4q2kdug6l4sm0212ulytggcrdn1dnf 647996 647995 2025-06-27T08:36:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Mutuwa da tunawa */ 647996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare.<ref name="cradock4.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=Cradock Four: Garden of remembrance|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083250/http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12.<ref name="trc">{{cite web|url= http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans%5Chrvel1/calata.htm|title= N Calata|website=Department of Justice|publisher= |access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara.<ref name="MG1995">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/article/1995-06-02-ten-years-on-who-killed-matthew-goniwe|title= Ten years on, who killed Matthew Goniwe |website=Mail & Guardian|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online |date=2 June 1995|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani.<ref name="Sisulu2002">{{cite book|last=Sisulu|first=Elinor|title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In our lifetime|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=2002|place=Claremont|isbn=9780864866394|page=[https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465 465]|url=https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465}}</ref> An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya".<ref name="Sisulu2002">{{cite book|last=Sisulu|first=Elinor|title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In our lifetime|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=2002|place=Claremont|isbn=9780864866394|page=[https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465 465]|url=https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Tarihin Fort Calata a thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ Game da Cradock hudu a cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive}} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ Labarin da ke bayan hoton Cradock Four a heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5fdvs5epcvjz5zj3708hbyfxz42vewt 647997 647996 2025-06-27T08:37:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Hanyoyin haɗi na waje */ 647997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare.<ref name="cradock4.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=Cradock Four: Garden of remembrance|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083250/http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12.<ref name="trc">{{cite web|url= http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans%5Chrvel1/calata.htm|title= N Calata|website=Department of Justice|publisher= |access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara.<ref name="MG1995">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/article/1995-06-02-ten-years-on-who-killed-matthew-goniwe|title= Ten years on, who killed Matthew Goniwe |website=Mail & Guardian|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online |date=2 June 1995|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani.<ref name="Sisulu2002">{{cite book|last=Sisulu|first=Elinor|title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In our lifetime|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=2002|place=Claremont|isbn=9780864866394|page=[https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465 465]|url=https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465}}</ref> An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya".<ref name="Sisulu2002">{{cite book|last=Sisulu|first=Elinor|title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In our lifetime|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=2002|place=Claremont|isbn=9780864866394|page=[https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465 465]|url=https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Biography of Fort Calata at thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html |date=13 September 2019 }} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ About the Cradock four at cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170835/http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ |date=20 March 2018 }} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ The story behind the Cradock Four picture at heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kamsfzgvlw9741oyfeyxqwi3e9shn1r 647998 647997 2025-06-27T08:40:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 647998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fort Calata''' OLS (5 ga Nuwamba 1956 - 27 ga Yuni 1985) ya kasance Mai fafutukar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin Cradock Four da 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu suka kashe a shekarar 1985. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Fort Calata a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1956. Jikan James Calata ne, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu. James Calata kuma ya kasance Babban Sakatare daga shekarun 1936 zuwa 1949. Fort Calata ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1963 lokacin da ya je St James, sannan ya wuce Macembe Lower Primary sannan ya wuce Nxuba Higher Primary. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Cradock Secondary School.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira ''Ambassadors'' a cikin shekarar 1972 kuma ya zama mai yin ganga da guitarist. Ya haɗu da Nomonde Calata a cikin shekarar 1974 kuma sun yi aure a shekarar 1980. Calata ya kammala Diploma na Sakandare a Kwalejin Malamai na Lennox Sebe, wanda yanzu ake kira Griffiths Mxenge College. Kwarewar sa sune Accounting, Business Economics da Afrikaans.<ref name="Bizos1998">{{cite book|last=Bizos|first=George|title=No one to blame?: In pursuit of justice in South Africa|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=1998|place=Cape Town|isbn=0864863195|page=180}}</ref> == Aiki da siyasa == Calata ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 a Dimbaza High School a Ciskei. Tare da wasu malamai a makarantar, sun kafa ƙungiyar jana'izar da ta kasance a matsayin cell ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kama shi a shekarar 1980 tare da ɗalibai 32 saboda harkokin siyasa kuma an tsare shi tsawon wata guda.<ref name="thecradockfour.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=The Cradock Four|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Calata ya koyar da [[Afrikaans]] da [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] akan matakan 6 da 7 a Sakandare na Sam Xhali a shekarar 1981. Ya haɗu da Matthew Goniwe kuma sun zama abokai da abokan aiki. A cikin shekarar 1983, an ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Cradock (CRADOYA) kuma Calata ta zama sakatare.<ref name="cradock4.co.za">{{cite web|url=http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|title=Biography of Fort Calata|website=Cradock Four: Garden of remembrance|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083250/http://www.cradock4.co.za/calata-bio/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aikinsu na farko shi ne yin adawa da tsarin da suke ganin rashin adalci ne na tsarin haya wanda Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Cape ta gabatar. A cikin watan Nuwamba 1983, Calata na cikin "Kamfen ɗin Sakin Mandela". Matarsa, Nomonde Calata, ta rasa aikinta a asibitin lardin Cradock bayan an same ta sanye da rigar yakin kamfen ɗin. An tuhume ta da laifin zaman gidan yari na watanni 3 ko kuma tarar R800. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, ya sami wasika daga gwamnati da ke sanar da shi cewa an cire shi daga ma'aikatan dindindin a Sam Xhali kuma aka sanya shi a cikin gwaji na watanni 12.<ref name="trc">{{cite web|url= http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans%5Chrvel1/calata.htm|title= N Calata|website=Department of Justice|publisher= |access-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairu 1984, ɗalibai sun fara ƙauracewa shiga bayan sun sami labarin korar Goniwe daga Sam Xhali. Sakamakon shigar Calata cikin harkokin siyasa da alaka da Goniwe, shi ma ‘yan sandan tsaro sun kai masa hari. Daga nan aka tsare Calata a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1984 tare da Matthew Goniwe, Mbulelo Goniwe da Fezile Madoda Jacobs.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> An tsare su ne a gidan yarin Diepkloof wanda a da ake kira Fort Prison. Wannan shine wurin da aka tsare kakansa a lokacin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956. An sanar da Calata a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta yayin da ake tsare da shi cewa an kore shi daga muƙaminsa na koyarwa saboda karya dokar ilimi ta shekarar 1979.<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|title=Fort Calata (19? -1985)|website=The Presidency|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215031148/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/fort-calata-19-1985|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wannan watan ne al’ummar yankin suka kaddamar da ƙauracewa shaguna mallakar fararen fata tsawon mako guda domin nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin al’umma. An sake Calata da wasu 10 a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 1984. Bayan da aka sake shi, ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na siyasa kuma yana da hannu wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa a kan ilimin wariyar launin fata da sauran dokokin wariyar launin fata ciki har da Hukumomin Ƙungiyoyin Baƙar fata, Majalisar Dokokin Tricameral da kuma kula da kwarara.<ref name="MG1995">{{cite web|url= https://mg.co.za/article/1995-06-02-ten-years-on-who-killed-matthew-goniwe|title= Ten years on, who killed Matthew Goniwe |website=Mail & Guardian|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online |date=2 June 1995|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Mutuwa da tunawa == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni 1985, yayin bikin [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci]], Calata yayi jawabi ga taron jama'a a zauren al'ummar Lingihle. Washegari Calata, Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto da Sicelo Mhlauli suka tuka mota zuwa [[Port Elizabeth]] don halartar taron United Democratic Front. Basu koma gida ba kuma an gano motarsu da aka kona da gawarwakin mako guda da ɓacewarsu. Calata ya mutu sakamakon raunukan wuka a kirjinsa a ranar 27 ga watan Yuni 1985 kusa da Bluewater Bay a Port Elizabeth. A lokacin, Nomonde Calata tana da ciki wata shida da ’yarsu, Thumani.<ref name="Sisulu2002">{{cite book|last=Sisulu|first=Elinor|title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In our lifetime|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=2002|place=Claremont|isbn=9780864866394|page=[https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465 465]|url=https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465}}</ref> An yi jana'izar Goniwe, Calata, Mkhonto da Mhlauli a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 1985 inda [[Allan Boesak]], Beyers Naudé da Steve Tswete suka ba da jawabi mai mahimmanci. An karanta sako daga shugaban jam'iyyar ANC na lokacin [[Oliver tambo|Oliver Tambo]]. An kafa wani abin tunawa don girmama The Cradock Four Calata an ba shi Order of Luthuli ta Fadar Shugabancin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don "Gwamnati ta musamman da sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga Afirka ta Kudu mai 'yanci, adalci da dimokuraɗiyya".<ref name="Sisulu2002">{{cite book|last=Sisulu|first=Elinor|title=Walter and Albertina Sisulu: In our lifetime|publisher=David Philip Publishers|date=2002|place=Claremont|isbn=9780864866394|page=[https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465 465]|url=https://archive.org/details/walteralbertinas0000sisu/page/465}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html Biography of Fort Calata at thecradockfour.co.za] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913141955/http://www.thecradockfour.co.za/Fort_Calata.html |date=13 September 2019 }} * [http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ About the Cradock four at cradock4.co.za] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170835/http://www.cradock4.co.za/about-the-cradock-4/ |date=20 March 2018 }} * [http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/04/23/story-behind-cradock-four-picture/ The story behind the Cradock Four picture at heraldlive.co.za] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pnmlcrrs0oev59o2jrtlg0kd6gikoho 0 103229 648005 2025-06-27T09:06:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1269350937|Amina Cachalia]]" 648005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Cachalia''' <nowiki><small id="mwDg">OLB</small></nowiki> (née Asvat; 28 Yuni 1930 - 31 Janairu 2013) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]]. Ta kasance aminiya kuma aminiyar tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Nelson Mandela]]. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cachalia Amina Asvat, ta tara cikin yara goma sha ɗaya a Vereeniging, Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1930. Iyayenta sun kasance masu fafutukar siyasa [[Ebrahim Ismail Asvat]] da Fatima Asvat. <ref name=":0" /> Ebrahim abokin [[Mahatma Gandhi]] ne na kud da kud kuma ya kasance shugaban Transvaal British Indian Association wanda daga baya ya ci sunan Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> 'Yar uwarta, [[Zainab Asvat]], 'yar gwagwarmaya ce. Da farko, Cachalia ba ta fahimci yanayin wariyar launin fata ba a Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin tasirin malaminta, Mervy Thandray, malamin gurguzu wanda ke cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (CPSA), fahimtar Cachalia game da yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2013 |title=Obituary – We'll miss you, Amina |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Obituary-Well-miss-you-Amina-20150429 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, an mayar da ita makarantar sakandaren mata ta Indiya ta Durban. Ta koma Fordsburg kuma ta yanke shawarar ba za ta ci gaba da karatun ta ba. Ta fara koyon shorthand da buga rubutu don samun aiki kuma ta zama mai siyasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ta fara yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata tun tana matashiya. Ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, sau da yawa tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan tattalin arziki, kamar 'yancin kai na kudi ga mata. == Shiga siyasa == Shigarta ta farko a siyasa ta fara ne a lokacin da take son shiga yakin gwagwarmayar mata, amma an yi watsi da ita saboda tana ƙarama kuma ba za ta iya zuwa gidan yari ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-07 |title=Tribute to Amina Cachalia from Wits University |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/studentaffairs/latestnews/tributetoaminacachaliafromwitsuniversity.html |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannan, ta shiga Transvaal Indian Youth Congress (TIYC) a matsayin memba mai ƙwazo. TIYC ta kasance tana aiwatar da ayyuka kamar rarraba takardu, sanya fastoci, sayar da jaridar TIC, da kuma jan hankalin al'ummar Indiya don tallafawa harkar. Cachalia ta kasance mai ba da agaji ga Majalisar Aminci kuma memba ce ta kafa kungiyar Ci gaban Mata wacce ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Race Relations a cikin shekarar 1948. Ƙungiyar ta koyar da mata ilimin karatu, yin tufa, ƙwarewar sakatariya, kulawa da jarirai, da kuma dabarun aikin jinya don taimaka musu su zama masu zaman kansu na tattalin arziki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> === Kamfen na rashin amincewa === A farkon shekarun 1950, ta shiga ANC kuma ta yi aiki tuƙuru don taimakawa Kamfen ɗin ya zama nasara mai nasara ta hanyar rarraba takardu, yin ziyarar gida da ɗaukar masu sa kai don shiga cikin wannan motsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Hamba kahle Amina |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/archives/2013/hambakahleamina.html |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1952, Cachalia ta shiga cikin tafiya Germiston, wanda Ida Mtwana ya jagoranta. Tattakin Germiston ya ƙunshi mata ashirin da tara gabaɗaya: Indiyawa goma sha ɗaya, masu launi ɗaya (Susan Naude), da matan Afirka goma sha bakwai. An kama duk waɗanda suka halarci wannan tattakin kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kwanaki 14 a gidan yarin Boksburg. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu 1954, an kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW ko FSAW) a Johannesburg daga ra'ayin [[Ray Alexander Simons|Rachel Simons]] don kafa ƙungiyar mata wadda ta haɗa da mata daga kowane jinsi da launi. Helen Joseph, Lillian Ngoyi da Cachalia ne suka jagoranci kungiyar a matsayin kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2011 |title=Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/federation-south-african-women-fedsaw |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Cachalia ita ce ma'ajin kungiyar matan Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW) kuma babbar mai goyon bayan Tarayyar Matan Transvaal. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mafika |date=2013-02-01 |title=SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Brand South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> FEDSAW ta yanke shawarar shirya tattaki na mata zuwa [[Pretoria]] a kan ginin kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1955 don nuna adawa da dokar da aka kafa. A lokacin, Cachalia tana da ciki da ɗa, Ghaleb. Cachalia ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu zanga-zangar 20,000. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVahed2008">Vahed G (2008). [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/muslim_portraits_goolam_vahed_0.pdf ''Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-874945-25-3|<bdi>978-1-874945-25-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 858966865].</cite></ref> A lokacin shari’ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956 a birnin Johannesburg, ta taimaka wa ‘yar uwarta [[Zainab Asvat]] wajen tallafa wa waɗanda ake tuhuma da iyalansu, waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu ta hanyar tara musu abinci da kuɗi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVahed2008">Vahed G (2008). [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/muslim_portraits_goolam_vahed_0.pdf ''Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-874945-25-3|<bdi>978-1-874945-25-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 858966865].</cite></ref> Ta zama mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Bayan shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa, Cachalia ta shafe shekaru goma sha biyar a ƙarƙashin gidan kamawa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. === Lokacin bayan kama gida === Bayan da aka kama gidan nata, nan take Cachalia ta shiga adawa da shirin gwamnati na bai wa Indiyawa damar zaɓar wakilansu ba tare da ba wa bakaken fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu hakki iri daya ba ta hanyar kafa kwamitocin Anti-SAIC don nuna adawa da zaben na bogi. Ko da yake yawancin Indiyawan sun ƙauracewa zaɓen, gwamnati har yanzu ta ci gaba da shirinta ta hanyar ba da shawarar tsarin majalisar Tricameral. Rigimar ta haifar da kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan wannan kungiya. A cikin 1990s, Cachalia ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin PWV ([[Pretoria|Union of Pretoria]], Greater Johannesburg (Witwatersrand) da Vaal Triangle (Vereeniging)] yankin a kan Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (ANCWL) bayan an sake farfaɗo da kungiyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An zaɓi Cachalia a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokokin ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a babban zaɓen ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a shekara ta 1994, wanda shi ne na farko da ƙasar ta samu kuri'u na bai ɗaya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mafika |date=2013-02-01 |title=SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Brand South Africa |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMafika2013">Mafika (1 February 2013). [https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia "SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia"]. ''Brand South Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Mutuwa da jana'iza == Cachalia ta mutu a Asibitin Milpark a Parktown West, [[Johannesburg]], a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2013, tana da shekaru 82. Abin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar shi ne rikice-rikice saboda wani kumburin ulcer. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Amina Cachalia: A story of struggle, triumph and love |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-28-love-sums-up-struggle-super-mom/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An yi jana'izar ta a gidanta da ke Parkview, [[Johannesburg]], kamar yadda al'adun [[Musulmi]] suka tanada. Taron dai ya samu halartar shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]], da tsaffin shugabannin ƙasar [[Thabo Mbeki]] da Kgalema Motlanthe da mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Graça Machel da tsohon ministan kuɗi Trevor Manuel da kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Ahmed Kathrada da dai sauransu. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, [[Yusuf Cachalia]], sakataren TIC ta hanyar harkokin siyasa. Sun kasance abokan Nelson Mandela kafin a ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben a shekarar 1962. A shekarar 1995, Mandela ya nemi Cachalia da ta aure shi. A lokacin, an raba shi da matarsa, [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]. Cachalia ta ki amincewa da shawarar Mandela saboda ta ce, "Ni kaina ne kuma kwanan nan na yi rashin mijina wanda nake matukar mutunta shi". Mandela ya saki Madikizela-Mandela shekara guda kuma ya auri Graça Machel a shekarar 1998. <ref name="M&G" /> == Girmamawa da martaba == A cikin shekarar 2004, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin Bronze saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga daidaiton jinsi da launin fata da dimokuraɗiyya. A wannan shekarar kuma, [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] ta ba ta digiri tare da digiri na Dokoki, <nowiki><i id="mwzQ">Honouris</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwzg">causa</i></nowiki>. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan mutuwarta, a cikin watan Maris 2013, an buga tarihin rayuwarta ''Lokacin da bege da tarihin Rhyme''. Har ila yau, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, wanda gwamnatin Indiya ta ba wa mambobin Indiyawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rb1nif2ccpymp83yojo5ny8deqnbtfl 648008 648005 2025-06-27T09:09:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Girmamawa da martaba */ 648008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Cachalia''' <nowiki><small id="mwDg">OLB</small></nowiki> (née Asvat; 28 Yuni 1930 - 31 Janairu 2013) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]]. Ta kasance aminiya kuma aminiyar tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Nelson Mandela]]. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cachalia Amina Asvat, ta tara cikin yara goma sha ɗaya a Vereeniging, Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1930. Iyayenta sun kasance masu fafutukar siyasa [[Ebrahim Ismail Asvat]] da Fatima Asvat. <ref name=":0" /> Ebrahim abokin [[Mahatma Gandhi]] ne na kud da kud kuma ya kasance shugaban Transvaal British Indian Association wanda daga baya ya ci sunan Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> 'Yar uwarta, [[Zainab Asvat]], 'yar gwagwarmaya ce. Da farko, Cachalia ba ta fahimci yanayin wariyar launin fata ba a Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin tasirin malaminta, Mervy Thandray, malamin gurguzu wanda ke cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (CPSA), fahimtar Cachalia game da yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2013 |title=Obituary – We'll miss you, Amina |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Obituary-Well-miss-you-Amina-20150429 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, an mayar da ita makarantar sakandaren mata ta Indiya ta Durban. Ta koma Fordsburg kuma ta yanke shawarar ba za ta ci gaba da karatun ta ba. Ta fara koyon shorthand da buga rubutu don samun aiki kuma ta zama mai siyasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ta fara yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata tun tana matashiya. Ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, sau da yawa tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan tattalin arziki, kamar 'yancin kai na kudi ga mata. == Shiga siyasa == Shigarta ta farko a siyasa ta fara ne a lokacin da take son shiga yakin gwagwarmayar mata, amma an yi watsi da ita saboda tana ƙarama kuma ba za ta iya zuwa gidan yari ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-07 |title=Tribute to Amina Cachalia from Wits University |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/studentaffairs/latestnews/tributetoaminacachaliafromwitsuniversity.html |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannan, ta shiga Transvaal Indian Youth Congress (TIYC) a matsayin memba mai ƙwazo. TIYC ta kasance tana aiwatar da ayyuka kamar rarraba takardu, sanya fastoci, sayar da jaridar TIC, da kuma jan hankalin al'ummar Indiya don tallafawa harkar. Cachalia ta kasance mai ba da agaji ga Majalisar Aminci kuma memba ce ta kafa kungiyar Ci gaban Mata wacce ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Race Relations a cikin shekarar 1948. Ƙungiyar ta koyar da mata ilimin karatu, yin tufa, ƙwarewar sakatariya, kulawa da jarirai, da kuma dabarun aikin jinya don taimaka musu su zama masu zaman kansu na tattalin arziki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> === Kamfen na rashin amincewa === A farkon shekarun 1950, ta shiga ANC kuma ta yi aiki tuƙuru don taimakawa Kamfen ɗin ya zama nasara mai nasara ta hanyar rarraba takardu, yin ziyarar gida da ɗaukar masu sa kai don shiga cikin wannan motsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Hamba kahle Amina |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/archives/2013/hambakahleamina.html |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1952, Cachalia ta shiga cikin tafiya Germiston, wanda Ida Mtwana ya jagoranta. Tattakin Germiston ya ƙunshi mata ashirin da tara gabaɗaya: Indiyawa goma sha ɗaya, masu launi ɗaya (Susan Naude), da matan Afirka goma sha bakwai. An kama duk waɗanda suka halarci wannan tattakin kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kwanaki 14 a gidan yarin Boksburg. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu 1954, an kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW ko FSAW) a Johannesburg daga ra'ayin [[Ray Alexander Simons|Rachel Simons]] don kafa ƙungiyar mata wadda ta haɗa da mata daga kowane jinsi da launi. Helen Joseph, Lillian Ngoyi da Cachalia ne suka jagoranci kungiyar a matsayin kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2011 |title=Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/federation-south-african-women-fedsaw |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Cachalia ita ce ma'ajin kungiyar matan Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW) kuma babbar mai goyon bayan Tarayyar Matan Transvaal. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mafika |date=2013-02-01 |title=SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Brand South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> FEDSAW ta yanke shawarar shirya tattaki na mata zuwa [[Pretoria]] a kan ginin kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1955 don nuna adawa da dokar da aka kafa. A lokacin, Cachalia tana da ciki da ɗa, Ghaleb. Cachalia ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu zanga-zangar 20,000. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVahed2008">Vahed G (2008). [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/muslim_portraits_goolam_vahed_0.pdf ''Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-874945-25-3|<bdi>978-1-874945-25-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 858966865].</cite></ref> A lokacin shari’ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956 a birnin Johannesburg, ta taimaka wa ‘yar uwarta [[Zainab Asvat]] wajen tallafa wa waɗanda ake tuhuma da iyalansu, waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu ta hanyar tara musu abinci da kuɗi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVahed2008">Vahed G (2008). [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/muslim_portraits_goolam_vahed_0.pdf ''Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-874945-25-3|<bdi>978-1-874945-25-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 858966865].</cite></ref> Ta zama mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Bayan shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa, Cachalia ta shafe shekaru goma sha biyar a ƙarƙashin gidan kamawa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. === Lokacin bayan kama gida === Bayan da aka kama gidan nata, nan take Cachalia ta shiga adawa da shirin gwamnati na bai wa Indiyawa damar zaɓar wakilansu ba tare da ba wa bakaken fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu hakki iri daya ba ta hanyar kafa kwamitocin Anti-SAIC don nuna adawa da zaben na bogi. Ko da yake yawancin Indiyawan sun ƙauracewa zaɓen, gwamnati har yanzu ta ci gaba da shirinta ta hanyar ba da shawarar tsarin majalisar Tricameral. Rigimar ta haifar da kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan wannan kungiya. A cikin 1990s, Cachalia ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin PWV ([[Pretoria|Union of Pretoria]], Greater Johannesburg (Witwatersrand) da Vaal Triangle (Vereeniging)] yankin a kan Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (ANCWL) bayan an sake farfaɗo da kungiyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An zaɓi Cachalia a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokokin ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a babban zaɓen ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a shekara ta 1994, wanda shi ne na farko da ƙasar ta samu kuri'u na bai ɗaya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mafika |date=2013-02-01 |title=SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Brand South Africa |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMafika2013">Mafika (1 February 2013). [https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia "SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia"]. ''Brand South Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Mutuwa da jana'iza == Cachalia ta mutu a Asibitin Milpark a Parktown West, [[Johannesburg]], a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2013, tana da shekaru 82. Abin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar shi ne rikice-rikice saboda wani kumburin ulcer. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Amina Cachalia: A story of struggle, triumph and love |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-28-love-sums-up-struggle-super-mom/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An yi jana'izar ta a gidanta da ke Parkview, [[Johannesburg]], kamar yadda al'adun [[Musulmi]] suka tanada. Taron dai ya samu halartar shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]], da tsaffin shugabannin ƙasar [[Thabo Mbeki]] da Kgalema Motlanthe da mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Graça Machel da tsohon ministan kuɗi Trevor Manuel da kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Ahmed Kathrada da dai sauransu. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, [[Yusuf Cachalia]], sakataren TIC ta hanyar harkokin siyasa. Sun kasance abokan Nelson Mandela kafin a ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben a shekarar 1962. A shekarar 1995, Mandela ya nemi Cachalia da ta aure shi. A lokacin, an raba shi da matarsa, [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]. Cachalia ta ki amincewa da shawarar Mandela saboda ta ce, "Ni kaina ne kuma kwanan nan na yi rashin mijina wanda nake matukar mutunta shi". Mandela ya saki Madikizela-Mandela shekara guda kuma ya auri Graça Machel a shekarar 1998. <ref name="M&G" /> == Girmamawa da martaba == A cikin shekarar 2004, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin Bronze saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga daidaiton jinsi da launin fata da dimokuraɗiyya. A wannan shekarar kuma, [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] ta ba ta digiri tare da digiri na Dokoki, <nowiki><i id="mwzQ">Honouris</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwzg">causa</i></nowiki>. Bayan mutuwarta, a cikin watan Maris 2013, an buga tarihin rayuwarta ''Lokacin da bege da tarihin Rhyme''.<ref name="Daily-Maverick">{{cite news|date=11 March 2013|title=Amina Cachalia: The poetry of her hope and history|work=[[Daily Maverick]]|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-03-11-amina-cachalia-the-poetry-of-her-hope-and-history/#.Uc0zuqxc1cI|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Har ila yau, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, wanda gwamnatin Indiya ta ba wa mambobin Indiyawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mj4na27d88xrr7nz19ra0gvdjnt8xjz 648010 648008 2025-06-27T09:12:07Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 648010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amina Cachalia''' <nowiki><small id="mwDg">OLB</small></nowiki> (née Asvat; 28 Yuni 1930 - 31 Janairu 2013) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ce mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]]. Ta kasance aminiya kuma aminiyar tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Nelson Mandela]]. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Cachalia Amina Asvat, ta tara cikin yara goma sha ɗaya a Vereeniging, Transvaal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1930. Iyayenta sun kasance masu fafutukar siyasa [[Ebrahim Ismail Asvat]] da Fatima Asvat. <ref name=":0" /> Ebrahim abokin [[Mahatma Gandhi]] ne na kud da kud kuma ya kasance shugaban Transvaal British Indian Association wanda daga baya ya ci sunan Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> 'Yar uwarta, [[Zainab Asvat]], 'yar gwagwarmaya ce. Da farko, Cachalia ba ta fahimci yanayin wariyar launin fata ba a Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin tasirin malaminta, Mervy Thandray, malamin gurguzu wanda ke cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (CPSA), fahimtar Cachalia game da yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu ya ƙaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2013 |title=Obituary – We'll miss you, Amina |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Obituary-Well-miss-you-Amina-20150429 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, an mayar da ita makarantar sakandaren mata ta Indiya ta Durban. Ta koma Fordsburg kuma ta yanke shawarar ba za ta ci gaba da karatun ta ba. Ta fara koyon shorthand da buga rubutu don samun aiki kuma ta zama mai siyasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ta fara yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata tun tana matashiya. Ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, sau da yawa tana mai da hankali kan batutuwan tattalin arziki, kamar 'yancin kai na kudi ga mata. == Shiga siyasa == Shigarta ta farko a siyasa ta fara ne a lokacin da take son shiga yakin gwagwarmayar mata, amma an yi watsi da ita saboda tana ƙarama kuma ba za ta iya zuwa gidan yari ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-07 |title=Tribute to Amina Cachalia from Wits University |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/studentaffairs/latestnews/tributetoaminacachaliafromwitsuniversity.html |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannan, ta shiga Transvaal Indian Youth Congress (TIYC) a matsayin memba mai ƙwazo. TIYC ta kasance tana aiwatar da ayyuka kamar rarraba takardu, sanya fastoci, sayar da jaridar TIC, da kuma jan hankalin al'ummar Indiya don tallafawa harkar. Cachalia ta kasance mai ba da agaji ga Majalisar Aminci kuma memba ce ta kafa kungiyar Ci gaban Mata wacce ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Race Relations a cikin shekarar 1948. Ƙungiyar ta koyar da mata ilimin karatu, yin tufa, ƙwarewar sakatariya, kulawa da jarirai, da kuma dabarun aikin jinya don taimaka musu su zama masu zaman kansu na tattalin arziki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> === Kamfen na rashin amincewa === A farkon shekarun 1950, ta shiga ANC kuma ta yi aiki tuƙuru don taimakawa Kamfen ɗin ya zama nasara mai nasara ta hanyar rarraba takardu, yin ziyarar gida da ɗaukar masu sa kai don shiga cikin wannan motsi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Hamba kahle Amina |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/archives/2013/hambakahleamina.html |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1952, Cachalia ta shiga cikin tafiya Germiston, wanda Ida Mtwana ya jagoranta. Tattakin Germiston ya ƙunshi mata ashirin da tara gabaɗaya: Indiyawa goma sha ɗaya, masu launi ɗaya (Susan Naude), da matan Afirka goma sha bakwai. An kama duk waɗanda suka halarci wannan tattakin kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kwanaki 14 a gidan yarin Boksburg. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu 1954, an kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW ko FSAW) a Johannesburg daga ra'ayin [[Ray Alexander Simons|Rachel Simons]] don kafa ƙungiyar mata wadda ta haɗa da mata daga kowane jinsi da launi. Helen Joseph, Lillian Ngoyi da Cachalia ne suka jagoranci kungiyar a matsayin kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2011 |title=Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/federation-south-african-women-fedsaw |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Cachalia ita ce ma'ajin kungiyar matan Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW) kuma babbar mai goyon bayan Tarayyar Matan Transvaal. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mafika |date=2013-02-01 |title=SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Brand South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> FEDSAW ta yanke shawarar shirya tattaki na mata zuwa [[Pretoria]] a kan ginin kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1955 don nuna adawa da dokar da aka kafa. A lokacin, Cachalia tana da ciki da ɗa, Ghaleb. Cachalia ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu zanga-zangar 20,000. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVahed2008">Vahed G (2008). [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/muslim_portraits_goolam_vahed_0.pdf ''Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-874945-25-3|<bdi>978-1-874945-25-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 858966865].</cite></ref> A lokacin shari’ar cin amanar ƙasa a shekarar 1956 a birnin Johannesburg, ta taimaka wa ‘yar uwarta [[Zainab Asvat]] wajen tallafa wa waɗanda ake tuhuma da iyalansu, waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu ta hanyar tara musu abinci da kuɗi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVahed2008">Vahed G (2008). [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/muslim_portraits_goolam_vahed_0.pdf ''Muslim portraits : the anti-apartheid struggle''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durban, South Africa: Madiba Publishers. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-874945-25-3|<bdi>978-1-874945-25-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858966865 858966865].</cite></ref> Ta zama mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata. Bayan shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa, Cachalia ta shafe shekaru goma sha biyar a ƙarƙashin gidan kamawa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. === Lokacin bayan kama gida === Bayan da aka kama gidan nata, nan take Cachalia ta shiga adawa da shirin gwamnati na bai wa Indiyawa damar zaɓar wakilansu ba tare da ba wa bakaken fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu hakki iri daya ba ta hanyar kafa kwamitocin Anti-SAIC don nuna adawa da zaben na bogi. Ko da yake yawancin Indiyawan sun ƙauracewa zaɓen, gwamnati har yanzu ta ci gaba da shirinta ta hanyar ba da shawarar tsarin majalisar Tricameral. Rigimar ta haifar da kafa jam'iyyar United Democratic Front (UDF) kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan wannan kungiya. A cikin 1990s, Cachalia ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin PWV ([[Pretoria|Union of Pretoria]], Greater Johannesburg (Witwatersrand) da Vaal Triangle (Vereeniging)] yankin a kan Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (ANCWL) bayan an sake farfaɗo da kungiyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Amina Cachalia {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=sahistory.org.za}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/amina-cachalia "Amina Cachalia | South African History Online"]. ''sahistory.org.za''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> An zaɓi Cachalia a matsayin 'yar majalisar dokokin ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a babban zaɓen ƙasar Afrika ta kudu a shekara ta 1994, wanda shi ne na farko da ƙasar ta samu kuri'u na bai ɗaya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mafika |date=2013-02-01 |title=SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Brand South Africa |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMafika2013">Mafika (1 February 2013). [https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/people/amina-cachalia "SA pays tribute to Amina Cachalia"]. ''Brand South Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Mutuwa da jana'iza == Cachalia ta mutu a Asibitin Milpark a Parktown West, [[Johannesburg]], a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2013, tana da shekaru 82. Abin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar shi ne rikice-rikice saboda wani kumburin ulcer. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Amina Cachalia: A story of struggle, triumph and love |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-28-love-sums-up-struggle-super-mom/ |access-date=2020-07-09 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> An yi jana'izar ta a gidanta da ke Parkview, [[Johannesburg]], kamar yadda al'adun [[Musulmi]] suka tanada. Taron dai ya samu halartar shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]], da tsaffin shugabannin ƙasar [[Thabo Mbeki]] da Kgalema Motlanthe da mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Graça Machel da tsohon ministan kuɗi Trevor Manuel da kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Ahmed Kathrada da dai sauransu. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, [[Yusuf Cachalia]], sakataren TIC ta hanyar harkokin siyasa. Sun kasance abokan Nelson Mandela kafin a ɗaure shi a tsibirin Robben a shekarar 1962. A shekarar 1995, Mandela ya nemi Cachalia da ta aure shi. A lokacin, an raba shi da matarsa, [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]. Cachalia ta ki amincewa da shawarar Mandela saboda ta ce, "Ni kaina ne kuma kwanan nan na yi rashin mijina wanda nake matukar mutunta shi". Mandela ya saki Madikizela-Mandela shekara guda kuma ya auri Graça Machel a shekarar 1998. <ref name="M&G" /> == Girmamawa da martaba == A cikin shekarar 2004, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin Bronze saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga daidaiton jinsi da launin fata da dimokuraɗiyya. A wannan shekarar kuma, [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] ta ba ta digiri tare da digiri na Dokoki, <nowiki><i id="mwzQ">Honouris</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwzg">causa</i></nowiki>. Bayan mutuwarta, a cikin watan Maris 2013, an buga tarihin rayuwarta ''Lokacin da bege da tarihin Rhyme''.<ref name="Daily-Maverick">{{cite news|date=11 March 2013|title=Amina Cachalia: The poetry of her hope and history|work=[[Daily Maverick]]|url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-03-11-amina-cachalia-the-poetry-of-her-hope-and-history/#.Uc0zuqxc1cI|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Har ila yau, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, wanda gwamnatin Indiya ta ba wa mambobin Indiyawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2h9opkmdz7k7h3436rg2w6kj8zopzne 0 103230 648009 2025-06-27T09:12:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 648009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977 [1]) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle), da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010). Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu. [4] Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan. [5] Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai. [6] Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == c5kei3hobq7h4j5twvkhl9q03d4mxk3 648011 648009 2025-06-27T09:13:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle), da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010). Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu. [4] Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan. [5] Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai. [6] Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 69v78coa8092b4z64zvl79pl7c1232r 648012 648011 2025-06-27T09:13:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010). Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu. [4] Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan. [5] Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai. [6] Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == c9aq0nsc1zimvou8y43062g2npopo9i 648013 648012 2025-06-27T09:14:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu. [4] Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan. [5] Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai. [6] Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == bz2og6pgl19cjixzcmnq6ymlqxk26z8 648014 648013 2025-06-27T09:14:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan. [5] Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai. [6] Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == awu70wowk9zrh2lc76l1ak3ku9gtdnv 648016 648014 2025-06-27T09:15:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai. [6] Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == ihhpviaeuf2m5xe5loxles7r4fw2qoq 648017 648016 2025-06-27T09:16:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika. [7] Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 2q7wpdtfigzak3cqbq63skc30izy2dc 648019 648017 2025-06-27T09:17:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish. [8] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == cudodt18c1wj6q3pifufjy0fi9b245w 648020 648019 2025-06-27T09:18:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == b9xg7ume27fld3pf3vzpuyncg5pm3rk 648021 648020 2025-06-27T09:18:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[10][11] == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == sevgit39fdwtqfzhgafaqe4sh4srpxh 648022 648021 2025-06-27T09:19:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == g9f5dqdy3q3a7hxxji54jpmjxpau00t 648023 648022 2025-06-27T09:20:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes [12] ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == aikjx0efdwd2fhdlkato9eiyet5w7uq 648024 648023 2025-06-27T09:21:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 934yv2tdcbjtir1ix7vchzhnu5qguoz 648025 648024 2025-06-27T09:21:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.[14] Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == rw7dojhwvb56ir679y7fyemk39tu9ga 648026 648025 2025-06-27T09:22:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.[15] [16] Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == qoyebdec54zoyxity0vphze9nu9lcqj 648027 648026 2025-06-27T09:23:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 6mpvxvt3g9yhgw0c0931sycvuz4ft1l 648029 648027 2025-06-27T09:23:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri," [17] in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == g03fwbnw7a6hoagr6au80xpvelbfyb4 648030 648029 2025-06-27T09:24:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” [18] Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == cshr75kavrd35ac3pmkufoa997k8jsj 648031 648030 2025-06-27T09:24:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'" [19] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == gz3d9jheknxjkz5g285gumjlzqf5703 648033 648031 2025-06-27T09:25:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 0vypaxcqnlwoaf8bwr9qkamqq0wp4tc 648034 648033 2025-06-27T09:25:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.[43] Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == dt7x88jrsxcoexf5jmbnhb00zagpf5v 648037 648034 2025-06-27T09:26:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito." A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == dbqupt291nmkoyhsiidpjjzw8gy77fy 648039 648037 2025-06-27T09:27:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project: Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == l80qe4bncqy9ml9ndgk8mbpyt31z4q4 648041 648039 2025-06-27T09:28:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8, [46] da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == hw2oni26vetdxx8fj40fnaa5zcsg5rj 648044 648041 2025-06-27T09:29:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.[47]. A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 04ue4ys4cpqimfmq5oz6eq0v2kbe1fd 648045 648044 2025-06-27T09:29:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+.[44] A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.[48] Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == a6p69gsv0cezung49my1fcr0obintkv 648046 648045 2025-06-27T09:30:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.[49][50] Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == cu4bu7lbyw4zkj23t0wpdb1xgm5j9lz 648047 648046 2025-06-27T09:31:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == kbbfqnulemk1txztdqqvedvxa1ovwut 648048 648047 2025-06-27T09:32:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.[51] A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == g1okgu0qr4pmpwvfd2jiee492xym3yq 648050 648048 2025-06-27T09:33:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet wanda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare.[52][53] A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 7ymctvm10mk5f3bly8h7gjj1659q49q 648051 648050 2025-06-27T09:33:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w<ref>David, Mark (December 30, 2014). "Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan". Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016</ref>anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 2khidxefgsmdqp6ohed1j8j3pdnuiwr 648052 648051 2025-06-27T09:34:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w<ref>David, Mark (December 30, 2014). "Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan". Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016</ref>anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref><ref>"The interview: Zachary Quinto". Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha." [54] Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == tbdcak9ycs79euzifmhev7db253es7g 648053 648052 2025-06-27T09:35:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 # 648053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w<ref>David, Mark (December 30, 2014). "Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan". Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016</ref>anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref><ref>"The interview: Zachary Quinto". Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha."<ref>Barasch, Emily (November 9, 2015). "Zachary Quinto, Miles McMillan, Jessica Joffe, and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation's Contribution". Vogue. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2016.</ref> Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.[55] A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == amddsuu8vygiz721stxv8hk727x3xsz 648054 648053 2025-06-27T09:36:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w<ref>David, Mark (December 30, 2014). "Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan". Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016</ref>anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref><ref>"The interview: Zachary Quinto". Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha."<ref>Barasch, Emily (November 9, 2015). "Zachary Quinto, Miles McMillan, Jessica Joffe, and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation's Contribution". Vogue. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2016.</ref> Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.<ref>Fernandez, Alexia (February 26, 2019). "Zachary Quinto 'Amicably' Splits from Boyfriend Miles McMillan After Nearly 6 Years of Dating". People. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.[56]. Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == qf5qz2cf0ju4801kzzp1nq4xlauu10l 648056 648054 2025-06-27T09:36:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w<ref>David, Mark (December 30, 2014). "Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan". Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016</ref>anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref><ref>"The interview: Zachary Quinto". Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha."<ref>Barasch, Emily (November 9, 2015). "Zachary Quinto, Miles McMillan, Jessica Joffe, and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation's Contribution". Vogue. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2016.</ref> Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.<ref>Fernandez, Alexia (February 26, 2019). "Zachary Quinto 'Amicably' Splits from Boyfriend Miles McMillan After Nearly 6 Years of Dating". People. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.<ref>Madani, Doha (October 31, 2017). "Kevin Spacey's Emmy Honor Rescinded After Sexual Harassment Allegation". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi. == Manazarta == 46gov5112zbf7va9tzl8pc1yca0m2xf 648057 648056 2025-06-27T09:37:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zachary Johno''' (/ kwɪntoʊ /; haihuwar Yuni 2, 1977<ref>Mike Rose, cleveland com (June 2, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, June 2, 2024 includes celebrities Awkwafina, Morena Baccarin". cleveland. Retrieved June 2, 2024.</ref>) Ma'aikatan ɗan Amurka ne. An san shi ne saboda aikinsa kamar yadda Sylar, Firayim na farko daga kimiyyar Fati Drama jeren darabes (2006-2010); Spock a cikin fim Star Trek (2009) da Star Steks Trek zuwa duhu (2013) da Star Trek bayan (2016); Charlie Manx a cikin jerin Amc Nos4a2, da Dr. Oliver, wanda ya karɓi nadin da aka gabatar wa mai kyautar da aka yiwa Emmy. Yana da taurari a ciki kuma yana haifar da tunani mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo na likita a NBC. Sauran tsoffin martabarsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da kiran da ke gefe (2011), Hitman: Wakili 47 (2015), da kuma snowdien (2016). Ya kuma bayyana a karami matsayi a jerin talabijin, irin wannan m, satar, da 24, kuma kan mataki a Amurka, da kuma jarfa menanger. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Zachary Johngue an haifeshi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Margaret "Margo" (Nataie Mcardle),<ref>"Zachary Quinto Biography". TV Guide. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2009</ref> da Yusufu John ", da Yusufu na John" An tashe shi a cikin kewayen itace, Pennsylvania, da kuma halartar simintan Saminu da Jude Katolika (rufe 2010).<ref>Zachary Quinto". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yayin da Quinto ke da shekara bakwai, kuma Queto da ɗan'uwansa, Joe, sun tashe su da ɗan'uwansu.<ref>Keck, William (August 24, 2007). "Celeb Watch: For Quinto, the next step is the final frontier". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.</ref> Kakana na Astomo shi ne mai fafutocin mai kula da kwatsam da kuma majalissar Probilman Probal J. Mcardle, wanda aka sanya sunan Pittsburgh bayan.<ref>Mar, Kylie (August 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto stunned to discover 'Star Trek' connection to his great-grandfather". Yahoo. Retrieved November 14, 2022</ref> Kakannin mahaifi ya kasance Yusufu A. Mcardle, ɗan demokradiyyar Demokradiyyar U.S. House na wakilai.<ref>Chilton, Louis (November 14, 2022). "Zachary Quinto: 'There's a tremendous fear around openly gay men in our industry'". The Independent. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Ya tashi Katolika.<ref>Sven Schumann (April 23, 2014). "Zachary Quinto – The Talks". The Talks. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2014.</ref> Mahaifinsa na zuriyar Italiyanci, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance daga Irish.<ref>Rob Owen (April 2, 2006). "The Insiders: 4/2/06". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref><ref>Keegan, Rebecca (October 20, 2011). "Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional, personal growth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.<ref>Margin Call". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>"Pittsburgh CLO Education – Gene Kelly Awards Alumni". Pittsburghclo.org. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</ref> == Aiki == Quinto ta fara bayyana a talabijin a jerin talabijin 'yan matan nan, kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mala'ika, ƙafa shida a karkashin, lizzie mcguire, da l.a. Dognet. A cikin 2003, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na Endgame da Sama'i Beckyt, da Kristina Lloyes<ref>Kristina Lloyd, Director: ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021 – via YouTube</ref> ya sauka daga matsayin maimaitawar kwamfuta a matsayin mai kariyar kwamfuta A matsayin Kurangar kwamfuta 24. Quinto ta bayyana a kashi 23 na kakar na uku.<ref>Life as absurdist comic ballet". Los Angeles Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2006, Quinto ta taka rawar Sasan, mai girman kai, babban abokiyar Iran-Ba-Amurke babban abokin Tori Spelling akan jerin VH1 dinta So NoTORious. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya shiga cikin simintin Jarumai a matsayin Gabriel Gray, wanda aka fi sani da Serial Killer Sylar.<ref>Sylar coming back next season on 'Heroes'". Today. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2007</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jerin har sai an soke shi a cikin 2010 bayan yanayi hudu. Fim ɗin sa a matsayin matashin Spock a cikin JJ Abrams – wanda ya jagoranci sake yin fim ɗin Star Trek an sanar da shi bisa hukuma a 2007 Comic-Con.<ref>Comic-Con: Zachary Quinto Is Spock". Empire. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2012</ref><ref>Pascale, Anthony (July 23, 2007). "Quinto as Spock deal almost done". TrekMovie. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014</ref> Da yake magana tare da Leonard Nimoy a wani taron manema labarai don tallata sabon fim ɗin Star Trek na farko, Quinto ya bayyana cewa an bai wa Nimoy amincewa kan wanda zai taka rawar matashin Spock. "A gare ni sa hannun Leonard shine 'yanci kawai, a zahiri,"<ref>Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto: The Two Faces of Spock". SuicideGirls. May 3, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> in ji Quinto. "Na san cewa yana da yarda a kan jarumin da zai taka matashin Spock, don haka lokacin da na samu rawar da na sani tun farko yana tare da albarkarsa." A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Satumba na 2008, Abrams ya ce game da wasan kwaikwayon Quinto a matsayin Spock: "Zachary ya kawo nauyin nauyi da jin dadi mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine haɗuwa mai ban mamaki saboda halin Spock yana da rikitarwa mai rikitarwa. Wahayi a gare ni ina kallon fim din, lokacin da na ƙarshe na kalli dukan abu bayan yin aiki a kan jerin abubuwa, shine cewa yana yin abubuwa masu ban mamaki yayin da nake yin abubuwan ban mamaki. ku bi labarinsa.” <ref>J. J. Abrams on TV's Fringe". SuicideGirls. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2009</ref> Bayan Star Trek, ya bayyana a cikin gajeren wasan barkwanci Boutonniere (2009). Shi "... fim ne da tsohuwar mai gidana kuma abokina, [yar wasan kwaikwayo Coley Sohn] ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni. Ta kira ta ta ce, 'Za ku yi mani alheri kuma ku kasance cikin gajeren fim na?'"<ref>Lovece, Frank. "Zachary Quinto is 'Spock' in new 'Star Trek'" Archived November 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Newsday.com, May 6, 2009. Extended online version of print article, p. B4</ref><ref>Owen, Rob . "A Stars Trek'", April 2009. Archived December 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Quinto ya fito a fili a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a watan Oktoba 2011.<ref>Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call, Playing the Villain, and Occupy Wall Street". Vulture. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa, bayan kashe kansa na matashin ɗan luwadi Jamey Rodemeyer, ya ji cewa "rayuwar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ba tare da yarda da jama'a ba kawai bai isa ba don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gagarumin aikin da ke gaba a kan hanya don kammala daidaito."<ref>Zakarin, Jordan (October 16, 2011). "Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> A cikin 2009, ya bayyana a cikin shirin dare ɗaya Tsaye akan Bikin: Wasannin Aure Gay, karatun matakin fa'ida dangane da wucewar Shawarar 8,<ref>Wells, Duane (September 10, 2009). "Wed Alert". The Advocate. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> da kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Laramie Project:<ref>"Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors". The Advocate. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> Shekaru 10 Daga baya, game da kisan 1998 na Matthew Shepard.<ref>"Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist". The Advocate. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> A cikin 2010, Quinto ya ba da gudummawar bidiyo zuwa aikin Yana Samun Mafi Kyau, kamfen na tushen Intanet w<ref>David, Mark (December 30, 2014). "Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan". Variety. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016</ref>anda ke da nufin hana kashe kansa tsakanin matasa LGBTQAI+. A cikin 2012, Quinto ya yi kamfen a madadin Barack Obama, gami da fitowa a cikin bidiyon Obama Pride: LGBT Americans For Obama.<ref>Alex Godfrey (October 26, 2012). "Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story, Spock, and filthy slash fiction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012</ref> Daga 2010 zuwa 2013, Quinto yana cikin dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jonathan Groff.<ref>Chen, Joyce (December 20, 2016). "Zachary Quinto, Jonathan Groff Break Up". ''Us Weekly''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.</ref><ref>Jonathan Groff Dishes On Dating Zachary Quinto And Being Gay In Hollywood: PHOTOS - Towleroad Gay News". July 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021</ref> Quinto ya fara ƙirar ƙawance kuma mawaki Miles McMillan a lokacin rani na 2013.<ref>Sauvalle, Julien (July 19, 2013). "Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan?". Out. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</ref><ref>"The interview: Zachary Quinto". Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.</ref> A farkon 2015, ma'auratan sun koma gidan NoHo, Manhattan da suka saya tare. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, mujallar Vogue ta kira su "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi waɗanda yankinsu ya mamaye fim ɗin, salon, da yanayin fasaha."<ref>Barasch, Emily (November 9, 2015). "Zachary Quinto, Miles McMillan, Jessica Joffe, and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation's Contribution". Vogue. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2016.</ref> Su biyun sun ƙare dangantakarsu a farkon 2019.<ref>Fernandez, Alexia (February 26, 2019). "Zachary Quinto 'Amicably' Splits from Boyfriend Miles McMillan After Nearly 6 Years of Dating". People. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</ref> A cikin 2017, Quinto ya soki lokacin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Spacey ya yanke shawarar fitowa a matsayin wani ɓangare na martanin da ya yi game da zargin ci gaba da jima'i ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Anthony Rapp mai shekaru 14 a lokacin.<ref>Madani, Doha (October 31, 2017). "Kevin Spacey's Emmy Honor Rescinded After Sexual Harassment Allegation". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2022</ref> Ya kira irin sanarwar da Spacey ta yi "bakin ciki da damuwa," yana jin bai tashi tsaye ba "a matsayin abin alfahari ba - bisa la'akari da yawancin lambobin yabo da nasarorin da ya samu - don haka ya karfafa dubun-dubatar yara LGBTQ masu gwagwarmaya a duniya", amma a maimakon haka a matsayin "maganin ƙididdiga don kawar da hankali daga zargi mai tsanani ga 5 da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da shi.<ref>Sieczkowski, Cavan (October 31, 2017). "Zachary Quinto Slams Kevin Spacey For Coming Out Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations". HuffPost. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2022.</ref> == Manazarta == ari4cey3mep3cilc1a5e7k991p76m0p 0 103231 648043 2025-06-27T09:29:13Z Zahrah0 14848 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293672392|John Halls]]" 648043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Halls''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1982) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila. Halls ya fara aikinsa tare da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] inda ya buga wasanni uku a gasar cin Kofin League na "Gunners" kafin ya kwashe lokaci a kan aro a Colchester United,kungiyar Belgian Beveren da Stoke City. Ya shiga Stoke na dindindin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003 kuma ya zama na yau da kullun a gefen. Yatafi karatu a watan Janairu bayan yaki amincewa da sabon kwangila tare da Stoke amma yayi ƙoƙari ya tilasta masa shiga cikin ƙungiyar Reading waɗanda ke kan hanyar samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League kuma duk da kwashe yanayi uku a Madjeski Stadium Halls ya gudanar da wasanni takwas kawai kuma ya kwashe lokaci a aro a Preston North End, Crystal Palace da kumaSheffield United. Daga nan sai ya buga wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi Brentford,Aldershot Town da Wycombe Wanderers. Bayan barin Wycombe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 Halls ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya kuma ya kafa kasuwancinsa na maza. fzua6evgy3c8kyjb43w88sslazh2dw9 0 103232 648049 2025-06-27T09:33:02Z Zahrah0 14848 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292370357|Matt Bloomfield]]" 648049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew James Bloomfield''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1984) shi Wani samfurin makarantar Ipswich Town, Bloomfield zai shiga Wycombe akan canja wurin kyauta a shekara ta 2003, bayan ya buga wasanni biyu na gasar cin Kofin EFL a Ipswich. Ya shafe shekaru 19 tare da Wycombe, yana wasa a kulob din a League Two,League One da Championship,kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta shekarar 2006-07. A farkon kakar wasa ta karshe a shekarar 2021,an sanya masa suna a matsayin kocin tawagar farko, ban da rawar daya taka a matsayin dan wasa. Bayan yayi ritaya a shekarar 2022, ya koma aikin cikakken lokaci, da farko tare da Colchester United a EFL League Two, kafin ya dawo don gudanar da Wycombe a shekarar 2023. qor6om8fopkepmcbpy5eswaj810wx9h 0 103233 648074 2025-06-27T09:45:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.[2] [3] [4] Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi [5] da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta... 648074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.[2] [3] [4] Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi [5] da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.[6] [7] [8] [9] Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == f3pfunz4qieuptio1cpobug0o3x79zy 648079 648074 2025-06-27T09:47:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi [5] da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.[6] [7] [8] [9] Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 4yfbq10fpmpsc07sykf4cit75fe4tys 648080 648079 2025-06-27T09:47:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi [5] da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.[6] [7] [8] [9] Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == i5yhr5a6wh12kka0tasug38quasc7me 648081 648080 2025-06-27T09:48:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi [5] da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.[6] [7] [8] [9] Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 3kaehxydiex5kgpzo7du6w6kyiq4aq7 648082 648081 2025-06-27T09:49:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.[6] [7] [8] [9] Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == mgzactf49bmcuqch3n572f589d1fzo3 648083 648082 2025-06-27T09:49:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 62z1yi36a5rrnd2y3v5ls1rtpwznf22 648086 648083 2025-06-27T09:50:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 3i6qmof8qb2hd8mtckv58n42122e7ki 648087 648086 2025-06-27T09:50:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == n85aj8fl66jyg381mj2u2ff3sruy6m4 648089 648087 2025-06-27T09:51:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.[10][11][12] Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 35dt95k7yoqdj9yotpc6yvctbr5d4an 648091 648089 2025-06-27T09:51:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 9s9mqlo6qnxfymwegst39tyymjtkkln 648092 648091 2025-06-27T09:52:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == h6qlcpeaga1whzuq40j2hkm134jknja 648093 648092 2025-06-27T09:52:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.[10][13] Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == s8jtp77rgezl6er41iyee1if8y1zzof 648094 648093 2025-06-27T09:53:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki." Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == mqa95mcvp7wkv1dfb0myamkt2m1gvxk 648095 648094 2025-06-27T09:54:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.[15] Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 3mviag0kr38yolbmx2dpoi45tknnujs 648096 648095 2025-06-27T09:55:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory.[15] Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” [16] Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 3mqulfkealouh03ed5pect36c9d7756 648097 648096 2025-06-27T09:55:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."[17] Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == r71ah5m5puic0rravhlkxxi04xhkmou 648098 648097 2025-06-27T09:56:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."<ref>Comic Relief", Newsweek, September 11, 2009, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved May 30, 2010</ref> Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 [16] kuma ya koma New York.[15] Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == d3gt2xebod7b5ocdhfvh56qrngwdfjp 648099 648098 2025-06-27T09:57:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."<ref>Comic Relief", Newsweek, September 11, 2009, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved May 30, 2010</ref> Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 kuma ya koma New York.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.[12] == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == id7cyhyd2nsud1y5kgbqu8u6ryp6ayo 648100 648099 2025-06-27T09:57:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."<ref>Comic Relief", Newsweek, September 11, 2009, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved May 30, 2010</ref> Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 kuma ya koma New York.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci.[15] Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy[18] kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed.[15] Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 8xnvydne7v5m3tp9h3s70yyr2ozbcxt 648101 648100 2025-06-27T09:58:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."<ref>Comic Relief", Newsweek, September 11, 2009, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved May 30, 2010</ref> Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 kuma ya koma New York.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci. Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy<ref>Moore, Frazier (May 24, 2010), "Jim Parsons finds 'Big Bang Theory' stimulating", Press of Atlantic City, archived from the original on January 1, 2011, retrieved October 4, 2010</ref> kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed. Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.[19] === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 1lnv9xgahvrve0myi7e9rabgweg5fin 648102 648101 2025-06-27T09:59:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."<ref>Comic Relief", Newsweek, September 11, 2009, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved May 30, 2010</ref> Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 kuma ya koma New York.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci. Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy<ref>Moore, Frazier (May 24, 2010), "Jim Parsons finds 'Big Bang Theory' stimulating", Press of Atlantic City, archived from the original on January 1, 2011, retrieved October 4, 2010</ref> kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed. Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.<ref>Keveney, Bill (December 8, 2008), "Big Bang-up role for Jim Parsons", USA Today, archived from the original on February 5, 2012, retrieved September 1, 2017</ref> === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta.[15] Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai.[10] Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya." == Manazarta == 1yc6ghj1xymqjdhrxv93dfa4eatq5ur 648104 648102 2025-06-27T10:00:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Joseph Parsons''' (an haife shi Maris 24, 1973) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Daga 2007 zuwa 2019, Parsons ya buga Sheldon Cooper a cikin sitcom na CBS The Big Bang Theory.<ref>Oswald, Brad. "The buzz: Jim Parsons as Sheldon". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Matthew (February 8, 2009). "Gentle twists on reliable formulas keep viewers hooked". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</ref> Ya sami kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da lambobin yabo na Firayim Minista huɗu na Emmy Awards don Fitaccen Jarumin Jarumin Jarumi a cikin Jarumi<ref>"61st Primetime Emmy Awards | Academy of Television Arts & Sciences". Emmys.tv. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref> da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tsarin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci. Daga 2015 zuwa 2018, Forbes ta nada shi dan wasan talabijin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>Robehmed, Natalie (October 24, 2018). "Highest-Paid TV Actors 2018: Jim Parsons leads with $26.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>Berg, Madeline (September 28, 2017). "The world's Highest-Paid TV actors: Jim Parsons leads with $27.5 million". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (September 22, 2016). "The World's Highest Paid TV Actors, 2016: Jim Parsons leads with $25 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024.</ref><ref>McGrath, Maggie (August 25, 2015). "World's Highest-Paid TV Actors 2015: Jim Parsons leads with $29 million take". Forbes. Retrieved May 18, 2024</ref> Parsons ya yi Broadway na farko yana nuna Tommy Boatwright a cikin wasan Larry Kramer The Normal Heart (2011). Tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway Harvey (2012), Dokar Allah (2015), The Boys in the Band (2018), Play Mother (2024), da Garinmu (2024). A cikin fim, Parsons ya bayyana jagororin jagora a cikin Gida (2015) kuma ya taka rawar goyan baya a cikin Hidden Figures (2016), Kid Like Jake (2018), Mugun Muguwa, Mummuna da Mugu (2019), The Boys in the Band (2020), da Spoiler Alert (2022). A talabijin an zaɓi shi Emmy don wasa Tommy Boatwright a cikin fim ɗin HBO The Normal Heart (2011) da Henry Willson a cikin jerin Netflix Hollywood (2020). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Parsons a Asibitin St. Joseph a Houston, Texas, kuma an girma a daya daga cikin yankunan arewacinta, Spring. Shi ɗan Milton Joseph "Mickey/Jack" Parsons Jr. da malami Judy Ann (née McKnight). 'Yar uwarsa, Julie Ann Parsons, ita ma malami ce.<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</ref><ref>Biography". Saintmarylancaster.org. March 24, 1974. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</ref><ref>Who Do You Think You Are? TV episode; Sep 2013</ref> Bayan ya taka rawar tsuntsun Kola-Kola a cikin samar da yaran giwa a makaranta yana da shekaru shida, Parsons ya ƙudura ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">Christie D'Zurilla (August 29, 2010). "Shocking Jim Parsons truths revealed after Emmy win". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2011</ref> Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Klein Oak a lokacin bazara. Parsons ya nuna rawar da ya taka a Noises Off a lokacin ƙaramarsa a matsayin karo na farko "Na haɗu da cikakkiyar rawar da nake takawa kuma na fara fahimtar ainihin abin da ake nufi da gaskiya a kan mataki."<ref>Beale, Lewis (January 18, 2010), "TELEVISION Fast chat with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons: Houston native says he doesn't speak Klingon", Houston Chronicle, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved April 17, 2020</ref> Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Parsons ya sami digiri na BA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Houston. Ya yi fice a wannan lokacin, inda ya fito a cikin wasanni 17 a cikin shekaru uku. Ya kasance memba mai kafa na Infernal Brideroom Productions kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stages Repertory. Parsons sun yi rajista a makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar San Diego a cikin 1999.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai bakwai da aka karɓa cikin kwas na musamman na shekaru biyu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, wanda aka koyar tare da haɗin gwiwar Old Globe Theatre. Daraktan shirin Rick Seer ya tuna cewa yana da ajiyar zuciya game da shigar da Parsons, yana mai cewa, "Jim wani mutum ne na musamman. Ya kasance na asali sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi nasara sosai. Amma mun damu, 'Shin wannan ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya? Shin hakan ya dace da irin horon da muke yi?' Amma mun yanke shawarar cewa yana da hazaka don haka za mu gwada shi mu ga yadda lamarin ya kasance.” <ref>Martinez, Olivia (September 16, 2010), "Alum sparks big bang at the Emmys", The Vista, archived from the original on July 17, 2011, retrieved September 23, 2011</ref> Parsons ya ji daɗin karatunsa sosai, ya gaya wa mai tambayoyin cewa zai yi karatun digirin digirgir a yin aiki idan zai yiwu: "Makarantar ta kasance lafiya!.....Kana da yawa za ku yi mamakin abin da kuka iya, kuma ba ku yi mamakin wasu abubuwa ba."<ref>Comic Relief", Newsweek, September 11, 2009, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved May 30, 2010</ref> Parsons ya kammala karatun digiri tare da M.F.A. digiri a cikin aiki daga Old Globe Theater / Jami'ar San Diego a 2001 kuma ya koma New York.<ref>Dansby, Andrew (September 10, 2009). "Jim Parsons find smart comedy role". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.</ref> Parsons ya binciki tarihin danginsa akan TLC's Wanene kuke tsammani ku? a cikin Satumba 2013, kuma ya gano Faransanci al'adunmu daga bangaren mahaifinsa. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Louis-François Trouard (1729-1804) shine kakansa na shida.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == === 2003–2006: Matsayin farko === yayi aiki a cikin ayyukan Off-Broadway kuma ya yi bayyanuwa da yawa a talabijin. A cikin tallace-tallacen Quiznos na 2003, Parsons ya buga wani mutum wanda kerkeci suka rene kuma ya ci gaba da shayar da “mahaifiyarsa” kerkeci. Yana da rawar da ya taka akai-akai akan nunin talabijin mai shari'a Amy<ref>Moore, Frazier (May 24, 2010), "Jim Parsons finds 'Big Bang Theory' stimulating", Press of Atlantic City, archived from the original on January 1, 2011, retrieved October 4, 2010</ref> kuma ya fito a jerin talabijin Ed. Har ila yau, Parsons yana da ƙananan ayyuka a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Jihar Lambuna da Makaranta don 'yan iska.<ref>Keveney, Bill (December 8, 2008), "Big Bang-up role for Jim Parsons", USA Today, archived from the original on February 5, 2012, retrieved September 1, 2017</ref> === 2007–2019: Babban Ka'idar Big Bang da rawar wasan kwaikwayo === Parsons ya yi kiyasin cewa ya yi wa ma’aikatan talabijin tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 gwaji, amma a yawancin lokutan da aka jefa shi, wasan kwaikwayon ya kasa samun cibiyar sadarwar talabijin da ke son siyan ta. Banda ya zo da The Big Bang Theory. Bayan karanta rubutun matukin jirgi, Parsons ya ji cewa aikin Sheldon Cooper zai dace da shi sosai. Ko da yake bai ji wani nau'i na dangantaka da halin ba, yana sha'awar tsarin tattaunawa, yadda marubutan "ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi da yawa waɗanda yawancin mu ba su gane su don ƙirƙirar wannan rhythm ba, kuma rhythm ya samu ni. Yana da damar da za a yi rawa ta hanyar wannan tattaunawa kuma a cikin hanyoyi da yawa har yanzu yana nan." duba don ganin ko Parsons zai iya kwafin wasan kwaikwayon. An jefa Parsons a matsayin Sheldon Cooper, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a wanda ke raina abokansa akai-akai. Matsayin yana buƙatar Parsons don "rattle off layi bayan layin da aka tsara, tattaunawa mai ruɗi, sannan kuma ya yi wani abu da fuskarsa ko jikinsa yayin shiru da ke biyo baya."<ref>Cogan, Jennifer (September 7, 2010). "Klein Oak grad takes home Emmy". Klein Sun News. Retrieved April 10, 2024</ref> == Manazarta == 9h3erpe7t6e7hcx3oi23x1wz94np2xx 0 103234 648109 2025-06-27T10:04:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 648109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968) [1] wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise[2] [3] da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live! Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.[7] Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 2gc3xh5mtmvoso5xskmdy32fw0y0w0s 648112 648109 2025-06-27T10:05:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise[2] [3] da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live! Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.[7] Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == m604jepfbews1b2h5wswfumg2vfvi05 648113 648112 2025-06-27T10:06:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live! Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.[7] Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == koakefmlalbtesjys4bceqoluaeh74w 648115 648113 2025-06-27T10:06:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live! Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.[7] Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == jrl9ipeqrt14v7d916pmwbqamm3hkb9 648117 648115 2025-06-27T10:07:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.[7] Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == lx3u746u13wl7bddk9dgqk1kveb0n5g 648118 648117 2025-06-27T10:08:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref>Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.[7] Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 7hdbsewpcvzsqh080j7nbw18f764jpu 648119 648118 2025-06-27T10:08:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref>Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 0wewip41k1e1ra84skxb1gdt886ldvq 648120 648119 2025-06-27T10:09:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref>Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.[5] Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == flp2jcpt4veb474fz9990yrvgyay6uf 648121 648120 2025-06-27T10:09:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.[8] Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.[9] [10] [11] Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == mp20w74wx1i9q0bnejde09iao4wj135 648122 648121 2025-06-27T10:10:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania. Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 0svx9uqitv7h9q70qfqpxb1m89u3avj 648123 648122 2025-06-27T10:11:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 7mhyxhtj1kmkjdhauq38o8maiw1t29e 648124 648123 2025-06-27T10:11:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 9nn29cr95btqd3ovfift49azt0fty5t 648126 648124 2025-06-27T10:11:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.[12] Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == a2i45fniqya9dh3jy292q6iokroi8gl 648127 648126 2025-06-27T10:12:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.[13] Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 134w7ejw0nqh4kx3r2vz1gme2jgj65v 648128 648127 2025-06-27T10:12:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.[14] Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 1ht4ic1ieechl3wl7mogw99enk57yf0 648130 648128 2025-06-27T10:13:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen, [15] [16] wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == hwy3glf6u3ikg52ucavphs3etlwfuti 648131 648130 2025-06-27T10:14:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == ng62xzzl6lj7agn11cecrihuh8ko9ri 648132 648131 2025-06-27T10:14:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.[17] Sana'a Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 9z1nlbh428g8zx9besyossxlopbu2jd 648134 648132 2025-06-27T10:15:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.[18] Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == chgvny5dmrnwd7kumnygd0onfnytcnw 648135 648134 2025-06-27T10:16:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.[19] Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 0am41ql7zvn23rpfpb4urwkfgehk1i1 648136 648135 2025-06-27T10:16:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000, [20] daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 04guypwz8gjmunvdqsmj4vlk86a9vq5 648137 648136 2025-06-27T10:17:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004, [21] lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == kwp9pvmb6zlq3s9deqw3uua0crm8b04 648138 648137 2025-06-27T10:17:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.[22] Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 70g0t7tusokuw8um3m92t0n9sdx4n33 648140 648138 2025-06-27T10:19:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.[23] A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 2i8wgzjw974cdhv0ntmkn6gja3lqa7l 648142 648140 2025-06-27T10:19:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.[25] Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 01jixzf9a8lx6ycj7h2fivgkslph0hy 648146 648142 2025-06-27T10:24:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.[24] Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 841uyvt5lho6kuqapksiy2chouumc1q 648151 648146 2025-06-27T10:33:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.<ref>Rosenblum, Emma (January 8, 2010). "The Natural". New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012, [8] [26] ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == bsptdflowu64se9k562u8wbzh0j0g5x 648153 648151 2025-06-27T10:34:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.<ref>Rosenblum, Emma (January 8, 2010). "The Natural". New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012,<ref>Lewis, Andy (May 15, 2012). "Stories From the Front Lines of Pop Culture". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.[27] [28] [29] A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == t8t8cldc8i5iifsloilept8gkugnly5 648154 648153 2025-06-27T10:35:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.<ref>Rosenblum, Emma (January 8, 2010). "The Natural". New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012,<ref>Lewis, Andy (May 15, 2012). "Stories From the Front Lines of Pop Culture". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.<ref>Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == tqd5p0w0m3gihs2nqvox1st4fivikep 648155 648154 2025-06-27T10:35:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.<ref>Rosenblum, Emma (January 8, 2010). "The Natural". New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012,<ref>Lewis, Andy (May 15, 2012). "Stories From the Front Lines of Pop Culture". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.<ref>Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref><ref>Paperback Nonfiction - Best Sellers". The New York Times. April 28, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 21i8b1pzqm2fybincflfnn3whudarwh 648156 648155 2025-06-27T10:36:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.<ref>Rosenblum, Emma (January 8, 2010). "The Natural". New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012,<ref>Lewis, Andy (May 15, 2012). "Stories From the Front Lines of Pop Culture". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.<ref>Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref><ref>Paperback Nonfiction - Best Sellers". The New York Times. April 28, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref><ref>Combined Hardcover & Paperback Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</ref> A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == ex8kn334dfdnfl092du3d1nrcj8fz11 648158 648156 2025-06-27T10:36:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1lib1refGN2025 648158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrew Joseph Cohen''' (an haife shi a watan Yuni 2, 1968)<ref>Andy Cohen". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015</ref> wani gidan rediyo ne na Amurka da mai gabatar da jawabi, mai gabatarwa, kuma marubuci. Shi ne mai masaukin baki kuma mai zartarwa na The Real Housewives franchise<ref>Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 10, 2017). "'Love Connection' With Andy Cohen Renewed for Season 2 at Fox". Variety. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Andreeva, Nellie (November 13, 2013). "Bravo's Andy Cohen To Step Down As Executive And Become A Producer, 'Watch What Happens Live' Renewed For 2 Seasons". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> da kuma nunin magana na dare na Bravo, Kalli Abin da ke faruwa Live!<ref>Davidson, Daniel Riley, Eric Ray (December 17, 2012). "Andy Cohen Profile". GQ. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref><ref name=":0">Superficial by Andy Cohen". theandycohendiaries.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018</ref> Cohen ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na ci gaba da baiwa ta Bravo har zuwa 2013.<ref>Radio Andy - Andy Cohen Pop Culture Talk, More-XL". SiriusXM. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018</ref><ref>Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 12, 2017). "Living in Andy Cohen's America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2018.</ref> Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar abun ciki na asali, haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, da gano sabbin ƙwarewa. Cohen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da zartarwa akan lambar yabo ta James Beard – wanda ya lashe gasar dafa abinci ta gaskiya a nunin talabijin, Babban Chef.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma dauki nauyin farfado da shirin soyayyar soyayya a gidan talabijin. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award, da kyaututtukan Peabody guda biyu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andy a St. Louis, Missouri, ga Evelyn da Lou Cohen.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 11, 2012). "Andy Cohen tells all — well, most — in memoir". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa, Emily Rosenfeld. Shi Bayahude ne, yana da tushe a Poland, Rasha, da Lithuania.<ref>Andy Cohen Recalls How Israel Prevented Joan Rivers From Berating Another Guest". Haaretz. Associated Press. January 18, 2017. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017</ref><ref>Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 26, 2021</ref><ref>Rozen, Leah (May 13, 2012). "Meet Bravo TV's Andy Cohen and His Mom, Evelyn". Parade. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Cohen ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Clayton a 1986.<ref>Pennington, Gail (May 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen talks 'Love Connection' and love connection". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</ref> Ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Boston, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin jarida.<ref>Kaufman, Hayley (January 9, 2017). "Bravo's Andy Cohen to host Zakim Fund bash at Four Seasons". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Cohen ya rubuta wa jaridar daliban Jami'ar Boston, The Daily Free Press.<ref>Maloney, Michael (June 19, 2017). "Andy Cohen on His New 'Connection,' Patti LuPone and Kathy Griffin". Variety. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Daga baya ya shiga cikin Labaran CBS tare da Julie Chen,<ref>Werthmann, Colleen (December 15, 2011). "Andy Cohen and Julie Chen on Their Shared Past". Bravo.com (Bravo Media). Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.</ref><ref>"Andy Cohen and Tyler Oakley LIVE at VidCon". Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2013 – via YouTube.</ref> wacce ita ma tana aiki a matsayin mai horarwa.<ref>Lear, Samantha. "5 Things You Didn't Know about Bravo's Andy Cohen". More. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> == Sana'a == Cohen ya fara aikinsa a talabijin a matsayin mai koyarwa a Labaran CBS.<ref>Connelly, Sherryl (November 10, 2014). "'Real Housewives' maven Andy Cohen has written a memoir, 'The Andy Cohen Diaries'". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</ref> Ya shafe shekaru 10 a cibiyar sadarwar, a ƙarshe ya zama babban mai gabatarwa na The Early Show, mai shiryawa na 48 Hours, kuma mai gabatarwa na CBS This Morning.<ref>Kashdan, Jason (December 1, 2014). "Andy Cohen's diary: Housewives, Tinder and celebdish". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.</ref> Ya shiga cibiyar sadarwar Trio a cikin 2000,<ref>Stelter, Brian (September 4, 2009). "Andy Cohen, Bravo Executive, Gets a Talk Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> daga baya ya zama mataimakin shugaban shirye-shirye na asali a Bravo a cikin 2004,<ref>Farley, Rebecca (March 22, 2018). "How Andy Cohen Became Famous Enough To End Up On "Riverdale"". Refinery29. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref> lokacin da hanyar sadarwar ta sayi Trio.<ref>Porter, Rick (November 13, 2013). "'Watch What Happens Live' host Andy Cohen gives up Bravo exec role, signs producing deal". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services). Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.</ref> Cohen ya kasance bako na yau da kullun akan Yau da Morning Joe, kuma ya shirya Live! tare da Kelly, da The View. Ya yi bako daban-daban a sauran shirye-shiryen tattaunawa. Ya yi baƙo da yawa a shirye-shiryen talabijin yana wasa da kansa, kamar The Comeback da Asabar Night Live.<ref>Harnick, Chris (November 9, 2014). "How The Comeback Got All Those Stars". E! News. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.</ref> A lokacin rani na 2009, Cohen ya fara ɗaukar nauyin nunin talabijin na tsakar dare na mako-mako, Kalli Abin da ke Faruwa Kai tsaye.<ref>Rosenblum, Emma (January 8, 2010). "The Natural". New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref> Daga baya an fadada nunin zuwa jerin daren mako.<ref>Carter, Bill (November 13, 2013). "New Bravo Deal Means More of Andy Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> Littafin tarihin tarihin Cohen Mafi Talkative (Henry Holt da Kamfani), wanda aka saki a cikin Mayu 2012,<ref>Lewis, Andy (May 15, 2012). "Stories From the Front Lines of Pop Culture". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.</ref> ya zama Mafi kyawun Siyar da New York Times a cikin rumbun kwamfyuta, takarda, da kuma haɗa nau'ikan almara mara kyau.<ref>Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018</ref><ref>Paperback Nonfiction - Best Sellers". The New York Times. April 28, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018</ref><ref>Combined Hardcover & Paperback Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers". The New York Times. May 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</ref><ref>Kepler, Adam (August 15, 2013). "Citing Russian Anti-Gay Law, Miss Universe Co-Host Pulls Out of Pageant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.</ref> A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2013, ya ki karbar bakuncin gasar Miss Universe a kasar Rasha, saboda yadda kasar ta amince da dokokin yaki da luwadi.[30] Kafin haka, ya karbi bakuncin Miss USA 2011 da Miss USA 2012.[31] A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2014, ya zana Zeus a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga na "GUY".[32] A cikin Nuwamba 2014, Cohen ya buga tarihinsa na biyu, The Andy Cohen Diaries: Zurfafa Duban Shekarar Shallow, [33] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa irin wannan mai taken The Andy Warhol Diaries. Littafin ya ƙunshi shekara guda na shigarwar mujallu wanda ya fara a watan Satumba na 2013.[34] The Andy Cohen Diaries ya zama Mafi kyawun Mai siyarwa na Times a cikin Haɗaɗɗen Buga & Rubutun Ƙirar Littafi Mai Tsarki.[35] A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, SiriusXM ya ƙaddamar da sabuwar tashar rediyo ta Cohen, wanda aka sani da Radio Andy.[36] Fasalolin tashar yana nuna wanda Cohen ya shirya (Andy Cohen Live, da Andy Cohen's Deep & Shallow). Cohen kuma yana karbar bakuncin jerin shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na musamman don tasharsa da aka fi sani da Town Halls a gaban masu sauraron studio kai tsaye.[37] [38] Tashar tana kuma fasalta nunin da aka shirya ta; Sandra Bernhard. Tashar ta kuma samar da na musamman da suka hada da; Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gidan rediyon Andy, wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar gida, [39] AC2 Live: Andy da Anderson akan Hanya (wani nunin bayan fage yana biye da Cohen da Anderson Cooper a rangadin rayuwarsu), da kuma Diaries Connection Diaries (kuma jerin jerin docu na baya wanda ke nuna Cohen, da Mai Haɗin Haɗin Kai da Mai gabatar da Gidan Radio Andy, John Hill). Cohen da babban abokinsa Anderson Cooper sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su je yawon shakatawa na ƙasa don yin wasan kwaikwayon matakin tattaunawar su na AC2 tun daga Maris 2015.[40][41] An bude rangadin a Boston, sai Miami Beach, Chicago da Atlanta suka biyo baya.[41] Manufar wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali ne bayan Cooper ya yi hira da Cohen game da sabon littafinsa na lokacin, The Andy Cohen Diaries, a wani taron da aka yi a 92nd Street Y a birnin New York.[42] [43] Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasan kwaikwayon na mutum biyu ya ci gaba da yin rangadin da ya kai biranen 50 har zuwa Oktoba 2018.[44] A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2015, Cohen ya dauki bakuncin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood na dare daya-daya (Wasan Wasan Sabuwar Shekara), kuma ya shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly, don NBC.[45] A cikin 2016, mawallafin Henry Holt da Kamfanin sun ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da bugu na Andy Cohen Littattafai.[46] An buga littafin tarihin Cohen na uku na Sama: Ƙarin Kasada Daga Andy Cohen Diaries an buga shi a cikin Nuwamba 2016.[47] Mabiyi na The Andy Cohen Diaries, [48] Littafin ya kunshi abubuwan da aka rubuta na diary na shekaru biyu masu zuwa.[49] Ƙafafi ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwar Times a cikin littattafan da mashahuran mutane suka rubuta.[50] A cikin Janairu 2017, Fox ya ba da umarnin farfado da Haɗin soyayya wanda Cohen ya shirya.[51] An fara nuna wasan na tsawon sa'o'i a ranar 25 ga Mayu.[52] A wannan watan, Cohen ya buga kansa a cikin jerin Netflix, Kimmy Schmidt wanda ba a iya karyawa.[53] A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Fox ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sabunta Haɗin Soyayya don kakar wasa ta biyu.[54] Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Cohen ya gaji Kathy Griffin a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen bikin Sabuwar Shekara ta CNN tare da Cooper.[55][56] A cikin 2018, Cohen ya buga kansa a wasan kwaikwayon Riverdale a matsayin abokin dangin Lodge.[57] Ya yi bayyanar Maris 2018 a matsayin alkali baƙo a cikin wani shiri na VH1 gaskiya-talbijin na RuPaul's Drag Race.[58] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Cohen shi ne na farko a bayyane mai masaukin baki na ɗan luwaɗi na Amurka na baje-kolin baƙon dare.[66] A cikin watan Disamba na 2018, ya sanar da cewa zai zama uba a 2019 tare da taimakon mai maye[67]. An haifi ɗansa Ben a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2019.[68] An haifi 'yarsa, Lucy, ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2022.[69] Cohen ya goyi bayan Kamala Harris a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2024.[70] Dangane da kyamar kyamar Yahudawa a lokacin yakin Gaza bayan hare-haren na ranar 7 ga Oktoba, Cohen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " Bayahude mai girman kai " kuma ya halarci taron kwanaki biyu na masu rinjaye na Yahudawa a cikin 2024.[71]. == Manazarta == 2l8yu801t8z62p8vul9ieapi1yb15pu 0 103235 648129 2025-06-27T10:13:20Z Ibnali1 15949 Sabon labari #AWA-DYF 648129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ganiou Soglo''' (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 4, 1962<ref name="Forme">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025652/http://sonangnon.net/gouvernement2007.inc "Nouveau gouvernement, formé le 17 juin 2007 à Cotonou"], Sonangnon.net {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>) ɗan siyasan Benin ne na Jam'iyyar Benin Rebirth Party (RB) wanda ya yi aiki a gwamnati na wani lokaci a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Karatu, da Inganta Harsuna na ƙasa. Shi ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Nicéphore Soglo ne kuma ɗan'uwan Léhady Soglo. An haifi Soglo, ɗan ƙaramin ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Nicéphore Soglo da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Rosine Vieyra Soglo, a birnin Paris.<ref name="Forme" /> An zabe shi a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar RB a majalisar dokokin kasar Benin a zaben 'yan majalisa na watan Maris na 2003.<ref>[http://www.legislatives2003.gouv.bj/actualites/archives/edition040403/actu1.html List of deputies elected in the 2003 election] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607003626/http://www.legislatives2003.gouv.bj/actualites/archives/edition040403/actu1.html|date=June 7, 2007}}, Benin government page {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Daga baya, ya kasance dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Maris 2006, yana takara duk da zabin Léhady Soglo a matsayin dan takararta.<ref>[http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/benin/beninpol/candidats2006.htm "Présidentielle 2006 : les principaux candidats"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084048/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/benin/beninpol/candidats2006.htm|date=2007-09-29}}, ''Afrique Express'' {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Ganiou ya lashe kusan kuri'u 5,000, wato kashi 0.17% na kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin], African Elections Database.</ref> A cikin wasanni, Soglo ya jagoranci Sharks na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Atlantic na wani lokaci.<ref name="Forme" /> A cikin gwamnatin shugaba Yayi Boni da aka nada a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, 2007, an nada Soglo a matsayin ministan matasa, wasanni da nishadi.<ref>[http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2007-06/18/content_444055.htm "Bénin : composition du nouveau gouvernement soumis à l'avis de l'Assemblée Nationale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718043808/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2007-06/18/content_444055.htm|date=2007-07-18}}, Xinhua, June 18, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630082210/http://www.izf.net/izf/Guide/Benin/gouvernement.htm Governments of Benin], izf.net {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>Belly Kpogodo, [http://www.sonangnon.net/actualites/2007/juin/intntribune1906_4.php "Entrée surprise de Galiou Soglo au gouvernement : Les raisons qui ont motivé Yayi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622201951/http://www.sonangnon.net/actualites/2007/juin/intntribune1906_4.php|date=2007-06-22}}, ''La Nouvelle Tribune'' (sonangnon.net), June 19, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Daga nan sai aka mayar da shi mukamin Ministan Al’adu, Karatu da Bunkasa Harsuna na Kasa a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2008.<ref>[http://www.afrik.com/article15507.html "Formation d’un nouveau gouvernement au Bénin"], Panapress, October 23, 2008 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> A ranar Juma’a, 5 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an harbe Ganiou Soglo a kirji tare da raunata shi a wani harin kwantan bauna da aka kai kusa da garin Zinvié.<ref name="ja3">{{cite news |last=Millecamps |first=Matthieu |date=2021-02-09 |title=Attaque contre Ganiou Soglo au Bénin : une enquête et des polémiques |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1118306/politique/attaque-contre-ganiou-soglo-au-benin-une-enquete-et-des-polemiques/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307094452/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1118306/politique/attaque-contre-ganiou-soglo-au-benin-une-enquete-et-des-polemiques/ |archive-date=2021-03-07 |access-date=2021-07-28 |work=[[Jeune Afrique]]}}</ref> Soglo fasinja ne a cikin wata mota da ta taso daga wata gona da ya mallaka a Abomey-Calavi lokacin da aka kai harin.<ref name="ja3" /> Ya yi jinya a asibitin jami’ar Hubert Maga na kasa, kafin a kai shi kasar Faransa don jinya.<ref name="ja2">{{cite news |last=Millecamps |first=Matthieu |date=2021-07-25 |title=Bénin: décès de Rosine Soglo, ex-première dame devenue femme politique de premier plan |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1208442/politique/benin-deces-de-rosine-soglo-ex-premiere-dame-devenue-femme-politique-de-premier-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727200702/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1208442/politique/benin-deces-de-rosine-soglo-ex-premiere-dame-devenue-femme-politique-de-premier-plan/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |access-date=2021-07-27 |work=[[Jeune Afrique]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == f43pa465do1924gl76n6uhage27swxn 648133 648129 2025-06-27T10:14:48Z Ibnali1 15949 + Databox #AWA-DYF 648133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Ganiou Soglo''' (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 4, 1962<ref name="Forme">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025652/http://sonangnon.net/gouvernement2007.inc "Nouveau gouvernement, formé le 17 juin 2007 à Cotonou"], Sonangnon.net {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>) ɗan siyasan Benin ne na Jam'iyyar Benin Rebirth Party (RB) wanda ya yi aiki a gwamnati na wani lokaci a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Karatu, da Inganta Harsuna na ƙasa. Shi ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Nicéphore Soglo ne kuma ɗan'uwan Léhady Soglo. An haifi Soglo, ɗan ƙaramin ɗan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Nicéphore Soglo da tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban ƙasar Rosine Vieyra Soglo, a birnin Paris.<ref name="Forme" /> An zabe shi a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar RB a majalisar dokokin kasar Benin a zaben 'yan majalisa na watan Maris na 2003.<ref>[http://www.legislatives2003.gouv.bj/actualites/archives/edition040403/actu1.html List of deputies elected in the 2003 election] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607003626/http://www.legislatives2003.gouv.bj/actualites/archives/edition040403/actu1.html|date=June 7, 2007}}, Benin government page {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Daga baya, ya kasance dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Maris 2006, yana takara duk da zabin Léhady Soglo a matsayin dan takararta.<ref>[http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/benin/beninpol/candidats2006.htm "Présidentielle 2006 : les principaux candidats"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084048/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/benin/beninpol/candidats2006.htm|date=2007-09-29}}, ''Afrique Express'' {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Ganiou ya lashe kusan kuri'u 5,000, wato kashi 0.17% na kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bj.html Elections in Benin], African Elections Database.</ref> A cikin wasanni, Soglo ya jagoranci Sharks na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Atlantic na wani lokaci.<ref name="Forme" /> A cikin gwamnatin shugaba Yayi Boni da aka nada a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, 2007, an nada Soglo a matsayin ministan matasa, wasanni da nishadi.<ref>[http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2007-06/18/content_444055.htm "Bénin : composition du nouveau gouvernement soumis à l'avis de l'Assemblée Nationale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718043808/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2007-06/18/content_444055.htm|date=2007-07-18}}, Xinhua, June 18, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630082210/http://www.izf.net/izf/Guide/Benin/gouvernement.htm Governments of Benin], izf.net {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>Belly Kpogodo, [http://www.sonangnon.net/actualites/2007/juin/intntribune1906_4.php "Entrée surprise de Galiou Soglo au gouvernement : Les raisons qui ont motivé Yayi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622201951/http://www.sonangnon.net/actualites/2007/juin/intntribune1906_4.php|date=2007-06-22}}, ''La Nouvelle Tribune'' (sonangnon.net), June 19, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Daga nan sai aka mayar da shi mukamin Ministan Al’adu, Karatu da Bunkasa Harsuna na Kasa a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2008.<ref>[http://www.afrik.com/article15507.html "Formation d’un nouveau gouvernement au Bénin"], Panapress, October 23, 2008 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> A ranar Juma’a, 5 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an harbe Ganiou Soglo a kirji tare da raunata shi a wani harin kwantan bauna da aka kai kusa da garin Zinvié.<ref name="ja3">{{cite news |last=Millecamps |first=Matthieu |date=2021-02-09 |title=Attaque contre Ganiou Soglo au Bénin : une enquête et des polémiques |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1118306/politique/attaque-contre-ganiou-soglo-au-benin-une-enquete-et-des-polemiques/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307094452/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1118306/politique/attaque-contre-ganiou-soglo-au-benin-une-enquete-et-des-polemiques/ |archive-date=2021-03-07 |access-date=2021-07-28 |work=[[Jeune Afrique]]}}</ref> Soglo fasinja ne a cikin wata mota da ta taso daga wata gona da ya mallaka a Abomey-Calavi lokacin da aka kai harin.<ref name="ja3" /> Ya yi jinya a asibitin jami’ar Hubert Maga na kasa, kafin a kai shi kasar Faransa don jinya.<ref name="ja2">{{cite news |last=Millecamps |first=Matthieu |date=2021-07-25 |title=Bénin: décès de Rosine Soglo, ex-première dame devenue femme politique de premier plan |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1208442/politique/benin-deces-de-rosine-soglo-ex-premiere-dame-devenue-femme-politique-de-premier-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727200702/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1208442/politique/benin-deces-de-rosine-soglo-ex-premiere-dame-devenue-femme-politique-de-premier-plan/ |archive-date=2021-07-27 |access-date=2021-07-27 |work=[[Jeune Afrique]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == o0z1hsqfkjjbr9b0mz636g549674598 0 103236 648157 2025-06-27T10:36:19Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648157 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel[2] na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.[3][4][5] Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, [6] kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.[7]. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == e97117zv76mt3xjqda9wlajhzjt65ao 648159 648157 2025-06-27T10:37:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648159 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.[3][4][5] Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, [6] kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.[7]. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == sqtlpsvig1zz4e66zxm8rusw26ll23d 648160 648159 2025-06-27T10:37:59Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648160 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref>[4][5] Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, [6] kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.[7]. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == k8yq9wjscvn6wco1pncc4hnx5f34ay2 648162 648160 2025-06-27T10:38:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648162 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref>5] Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, [6] kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.[7]. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == i5p3sh2cl8m09mrjo2axg0za7scpovx 648163 648162 2025-06-27T10:40:09Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648163 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, [6] kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.[7]. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == 1unlxoj2imd6zh5803cxcj58766uk7l 648164 648163 2025-06-27T10:44:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648164 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, <ref>"BISHOP PETER ONEKPE BOWS OUT OF OFFICE". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-05.</ref>kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.[7]. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == 1s4gyza3p765tizq7eouwitxsl6ouzq 648166 648164 2025-06-27T10:49:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648166 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, <ref>"BISHOP PETER ONEKPE BOWS OUT OF OFFICE". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-05.</ref>kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.<ref>Okowa Congratulates Ekpenisi, Ika Diocese Anglican Bishop-Elect". Vanguard News. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref>. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975[8]. Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == og4399b2jp4knomx73jaf9ra7oeea0b 648167 648166 2025-06-27T10:53:03Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648167 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, <ref>"BISHOP PETER ONEKPE BOWS OUT OF OFFICE". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-05.</ref>kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.<ref>Okowa Congratulates Ekpenisi, Ika Diocese Anglican Bishop-Elect". Vanguard News. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref>. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975<ref>"THERE IS A MISSION FOR THE CHURCH TO PREACH SALVATION — Rt. Rev. Dr. Onekpe (JP)". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.[9] == Manazarta == fpz1oewxkmusekpy65rr9pcj1w17u28 648169 648167 2025-06-27T10:54:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648169 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, <ref>"BISHOP PETER ONEKPE BOWS OUT OF OFFICE". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-05.</ref>kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.<ref>Okowa Congratulates Ekpenisi, Ika Diocese Anglican Bishop-Elect". Vanguard News. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref>. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975<ref>"THERE IS A MISSION FOR THE CHURCH TO PREACH SALVATION — Rt. Rev. Dr. Onekpe (JP)". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.<ref>"About-us || DIOCESE OF BENIN". anglicandioceseofbenin.org. Retrieved 2021-03-25.</ref> == Manazarta == k77ip51bxn0d46wt42yfuwkgyltt91n 648172 648169 2025-06-27T10:58:51Z Mrymaa 13965 648172 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter Imhona Onekpe (an haife shi 15 gawatan Fabrairu 1949) shi ne Bishop na Anglican na Ika<ref>Office, Anglican Communion. "Anglican Communion: Diocese". Anglican Communion Website</ref> a lardin Bendel<ref>"Ecclesiastical Province of Bendel | Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion)". Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> na Cocin Najeriya. Onekpe shine bishop na farko lokacin da aka kirkiro Diocese na Ika a 2001.<ref>"The Rt Revd Peter Onekpe on World Anglican Clerical Directory". World Anglican Clerical Directory. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref><ref>"Bishop P I Onekpe:Humanism, A side Clericalism X-rayed". The Pointer News Online. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</ref> Ya yi ritaya a cikin 2018, <ref>"BISHOP PETER ONEKPE BOWS OUT OF OFFICE". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2021-03-05.</ref>kuma an zaɓi Godfrey Ifeanyi Ekpenisi a matsayin Bishop na biyu na Ika a cikin Satumba 2018.<ref>Okowa Congratulates Ekpenisi, Ika Diocese Anglican Bishop-Elect". Vanguard News. 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref>. An haifi Onekpe a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1949 a Etsako West, Jihar Edo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren zamani ta St. Peter’s Anglican, Jattu-Uzairue, daga 1961 zuwa 1963, sannan ya yi makarantar horas da malamai ta Akure, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Ilimin Immanuel da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1974, kuma an nada shi a shekarar 1975<ref>"THERE IS A MISSION FOR THE CHURCH TO PREACH SALVATION — Rt. Rev. Dr. Onekpe (JP)". Ika Weekly Newspaper. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2021-03-12.</ref> Onekpe shi ne Bishop na 4 na Benin, wanda aka tsarkake a cikin 1995, kuma aka fassara shi zuwa Esan Diocese a cikin Satumba 2000.<ref>"About-us || DIOCESE OF BENIN". anglicandioceseofbenin.org. Retrieved 2021-03-25.</ref> == Manazarta == s1cqoei09z1rbnyqkuoqlzfwexzo3al 0 103237 648168 2025-06-27T10:53:30Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274743208|Chris de Broglio]]" 648168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chris de Broglio''' (14 ga Mayu 1930 - 12 Yuli 2014) ɗan [[Moris|ƙasar Mauritius]] ne haifaffen [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. De Broglio, wanda ya ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna [[wariyar launin fata]] a wasanni, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunkurin korar Afrika ta Kudu daga gasar Olympics a shekarar 1970, a lokacin da ake fama da nuna wariyar launin fata a ƙasar. Ya shiga tare da [[Dennis Brutus]] don haɗin gwiwar kafa kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu (San-Roc). <ref name="guardian" /> A cewar [[Nelson Mandela]], korar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1970 ya sake farfaɗo da gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a lokacin kuma daga karshe ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata bayan shekaru ashirin. <ref name="guardian" /> An haifi De Broglio '''Marie Christian Dubruel de Broglio''' a [[Moris|Mauritius]] a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu 1930, ɗa ga Maurice da Suzanne de Broglio. Ya wasan weightlifting bayan dogon lokaci, rashin lafiya mai ban mamaki ta bar shi ƙasa da sauran yaran shekarunsa. <ref name="guardian" /> de Broglio da farko ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don nazarin lissafin kuɗi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> De Broglio ya kasance zakaran wasan daga nauyin weightlifting na Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 1962. Ya shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a [[Sweden]] a shekarar 1958 da [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Austria]] a 1961. <ref name="guardian" /> Duk da haka, ya damu da cewa an hana farare da baƙar fata masu ɗaukar nauyi daga gasar ko horo tare a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="guardian" /> A lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaba da sakataren kungiyoyin Natal da Transvaal Weightlifting Associations, de Broglio ya shirya gasa masu weightlifting na launin fata da yawa, waɗanda suka sabawa doka ƙarƙashin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref name="guardian" /> A farkon 1960s, de Broglio, wanda UTA ke aiki da shi, kamfanin jirgin sama na Faransa a lokacin, ya shirya shugaban kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na launin fata ba (San-Roc), John Harris, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu a asirce. Harris ya ba da shaida a kan tsarin wariyar launin fata a gaban kwamitin Olympics na ƙasa da ƙasa (IOC), wanda ya haifar da keɓe Afirka ta Kudu daga shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1964. <ref name="guardian" /> (Za a kashe Harris daga baya saboda rawar da ya taka a harin bam na wani sashe na farin kawai na tashar shakatawa na Johannesburg). A cikin shekarar 1963, ƙungiyar de Broglio, San-Roc, ta yi nasarar yin yunƙurin dakatar da Afirka ta Kudu daga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] na duniya. <ref name="guardian" /> An sanya de Broglio a ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati kuma an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a [[Landan]], yana zaune a Twickenham. <ref name="guardian" /> A can, de Broglio da sauransu sun sake kafa San-Roc a cikin ginshiki na Portman Court Hotel a Marble Arch. <ref name="guardian" /> De Broglio ya shirya ƙauracewa gasar San-Roc na gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1968 a [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] da wasu ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya suka yi. <ref name="guardian" /> A cikin shekarar 1997, de Broglio ya sami lambar yabo ta Olympics saboda aikinsa na yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin wasanni da kuma kare shi na Yarjejeniya ta Olympics. De Broglio ya zauna a [[Korsika|Corsica]] a lokacin rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe. Ya riƙa yawan zuwa ɗakin motsa jiki har ya kai shekara 80 a duniya. Ya rasu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 2014, yana da shekaru 84. <ref name="guardian" /> Matarsa ta farko, June Von Solms, wacce ya aura a shekarar 1954 kuma tana da ‘ya’ya shida tare da su, ta rasu a shekara ta 1982. <ref name="guardian" /> Ya rasu ya bar ‘ya’yansa da matarsa ta biyu, Renee de Broglio, wacce ya aura a shekarar 1988. <ref name="guardian" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] 1c2do5tc4ojatr9392lxzyu5zeiggx6 648180 648168 2025-06-27T11:07:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 648180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chris de Broglio''' (14 ga Mayu 1930 - 12 Yuli 2014) ɗan [[Moris|ƙasar Mauritius]] ne haifaffen [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. De Broglio, wanda ya ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna [[wariyar launin fata]] a wasanni, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunkurin korar Afrika ta Kudu daga gasar Olympics a shekarar 1970, a lokacin da ake fama da nuna wariyar launin fata a ƙasar.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Hain |title=Chris de Broglio obituary, Weightlifter who played a key role in apartheid South Africa's expulsion from the Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chris-de-broglio |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> Ya shiga tare da [[Dennis Brutus]] don haɗin gwiwar kafa kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu (San-Roc). <ref name="guardian" /> A cewar [[Nelson Mandela]], korar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1970 ya sake farfaɗo da gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a lokacin kuma daga karshe ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata bayan shekaru ashirin. <ref name="guardian" /> An haifi De Broglio '''Marie Christian Dubruel de Broglio''' a [[Moris|Mauritius]] a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu 1930, ɗa ga Maurice da Suzanne de Broglio. Ya wasan weightlifting bayan dogon lokaci, rashin lafiya mai ban mamaki ta bar shi ƙasa da sauran yaran shekarunsa. <ref name="guardian" /> de Broglio da farko ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don nazarin lissafin kuɗi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> De Broglio ya kasance zakaran wasan daga nauyin weightlifting na Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 1962.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Hain |title=Chris de Broglio obituary, Weightlifter who played a key role in apartheid South Africa's expulsion from the Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chris-de-broglio |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a [[Sweden]] a shekarar 1958 da [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Austria]] a 1961. <ref name="guardian" /> Duk da haka, ya damu da cewa an hana farare da baƙar fata masu ɗaukar nauyi daga gasar ko horo tare a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="guardian" /> A lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaba da sakataren kungiyoyin Natal da Transvaal Weightlifting Associations, de Broglio ya shirya gasa masu weightlifting na launin fata da yawa, waɗanda suka sabawa doka ƙarƙashin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref name="guardian" /> A farkon 1960s, de Broglio, wanda UTA ke aiki da shi, kamfanin jirgin sama na Faransa a lokacin, ya shirya shugaban kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na launin fata ba (San-Roc), John Harris, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu a asirce. Harris ya ba da shaida a kan tsarin wariyar launin fata a gaban kwamitin Olympics na ƙasa da ƙasa (IOC), wanda ya haifar da keɓe Afirka ta Kudu daga shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1964. <ref name="guardian" /> (Za a kashe Harris daga baya saboda rawar da ya taka a harin bam na wani sashe na farin kawai na tashar shakatawa na Johannesburg). A cikin shekarar 1963, ƙungiyar de Broglio, San-Roc, ta yi nasarar yin yunƙurin dakatar da Afirka ta Kudu daga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] na duniya. <ref name="guardian" /> An sanya de Broglio a ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati kuma an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a [[Landan]], yana zaune a Twickenham. <ref name="guardian" /> A can, de Broglio da sauransu sun sake kafa San-Roc a cikin ginshiki na Portman Court Hotel a Marble Arch. <ref name="guardian" /> De Broglio ya shirya ƙauracewa gasar San-Roc na gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1968 a [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] da wasu ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya suka yi. <ref name="guardian" /> A cikin shekarar 1997, de Broglio ya sami lambar yabo ta Olympics saboda aikinsa na yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin wasanni da kuma kare shi na Yarjejeniya ta Olympics.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Hain |title=Chris de Broglio obituary, Weightlifter who played a key role in apartheid South Africa's expulsion from the Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chris-de-broglio |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> De Broglio ya zauna a [[Korsika|Corsica]] a lokacin rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe. Ya riƙa yawan zuwa ɗakin motsa jiki har ya kai shekara 80 a duniya. Ya rasu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 2014, yana da shekaru 84. <ref name="guardian" /> Matarsa ta farko, June Von Solms, wacce ya aura a shekarar 1954 kuma tana da ‘ya’ya shida tare da su, ta rasu a shekara ta 1982. <ref name="guardian" /> Ya rasu ya bar ‘ya’yansa da matarsa ta biyu, Renee de Broglio, wacce ya aura a shekarar 1988. <ref name="guardian" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] 4rn0r83a1k1fudyzl9gsp2n7jjtjowg 648183 648180 2025-06-27T11:08:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 648183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chris de Broglio''' (14 ga Mayu 1930 - 12 Yuli 2014) ɗan [[Moris|ƙasar Mauritius]] ne haifaffen [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. De Broglio, wanda ya ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna [[wariyar launin fata]] a wasanni, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yunkurin korar Afrika ta Kudu daga gasar Olympics a shekarar 1970, a lokacin da ake fama da nuna wariyar launin fata a ƙasar.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Hain |title=Chris de Broglio obituary, Weightlifter who played a key role in apartheid South Africa's expulsion from the Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chris-de-broglio |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> Ya shiga tare da [[Dennis Brutus]] don haɗin gwiwar kafa kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu (San-Roc). <ref name="guardian" /> A cewar [[Nelson Mandela]], korar Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1970 ya sake farfaɗo da gwagwarmayar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a lokacin kuma daga karshe ya kai ga kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata bayan shekaru ashirin. <ref name="guardian" /> An haifi De Broglio '''Marie Christian Dubruel de Broglio''' a [[Moris|Mauritius]] a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu 1930, ɗa ga Maurice da Suzanne de Broglio. Ya wasan weightlifting bayan dogon lokaci, rashin lafiya mai ban mamaki ta bar shi ƙasa da sauran yaran shekarunsa. <ref name="guardian" /> de Broglio da farko ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don nazarin lissafin kuɗi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> De Broglio ya kasance zakaran wasan daga nauyin weightlifting na Afirka ta Kudu daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 1962.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Hain |title=Chris de Broglio obituary, Weightlifter who played a key role in apartheid South Africa's expulsion from the Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chris-de-broglio |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a [[Sweden]] a shekarar 1958 da [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Austria]] a 1961. <ref name="guardian" /> Duk da haka, ya damu da cewa an hana farare da baƙar fata masu ɗaukar nauyi daga gasar ko horo tare a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="guardian" /> A lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaba da sakataren kungiyoyin Natal da Transvaal Weightlifting Associations, de Broglio ya shirya gasa masu weightlifting na launin fata da yawa, waɗanda suka sabawa doka ƙarƙashin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref name="guardian" /> A farkon 1960s, de Broglio, wanda UTA ke aiki da shi, kamfanin jirgin sama na Faransa a lokacin, ya shirya shugaban kwamitin Olympics na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na launin fata ba (San-Roc), John Harris, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu a asirce. Harris ya ba da shaida a kan tsarin wariyar launin fata a gaban kwamitin Olympics na ƙasa da ƙasa (IOC), wanda ya haifar da keɓe Afirka ta Kudu daga shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1964. <ref name="guardian" /> (Za a kashe Harris daga baya saboda rawar da ya taka a harin bam na wani sashe na farin kawai na tashar shakatawa na Johannesburg). A cikin shekarar 1963, ƙungiyar de Broglio, San-Roc, ta yi nasarar yin yunƙurin dakatar da Afirka ta Kudu daga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] na duniya. <ref name="guardian" /> An sanya de Broglio a ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnati kuma an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a [[Landan]], yana zaune a Twickenham. <ref name="guardian" /> A can, de Broglio da sauransu sun sake kafa San-Roc a cikin ginshiki na Portman Court Hotel a Marble Arch. <ref name="guardian" /> De Broglio ya shirya ƙauracewa gasar San-Roc na gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1968 a [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] da wasu ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya suka yi. <ref name="guardian" /> A cikin shekarar 1997, de Broglio ya sami lambar yabo ta Olympics saboda aikinsa na yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin wasanni da kuma kare shi na Yarjejeniya ta Olympics.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Hain |title=Chris de Broglio obituary, Weightlifter who played a key role in apartheid South Africa's expulsion from the Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/chris-de-broglio |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-07-30 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> De Broglio ya zauna a [[Korsika|Corsica]] a lokacin rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe. Ya riƙa yawan zuwa ɗakin motsa jiki har ya kai shekara 80 a duniya. Ya rasu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 2014, yana da shekaru 84. <ref name="guardian" /> Matarsa ta farko, June Von Solms, wacce ya aura a shekarar 1954 kuma tana da ‘ya’ya shida tare da su, ta rasu a shekara ta 1982. <ref name="guardian" /> Ya rasu ya bar ‘ya’yansa da matarsa ta biyu, Renee de Broglio, wacce ya aura a shekarar 1988. <ref name="guardian" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] t3x2g2vfh4fxe30u1hpg3n6chizv4pb 0 103238 648170 2025-06-27T10:58:17Z Sirjat 20447 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296299499|National Institute of Agronomic Studies and Research]]" 648170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Yangambi_INERA.jpg|right|thumb| Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique (INERA – tsohon INEAC), Yangambi (2011)]] [[Fayil:Yangambi_INERA_ateliers.jpg|right|thumb| Cibiyar National des Etudes da Recherches Agronomique, depot, Yangambi (2011)]] [[File:National_Institute_for_Agronomic_Study_of_the_Belgian_Congo(Laboratory_for_Soil_science_Yangambi).png|right|thumb| Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa na Kongo Belgian, Laboratory for Soil Science, Yangambi, 1937-1954]] [[File:Map_displaying_Indigenous_paysannats_Belgian_Congo_(1955).png|right|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna ''shirin manoma na ƴan asalin'' a cikin Belgian Kongo, 1955]] '''Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Bincike ta Ƙasa''' ( '''INERA''' ) wata babbar cibiyar ilimi ce da ke [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qui Sommes-Nous? |url=https://inera-rdc.cd/a-propos-de-linera-rdc/ |publisher=INERA-RDC}}</ref> Ya ƙware a aikin injiniyan noma, kimiyyar halitta, da kimiyyar ƙasa. Baya ga hedkwatarta a [[Kinshasa]], tana da tashoshin bincike a [[M'vuazi]] (Kongo Central), Gandajika (Lomami), Yangambi (Tsopo), [[Nioka]] (Ituri), da [[Mulungu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Mulungu]] (Kivu ta Kudu). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Centres de recherche |url=https://inera-rdc.cd/a-propos-de-linera-rdc/ |publisher=INERA-RDC}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1926 a matsayin Hukumar des Plantations de la Colonie (REPCO), an canza ta zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa ta Belgian Kongo (INÉAC) a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1933. A ranar 31 ga Disamba 1962, INÉAC ta canza suna zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Agronomic da Bincike (INERA). Har yanzu a Yangambi, Rikicin Kongo ya kai ga mayar da hedkwatar cibiyar sannu a hankali zuwa Kinshasa, aikin da aka kammala a 1971. INERA a Yangambi ta kasance a matsayin cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Kinshasa, tare da Ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Noma ta Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi) a layi daya. == Tarihi == An kafa INEAC a matsayin magajin Hukumar des Plantations de la Colonie (REPCO; ''Régie des Plantations de la Colonie'' ). {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} Filin gwaji da wuraren bincike na INEAC an gina su ne a gefen arewacin [[Kogin Congo|kogin Kongo]], kuma a kan hanyar da ta tashi daga arewa daga kogin na kimanin {{Convert|25|km|mi}} . {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} Manufar wannan cibiya ita ce bin tsarin kimiyya mai zurfi game da manufofin noma da sabbin abubuwa, da inganta yaduwar sabbin fasahohin noma da sanin ya kamata a karkashin manoman Kongo. Ƙirƙirar wannan cibiya wani ɓangare ne na babban 'tsarin manoma na asali'. Wannan manufar da nufin zamanantar da aikin noma na asali ta hanyar ba da filaye ga iyalai ɗaya (bayan tsattsauran ra'ayi da nazarin ƙasa) da kuma samar musu da tallafin gwamnati a cikin nau'ikan zaɓaɓɓun iri, shawarwarin noma, takin zamani, da dai sauransu. An haɗa fasahohin noma na asali tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, da nufin samar da ingantaccen tsarin noma na zamani da haɓaka al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya. A cikin 1930s masu bincike a INÉAC sun sami dangantaka tsakanin ''tenera'', ''dura'' da ''pisifera'' dabino mai . {{Sfn|Corley|Tinker|2008}} Hannun mai suna da ƙarancin amfanin gona a kusa da Yangambi idan aka kwatanta da yankunan bakin teku. Wannan ya bayyana saboda ƙarancin yanayin zafi na dare a cikin nahiya, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaici a Yangambi kusan {{Convert|20|C|F}} . {{Sfn|Corley|Tinker|2008}} Binciken kimiyya da INÉAC ta gudanar ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta samar da roba da [[Manja|dabino]] don tallafawa yakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} An mayar da REPCO zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa ta Belgian Kongo (INÉAC; ''Institut national pour l'étude agronomique du Congo belge'' ; ko a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland: ''National Instituut voor de Landbouwkunde a Belgisch-Congo-NILCO'' ) a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1933. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ''shirin manoma na 'yan asalin kasar'' ya yadu a ko'ina cikin yankunan karkara na kasar Beljiyam Kongo, bisa nasarar (tattalin arziki) na ayyukan matukan jirgi a tsakiyar shekaru talatin. ''Cibiyar nazarin aikin gona ta kasar Kongo'' ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da ''shirin shekaru goma na raya tattalin arziki da ci gaban jama'ar kasar Beljiyam'' (1950-1959), wanda ci gaban noma na mulkin mallaka ya kasance daya daga cikin ginshikan. Ta wannan hanyar, INÉAC ta yi tasiri mai yawa a kan aiwatar da manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin wannan lokacin, cibiyar ta yi nazarin batutuwan da suka shafi aikin gona da yawa, inda ta sami suna a duniya, tare da cibiyoyin bincike 32 a duk faɗin Kongo Belgian da Ruwanda-Urundi . {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} A shekara ta 1959, sashen binciken kimiyya a Yangambi ya ƙunshi sassan [[Climatology]], Plant physiology, aikin injiniya da injiniyoyi, Zootechnics, Hydrobiology, Agricultural Economics da kuma bambancin kewayon bincike a cikin takamaiman amfanin gona. ''Shirin manoma na asali'' an yi shi ne don haɓaka yanayin rayuwa na al'ummomin karkara na gargajiya, amma masu sukar sun bayyana cewa an samar da shirin ne a matsayin mafita ga karuwar ƙarancin ƙasa saboda tsananin noma da rashin isassun sarrafa ƙasa . Koyaya, an tsara ''shirin biyan kuɗi'' don zama mai sassauƙa kuma aiwatarwa ya bambanta dangane da yankuna da gundumomi. An kuma soki cibiyar da mayar da hankali kan manyan ayyukan noma da aka fi mayar da hankali kan noman amfanin gona da suka dace da kasuwannin ketare. {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} Shekaru biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai, a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1962, INÉAC ta canza suna zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Bincike ta Kasa (INERA; ''Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique'' ). Har yanzu a Yangambi, Rikicin Kongo ya kai ga mayar da hedkwatar cibiyar sannu a hankali zuwa [[Kinshasa]], aikin da aka kammala a 1971. INERA a Yangambi ta kasance a matsayin cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Kinshasa, tare da Ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Noma ta Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi) a layi daya. == Sauran Bincike == Cibiyar ta samar da nau'ikan [[Waken suya|waken soya]] da dama don amfani da su a sassa daban-daban na kasar. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} Iri-iri da suka fara girma sun ba da sama da 1,200&nbsp;kg/ha na waken soya. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} Gwajin filin ya nuna cewa allurar rigakafi na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kashi 80% zuwa 300%. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} A cikin 1950s masu bincike INÉAC sun gano ayaba 'Yangambi km 5' ( AAA ) kayan zaki . Wannan nau'in iri-iri yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan 'ya'yan itace tare da kyakkyawan dandano, yana da amfani har ma a kan ƙasa mara kyau kuma yana da tsayayya ga cututtuka na baƙar fata. {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa wannan shuka na iya samo asali ne daga kudancin Thailand, an gabatar da shi zuwa yankin Kilo-Moto a arewa maso gabashin Kongo sannan aka kawo shi Yangambi kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} == Shugabanni-directeurs généraux == * 1934-1934: Pierre Ryckmans (an nada shi Gwamna-Janar na Kongo Belgian daga baya a wannan shekarar) * 1949-1962 Floribert Jurion == Nassoshi == 2z1dd84jr0zeqipgdqqg2sjxezolonn 648171 648170 2025-06-27T10:58:36Z Sirjat 20447 648171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Yangambi_INERA.jpg|right|thumb| Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique (INERA – tsohon INEAC), Yangambi (2011)]] [[Fayil:Yangambi_INERA_ateliers.jpg|right|thumb| Cibiyar National des Etudes da Recherches Agronomique, depot, Yangambi (2011)]] [[File:National_Institute_for_Agronomic_Study_of_the_Belgian_Congo(Laboratory_for_Soil_science_Yangambi).png|right|thumb| Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa na Kongo Belgian, Laboratory for Soil Science, Yangambi, 1937-1954]] [[File:Map_displaying_Indigenous_paysannats_Belgian_Congo_(1955).png|right|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna ''shirin manoma na ƴan asalin'' a cikin Belgian Kongo, 1955]] '''Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Bincike ta Ƙasa''' ( '''INERA''' ) wata babbar cibiyar ilimi ce da ke [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qui Sommes-Nous? |url=https://inera-rdc.cd/a-propos-de-linera-rdc/ |publisher=INERA-RDC}}</ref> Ya ƙware a aikin injiniyan noma, kimiyyar halitta, da kimiyyar ƙasa. Baya ga hedkwatarta a [[Kinshasa]], tana da tashoshin bincike a [[M'vuazi]] (Kongo Central), Gandajika (Lomami), Yangambi (Tsopo), [[Nioka]] (Ituri), da [[Mulungu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Mulungu]] (Kivu ta Kudu). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Centres de recherche |url=https://inera-rdc.cd/a-propos-de-linera-rdc/ |publisher=INERA-RDC}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1926 a matsayin Hukumar des Plantations de la Colonie (REPCO), an canza ta zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa ta Belgian Kongo (INÉAC) a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1933. A ranar 31 ga Disamba 1962, INÉAC ta canza suna zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Agronomic da Bincike (INERA). Har yanzu a Yangambi, Rikicin Kongo ya kai ga mayar da hedkwatar cibiyar sannu a hankali zuwa Kinshasa, aikin da aka kammala a 1971. INERA a Yangambi ta kasance a matsayin cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Kinshasa, tare da Ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Noma ta Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi) a layi daya. == Tarihi == An kafa INEAC a matsayin magajin Hukumar des Plantations de la Colonie (REPCO; ''Régie des Plantations de la Colonie'' ). {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} Filin gwaji da wuraren bincike na INEAC an gina su ne a gefen arewacin [[Kogin Congo|kogin Kongo]], kuma a kan hanyar da ta tashi daga arewa daga kogin na kimanin {{Convert|25|km|mi}} . {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} Manufar wannan cibiya ita ce bin tsarin kimiyya mai zurfi game da manufofin noma da sabbin abubuwa, da inganta yaduwar sabbin fasahohin noma da sanin ya kamata a karkashin manoman Kongo. Ƙirƙirar wannan cibiya wani ɓangare ne na babban 'tsarin manoma na asali'. Wannan manufar da nufin zamanantar da aikin noma na asali ta hanyar ba da filaye ga iyalai ɗaya (bayan tsattsauran ra'ayi da nazarin ƙasa) da kuma samar musu da tallafin gwamnati a cikin nau'ikan zaɓaɓɓun iri, shawarwarin noma, takin zamani, da dai sauransu. An haɗa fasahohin noma na asali tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, da nufin samar da ingantaccen tsarin noma na zamani da haɓaka al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya. A cikin 1930s masu bincike a INÉAC sun sami dangantaka tsakanin ''tenera'', ''dura'' da ''pisifera'' dabino mai . {{Sfn|Corley|Tinker|2008}} Hannun mai suna da ƙarancin amfanin gona a kusa da Yangambi idan aka kwatanta da yankunan bakin teku. Wannan ya bayyana saboda ƙarancin yanayin zafi na dare a cikin nahiya, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaici a Yangambi kusan {{Convert|20|C|F}} . {{Sfn|Corley|Tinker|2008}} Binciken kimiyya da INÉAC ta gudanar ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta samar da roba da [[Manja|dabino]] don tallafawa yakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} An mayar da REPCO zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa ta Belgian Kongo (INÉAC; ''Institut national pour l'étude agronomique du Congo belge'' ; ko a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland: ''National Instituut voor de Landbouwkunde a Belgisch-Congo-NILCO'' ) a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1933. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ''shirin manoma na 'yan asalin kasar'' ya yadu a ko'ina cikin yankunan karkara na kasar Beljiyam Kongo, bisa nasarar (tattalin arziki) na ayyukan matukan jirgi a tsakiyar shekaru talatin. ''Cibiyar nazarin aikin gona ta kasar Kongo'' ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da ''shirin shekaru goma na raya tattalin arziki da ci gaban jama'ar kasar Beljiyam'' (1950-1959), wanda ci gaban noma na mulkin mallaka ya kasance daya daga cikin ginshikan. Ta wannan hanyar, INÉAC ta yi tasiri mai yawa a kan aiwatar da manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin wannan lokacin, cibiyar ta yi nazarin batutuwan da suka shafi aikin gona da yawa, inda ta sami suna a duniya, tare da cibiyoyin bincike 32 a duk faɗin Kongo Belgian da Ruwanda-Urundi . {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} A shekara ta 1959, sashen binciken kimiyya a Yangambi ya ƙunshi sassan [[Climatology]], Plant physiology, aikin injiniya da injiniyoyi, Zootechnics, Hydrobiology, Agricultural Economics da kuma bambancin kewayon bincike a cikin takamaiman amfanin gona. ''Shirin manoma na asali'' an yi shi ne don haɓaka yanayin rayuwa na al'ummomin karkara na gargajiya, amma masu sukar sun bayyana cewa an samar da shirin ne a matsayin mafita ga karuwar ƙarancin ƙasa saboda tsananin noma da rashin isassun sarrafa ƙasa . Koyaya, an tsara ''shirin biyan kuɗi'' don zama mai sassauƙa kuma aiwatarwa ya bambanta dangane da yankuna da gundumomi. An kuma soki cibiyar da mayar da hankali kan manyan ayyukan noma da aka fi mayar da hankali kan noman amfanin gona da suka dace da kasuwannin ketare. {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} Shekaru biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai, a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1962, INÉAC ta canza suna zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Bincike ta Kasa (INERA; ''Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique'' ). Har yanzu a Yangambi, Rikicin Kongo ya kai ga mayar da hedkwatar cibiyar sannu a hankali zuwa [[Kinshasa]], aikin da aka kammala a 1971. INERA a Yangambi ta kasance a matsayin cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Kinshasa, tare da Ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Noma ta Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi) a layi daya. == Sauran Bincike == Cibiyar ta samar da nau'ikan [[Waken suya|waken soya]] da dama don amfani da su a sassa daban-daban na kasar. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} Iri-iri da suka fara girma sun ba da sama da 1,200&nbsp;kg/ha na waken soya. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} Gwajin filin ya nuna cewa allurar rigakafi na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kashi 80% zuwa 300%. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} A cikin 1950s masu bincike INÉAC sun gano ayaba 'Yangambi km 5' ( AAA ) kayan zaki . Wannan nau'in iri-iri yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan 'ya'yan itace tare da kyakkyawan dandano, yana da amfani har ma a kan ƙasa mara kyau kuma yana da tsayayya ga cututtuka na baƙar fata. {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa wannan shuka na iya samo asali ne daga kudancin Thailand, an gabatar da shi zuwa yankin Kilo-Moto a arewa maso gabashin Kongo sannan aka kawo shi Yangambi kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} == Shugabanni-directeurs généraux == * 1934-1934: Pierre Ryckmans (an nada shi Gwamna-Janar na Kongo Belgian daga baya a wannan shekarar) * 1949-1962 Floribert Jurion == Nassoshi == 4i8n6rran7liqmpx7davu1pufo3wr5r 648173 648171 2025-06-27T10:59:26Z Sirjat 20447 /* Nassoshi */ 648173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Yangambi_INERA.jpg|right|thumb| Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique (INERA – tsohon INEAC), Yangambi (2011)]] [[Fayil:Yangambi_INERA_ateliers.jpg|right|thumb| Cibiyar National des Etudes da Recherches Agronomique, depot, Yangambi (2011)]] [[File:National_Institute_for_Agronomic_Study_of_the_Belgian_Congo(Laboratory_for_Soil_science_Yangambi).png|right|thumb| Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa na Kongo Belgian, Laboratory for Soil Science, Yangambi, 1937-1954]] [[File:Map_displaying_Indigenous_paysannats_Belgian_Congo_(1955).png|right|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna ''shirin manoma na ƴan asalin'' a cikin Belgian Kongo, 1955]] '''Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Bincike ta Ƙasa''' ( '''INERA''' ) wata babbar cibiyar ilimi ce da ke [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Qui Sommes-Nous? |url=https://inera-rdc.cd/a-propos-de-linera-rdc/ |publisher=INERA-RDC}}</ref> Ya ƙware a aikin injiniyan noma, kimiyyar halitta, da kimiyyar ƙasa. Baya ga hedkwatarta a [[Kinshasa]], tana da tashoshin bincike a [[M'vuazi]] (Kongo Central), Gandajika (Lomami), Yangambi (Tsopo), [[Nioka]] (Ituri), da [[Mulungu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Mulungu]] (Kivu ta Kudu). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Centres de recherche |url=https://inera-rdc.cd/a-propos-de-linera-rdc/ |publisher=INERA-RDC}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1926 a matsayin Hukumar des Plantations de la Colonie (REPCO), an canza ta zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa ta Belgian Kongo (INÉAC) a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1933. A ranar 31 ga Disamba 1962, INÉAC ta canza suna zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Agronomic da Bincike (INERA). Har yanzu a Yangambi, Rikicin Kongo ya kai ga mayar da hedkwatar cibiyar sannu a hankali zuwa Kinshasa, aikin da aka kammala a 1971. INERA a Yangambi ta kasance a matsayin cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Kinshasa, tare da Ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Noma ta Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi) a layi daya. == Tarihi == An kafa INEAC a matsayin magajin Hukumar des Plantations de la Colonie (REPCO; ''Régie des Plantations de la Colonie'' ). {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} Filin gwaji da wuraren bincike na INEAC an gina su ne a gefen arewacin [[Kogin Congo|kogin Kongo]], kuma a kan hanyar da ta tashi daga arewa daga kogin na kimanin {{Convert|25|km|mi}} . {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} Manufar wannan cibiya ita ce bin tsarin kimiyya mai zurfi game da manufofin noma da sabbin abubuwa, da inganta yaduwar sabbin fasahohin noma da sanin ya kamata a karkashin manoman Kongo. Ƙirƙirar wannan cibiya wani ɓangare ne na babban 'tsarin manoma na asali'. Wannan manufar da nufin zamanantar da aikin noma na asali ta hanyar ba da filaye ga iyalai ɗaya (bayan tsattsauran ra'ayi da nazarin ƙasa) da kuma samar musu da tallafin gwamnati a cikin nau'ikan zaɓaɓɓun iri, shawarwarin noma, takin zamani, da dai sauransu. An haɗa fasahohin noma na asali tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, da nufin samar da ingantaccen tsarin noma na zamani da haɓaka al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya. A cikin 1930s masu bincike a INÉAC sun sami dangantaka tsakanin ''tenera'', ''dura'' da ''pisifera'' dabino mai . {{Sfn|Corley|Tinker|2008}} Hannun mai suna da ƙarancin amfanin gona a kusa da Yangambi idan aka kwatanta da yankunan bakin teku. Wannan ya bayyana saboda ƙarancin yanayin zafi na dare a cikin nahiya, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaici a Yangambi kusan {{Convert|20|C|F}} . {{Sfn|Corley|Tinker|2008}} Binciken kimiyya da INÉAC ta gudanar ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta samar da roba da [[Manja|dabino]] don tallafawa yakin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} An mayar da REPCO zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Ƙasa ta Belgian Kongo (INÉAC; ''Institut national pour l'étude agronomique du Congo belge'' ; ko a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland: ''National Instituut voor de Landbouwkunde a Belgisch-Congo-NILCO'' ) a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1933. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ''shirin manoma na 'yan asalin kasar'' ya yadu a ko'ina cikin yankunan karkara na kasar Beljiyam Kongo, bisa nasarar (tattalin arziki) na ayyukan matukan jirgi a tsakiyar shekaru talatin. ''Cibiyar nazarin aikin gona ta kasar Kongo'' ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da ''shirin shekaru goma na raya tattalin arziki da ci gaban jama'ar kasar Beljiyam'' (1950-1959), wanda ci gaban noma na mulkin mallaka ya kasance daya daga cikin ginshikan. Ta wannan hanyar, INÉAC ta yi tasiri mai yawa a kan aiwatar da manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin wannan lokacin, cibiyar ta yi nazarin batutuwan da suka shafi aikin gona da yawa, inda ta sami suna a duniya, tare da cibiyoyin bincike 32 a duk faɗin Kongo Belgian da Ruwanda-Urundi . {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} A shekara ta 1959, sashen binciken kimiyya a Yangambi ya ƙunshi sassan [[Climatology]], Plant physiology, aikin injiniya da injiniyoyi, Zootechnics, Hydrobiology, Agricultural Economics da kuma bambancin kewayon bincike a cikin takamaiman amfanin gona. ''Shirin manoma na asali'' an yi shi ne don haɓaka yanayin rayuwa na al'ummomin karkara na gargajiya, amma masu sukar sun bayyana cewa an samar da shirin ne a matsayin mafita ga karuwar ƙarancin ƙasa saboda tsananin noma da rashin isassun sarrafa ƙasa . Koyaya, an tsara ''shirin biyan kuɗi'' don zama mai sassauƙa kuma aiwatarwa ya bambanta dangane da yankuna da gundumomi. An kuma soki cibiyar da mayar da hankali kan manyan ayyukan noma da aka fi mayar da hankali kan noman amfanin gona da suka dace da kasuwannin ketare. {{Sfn|A rational organisation...}} Shekaru biyu bayan samun 'yancin kai, a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1962, INÉAC ta canza suna zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma da Bincike ta Kasa (INERA; ''Institut National des Etudes et Recherches Agronomique'' ). Har yanzu a Yangambi, Rikicin Kongo ya kai ga mayar da hedkwatar cibiyar sannu a hankali zuwa [[Kinshasa]], aikin da aka kammala a 1971. INERA a Yangambi ta kasance a matsayin cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da Kinshasa, tare da Ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Noma ta Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi) a layi daya. == Sauran Bincike == Cibiyar ta samar da nau'ikan [[Waken suya|waken soya]] da dama don amfani da su a sassa daban-daban na kasar. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} Iri-iri da suka fara girma sun ba da sama da 1,200&nbsp;kg/ha na waken soya. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} Gwajin filin ya nuna cewa allurar rigakafi na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kashi 80% zuwa 300%. {{Sfn|Shurtleff|Aoyagi|2009}} A cikin 1950s masu bincike INÉAC sun gano ayaba 'Yangambi km 5' ( AAA ) kayan zaki . Wannan nau'in iri-iri yana haifar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan 'ya'yan itace tare da kyakkyawan dandano, yana da amfani har ma a kan ƙasa mara kyau kuma yana da tsayayya ga cututtuka na baƙar fata. {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa wannan shuka na iya samo asali ne daga kudancin Thailand, an gabatar da shi zuwa yankin Kilo-Moto a arewa maso gabashin Kongo sannan aka kawo shi Yangambi kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . {{Sfn|De Langhe|2005}} == Shugabanni-directeurs généraux == * 1934-1934: Pierre Ryckmans (an nada shi Gwamna-Janar na Kongo Belgian daga baya a wannan shekarar) * 1949-1962 Floribert Jurion == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} ==Majiya== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|A rational organisation...}} |url=http://www.expocongo.be/content.php?m=6&r=3&sr=7&l=en |title=A rational organisation of agriculture? Theory and practice |publisher=Belgian State Archives |access-date=2011-10-10}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtCo1TdXuQkC&pg=PA23 |title=The Oil Palm |first1=R. H. V. |last1=Corley |first2=P. B. H. |last2=Tinker |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-75036-0}} *{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9Sv2nlVm3wC&pg=PA47 |title=The story behind the name 'Yangabi km 5' |first=Edmond |last=De Langhe |journal=Infomusa: The International Journal on Banana and Plantain |volume=14|issue=1 |date=June 2005 |issn=1023-0076}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmuP2VfjFCQC&pg=PA202 |title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Africa (1857–2009): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook |first1=William |last1=Shurtleff |first2=Akiko |last2=Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-928914-25-9}} *{{cite book |title=Floribert Jurion et l'Institut National pour l'Etude Agronomique du Congo Belge (INEAC) |first1=J.M. |last1=Henry|first2=|last2= |publisher=Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale |year=1987}} {{Refend}} jkg0fspyoa7433fya7wq7i1wqkxhhkb 0 103239 648174 2025-06-27T11:01:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648174 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Manazarta == 19ux0yphb74amk0a0taet3saewmm6sa 648177 648174 2025-06-27T11:05:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648177 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> [3] Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.[4] Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.[5][4] Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.[5][4] Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == 8oprwkz8o2383m5puijpk9r4biktpnr 648178 648177 2025-06-27T11:07:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648178 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.[4] Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.[5][4] Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.[5][4] Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == mknk98qk71u8rqnedfeh59d8leu67l0 648181 648178 2025-06-27T11:07:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648181 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.[5][4] Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.[5][4] Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == h316pwb5d56h8r5bicmox82jtoo430y 648184 648181 2025-06-27T11:08:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648184 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.[5][4] Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref>[4] Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == 3841j508p8zpjxd5e2stysb5nuyqwer 648186 648184 2025-06-27T11:09:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648186 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.[5][4] Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == b40usa40q0qjr1avs5hg16qipd0zkrx 648191 648186 2025-06-27T11:14:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648191 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref>[4] Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == r2a57s03dji4wl27y5p4apysd3omc69 648194 648191 2025-06-27T11:15:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648194 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.[6] A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == tgxddh29wkjtn58x0i4xzv4jmudpx9r 648197 648194 2025-06-27T11:16:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648197 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.<ref>State Dept bio page</ref> A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.[5] Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == fm9gjq93s0y7wmo0r24y9z0bnitj8sj 648200 648197 2025-06-27T11:18:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 #1Lib1ref #1Lib1RefNG #1Lib1Ref2025ABJ #1Lib1RefGN2025 648200 wikitext text/x-wiki Stephen John Hadley (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 13, 1947) lauyan Amurka ne kuma babban jami'in gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaro na Amurka na 20 daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Shugaba George W. Bush a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na gwamnatinsa.<ref>Gal Perl Finkel, US National Security Adviser Faces Challenges at Home and Abroad, The Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2017.</ref> Hadley ya kasance mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro a lokacin wa'adin farko na Bush. == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hadley a Toledo, Ohio, ɗan Suzanne (née Bentley), mai gida, da Robert W. Hadley Jr., injiniyan lantarki.<ref>Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (2006). "Current biography yearbook". google.ca.</ref> <ref>"Robert HADLEY Obituary - Toledo, OH - ToledoBlade.com". ToledoBlade.com.</ref> Ya girma a Kudancin Euclid, Ohio, a cikin babban birnin Cleveland.<ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Bayan karanta littafin Allen Drury novel Shawara da Yarda, tsarin mulki ya burge shi kuma aka zabe shi shugaban kungiyar dalibai na makarantar sakandare ta Charles F. Brush.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya kammala karatun digiri a matsayin valdictorian a cikin 1965.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref><ref>"South Euclid native Stephen Hadley for Defense Secretary? Five things to know". November 11, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref> Hadley ya sami B.A. digiri a gwamnati daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1969, inda ya kasance memba na Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, Cornell University Glee Club, da Quill da Dagger jama'a. Sannan ya sami digirin Juris Doctor (J.D.) daga Makarantar Yale Law a 1972 inda ya kasance Editan Bayanan kula da sharhi na Jaridar Yale Law.<ref>State Dept bio page</ref> A makarantar shari'a, Hadley abokin Hillary Clinton ne.<ref>The Security Adviser Who Wants the Role, Not the Stage from The Washington Post, by Peter Baker, January 29, 2006</ref>Ya ba da izini a matsayin Ensign a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta hanyar Yale Naval ROTC a cikin 1972. == Manazarta == 7lpcuyojz1dqzx2adlqeko9fmflyun8 0 103240 648195 2025-06-27T11:15:19Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 648195 wikitext text/x-wiki jirgin ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 85.65 (281 ft) wanda aka gina wa ɗan Saudiyya Adnan Khashoggi wanda yanzu mallakar mashahurin kasuwancin Saudiyya Al-Waleed bin Talal ne.  ==Bayani== An gina jirgin ruwa a cikin 1980 ta hanyar mai gina jirgin ruwa Benetti a farashin dala miliyan 100 [1] (daidai da dala miliyan   a cikin  ).  Luigi Sturchio ne ya tsara ainihin ciki. Da farko an gina shi a matsayin Nabila ga ɗan Saudiyya mai suna Adnan Khashoggi (mai suna ga 'yarsa). [1] A lokacin mallakar Khashoggi yana daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a duniya, amma tun daga watan Maris na 2023, bisa ga jerin manyan jiragen ruwa na Wikipedia, yana cikin matsayi na 106 kuma yana ci gaba da faduwa cikin matsayi, saboda yanayin manyan jiragen ruwa da ake ginawa. itbpx07mkwixmn3sfqfsp28mx27a5fb 648198 648195 2025-06-27T11:17:00Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 648198 wikitext text/x-wiki jirgin ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 85.65 (281 ft) wanda aka gina wa ɗan Saudiyya Adnan Khashoggi wanda yanzu mallakar mashahurin kasuwancin Saudiyya Al-Waleed bin Talal ne.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210120224929/http://yachts.monacoeye.com/yachtsbysize/pages/kingdom5kr01.html</ref>  ==Bayani== An gina jirgin ruwa a cikin 1980 ta hanyar mai gina jirgin ruwa Benetti a farashin dala miliyan 100 <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071020032919/http://onthecanvas.com/body_politic.htm</ref> (daidai da dala miliyan   a cikin  ).  Luigi Sturchio ne ya tsara ainihin ciki.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210808022722/https://www.thegentlemansjournal.com/article/history-donald-trumps-luxury-yachts/</ref> Da farko an gina shi a matsayin Nabila ga ɗan Saudiyya mai suna Adnan Khashoggi (mai suna ga 'yarsa). [1] A lokacin mallakar Khashoggi yana daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a duniya, amma tun daga watan Maris na 2023, bisa ga jerin manyan jiragen ruwa na Wikipedia, yana cikin matsayi na 106 kuma yana ci gaba da faduwa cikin matsayi, saboda yanayin manyan jiragen ruwa da ake ginawa. iztf93yfu962rwkzn2189t8m3dnrqnr 648202 648198 2025-06-27T11:18:41Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 648202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} jirgin ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 85.65 (281 ft) wanda aka gina wa ɗan Saudiyya Adnan Khashoggi wanda yanzu mallakar mashahurin kasuwancin Saudiyya Al-Waleed bin Talal ne.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210120224929/http://yachts.monacoeye.com/yachtsbysize/pages/kingdom5kr01.html</ref>  ==Bayani== An gina jirgin ruwa a cikin 1980 ta hanyar mai gina jirgin ruwa Benetti a farashin dala miliyan 100 <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20071020032919/http://onthecanvas.com/body_politic.htm</ref> (daidai da dala miliyan   a cikin  ).  Luigi Sturchio ne ya tsara ainihin ciki.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210808022722/https://www.thegentlemansjournal.com/article/history-donald-trumps-luxury-yachts/</ref> Da farko an gina shi a matsayin Nabila ga ɗan Saudiyya mai suna Adnan Khashoggi (mai suna ga 'yarsa). [1] A lokacin mallakar Khashoggi yana daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a duniya, amma tun daga watan Maris na 2023, bisa ga jerin manyan jiragen ruwa na Wikipedia, yana cikin matsayi na 106 kuma yana ci gaba da faduwa cikin matsayi, saboda yanayin manyan jiragen ruwa da ake ginawa. ==Manazarta== qy00q3x4bjdu9l0jfo0b3bjn1y7tvky 0 103241 648208 2025-06-27T11:25:34Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 648208 wikitext text/x-wiki Dubai babban jirgin ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 162 (531 ft 6 in) <ref>https://www.superyachttimes.com/yachts/dubai</ref> mallakar Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, mai mulkin Dubai na yanzu, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Firayim Minista, da Ministan Tsaro na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE). ==Tarihi== An ba da umarnin Dubai a cikin 1995 a ƙarƙashin sunayen aikin daban-daban (Panhandle, Platinum, Golden Star) kuma an gina shi tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Jamus Blohm + Voss da Lürssen Da farko an gina jirgin ne ga Yarima Jefri Bolkiah na Brunei kafin 1996, amma abokin ciniki ya dakatar da kwangilar sayen a shekara mai zuwa.[1] o714qexwz3yx8awlxjghppgie63oktw 648211 648208 2025-06-27T11:27:57Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 648211 wikitext text/x-wiki Dubai babban jirgin ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 162 (531 ft 6 in) <ref>https://www.superyachttimes.com/yachts/dubai</ref> mallakar Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, <ref>https://yachtharbour.com/yacht/dubai-425/</ref> mai mulkin Dubai na yanzu, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Firayim Minista, da Ministan Tsaro na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161019075927/http://tec.gov.ae/en/dubai-government/rulers-of-dubai</ref> ==Tarihi== An ba da umarnin Dubai a cikin 1995 a ƙarƙashin sunayen aikin daban-daban (Panhandle, Platinum, Golden Star) kuma an gina shi tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Jamus Blohm + Voss da Lürssen Da farko an gina jirgin ne ga Yarima Jefri Bolkiah na Brunei kafin 1996, amma abokin ciniki ya dakatar da kwangilar sayen a shekara mai zuwa.<ref>https://www.charterworld.com/index.html?sub=yacht-charter&charter=dubai-1866</ref> ==Manazarta== drq2ze3ry04nvgez358rrnd1tlfrgpo 648212 648211 2025-06-27T11:29:21Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 648212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dubai babban jirgin ruwa ne mai tsawon mita 162 (531 ft 6 in) <ref>https://www.superyachttimes.com/yachts/dubai</ref> mallakar Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, <ref>https://yachtharbour.com/yacht/dubai-425/</ref> mai mulkin Dubai na yanzu, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Firayim Minista, da Ministan Tsaro na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161019075927/http://tec.gov.ae/en/dubai-government/rulers-of-dubai</ref> ==Tarihi== An ba da umarnin Dubai a cikin 1995 a ƙarƙashin sunayen aikin daban-daban (Panhandle, Platinum, Golden Star) kuma an gina shi tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin jirgin ruwa na Jamus Blohm + Voss da Lürssen Da farko an gina jirgin ne ga Yarima Jefri Bolkiah na Brunei kafin 1996, amma abokin ciniki ya dakatar da kwangilar sayen a shekara mai zuwa.<ref>https://www.charterworld.com/index.html?sub=yacht-charter&charter=dubai-1866</ref> ==Manazarta== kjl065b02r3j1y7l1sfj121pl4y3y58 0 103242 648219 2025-06-27T11:43:21Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fasara 648219 wikitext text/x-wiki sune manyan Jiragen fasinja da ake amfani da su galibi don hutu. Ba kamar Jirgin ruwa na teku ba, waɗanda ake amfani da su don sufuri, jiragen ruwa na tafiya yawanci suna shiga tafiye-tafiye zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa daban-daban, inda fasinjoji zasu iya zuwa yawon shakatawa da aka sani da "tafiye-tafiya na bakin teku". iragen ruwa na zamani suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin jiki, saurin, da saurin idan aka kwatanta da jiragen ruwa na teku. Koyaya, sun kara abubuwan more rayuwa don kula da Masu yawon bude ido na ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa na baya-bayan nan da aka bayyana a matsayin "masu ɗakunan ruwa masu cike da balcon". ==Tarihi== Italiya, mai mayar da hankali ga al'ada na Grand Tour, ya ba da kwarewar jirgin ruwa na farko a kan Francesco I, yana tashi da tutar Masarautar Siciliya Biyu. An gina shi a 1831, Francesco I ya tashi daga Naples a farkon Yuni 1833, wanda ya riga ya wuce kamfen ɗin talla. Manyan mutane, hukumomi, da sarakuna na sarauta daga ko'ina cikin Turai sun shiga jirgin ruwa, wanda ya tashi a cikin watanni uku zuwa Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna da Constantinople, suna ba da fasinjoji balaguro da jagora. ro7w2eqa9h56usmwkpr2valmhcjyl6i 648220 648219 2025-06-27T11:45:18Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 648220 wikitext text/x-wiki sune manyan Jiragen fasinja da ake amfani da su galibi don hutu. Ba kamar Jirgin ruwa na teku ba, waɗanda ake amfani da su don sufuri, jiragen ruwa na tafiya yawanci suna shiga tafiye-tafiye zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa daban-daban, inda fasinjoji zasu iya zuwa yawon shakatawa da aka sani da "tafiye-tafiya na bakin teku". iragen ruwa na zamani suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin jiki, saurin, da saurin idan aka kwatanta da jiragen ruwa na teku. Koyaya, sun kara abubuwan more rayuwa don kula da Masu yawon bude ido na ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa na baya-bayan nan da aka bayyana a matsayin "masu ɗakunan ruwa masu cike da balcon". ==Tarihi== Italiya, mai mayar da hankali ga al'ada na Grand Tour, ya ba da kwarewar jirgin ruwa na farko a kan Francesco I, yana tashi da tutar Masarautar Siciliya Biyu. An gina shi a 1831, Francesco I ya tashi daga Naples a farkon Yuni 1833, wanda ya riga ya wuce kamfen ɗin talla. Manyan mutane, hukumomi, da sarakuna na sarauta daga ko'ina cikin Turai sun shiga jirgin ruwa, wanda ya tashi a cikin watanni uku zuwa Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna da Constantinople, suna ba da fasinjoji balaguro da jagora.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bkDADwAAQBAJ</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=GxGoAwAAQBAJ</ref> ==Manazarta== fqoel1wpo9w6wzntpv2v67cqlg0cktp 648221 648220 2025-06-27T11:47:33Z Mustysummy 21281 saka data box 648221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}sune manyan Jiragen fasinja da ake amfani da su galibi don hutu. Ba kamar Jirgin ruwa na teku ba, waɗanda ake amfani da su don sufuri, jiragen ruwa na tafiya yawanci suna shiga tafiye-tafiye zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa daban-daban, inda fasinjoji zasu iya zuwa yawon shakatawa da aka sani da "tafiye-tafiya na bakin teku". iragen ruwa na zamani suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin jiki, saurin, da saurin idan aka kwatanta da jiragen ruwa na teku. Koyaya, sun kara abubuwan more rayuwa don kula da Masu yawon bude ido na ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa na baya-bayan nan da aka bayyana a matsayin "masu ɗakunan ruwa masu cike da balcon". ==Tarihi== Italiya, mai mayar da hankali ga al'ada na Grand Tour, ya ba da kwarewar jirgin ruwa na farko a kan Francesco I, yana tashi da tutar Masarautar Siciliya Biyu. An gina shi a 1831, Francesco I ya tashi daga Naples a farkon Yuni 1833, wanda ya riga ya wuce kamfen ɗin talla. Manyan mutane, hukumomi, da sarakuna na sarauta daga ko'ina cikin Turai sun shiga jirgin ruwa, wanda ya tashi a cikin watanni uku zuwa Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna da Constantinople, suna ba da fasinjoji balaguro da jagora.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bkDADwAAQBAJ</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=GxGoAwAAQBAJ</ref> ==Manazarta== mlrlz4vd4u9tu9fz88nfb7hfyn9q2ua